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The present work aims to develop mucoadhesive thermosensitive nasal in situ gel for Promethazine hydrochloride using quality by design (QbD) approach. It can reduce nasal mucociliary clearance (MCC) and increase residence of the drug on nasal mucosa. This might increase drug absorption to improve bioavailability of the drug as compared to oral dosage form. Promethazine hydrochloride is an antiemetic drug administered by oral, parenteral and rectal routes. These routes have poor patient compliance or low bioavailability. Nasal route is a better alternative as it has large surface area, high drug absorption rate and no first pass effect. Its only limitation is short drug retention time due to MCC. By formulating a mucoadhesive in situ gel, the MCC can be reduced, and drug absorption will be prolonged. Thus, improving bioavailability. In-situ gel was prepared by cold method having material attributes as concentration of Poloxamer 407 (X1) as gelling agent and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose K4M (X2) as mucoadhesive agent. Critical Quality Attributes (CQA) were gelation temperature, mucoadhesive force and ex-vivo diffusion. Central composite design (CCD) was adopted for optimization. Optimized formulation satisfied all the CQA significant for nasal administration. Moreover, the formulation was found to be stable in accelerated stability studies for 3 months. It can be concluded that since the drug can easily permeate through nasal mucosa and can gain access directly in the brain without undergoing first pass metabolism along with increased residence due to mucoadhesion, mucoadhesive in situ gel has potential to increase drug bioavailability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Among children, esophageal atresia (EA) with or without tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is one of the major and common congenital anomalies. Present study was aimed to study postoperative complications and long-term outcomes of tracheoesophageal fistula repair at a tertiary hospital. Material and Methods: Present study was retrospective, case record study, conducted neonates who underwent surgery for tracheoesophageal fistula at our institute. Results: In present study, during study period 172 neonates underwent tracheoesophageal fistula repair surgery. Majority were ≥ 37 weeks (73.26 %), male (69.19 %) & had birthweight 2.51 - 3 kgs (42.44 %). Post-operative complications noted were anastomotic leak (10.47 %), stricture (11.63 %) & re-exploration (5.23 %). Mortality was noted among 19 neonates (11.05 %) commonly due to postoperative sepsis & pneumonitis. Common factors associated with postoperative mortality were Pre-operative shock (72.09 %), respiratory distress (66.86 %), surgery after 48 hours of life (66.86 %), preoperative hypothermia (61.05 %), preterm neonates (44.19 %), birth weight < 2500 g (38.95 %), associated anomalies (33.14 %), >3 cm gap between esophageal ends (38.95 %), postoperative sepsis (25 %) & postoperative pneumonitis (30.23 %). Conclusion: Although there has been a marked improvement in the antenatal diagnosis of tracheoesophageal fistula, still high mortality is mainly due to diagnosis 24 hours after birth, low birth-weight & associated major anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a global perspective, soil pests that attack crop roots are amongst the most economically damaging persistent, and difficult to detect and control. Herbivorous insect pests living in the soil represent a significant challenge to food security given their persistence, the acute damage they cause to plants, and the difficulties associated with managing their populations. Using belowground ecology for plant protection from root herbivores, particularly in an integrated way, is a new and challenging frontier. In this respect, the main focus is on ecological mechanisms viz., root tolerance, and root resistance via direct physical and chemical defenses particularly via primary and secondary plant metabolites released into the rhizosphere (alcohols, esters, and aldehydes) underpin host-plant location and recognition with 80% having attractant properties. Thus, investigations were conducted on varietal preference and the reaction of white grub, Holotrichia serrata during 2018-19 with different sugarcane varieties at Bellad Bagewadi, Belagavi district, Karnataka, India. Among the eight sugarcane genotypes screened against H. serrata grub. CoM 265 (0.00 grubs/m²) and CoSnk 09293 (0.67 grubs/m²) recorded a lower number of eggs and grub load coupled with a higher number of roots, maximum root length and high root biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A generic drug is a copy of a brand name drug which can be introduced into the market once innovators patent expires. More than 73% of prescription drugs sold at retail in Canada are generics and thus Canada represents the world's 9th biggest market for generic drugs in terms of value. Canada's generic pharmaceutical sector produces domestically less than 10% of the active pharmaceutical ingredients used in its medicines. It also imports 88% of the finished dose products. Drug manufacturer has to demonstrate that its product is pharmacologically effective and bioequivalent to the innovator's drug. The generic drug is bioequivalent or pharmaceutically equivalent to the Canadian Reference Product (CRP). The Abbreviated New Drug submission (ANDS) regulations were created to make the generic drug approval process simpler and more cost-effective by health drug Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was conducted during kharif 2021 in paddy growing regions of Northern Karnataka. Pooled analysis of variance across locations, showed significant difference for all the traits selected except days to 50 percent flowering and grain length for GxE source of variation. Eberhart and Russel stability model was used to identify the stable performing genotypes for particular trait across the diverse environments. Out of 21 genotypes evaluated two genotypes (MAS-26 and MAS-946) were high performing but not consistent in their performance for yield and yield attributing traits across the diverse environments. The genotypes CR Dhan-201, Indrani, CR Dhan-206 were found to be the most stable genotypes across evaluated climatic conditions for grain yield in Northern parts of Karnataka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]