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Objective To evaluate the cyclooxygenases (COX) inhibition, adverse effects and analgesic efficacy of dipyrone or meloxicam in cats undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. Study design Prospective, blinded, randomized, clinical study. Animals A total of 30 healthy young cats. Methods The cats were randomly assigned to three postoperative groups: D25 (dipyrone 25 mg kg−1 every 24 hours), D12.5 (dipyrone 12.5 mg kg−1 every 12 hours) and M (meloxicam 0.1 mg kg−1 every 24 hours). In the first 24 hours, the drugs were administered intravenously (IV), and then orally for 6 (dipyrone) or 3 days (meloxicam). Prostanoids thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin E2 concentrations served as indicators of COX activity and, with physiological variables and pain and sedation scores, were measured for 24 hours after first analgesic administration. Rescue analgesia (tramadol, 2 mg kg−1 IV) was provided if Glasgow feline composite measure pain scale (CMPS-Feline) ≥5. Laboratory tests included symmetric dimethylarginine and adverse effects were evaluated regularly up to 7 and 10 days after surgery, respectively. Parametric and nonparametric data were analyzed with two-way anova and Kruskal-Wallis tests, respectively (p Results In the first half hour after analgesic administration, COX-1 activity was close to zero and remained significantly lower than before drug administration for 24 hours in all groups. The inhibition of COX-2 activity was significant for 30 minutes in all groups and up to 4 hours in group M. No alterations in laboratory tests or significant adverse effects were observed. Pain scores and need for rescue analgesia did not differ statistically among groups. Conclusions Dipyrone at both doses and meloxicam provided a nonselective inhibition of COX-1 and -2 activities and effective analgesia without causing significant adverse effects or laboratory tests alterations. Clinical relevance Dipyrone at both doses provides equally effective analgesia without causing adverse effects in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

Lung lobe torsion is one of the causes of dyspnea and respiratory changes in dogs. Twisting of the bronchovascular hilum on its axis, leads to loss of function and metabolic and physiological changes that result in necrosis of the affected lobe. Atelectasis, venous congestion, and pleural effusion secondary to the lobe torsion are responsible for the clinical signs. Chest radiographs or CT scan are used to confirm the diagnosis. In rare cases confirmation is done by exploratory thoracotomy. The prognosis is good after removal of the affected lung lobe. We report a case of left cranial lung lobe torsion in a 17-year-old bitch, successfully treated by lung lobectomy.

The objective of this study was to compare the dosages for anesthesia induction in obese dogs using propofol based on lean body weight or total body weight. For this purpose, seven dogs with ideal body condition score (BCS) (BCS 4-5; 17.3 ± 2.5% fat mass) were included in the control group (CG), seven obese dogs (BCS 8-9; 45.7 ± 2.9% fat mass) in the total body weight group (TBWG) and seven obese dogs (BCS 8-9; 42.8 ± 6.3% fat mass) in the lean body weight group (LBWG). Anaesthesia was induced by a constant rate infusion of propofol at 150 mg kg−1 hour−1 through a propofol infusion pump until the loss of consciousness; the animals in CG and TBWG received a propofol infusion based on total body weight; the animals in LBWG received a propofol infusion based on lean body mass (in kg) determined by the deuterium dilution method. The results were compared between the groups using the Tukey test (p < 0.05). The propofol dosage used was 11.4 ± 3.2 mg kg−1, 8.0± 2.0 mg kg−1 and 14.1 ± 4.7 mg kg−1 in groups CG, TBWG and LBWG, respectively, and they were different among all groups (p < 0.001). There was also a statistical difference in the time between the start of propofol infusion and loss of consciousness in which LBWG took longer than CG and TBWG (p = 0.004). This study shows that obese dogs require lower dosages of propofol when inducing anesthesia than ideal BCS dogs anesthetized with dosages based on total body weight, when the propofol dosages are calculated on the basis of muscle mass it should be increased.

Objective Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) may be related to brain injury. S100B protein and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) have been investigated as potential biochemical markers of neural cell injury in animals and humans. This study aimed to investigate the association between POCD, brain injury and serum concentrations of S100B and NSE after periodontal surgery in aged dogs. Study design Prospective observational animal study. Animals A total of 24 male and female dogs undergoing periodontal surgery. Methods Dogs were separated into two groups based on age: control group, 10 dogs ≤ 8 years and aged group, 14 dogs > 8 years. Cognitive function was measured preoperatively and on the seventh postoperative day using the Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Rating scale and the Age-Related Cognitive and Affective Disorders scale. S100B protein and NSE serum concentrations were measured before and immediately after the surgery. Results POCD was not observed after surgery in the present study. Serum concentrations of S100B and NSE were increased postoperatively in the control group but not in the aged group (p = 0.04 and 0.03, respectively). Preoperative S100B serum concentrations were significantly higher in the aged group (p = 0.01). Conclusions There was no association between POCD and high concentrations of S100B and NSE in dogs. However, increased postoperative serum concentrations of S100B and NSE were found in the control group after surgery, an effect that may indicate neural damage. Clinical relevance The results suggest that anesthesia and oral surgery are associated with higher postoperative serum concentrations of S100B and NSE in dogs ≤ 8 years old, which may indicate neural damage. Serum concentrations of S100B were elevated in aged dogs before anesthesia, a finding that might be related to chronic preoperative brain damage.

Background Cardiac output (CO) is an important haemodynamic parameter to monitor in patients during surgery. However, the majority of the techniques for measuring CO have a limited application in veterinary practice due to their invasive approach and associated complexity and risks. Transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a technique used to monitor cardiac function in human patients during surgical procedures and allows CO to be measured non-invasively. This prospective clinical study aimed to compare the transoesophageal echocardiography using a transgastric view of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) and the thermodilution (TD) technique for the assessment of CO during mean arterial pressure of 65–80 mmHg (normotension) and

Tracheal foreign bodies are rare emergency events. Several noninvasive methods are described for removal, such as bronchoscopy combined with appropriate grasping equipment or Foley catheter and forceps guided by fluoroscopy. However, complications can occur like pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum and irresponsive dyspnea as well as failure. Thus, pre-sternal tracheotomy combined with endoscopy or thoracotomy are attempted. Female cat, 1 year old, 1.6 kg had diagnosis of foreign body (0.7 x 0.5cm) with morphology of bird cervical vertebra at carina area, presenting one week of dyspnea, worsening with radiographic exam. It was performed emergency thoracotomy at left fifth intercostal space, followed by tracheotomy between the tracheal rings immediately cranial to the carina, allowing forceps removal. No foreign body was observed at radiograph after eight days and the patient was clinically well. Although, less invasive methods are preferable, they are not always available and they are not free from failures, leading to emergency tracheotomy as described in the present case report.

Objective To test the effectiveness and safety of tramadol plus metamizole combined or not with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for treating moderate to severe chronic neoplastic pain in dogs, and its impact on quality of life (QL). Study design Prospective, uncontrolled, open-label, clinical study. Animals Sixty nine client-owned dogs with multiple forms of cancer and visual analog scale (VAS) pain score ≥40 after receiving NSAIDs for at least 7 days. Methods The MN group received metamizole + NSAID, MNT group received metamizole + NSAID + tramadol and MT group received metamizole + tramadol. Pain was scored by the 0 to 100 mm VAS (0 = no pain, 100 = worst pain) and analgesic therapy was considered effective if 25 mm differences in VAS scores were observed between day 0 and the follow ups. The QL was evaluated according to a 0 to 36 scoring method for dogs (0 = worst, 36 = best) and side effects were recorded. Data were registered at day 0 (baseline) and at the first and second follow ups (7 and 14 days after day 0, respectively). Results The MN group had less analgesia at day 7 (25%) and day 14 (42%) than MNT (59%, p = 0.0274; 76%, p = 0.0251, respectively) and MT groups (69%, p = 0.0151; 81%, p = 0.0341, respectively). The QL scores were lower in the MN group at the first (score 23) and second follow up (score 26) than in MNT (27, p = 0.0847; 30, p = 0.0002) and MT (28, p = 0.0384; 31, p = 0.0001) groups. Side effects were more commonly observed in the MN group (87%) than in MNT (24%, p p = 0.0003) at the first follow up. Conclusions and clinical relevance Tramadol plus metamizole combined or not with NSAID were well tolerated and clinically effective to treat moderate to severe pain in dogs with cancer and improved QL.

O câncer é a maior causa de morbidade e mortalidade em animais idosos de companhia, sendo a dor o principal sintoma relatado no homem. Objetivou-se, neste estudo, avaliar o emprego do tramadol para analgesia em cães com dor oncológica. Foram avaliados cães com câncer no período de agosto de 2004 a março de 2006, encaminhados ao Grupo de Dor do Serviço de Anestesia. Incluiu-se no estudo cães que permaneceram no mínimo 15 dias em tratamento e que, no momento de instituição da terapêutica com o tramadol, apresentaram dor igual ou maior que 4, de acordo com Escala Numérica Verbal (ENV) quando já medicados com dipirona associada ou não a antiinflamatórios não esteroidais ou esteroidais há mais de 10 (dez) dias. Avaliou-se a dor com a ENV e o escore de qualidade de vida (QV) através de escala validada para cães (Yazbek; Fantoni, 2000). Foram avaliados para o estudo 130 animais com câncer, 53 machos e 77 fêmeas, dos quais 37 obedeceram aos critérios de inclusão para análise da terapia analgésica. De acordo com a avaliação dos proprietários, a média de dor dos animais avaliados pela da ENV no momento de instituição da terapêutica com o tramadol foi de 6,11 ± 1,81 e o escore de qualidade de vida foi 21,95 ± 5,96. No primeiro retomo velificou-se melhora da dor em 31 (83,78%) animais. Neste momento foi realizada adequação da dose do tramadol, considerando-se a intensidade da dor em 20 (54,05%) dos 37 cães era superior a 4. No segundo retomo 34 (91,89%) dos animais apresentaram alívio da dor em relação à consulta inicial, sendo que 28 (75,68%) destes obtiveram ENV inferior a 4. A dose inicial preconizada do tramadol foi de 2mg/Kg a cada 8 horas, por via oral, sendo esta dose reajustada no retomo caso o valor de ENV fosse maior que 4. Classificando a eficácia do tratamento realizado com o tramadol em três categorias: alívio da dor (ENVinicial > ENVfinal e ENVfinal < 4), melhora insatisfatória (ENVinicial > ENVfinal e ENVfinal > 4) e ausência de melhora (ENVinicial ≤ ENVfinal) pode-se afirmar que no primeiro retomo 83,78% e 78,28% dos pacientes, na opinião de proprietário e pesquisador respectivamente, experimentaram alguma melhora da dor. Seguindo esta mesma classificação observou-se que, no segundo retomo após acerto da dose do tramadol, o alívio da dor foi obtido em 28 (75,68%) animais na opinião de proprietário e pesquisador e melhora insatisfatória em 6 (16,21%) e 7 (18,91%) pacientes, de acordo com o proprietário e pesquisador respectivamente. Quando comparados os grupos separadamente verifica-se que o grupo DAINET (dipirona, AINE, tramadol) apresentou significante alívio da dor em relação aos primeiro retorno e a avaliação final, já os grupos DT (dipirona, tramadol) e DET (dipirona, esteróide, tramadol) apresentaram alívio da dor apenas em relação a avaliação final. Com base no alívio da dor e no aumento da qualidade de vida, pode-se concluir que o tramadol foi eficiente no tratamento da dor de grau moderada à intensa em cães portadores de câncer. Cancer is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in companion aged dogs, being pain the principal symptom described in humans. This study aimed to evaluate the use of tramadol for analgesia in dogs with oncologic pain. Between august 2004 and marc 2006, dogs with cancer referred to the Pain Group of the Anesthesia Service were evaluated. In this study , dogs with at least fifteen days of treatment were included and that at the moment at tramadol administration, presented pain equal or above 4 according the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) when treated with dypirona associated our not to non-esteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics or steroidal for more than 10 days. Pain evaluated with the VAS and the quality of life (QV) score validated for dogs (Yazbek; Fantoni, 2000) were used. One hundred and thirty seven dogs with cancer were evaluated, but only 37 could be included the evaluation of analgesic therapy. According to the owner of the animals by means of the VAS at the begging of tramadol was 6,11 ± 1,81 and the QV score was 21,95 ± 5,96. At the first return, an improvement in pain was verified in 31 animals (83,78%). In this moment, adequacy of tramadol dose was performed, since the intensity of pain was above 4 in 20 (54,05%) animals. At the second returns 34 (91,89%) of the animals presented pain relief in relation to the first visit, being that 28 (75,68%) of the animal presented a VAS bellow 4 the initial dose o tramadol was 2mg/Kg each 8 hours orally, and the dose was readjusted in the return who the animal presented VAS above 4. Efficacy of treatment was classified in the three steps pain relief: successful pain relief (initial VAS > final VAS and final VAS < 4), unsuccessful pain relief (initial VAS > final VAS and final VAS > 4) and no pain relief (initial VAS ≤ final VAS). It could be inferred that at the first return 83,78% and 78,28% of patients regarding owner and researcher opinion respectively obtained some pain relief. Following this some classification, it was observed that at the second return after adjusting the tramadol dosage, pain relieve was achieved in 28 (75,68%) of the animals the according to the owner and researcher and that an unsuccessful relief in 6 (16,21%) and 7 (18,91%) of patients respectively. When the groups were compared separately it was verified that the group DAINET (dypirona, AINE and tramadol) showed a significant pain relief in relation to the final evaluation, whereas the other two groups (DT - dypirona plus tramadol - and DET - dypirona, steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic and tramadol) presented pain relief only in relation to the final evaluation. Based on the results of pain relief and QV it could be concluded that tramadol was efficient regarding the treatment of moderate to severe pain in dogs with cancer.

The aim of this paper was to compare the incidence of anesthetic complications in diabetic and nondiabetic dogs subjected to phacoemulsification. In total, 30 male and female dogs of different breeds were used. The dogs were distributed into two groups: diabetic (DG) (n=15) and control (CG) (n=15). The animals were premedicated with acepromazine (0.03mg/kg) and meperidine (4mg/kg), intramuscularly. After 20 minutes, anesthesia was induced with propofol (2 to 5mg/kg) and maintained with isoflurane. The animals were monitored and the heart rate, respiratory rate, peripheral oxyhemoglobin saturation, end tidal carbon dioxide tension, inspired and expired isoflurane fraction, and invasive arterial pressure were recorded at 10 minute intervals during the surgical procedure. Arterial hemogasometry was performed after anesthetic induction (T0) and at the end of the surgical procedure. Diabetic patients (DG 10±2 years) were older than non-diabetic group (CG 6±2 years). The expired isoflurane fraction after induction was 30% higher in the control group (CG 1.3±0.3%, DG 1.0±0.2%) (p