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This essay examines Nigerian women's transgressive sexualities as a redefinition of African womanhood. It identifies emerging transgressive sexualities in third-generation Nigerian literature, such as lesbianism and Nigerian Muslim women's sexual nonconformity, as compelling counternarratives against dominant masculinist discourses of heterosexism and religious orthodoxy. Referring to Chinelo Okparanta's Under the Udala Trees (2015) and Abubakar Adam Ibrahim's Season of Crimson Blossoms (2015), this essay shows how patriarchy, backed by religious dogma, constructs the female body and sexuality. By demonstrating Nigerian women's act of decolonizing their gendered bodies from masculinist and religious discourses of oppression, it identifies women's quest for sexual freedom as an epistemic revisioning of African womanhood., Introduction The first generation of Nigerian literature is dominated by the works of male writers such as Amos Tutuola, Cyprian Ekwensi, Chinua Achebe, and Elechi Amadi. In their fictional works, [...]

Author(s): Alison Cares [sup.1] [sup.3] , Bertha A. Ben Khallouq [sup.1] , Karina Mukazhanova-Powell [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/036nfer12, grid.170430.1, 0000 0001 2159 2859, Department of Sociology, University of Central [...], Purpose Johnson's typology of intimate partner violence, first published in 1995, intended to resolve the gender symmetry debate and alter the way scholars studied intimate partner violence. This scoping review explores the empirical reach of Johnson's typology over 25 years. Methods Articles were identified through searches of four databases and were included if they were an empirical journal article with Johnson's typology central to the analysis (n = 82) and published between 1996 and 2020. Results Empirical work reached its highest points in 2014 and 2016, with 10 articles published each year, but has since declined. The mean number of articles published per year is less than four (M = 3.28). Authorship appears to have diffused well, as there were 56 different lead authors of the 82 articles, and no one author contributed to more than 10% of the empirical work. Articles appeared in 37 journals and were heavily concentrated in journals on interpersonal violence and in the disciplines of Family Studies and Psychology. Conclusions Empirical engagement with Johnson's typology is modest yet extends across a large number of independent authors and appears in journals across multiple disciplines. It is not clear why there has not been more empirical engagement given the widespread and increasing citation of Johnson's work, but perhaps this is part of the reason why the typology has not ended the gender symmetry debate. Moving forward requires better understanding of why intimate partner violence researchers often choose not to empirically test Johnson's typology.

This article examines the challenging of Orientalist and Western discourses and of patriarchal authority over Eastern women in Wafa Faith Hallam's memoir The Road from Morocco. The conventional representation of these women is revisited as Saadia in the memoir debunks the passivity and docility with which they are associated by exercising her agency and trespassing the sacred cultural and physical frontiers. Regardless of being introduced to confinement in the private space of a harem since her infancy, Saadia manages to liberate herself first through leaving the allegedly sacred frontiers of the house and trespassing in public space which is discursively assumed to belong to men, and second through dismantling the patriarchal authority of her husband by applying for a divorce and starting a business in spite of his refusal. This article argues that the representation of Saadia invalidates the discursive portrayals of Moroccan women as being passive and confined in the domestic private space of harem and deconstructs patriarchal authority. Keywords: Moroccan Women, Orientalism, Space, Patriarchy, Harem, The Road from Morocco, Wafa Faith Hallam, Introduction Arab women have been victimized by the early Orientalists' representation in art, fiction, travel writing, and later in cinema. They are mostly depicted as passive beings confined in the [...]

A l'echelle mondiale, les femmes ont acquis une grande importance dans la politique electorale, en accedant a des postes de haut niveau dans divers domaines professionnels et en remportant de [...]

Women continue to be deprived of their right to live independently and within acceptable boundaries. Indian women frequently take up the responsibilities of preservers of culture and tradition. They are constrained by an excessive number of laws and regulations, most of which are justified in the name of customs and religion. The patriarchal power that is inherent in Indian society shapes how they experience the Indian value system. In the case of the lives of women in the diaspora, due to their struggles with the financial and psychological uncertainties of exile, the responsibilities of family and career, and the claims of both the old and new patriarchies, they find themselves doubly disadvantaged. Additionally, these women must fight against pervasive racial prejudice in nearly every sphere of their lives. The works of Indian American author, Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, touch on a variety of diasporic topics as well as the experiences of female immigrants in their adoptive homes. The Oleander Girl by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni portrays the double impact of war and the ripple effect of terror on women that transcends national boundaries. The terror attack of 9/11 impacted the lives of both citizens and the diaspora communities in the USA. Terror creates an environment of unease that further constrains the liberties of individuals, particularly women. Women were expected to be peaceful, comply with their gender-specific roles, and dissociate themselves from violence. The novel shows the struggles of Bengali-American Karobi, who travels to a post-9/11 America, with a burning desire to uncover her family's secrets. Though a life of freedom is present at her fingertips, she ultimately chooses to return to her homeland as she has promises to keep and duties to fulfill. This sacrifice of her individual choice in favour of family expectations reveals the encompassing power of love that she feels towards her grandparents, a love that diminishes the negative effects of war-induced terror on a family. The objective of the paper is to analyse the power imbalances caused by war-induced terror on a family that causes Indian women to be relegated to a confining set of stereotypical roles. Keywords: Terror, Gender Stereotypes, Diaspora, Memory, Post-9/11 United States, Introduction Ten years later, I believe we still face some of the problems and tensions that erupted after 9/11. --Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni ('Remembering 9/11') Terrorism and war are two of [...]

In two case studies from Pakistan, which I then link to Afghanistan (under the Taliban before and after the Soviet/US proxy war there) as well as the Farmer's Movement in India--I wish to proffer an intersectional analysis of debates around the issue of women's rights in the global south. Feminist artivism (art-as-activism), can help build solidarities to mount resistances against globally-inflected state repression in our age of neoliberal economic and religious fundamentalisms, which, working in tandem, seek to roll back the rights of women and minorities in and across South Asia, as elsewhere. Keywords: neoliberalism, rentier capitalism, neocolonialism, imperialism, fundamentalism, artivism, women's resistance, solidarity, black feminism, Brief Overview of Neoliberal Economic Fundamentalism and its (neo)colonial underpinnings Many social scientific analyses of the global economy... are... willfully indifferent to... colonialism... [and] they ignore categories of gender and [...]

'Re-vision--the act of looking back, of seeing with fresh eyes, of entering an old text from a new critical direction--is for us more than a chapter in cultural history: it is an act of survival', writes Adrienne Rich in her seminal essay, 'When We Dead Awaken: Writing as Re-vision'. Rich firmly advocates that women authors should create spaces for subversion of patriarchal values and ideals through their literary works. Revisionist mythmaking, from a feminist literary perspective, evolves through challenging a preceding text which predominantly manifests androcentric ideas. The present paper aims to examine a female reinterpretation of Ramayan, Sita's Ramayana by Samhita Arni, as a revisionist text. Sita's Ramayana is a graphic narrative in which Arni's retelling is complemented by patachitra or scroll painting by Moyna Chitrakar, a female patachitra artist from West Bengal, India. Sita's character is one of the major literary tools through which women writers often attempt to review the Ramayan and subvert the male-centric reading of the epic. This paper seeks to understand the elements of revisionism in Sita's Ramayana in the context of a sixteenth century retelling of Ramayan, Chandrabati's Ramayan, a verse narrative composed by Chandrabati, the first women poet of Bengal. Chandrabati's Ramayan, a fierce Sita tale, has been the primary influence on Arni in subverting the patriarchal, popular representation of Sita's character. This paper attempts to interpret how Arni has altered the patriarchal understanding of the epic by foregrounding the tale through Sita's viewpoint. It also aims to analyse how these female authors, Arni and Chandrabati have assigned Sita's character an agency to challenge the androcentric notions that dominate the interpretation of Ramayan. Further, the paper seeks to interpret how the folk-art form of patachitra contributes to the meaning-making of a contemporary subversive retelling of the grand epic. Keywords: revision, representation, subversion, patriarchy, female retelling, Sita's Ramayan., Introduction 'Mythology in India is not just an academic or a historical subject, it is a vital and living topic of contemporary relevance. The complex social, political and religious attitudes [...]

INTRODUCTION 512 I. HISTORY OF GENDER-BASED DISCRIMINATION IN POLAND 516 A. EVOLUTION OF THE COMMUNIST ERA: PRE- AND POST-WORLD WAR II POLAND 516 B. THE COLLAPSE OF COMMUNISM AND THE [...], Violence against women is one of the most prevalent human rights violations in the world, yet a significant portion of the population lacks legal protection. Gender-based violence (GBV) is deeply rooted in structural inequalities and power imbalances, endangering the health, safety, dignity, and autonomy of its victims. Due to gaps in criminal law, victim blaming, gender stereotypes, and State failure to adequately combat violence against women, the dangers women face continue to worsen. Although GBV is a global epidemic, this Note specifically examines the status of women in Poland, a country with antiquated laws and a commitment to undermine women's individual rights. In July 2020, Poland announced its intentions to begin the process of withdrawing from the sole European treaty on violence against women. This Note argues that the Polish government's decision to leave this treaty, in addition to its continuous failure to prevent and protect survivors from GBV, is a violation of its obligations under international human rights law. Absent international intervention, survivors of domestic violence remain inadequately protected from their perpetrators under Polish law. Further, this Note proposes measures that international organizations could take to strengthen and expand the scope of international law to improve Poland's compliance and preserve women's rights.

This panel was convened at 2:00 p.m. on Thursday, April 7, 2022, by its moderator, Michele Bratcher Goodwin of the University of California, Irvine School of Law, who introduced the [...]

This paper discusses the social reasons for agoraphobia as a psychological disorder as observed in the women characters of British playwright Sue Townsend's issue-based play Bazaar and Rummage (1982). The depiction of three agoraphobic women in a context characterised by patriarchal dominion constitutes the core of Townsend's play. Although their problematic condition is presented rather comically, from their accounts, it seems apt to argue that societal oppression is the reason for their long-lasting seclusion and constant fear of the outside world. The play offers a rummage sale as an opportunity for women to step outside and conquer their fear. Accordingly, in terms of presenting the psychological condition of women characters and associating the possible solution to their problem with a market occasion, Townsend's play illustrates an example of feminist criticism. In this study, the play's analysis is based on the 1980s context dominated by Thatcher politics, and Townsend's portrayal of agoraphobia is discussed as a criticism of her society in which patriarchal hegemony plays a central role in women's forced confinement. Keywords: Sue Townsend, Bazaar and Rummage, issue-based play, agoraphobia, patriarchal oppression, feminist criticism, Thatcher. Bu makale, Sue Townsend'in problem odakli oyunlarindan Bazaar and Rummage (1982) (Carsi Pazar)'daki kadin karakterlerde gozlemlenen agorafobinin sosyal sebeplerini tartismaktadir. Townsend'in oyunu, erkek egemenligin hukum surdugu bir sosyal cercevede uc agorafobik kadini ele alir. Kadinlarin bu sorunu mizahi bir yolla resmedilse de hikayelerinden anlasildigi uzere onlarin suregelen inzivasi ve dis dunyadan cekinmelerinin sebebinin toplumsal baski oldugunu soylemek mumkundur. Oyunda, bu karakterlerin disari cikmasi ve korkularini yenmesi icin bir firsat olarak ikinci el satis pazari duzenlenir. Bu dogrultuda, Townsend'in oyunu, kadinlarin psikolojik sorunlarini ele almasi ve onlarin problemlerine muhtemel bir cozum olarak bir satis ortami sunmasi bakimindan feminist elestiriye bir ornektir. Bu calismada, kadinlarin yasadiklari sorun, Thatcher siyasetinin goruldugu 1980 yillarina dayandirilmaktadir ve Townsend'in agorafobiyi ele alisi, erkek hegemonyasinin kadinlarin eve kapanmasinda onemli bir rol oynadigini gostermek uzere tartisilmaktadir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Sue Townsend, Carsi Pazar, problem odakli oyun, agorafobi, erkek baskisi, feminist elestiri, Thatcher., Introduction Agoraphobia, as a psychological disorder, is defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders as; [a]nxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be [...]

A fresh look at the book of Proverbs (Mishlei) questions its criticism as misogynistic, and explores scholarly evidence of women's varied functions in biblical society, including teaching and transmitting wisdom, particularly of the pragmatic kind lauded in Proverbs. The structure of the book is examined, noting how the introductory section (chapters 1-9), with its praise of Lady Wisdom, mirrors the concluding section (chapters 30-31), which features a wise queen's counsel to her son and the eshetchayil, or 'woman of worth'. An examination of references to fathers and mothers, and to both male and female figures of wisdom and folly, suggests that many of the proverbs of the main, earliest section (chapters 10-29) may be examples of women's wisdom. Finally, the image of weaving-a central feature of women's wisdom in the ancient Near East-is used to suggest a new understanding of this intricate and elaborate book. Keywords: chokhmah, embodiment, patriarchy, personification, Proverbs, textile, women, In recent years, it has become almost routine to describe the book of Mishlei (Proverbs) as quintessentially patriarchal and anti-women, based firmly on a worldview that can only imagine women [...]

Patriarchy is one of the crippling limitations that women face in contemporary societies despite the effects of modernism. Patriarchy is a system that thrives on the domination of women and promotes the superiority of men. The system places so many limitations on women to the extent that the subversion of these limitations is considered a violation of social norms and values. This paper discovers that patriarchal limitations have confined unassertive women to be at the whims and caprices of men and their domination. Using deconstructive critical theory, this paper deconstructs Chinweizu's Anatomy of Female Power which claims that women wield power over men through motherpower, bridepower, and wifepower. This paper concludes that the confinement of female power to the domestic domain is one of the patriarchal strategies to confine and limit some African women to the private space, while the public space is reserved for some men, thereby perpetuating the inferiorization of some women. Keywords: Patriarchy, Limitation, Woman, Deconstruction, Feminism, Introduction Human society is made up of men and women, both sexes can swap gender roles as the need arises, the concept of gender complementarity is entrenched in some traditional [...]

The essay focuses on the well-known scene in which Okonkwo peremptorily orders his daughter Ezinma to sit in accordance with the culturally mediated dictate for girls and women. It analyzes the significance of sitting as action and as attitude in the novel, showing how it is shaped by gender, social status, and occasion and its use in enhancing character, illuminating cultural values, and demonstrating communal cohesion. It is argued that Ezinma is the novel's most non-conformist character and thus utterly unamenable to the attempt at entrenching patriarchal control implied in being ordered to sit like a woman. Her continual interrogation of cultural norms simultaneously identifies the shortcomings of traditional society and outlines prospects for progressive growth. She is seen as the pioneer of a line of women in Achebe's fiction who defy societal efforts to force them into the mold of compliant, tractable women who spend their lives obeying orders., INTRODUCTION The first part of the title of this paper comes from a well-known vignette in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart. Ezinma, Okonkwo's daughter, has just brought a meal to [...]

This study aims to analyze the experiences and challenges of Korea's junior female academics (JFAs), whose work environments align closely with the cultural context of a patriarchal society that follows neoliberal principles. It also explores how they overcome these challenges while maintaining the status quo. Thirteen JFAs working in the fields of the humanities and social sciences were interviewed to examine their experiences and challenges. The interview data were analyzed within the neoliberal context of a patriarchal society using the concept of academic growth put forward by O'Meara, Terosky, and Neumann (2008 (See CR41)) within the sociocultural and external environment. This study illustrates JFAs' struggle to survive in their academic career in a neoliberal context and a situation infused with patriarchal culture. JFAs endeavor to produce high research performance to find opportunities for stable positions. However, it is difficult for JFAs who have children to achieve enormous research output without family support. Otherwise, they work with robust self-regulation and endurance. Also, JFAs encounter various obstacles, including patriarchal networks, limited job opportunities, gender-based division of labor, and harassment. The findings show that the problems JFAs face are perceived as personal issues, leading to low self-esteem and promoting a sense of failure in them. Therefore, social compromise and understanding of JFAs based on institutional support are needed to nurture female academics who are facing various challenges., Author(s): Yangson Kim [sup.1] , SeungJung Kim [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.257022.0, 0000 0000 8711 3200, Research Institute for Higher Education, Hiroshima University, , 739-8512, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Japan (2) grid.448832.1, [...]

Luce Irigaray's mimesis is a political action born out of the recognition that women's position in society is based upon the ideal image of masculinity. It is, thus, a strategy that aims to articulate the specific position of women within the phallocentric culture in order to destabilize the foundations of this culture. Three of Harold Pinter's film adaptations--Accident (1967), The Go-Between (1971), and Betrayal (1983)--portray women in intricate relationships with men; consequently, the women are seen by some critics as liberated, yet ultimately, they are commodified. When it comes to the institution of marriage, Irigaray's mimesis theory together with a broad-spectrum feminist critique, see this 'liberation' as a mirage. Keywords: Harold Pinter / mimesis / commodification / patriarchy / power / sexual, THREE SHADES OF COMMODIFICATION Luce Irigaray uses theater terminology to represent women's oppression in the patriarchal social order. In Speculum of the Other Woman, she compares the philosophical discourse to [...]

Although describing Achebe as 'the father of African literature' is hyperbolic, it provides a figurative sense of his impact on the Anglophone African authors who followed him. Achebe's Things Fall Apart launched both a counter-discursive dialogue with exemplars of the Western literary tradition and a number of ongoing intra-African authorial dialogues on themes including the effects of colonialism and patriarchy, the enduring value of African spirituality, the exploitation of tradition, and the place of proverbs and orality. One dialogue that merits closer attention for what it reveals about the deterioration of the social fabric is that of debt and repayment, which begins with the plight of Okonkwo's father, Unoka, and continues in Achebe's own work as well as that of Nwapa and Okri. The work of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, famously described as 'the 21st-century daughter of Chinua Achebe,' both continues and departs from these ongoing dialogues of the twentieth century., [U]ntil the lions have their own historians, the history of the hunt will always glorify the hunter.... Once I realized that, I had to be a writer.... It's not one [...]

This paper aims to adopt a feminist perspective on International Relations and security studies by focusing on Syrian women's experiences of migration. Turkey hosts around 1.6 million Syrian women who fled the country with the start of the civil war. While Syrian refugees altogether face problems related to adjusting to, living and working in a different society, women may face gendered insecurities that are related to the reconstruction of patriarchy within the refugee community in the host country. As the feminist International Relations studies argue, gender is a useful instrument in analysing the insecurities of human beings. Based on data collected through interviews with Syrian women living in Kocaeli city, this study aims to reveal how gender shapes Syrian refugee women's perceptions of insecurity. The article analyses women's decisions to leave the conflict zone, to settle in a different country, and their perceptions of security in their new social environment. Keywords: Syrian migration, refugee women, feminist IR, gender, security Bu makale, feminist Uluslararasi iliskiler yaktasimlan ve güvenlik calismalan bakis aqsmdan Suriyeli kadmlann góc deneyimterini incelemeyi amaclamaktadir. Türkiye, Suriye ic savasmdan kacan yaklasik 1.6 milyon Suriyeli kadma ev sahipligi yapmaktadir. Suriyeli gócmenler genel olarak farkli bir ütkeye uyum saglama, bu ülkede yasama ve cahsma He ilgili sikmtilar yasarken, kadmlar aynca ataerkinin ev sahibi ülkede yeniden kurulmasi sürecinde toplumsal cinsiyet kaynakh güvensiztikler deneyimlemektedir. Feminist Uluslararasi Iliskiler calismalarmm da one sürdügü gibi, toplumsal cinsiyet, bireylerin güvensizliklerini incelemek icin oldukca kullanish bir aractir. Qalismada, Kocaeli'de yasayan Suriyeli mülteci kadmlarla yapilan górüsmeler sonucunda elde editen veriler ísigmda toplumsal cinsiyetin mülteci kadmlann güvensizlik algilanni nasjl sekillendirdigi arastinlmaktadir. Makale, kadmlann catisma bólgesinden aynlma kararlan, farkli bir ülkeye yerlesme deneyimleri ve yeni toplumsal cevrelerindeki güvenlik algilan üzerinde toplumsal cinsiyetin etkisini analiz etmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Suriye'den góc, mülteci kadmlar, toplumsal cinsiyet, feminist Uluslararasi iliskiler, güvenlik, Introduction The United Nations Refugee Agency's (UNHCR) Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2018 report reveals that the number of people fleeing violence, conflict, persecution and human rights violations is at [...]

This article investigates female agency in contemporary werewolf stories from a village in Transcarpathian Ukraine. I show that in stories told by women, female characters are mentally and verbally agentive. The patriarchal model of marriage is referenced by all female speakers; however, in certain werewolf stories agentive wives can get rid of their abusive husbands. The article shows the possibility of a gap between the generally accepted patriarchal model of marriage, and the speakers' attitudes towards it. KEYWORDS: Rusyn Folklore, Werewolf, Agency, Patriarchy, Cultural Models., Folklore is performative, and gender is an important part of who the performers are. Even in seemingly gender-neutral narrative genres of folklore, storytellers' gender impacts the narration in an important [...]

This article considers how season one of Netflix's Jessica Jones functions as a feminist revenge narrative that situates the titular protagonist as a survivor of patriarchal abuses at the hands of her ex-boyfriend and supervillain Kilgrave. The article explores how Jessica embodies Sara Ahmed's concept of the feminist killjoy. Jessica is a feminist anti-hero who provides an alternative, angry, superhumanly strong avatar of women's everyday negotiations with misogynist excesses. The article reads her as a flawed character who importantly fails the perfectionism tied to postfeminist and neoliberal requirement of contemporary women. This makes her both sympathetic and resonant in the current moment of feminism. As both a symbolic figure and a site of catharsis, the article considers Jones's journey to greater forms of agency in her fight against Kilgrave., In an early promotional poster for the first season of Netflix's Jessica Jones (2015--) the titular character Jessica (Krysten Ritter) glares at the viewer while standing in front of a [...]

Cet article aborde la prostitution comme un phenomene social qui devrait etre analyse dans un contexte d'konomie politique. L'auteure suggere que l'evolution de la prostitution est due a la transformation du capitalisme neoliberal des recentes decennies. L'autonomie envahissante du marche a cree une industrie du sexe qui est devenue le secteur economique le plus profitable a la grandeur de la planete. Cette transformation est causee par des marches qui se sont dissocies de la realite sociale qu'aucune loi ne peut controler et qui a mis a la place une logique du predateur qui commodifie non seulement la nature, l'argent et le travail des femmes mais aussi leur corps et leur sexualite., Neoliberal globalization and the growth of prostitution are linked social phenomena that have progressed together. The prostitution industry lies at the intersection of two processes: the neo-liberal reorganisation of the [...]

En fevrier 2014, unscandale a ebranle l'universite d'Ottawa (Canada) quand des joueurs d'un club de hockey ont agresse une jeune femme durant une joute. On a du annuler la saison 2014-15. Les quatre journaux locaux en ont beaucoup parle donnant la parole aux joueurs de hockey eux-memes. Ce papier base sur 55 articles sur le sujet decele et analyse les trois cultures de la masculinite decrite par Michael Kimmel (2008) dans la dynamique du club:celle qui donne le droit, la culture du silence et la culture de protection. En creusant la comprehension des cultures masculines du jeu, ce papier met en evidence l'envahissante regle patriarcale des clubs universitaires presents sur les campus. La presse locale en leur donnant la parole a mis l'accent sur leurs droits et s'est rangee de leur cote au detriment de la survivante et de son experience de l'assaut. Elle ajoute une discussion autour de l'implication du campus, des athletes males et les medias., In recent years, a number of Canadian and American campuses made national headlines in connection with sexual assault perpetrated by male athletes. In Canada, two cases have been particularly high-profile [...]

Many readers of Andrew Marvell's Upon Appleton House note the poem's deviation from typical country house poems, finding in this deviation evidence of Marvell's ambivalence, eccentricity, or even, in the [...]

This paper focuses on how African women negotiate the administrative structures of universities as subordinates as well as agents, based on three Nigerian examples. Gender relations within these institutions capture [...]

If we look at a possibly speculative dystopic world in which all that remains is a single family invested in self-destruction through violence and incest, can we see a critique [...]

The purpose of this paper to fill a gap in the literature on 'leadership' in Arab schools, which are part of a patriarchal society, specifically on the issues of principal gender and acceptance of his or her authority. Previous studies have argued that attitudes toward the school principal's role are related to culture and social structure. However, those studies did not take into account the effects of employee gender on acceptance of a male or female principal's authority. Teachers (N = 240) from 10 Arab elementary schools in northern Israel participated in this study. The Analysis of Variance -ANOVA revealed differences between teachers' genders in the acceptance of their principals' authority. Men and women teachers' perceptions concerning acceptance of a man principal's authority were more positive than those of men teachers accepting authority from a women principal. When the principal was a man, men and women tended to accept his authority to a similar degree; when the principal was a woman, women tended to accept her authority more than men. We further improved and validated a specific measure of authority acceptance, by exploratory factor analysis- EFA and Confirmatory factor analysis--CFA. Implications and considerations related to gender differences are discussed. Keywords: Gender and Authority, Patriarchy, Gendered Leadership, Arab Schools, Construct Validity, Introduction The issues of Arab women acquiring higher education and the feminization of education have brought about a remarkable increase in the rate of Arab women in the teaching force [...]

This paper draws on the narrative of a Samburu woman, whom we call Sasha, from northern Kenya. She has been living with recto- and vesico-vaginal fistula for more than ten years. Her homeland is characterized by abject poverty, patriarchy and traditional practices involving witchcraft, which is intertwined with the teachings of Christian evangelist missionaries that traverse the last two centuries. Sasha's research interview offered representations of the broader social and political aspects affecting women with vaginal fistula and how this influences their lived experiences. We suggest that this condition is more than a biomedical issue, which we explain through our interpretive feminist analysis of Sasha's story. An African feminist lens enables attention towards the influences of patriarchy, African ethnicities and underdevelopment of the African continent. Keywords: Obstetric Fistulas, African Feminism, Kenya, Patriarchy, Leaking Bodies, Cultural Practices, Introduction The logic for this paper rests upon a cliche: 'one picture is worth a thousand words.' In doing so, we propose that our case study of one woman's story [...]

This article examines aspects of patriarchy present in the works of Machado de Assis. The aim is to critique the idealized patriarchal culture, following the standards of classical antiquity that were widespread in the nineteenth century. It is, therefore, the anatomy of a farce, hidden in the refined rhetoric of representatives of the slaveholding oligarchy. Machado de Assis reveals in his writings the ethos of the oligarchy that structured the Brazilian society of the 1800s. Este artigo analisa aspectos do patriarcalismo presentes em obras de Machado de Assis. O objetivo e evidenciar a critica a uma cultura patriarcal idealizada, segundo padroes de uma antiguidade classica difundida no seculo XIX. Trata-se, portanto, da anatomia de uma farsa, oculta na retorica refinada de representantes da oligarquia escravocrata. Machado de Assis revela, em seus escritos, o ethos da oligarquia que estruturou a sociedade brasileira do anos 1800., ETERNA MORADA Em 'Casa velha', conto publicado no periodico A Estacao entre janeiro de 1885 e fevereiro de 1886, destaca-se uma passagem em que o narrador descreve 'o pequeno mundo' [...]

Thirty years after the publication of Donna Haraway's A Cyborg Manifesto, machine-human couplings have manifested in a subculture of men who love dolls. More than sexual objects, these increasingly lifelike [...]

Fairy tale literature can be identified as didactic, as it shares moralistic and educational ideals through its characters and themes. Intending to instruct, fairy tales relate specific moralistic concepts, indicating accepted and unaccepted conduct. Researchers have postulated the correlation between a fairy tale and its social context, considering that these tales include contrived elements specific to the societal structure from which they originate. Specific to this research is the connection between a fairy tale and the gendered ideals held within the society as noted in Grimm Brothers' Briar Rose. The version analysed in this article is the Collins Classics collection of the Grimm Brothers' tales, which was published in 2013. This tale reflects content which perpetuates and supports the patriarchal expectations of the 19th-century Germany. The Grimm Brothers' treatment of the princess, 13th fairy and prince reinforce gender-specific roles for men and women. The rewards and punishments earned by the characters mould not only their behaviours, but also potentially the behaviours of the 19th-century readers. This article analyses the behavioural consequences faced by the characters in Briar Rose, with particular consideration of how these responses convey gender ideals to the readers, and how these influence their own subsequent behaviour and expectations., Author(s): Monique Banks (corresponding author) [1] Introduction The Grimm Brothers' collections of tales were compiled because the brothers believed their country needed a single language, set of beliefs and culture. [...]

Much before the arrival of Western feminism in Nepal with its vocabulary of protest and polemics, the discourse of right and fight, Nepali women have had a long complex and ambivalent genealogy of protest in the genre of Tij songs. However, such discourses have been rendered invisible by the dominant epistemology that derives its ideological sustenance from the Eurocentric and Enlightenment paradigm of knowledge production. The collusion of native patriarchy with the dominant epistemological system can be located in the absence of any systematic engagement with the Tij songs in the indigenous academia. Through Nepali women's complex and highly nuanced conceptualization of the maita (the parental home) and the ghar (the house where women get married into), the paper seeks to show how Nepali women problematize not only the Western construction of the silenced native subaltern, but also the erasure of Nepali women's voice in the construction of 'knowledge' by the native patriarchy. Keywords: Tij songs, Maita, Gghar, Feminism, Patriarchy, Erasure, Alternative epistemology., Introduction One of the fundamental concerns of academics regarding folklore research, especially in South Asia, has been that it has seldom moved beyond the preliminary stages of collection and classification. [...]

The following article examines leadership roles among indentured East Indian women in British Guiana (now Guyana). The research shows that leadership roles among indentured East Indian women were not as broad as those among indentured East Indian men. The main reasons for this are that Indian women were recruited from the lower ranks of Indian society, which stymied leadership roles, and the authoritarian structure of the plantation system, which supported patriarchal trends. Moreover, the colonial records do not reveal leadership roles among Indian women because the records are based on imperial domination and exploitation, reflecting anecdotal rather than analytical evidence. The article shows that in spite of restrictions, indentured Indian women did engage in leadership roles on the sugar plantations but were not as open about these roles as their male counterparts were. Nonetheless, their engagement in leadership roles was instrumental in turning adverse circumstances to their advantage, and they used strategies that were not altogether obvious to the supporters of patriarchy. Key Words: Indentured Indian Women, British Guiana, Leadership Roles, Plantations, Makeshift 'box hand' Cooperatives, Panchayat, Introduction Published studies on leadership roles among East Indian (hereafter Indian) women during indenture in British Guiana (now Guyana) in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are rare. Except for [...]

In this paper, I argue that to truly understand the complexity and 'high prevalence' of acid violence against women in Bangladesh, we must pay attention to the confluence of political, economic and historical forces that make certain social groups more vulnerable to such extreme violence and suffering. By tracing the life history narratives of survivors of gender-based violence, I hope to shed light that acid throwing--a form of gendered violence--has to be understood beyond a 'culturalist' framework, which explains this phenomenon as a product of harmful patriarchal cultural practices, seemingly more prevalent in certain South Asian cultures. Rather, I argue, acid violence has to be understood within a broader 'structural inequality' framework, which maps the vulnerability of the victims onto their life trajectory shaped by complex forces of globalization, neoliberal development, patriarchy and poverty. Focusing on the systemic oppressions faced by vulnerable social groups whether embedded in family, kin and community structures or the global capitalist system, I argue that mapping a trajectory of suffering can aid in imagining a more nuanced and humane transnational analytic and response with regards to violence against women. Key Words: Gender Violence, Culture, Masculinity, Narrative Analysis, Introduction Chronicling the vulnerability and suffering of marginalized populations in Haiti, the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, researcher Paul Farmer (2005) asks the critical question, 'By what mechanisms, precisely, [...]

La crítica sobre el clásico popular Rebecca (1938), de Daphne du Maurier, puede dividirse en dos interpretaciones principales. Tradicionalmente, la novela se vendió como un romance gótico en el que el héroe y la heroína vencían a las mujeres malvadas que los separaban. En cambio, recientemente, algunas críticas feministas han dado una visión muy diferente de la historia, que ha pasado a verse como una novela gótica que relata los peligros que las mujeres sufren bajo el control patriarcal de sus maridos. Esto implicaría que la novela de du Maurier no podría leerse como un romance tradicional que fomenta el patriarcado, como sugería la anterior interpretación. En este artículo, propongo, a través de una lectura desde los estudios góticos y los estudios de género, que la villanía en esta novela no tiene que ver exclusivamente con el género de los personajes y, por lo tanto, los roles de víctima y villano no pueden equipararse a la feminidad y la masculinidad, respectivamente. En cambio, sugiero que la villanía en Rebecca está directamente ligada al hecho de estar en una posición de poder dentro del patriarcado, y que lo que lleva a los personajes (hombres y mujeres) a cometer actos de villanía es el deseo de perpetuar el sistema patriarcal y mantener su posición de poder. Palabras clave: Daphne du Maurier; género; gótico; masculinidad; patriarcado; Rebecca Criticism of Daphne du Maurier's popular classic Rebecca (1938) can be divided into two mainstream interpretations. On the one hand, it was traditionally marketed as a gothic romance where the hero and the heroine conquered the evil women that separated them. On the other, certain feminist critics have recently provided a very different view of the story, aligning it with gothic narratives that deal with the dangers women suffer under the patriarchal control of their husbands. This would imply that du Maurier's novel should not be read as a traditional romance that promotes patriarchy, as the former interpretation suggested. In this article, I propose, through a Gothic Studies and a Gender Studies reading, that villainy in this novel is not exclusively linked to gender and, therefore, the victim and abuser statuses cannot be equated to femininity and masculinity, respectively. Instead, I argue that villainy in the novel is inextricably connected to being in a powerful position within patriarchy, and that it is the desire to maintain this position and perpetuate the patriarchal system that leads the main characters (men and women) to commit acts of villainy. Keywords: Daphne du Maurier; gender; gothic; masculinity; patriarchy; Rebecca, Patriarchal hauntings: re-reading villainy and gender in Daphne du Maurier's Rebecca 1. INTRODUCTION English writer Daphne du Maurier's novel Rebecca--first published in 1938 and adapted many times for the theatre, [...]

I. Introduction Murray ROTHBARD'S contribution to libertarian ethics was to outline a theory prohibiting aggressive violence (1978, p. 27-30). The influence of Rothbard's ethics, (1) combined with a decades-long political [...]

Dans ce texte les auteures assurent que la violence conjugale subie par les Musulmanes peut etre comprise quand on examine la correlation entre la religion, le patriarcat, le racisme antimusulman. [...]

This essay argues that Diana Abu-Jaber uses mainstream feminist strategies in dealing with patriarchal stereotypes of women and, simultaneously, deviates from mainstream feminist theory. Approached according to theories of cultural hybridity, this dual stance is seen as a hybridizing Arab-American feminist attitude that represents a mezzaterra, or borderland of cultural intersection., Arabian Jazz deals with the family of the Jordanian immigrant Matussem Ramoud, a fan of jazz who lives with his two American-born daughters, Jemorah and Melvina, in a poor, white [...]

This essay argues that Stein adopted a mathematical aesthetic influenced by Alfred North Whitehead. Her turn away from William James's influence towards Whitehead's signifies a feminist defiance of patriarchy, and "Patriarchal Poetry" is the resultant anti-narrative, feminist experiment in replacing patriarchal grammar with a mathematical, genderless, and abstract mode of writing., "Mathematics, rightly viewed, possesses not only truth, but supreme beauty." --Bertrand Russell Among Gertrude Stein's many pronouncements about her own methods, one stands out: that she considered herself logical, her [...]

This essay emerges from an ongoing mother-son dialogue about contemporary gender relations and their genesis in the history of patriarchy. In order to reframe patriarchy as a relational construct, rather than a simple group-based oppression, a performative notion of identities grounds the paper. It offers a critique of the body of literature that has developed under the broad heading of 'evolutionary psychology,' insisting that gendered relations are not outcomes of genetic selection, divine mandate, or historical inevitability. An antidotal, millennia-spanning history of gender is offered as an epistemically and politically preferable explanation for patriarchal relations. Keywords: evolutionary psychology, feminist science, gender equality, patriarchy, antidotal narrative, prehistory, relational constructivism, performativity, Why do empowered females often choose to date, have sex with, and marry jerks, males whose performance of traditional masculinity brings them positive attention from other powerful males, but who [...]

This article shows how the French feminist and socialist Flora Tristan uses discourses on nationality and ideas of foreignness and exclusion to challenge contemporary gender ideologies in Promenades dans Londres (1840). She casts herself in the role of a disinterested and invisible observer and knowledgeable narrator who describes another nation, England, whose population is marked as 'other' and inferior, particularly in her description of her visit to the houses of Parliament. Tristan aligns herself with English travellers such as Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and orientalises the houses of Parliament, thereby simultaneously endorsing and overturning notions of civilisation and superiority, the basis of Western patriarchy. At the same time, by adopting the role of a victim and accusing the members of Parliament of inappropriate behaviour and disrespect, Tristan conceals her own transgressions and establishes an alternative set of social rules. This strategy is repeatedly adopted in her work., Flora Tristan (1803-44) was a celebrated and well known French feminist and socialist whose works appealed to a wide audience. Promenades dans Londres (1840), for instance, sold well and went [...]