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The purpose of this study was to examine the comparability of counts of embedded instruction learning trials when different methods of viewing and recording direct behavioral observations were used. In 13 classrooms, while videotaping embedded instruction implementation for a larger randomized controlled efficacy trial was occurring, teachers’ implementation of trials was coded in situ using pencil-and-paper methods. Videos were later coded using computer-assisted methods. Dependent-samples t tests, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, and additional score agreement calculations were conducted. Statistically significant differences were found in the estimates of trial frequency. Correlational analyses showed positive and strong relationships between the coding methods. Coding agreement was higher across the entire observation versus during 10-min continuous event blocks. In situ coding took significantly less time than video coding. Results provide empirical evidence for the advantages and disadvantages of common viewing and recording methods for quantifying behavior as part of systematic observation systems.

The Social Skills Improvement System–Teacher Rating Scale (SSIS-TRS) has been widely used to measure the social skills and behaviors of children and adolescents that are challenging. Studies examining the psychometric properties of the SSIS-TRS have been conducted, but the dimensional structure and item properties of the SSIS-TRS have not been extensively examined with samples of preschool-aged children at risk for social-emotional and behavioral difficulties. This current study was designed to examine (a) the dimensional structure of the Social Skills scale and Problem Behaviors scale of the SSIS-TRS and (b) the item function of the SSIS-TRS using item response theory analyses with data collected from teachers of a sample of 469 preschool-aged children at risk for social–emotional and behavioral difficulties. A four-dimensional structure (i.e., Cooperation, Empathy and Relationship, Engagement and Interaction, and Self-Control) and a three-dimensional structure (i.e., Aggression and Defiance, Disruptiveness and Stereotypy, and Withdrawal) were identified for the Social Skills and Problem Behaviors scales, respectively. Item parameters of the SSIS-TRS were estimated using the generalized partial credit model. Item information curves were plotted for individual items; behavior indicators providing higher information for measuring corresponding social skills and problem behaviors constructs were identified. The limitations and implications for the present study are discussed.

Though treatment integrity measurement is important for research intended to promote social and behavioral outcomes of children at risk for emotional and behavioral disorders (EBDs) in early childhood settings, measurement gaps exist in the field. This paper reports on the development and preliminary psychometric assessment of the treatment integrity measure for early childhood settings (TIMECS), an observational measure designed to address existing measurement gaps related to treatment integrity with tier 2 interventions in the early childhood field. To assess the preliminary score reliability (interrater) and validity (construct, discriminant) of the TIMECS, live observations (N = 650) in early childhood classrooms from 54 teachers (92.6% female, 7.4% male; 61.1% White) and 91 children (M age = 4.53 years, SD = .44; 45.1% female, 54.9% male; 45.1% Black) at risk for EBDs were scored by 12 coders using the TIMECS and an observational measure designed to assess teacher-child interactions. Teachers also self-reported on the quality of the teacher-child relationship. Interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients, ICC [2,2]) for the quantity (i.e., adherence) item scores had a mean of .81 (SD = .07; range from .68 to .95), and the quality (i.e., competence) item scores had a mean of .69 (SD = .08; range from .52 to .80). Scores on the TIMECS Quantity and Quality items and scales showed evidence of construct validity, with the magnitude of the correlations suggesting that the quantity and quality items assess distinct components of treatment integrity. A TIMECS quantity scale also showed promise for intervention evaluation research by discriminating between teachers who had and had not been trained in a specific evidence-based intervention targeting social and behavioral skills in early childhood. The findings support the potential of the TIMECS to assess treatment integrity of teacher-delivered practices designed to address child social and behavioral outcomes of children at risk for EBDs in early childhood settings.

Regulatory guidelines for pharmaceutical toxicity studies recommend using one dose near the maximum tolerated. At that level significant toxicities may occur, leading to systemic stress and secondary immune suppression which can be difficult to differentiate from a primary drug effect. Therefore, there is a need for a biomarker of stress applicable to toxicity studies. This study evaluated urinary corticosterone as a biomarker, using as a pharmacologic stressor fenitrothion, which was previously shown not to cause primary immune suppression. Rats were administered fenitrothion orally at 20 and 30 mg/kg daily for 2 or 8 days, with matched vehicle controls (n = 6/group). Urine was collected for 6 and 24 h, before treatment and on Day 2 and Day 8. Urine was assayed for corticosterone, separately for the first 6 h of collection and for the whole 24 h sample. Animals were euthanized on Day 3 or Day 9 and lymphoid tissue samples were collected, weighed and examined histologically. Treated rats showed neurologic signs following treatment. Findings also included time- and dose-dependent decreases in body weight and spleen and thymus weight decreases supra-proportional to body weight on Day 9. Histologic changes were mild at a dose of 20 mg/kg, but significant at 30 mg/kg, consisting of lymphocytolysis at Day 3 and lymphoid depletion at Day 9. Urine corticosterone levels were increased on Day 2 and Day 8, in the 6-h samples, but not the 24-h ones, at both dose levels. Based on the results, urine corticosterone appears to be a sensitive biomarker of systemic stress caused by fenitrothion. Other chemical stressors should be evaluated in a similar manner in order to fully validate urine corticosterone measurement as a stress biomarker.

An exploration of the vacuum ultraviolet magnetic circular dichroism and absorption spectra of propylene and a comparison to ethylene spectra provides new information on the electronic structure of ethylene. Ethylene has three electronic transitions in the energy region previously assigned as two. The presently proposed assignments for these transitions are π → 3s(1Ag → 1B3u), π → π*(1Ag → 1B1u), and π → 3p. The lowest energy transition that was previously assigned as the beginning of the π → π* is assigned as the π → 3s transition. The π → π* and π → 3p transitions are accidentally degenerate in ethylene. The electronic transition with sharp structure doublets which was previously assigned as π → 3s is assigned as one of the π → 3p [π → 3pσ (1Ag → 1B2g), π → 3py (1Ag → 1B1g), or π → 3px (1Ag → 1A1g)] vibronically allowed electronic transitions. A case is presented that it is the π → 3pσ (1Ag → 1B2g) and/or the π → 3py (1Ag → 1B1g) electronic transitions that are responsible for the sharp structured doubl...

An investigation of the electronic excited states of tetramethylethylene in the 240−160 nm region has been carried out using synchrotron radiation for magnetic circular dichroism and absorption spectroscopy. These studies show that there are at least six and probably nine electronic transitions in the region once considered to be the sole domain of the π → π*(1B1u) and π → 3s(1B3u) transitions. The most likely assignments for the additional four transitions are π → 3pσ(1B2g), π → 3py(1B1g), π → 3dδ(1B2u), π → 3dδ(1B3u), or σ → σ*. The other three possible electronic transitions are discussed in the paper. These studies also indicate that the positive magnetic circular dichroism bands observed in ethylene are due to an additional electronic transition in the π → π* and π → 3s region and not a vibronically induced part of the π → 3s transition.

The sous vide method of food processing involves placing raw or partially cooked products in a pouch, removing the air, sealing, cooking and then chilling the product for an extended time. This method provides an ideal environment for growth of some pathogenic bacteria. The purpose of this study was to determine the microbiological quality of a ground pork product using the sous vide method of processing. Patties prepared with and without soy hulls were cooked at 62 or 76C and stored chilled for 0, 1, 2 and 3 weeks. Samples were monitored for Listeria spp. with aerobic plate counts (APCs) and coliform counts also being determined. Moisture, pH and fat content of ground pork were measured. For the raw product, no statistically significant difference was found for coliforms, APCs or pH for the 12 trials of the experiment. Listeria spp. were not isolated from the raw product. Statistically significant differences were only found for fat and moisture. No coliforms were found in cooked patties or in cooked patties stored over the 3-week period. However, statistically significant differences were noted for APCs. Over the 3-week storage period, pork patties prepared with and without soy hulls and cooked at the higher temperature had lower APCs than patties cooked at the lower temperature. Pork patties cooked at the lower temperature had unacceptable levels of APCs for all weeks of chilled storage. Sous vide products made under carefully controlled conditions can be of good microbiological quality, even when stored up to 3 weeks.

The dominant noises present in sequential, two-photon photoionization, in polar solvent systems under HPLC conditions, are discussed. Several representative chromatograms for the separation and detection of five benzodiazepines are exhibited, showing the effectiveness of a baseline restorer preamplifier relative to an ordinary, low-noise, AC-coupled preamplifier. It is found that there is no optimum preamplifier, particularly where solvent programming applications are necessary. The observed dominant noises in polar solvents are related to the leakage currents that result when high voltages are impressed across the polar solvent systems, but the precise nature of the relationship is unknown.

We propose the use of recently developed technique of circular intensity differential scattering (CIDS), as extended to the soft x-ray region of the spectrum (16 eV to 500 eV), to study the higher order organization of the eukaryotic chromosome. CIDS is the difference in scattering power of an object when illuminated by right circularly polarized vs. left circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation of arbitrary wavelength. CIDS has been shown to be a very sensitive measure of the helical organization of the scattering object, e.g., the eukaryotic chromosome. Preliminary results of measurements of samples of bacteriophages and octopus sperm done at SRC, Wisconsin, show the technique to be very sensitive to the dimensional parameters of the particles interrogated by circularly polarized light.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The magnetic circular dichroism and absorption spectra of gaseous benzene were measured using the fourmeter normal incidence monochromator and the Aladdin storage ring at the Synchrotron Radiation Center,University of Wisconsin-Madison. This is an extension of benzene magnetic circular dichroism measurements tohigher energies than was previously possible. The magnetic circular dichroism gives additional information about theelectronic structure of benzene. An initial interpretation of the magnetic circular dichroism results are presented andcompared to proposed assignments.Various methods for extending to higher energies circular dichroism and other measurements which need asource of intense variably polarized electromagnetic radiation are summarized. Plans for extension of measurementsto higher energies are also described.2. INTRODUCTIONMagnetic circular dichroism is a powerful method for obtaining the symmetry of transitions. The use ofsynchrotron radiation allows magnetic circular dichroism measurements (and natural circular dichroism) to be carriedout at higher energies than was previously possible. 14

The magnetic circular dichroism of benzene vapor has been studied using synchrotron radiation with attention focused on the 3R', 3R', and 3R''' region. The data are consistent with assignments, 1 A tg → 1 A 2u , 1 E 1u for R, R', respectively, from π(e ig ) → n p excitations and support assignment of R', R''' to 1 A 1g → 1 E 1u transitions from π(e 1g ) → n f excitations.

Synchrotron radiation (SR) from modern electron storage rings is highly linearly polarized and more intense than conventional vacuum ultraviolet continuum sources. These unique properties make SR ideal for construction of a vacuum ultraviolet circular dichroism (CD) instrument. We report the first use of SR for CD measurements and describe the instrumental setup. These measurements were carried out in the wavelength range 1325–2050 A on (+)-3-methylcyclopentanone at the Synchrotron Radiation Center of the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The signal to noise ratio, and therefore the resolution, was the best ever obtained for CD measurements in this wavelength range. This resulted in the observation of new structure and dramatic peak height changes in the CD spectrum. In addition, these measurements showed that the extension of CD measurements to higher energies is possible through the use of synchrotron radiation.

The 1 B 1u 1 E 1u valence and 2R Rydberg states of benzene isolated in Ar matrices have been studied using synchrotron radiation. The 1E 1u MCD A term is positive as in solution. Various features of the condensed and vapor phase MCD are rationalized in light of the large Ar matrix blue-shift of the 2R Rydberg state.

Producing spine and book labels on the OCLC system for sets of books with many volumes, replacement or supplemental volumes, or annual editions can be very tedious and costly as one moves the cursor line‐by‐line to insert the volume or edition numbers. With WordPerfect 50, it's possible to produce these labels efficiently by using keyboard merges and looping macros. Once the master file for each label is produced, you can invoke the merge and have the cursor moved to the exact place on the label where the volume or edition number is to be inserted. Also, if the library has more than one copy of the set, the replace command () may be used to change the copy number on the labels in a few seconds.

Perhaps the most interesting behavior exhibited by marmosets is the formation of permanent pair bonds and the resultant equal dominance of both the male and the female in the family situation. Behavior patterns are stereotyped and it is relatively simple to establish daily behavioral repertoires for the different species. Scent marking behavior is an effective means of sexual and social communication. Its full significance to sexual behavior is yet to be known. Other forms of communication include tactile, visual and acoustic signalling. Fraternal, chimeric twinning is common in marmosets. The marmoset father assumes responsibility for carrying and caring for the infants, when the mother decides to relinquish the infants to him. After that time, she receives the infants only to feed them. A typical day for a L. rosalia family might include the following: (1) The activity begins at dawn; (2) The marmosets forage and exercise; (3) The animals sun and groom themselves and each other at the tops of trees; (4) The family moves to the lower branches of the trees and rests during the warmest part of the day; (5) The marmosets forage and play in the early afternoon; (6) The animals take short rests and forage until sundown; and (7) The marmoset family beds down together, when the sun sets. Very little is known concerning the social and sexual behaviors of the New World monkey L. rosalia in its natural habitat. In order to ensure the perpetuation of this endangered species, more must be learned about its behavior patterns and reproductive physiology. These studies can be made most easily in captive situations at the present time. Because breeding problems exist in captivity for this species, the number of animals available for study is limited. The reason or reasons causing breeding failure between captive born mates is not defined. The following aspects of L. rosalia behavior and physiology must be reconsidered and studied more closely in order to solve the existing breeding difficulties: the maturation, growth and social development, in infants; the length of the estrus cycle and its behavioral correlates; the formation of pair bonds; the production of pheromones; and the onset and offset of pregnancy.

This case example describing the organizational behavior of the staff in an agency serving the deaf is used to illustrate some of the issues and problems which human service providers face in cross-cultural settings. Staffing, internal coordination and control, and external relationships are the three organizational features selected for analysis. It is suggested that an examination of an agency's internal operation is critical to a thorough evaluation of its service delivery and that by considering the agency as an open social system the impact of the social environment can be identified. Communication issues are especially critical in the agency studied but can be seen as representative of the major problems in cross-cultural service delivery.

Vacuum ultraviolet natural and magnetic circular dichroism measurements have added significantly to our knowledge of the geometric and electronic structure of molecules and have provided a better understanding of the correct approach for theoretical calculations. In this review, I define natural and magnetic circular dichroism, and discuss information obtained with these techniques. The instrumentation for vacuum ultraviolet natural and magnetic circular dichroism is reviewed, from its beginning with conventional sources to the present time use of synchrotron radiation. The future possibilities and challenges for these measurements are examined with particular reference to making measurements to higher energies.

Magnetic circular dichroism measurements on ethylene are reported over the region of the 3R00 and 4R00‴ origins around 9 eV. The results show conclusively that each origin is a composite of two electronic transitions. The 3R00 origin is assigned to the Rydberg transitions, tA1 → 1B2(3dδ) + 1B3(3dδ). 4R00‴ is assigned as 1A1 → 3R00 + ν3(u).

Since synchrotron radiation is intense, highly linearly polarized, a spectral continuum and collimated, it is ideal (necessary) for magnetic and natural circular dichroism measurements in certain regions of the spectrum. What these regions are, the importance of the measurements and considerations in instrumental design which preserve the ideal properties of synchrotron radiation are discussed. Then the design, present status and future plans are reviewed for each functioning instrument. Finally the instrumental design challenges of the future are surveyed.

In this paper an approximate numerical solution for a multiclass preemptive priority single server queue is developed. The arrival process of each class follows a Poisson distribution. The service time distribution must have a rational Laplace transform, but is otherwise arbitrary and may be different for different classes. The work reported here was motivated by a desire to compute the equilibrium probability distribution of networks containing preemptive priority servers. Such networks are frequently encountered when modeling computer systems, medical care delivery systems and communication networks. We wish to use an iterative technique which constructs a series of two station networks consisting of one station from the original network and one “complementary” station whose behavior with respect to the original station mimics that of the rest of the network. At each iteration, it is necessary to compute the equilibrium probability distribution of one or more preemptive priority queues. Although such queues have been studied for some time, the resulting solutions have most often been developed utilizing transforms or probability generating functions, e.g. Jaiswal [1968]; in many cases of interest, inversion has not been attempted. Miller [1981] presented explicit solutions for two class priority queues but Miller's work, which is based on that of Neuts, is limited to exponential service times and two classes. The approach presented here is applicable to many classes and to more general service time distributions than have previously been considered. The algorithm utilizes a bootstrap approach, a concept borrowed from dynamic programming. The solution for class 1 is trivial. Once we have solved the system with k different classes, we have available all the necessary information to solve the system with k+l classes. We shall assume that each class has a distinct service time distribution G k , with mean g k and variance s 2 k . Let class k have preemptive priority over class l if k < l. Successive steps of the algorithm are based upon the machine breakdown and repair model, previously used by Keilson [1962]; White and Christie [1958]; Gaver [1962]; and Avi-Itzhak and Noar [1963] to model preemptive priority queues. When we are solving for the equilibrium probability distribution of class k jobs, k > 1, we consider a model with one machine whose service time distribution is G k . The breakdown rate of the machine is the sum of the arrival rates of all higher priority jobs. The downtime or repairtime of the machine has mean γ k-l and variance σ 2 k-l ; these parameters are the mean and variance of the busy period in a preemptive priority system with k-l classes. The first step in the solution of all the machine breakdown and repair models considered herein is to construct the infinitesimal generator @@@@ which specifies the transitions into and out of each state for the given model. Given @@@@, it is a simple matter to write the global balance equations, i.e., the Chapman-Kolmogorov equations which relate flow into and out of each state of the model at equilibrium. These global balance equations are second order difference equations, i.e. if @@@@ k (n) is the probability of finding n class k jobs in the system at equilibrium, @@@@ k (n) is a function of @@@@ k (n-1) and @@@@ k (n+1). The next step is to construct another set of balance equations, which we call the aggregate balance equations, and to use the results in Snyder and Stewart [1985] to reduce each of the second order difference equations (the global balance equations) to first order difference equations. As long as the generator @@@@ is irreducible and positive recurrent, it is now possible to define a coefficient matrix @@@@ k which relates the probability vectors @@@@ k (n) and @@@@ k (n-1); specifically, we shall construct real matrices @@@@ k whose elements are given explicitly as a function of the model parameters and for which @@@@ k (n) = @@@@ k (n-1) @@@@ k .

A novel method for the determination of timolol in pharmaceutical products has been developed and is described. The method employs high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on silica dynamically modified with the cetyltrimethylammonium cation to quantitate the analyte. The use of this type of reversed-phase HPLC system for timolol determinations results in improved quality of chromatography, especially in terms of peak tailing and peak efficiency, in comparison to chromatography on bonded-phase silica. Column-to-column as well as manufacturer-to-manufacturer reproducibility for this separation on silica columns has been obtained and is better in our hands than that encountered with bonded-phase column packings. The method has been shown to be linear for the compounds studied, comparably accurate and precise to bonded-phase methods and specific for timolol in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations. Under the conditions specified, timolol can be successfully separated from its three known potential degradates. Possible explanations of the primary retention mechanisms for the analytes are offered.

The magnetic circular dichroism and absorption spectra of zinc phthalocyanine in an Ar matrix have been measured between ≈ 37000 and 74000 cm −1 with far better resolution than in previous absorption work on this or related systems. The spectral features beyond ≈ 45000 cm −1 can be roughly correlated with those of the isolated benzene molecule.

The circular dichroism and absorption spectra of (+)‐(S)‐2 butanol have now been measured to 1350 A. Theoretical rotational strengths calculated using an independent systems approach are compared to the measured values. The results support use of the extended Kirkwood theory for calculation of rotational strengths. Our method for applying the theory is described in detail. Using a model in which the first three electronic transitions in simple alcohols are assigned as n → σOH*, n → σCO*, n → 3sO, we obtain good agreement in sign and magnitude between calculated and experimental rotational strengths. The importance of including the generally ignored gij type term of Kirkwood is clearly illustrated. It is expected to dominate for transitions which are both magnetically and electrically allowed when the static fields are small.

The certification examination for orthopaedic nurses was developed by the Orthopaedic Nurses Certification Board and the Committee for Test Development with guidance from the National League for Nursing Test Services. The construction of a written examination is a complex task and is part of the continuing responsibility of the Orthopaedic Nurses Certification Board. This paper focuses on the process of actual test construction: the organization, development, evaluation, and quality of test items.

Molecules which absorb different amounts of left and right circularly polarized light can be studied by a type of absorption spectroscopy called circular dichroism. Circular dichroism is the difference in absorption for left and right circularly polarized light expressed as absorbance (AL-AR) or molar extinction coefficient (εL-εR), as a function of wavelength.

The circular dichroism and absorption spectra of (+)‐(S)‐2 butanol have now been measured to 1350 A. Theoretical rotational strengths calculated using an independent systems approach are compared to the measured values. The results support use of the extended Kirkwood theory for calculation of rotational strengths. Our method for applying the theory is described in detail. Using a model in which the first three electronic transitions in simple alcohols are assigned as n → σOH*, n → σCO*, n → 3sO, we obtain good agreement in sign and magnitude between calculated and experimental rotational strengths. The importance of including the generally ignored gij type term of Kirkwood is clearly illustrated. It is expected to dominate for transitions which are both magnetically and electrically allowed when the static fields are small.

The so-called iterative methods are among a class of methods that have recently been applied to obtain approximate solutions to general queueing networks. In this paper it is shown that if the network contains feedback loops, then it is more advantageous to incorporate these loops into the analysis of the station itself rather than into the analysis of the complement of the station. We show how this analysis may be performed for a simple two-phase Coxian server. Additionally, it is shown that the number of iterations required to achieve a specified degree of accuracy may be considerably reduced by using a continuous updating procedure in which the computed throughputs are incorporated as soon as they are available, rather than at the end of an iteration. An efficient computational scheme is presented to accompany this continuous updating. Finally a number of examples are provided to illustrate these features.

Substances which rotate the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light are called optically active. The optical rotation occurs due to unequal responses to left and right circularly polarized radiation. Circular dichroism spectroscopy measures the difference in absorption between left and right circularly polarized light (usually expressed as the difference in molar extinction coefficient, eL-eR, or absorbance, AL-AR) as a function of wavelength.

The circular dichroism and absorption for five alkyl amino acids as zwitterions has now been measured to 160 nm. Two bands are found, the nπ* at long wavelengths and ππ* at short wavelengths. In an effort to extract conformal information from the circular dichroism measurmenths, the circular dichroism spectra for these molecules is calculated using an independent systems apporach. It is found that the signs calculated using these methods are quite reliable, but that reliable magnitudes must await more accurate data to use in the calculations. Comparing the signs for both the measured and calculated circular dichriosm it if possible to determine the region inhabited by the carboxylate anion chromophore of these amino acid zwitterions. The greatest failure of the calculations is that thay are unable to explain the sigmoidal shape of the nπ* transition in proline. The problems facing workers trying to make calculations to relate circular dichroism measurements to conformation are discussed.

Interactions of 45 black inner-city mothers with their healthy full-term newborn infants were observed during a bottle-feeding on the third day after birth. An exhaustive catalog of some 100 mother and infant behaviors was used to describe objectively the interactions of mothers and infants. In addition to being observed with their mothers, infants were examined with the Rosenblith scale. The infants' birth weights, birth order, and sex and maternal medication were found to affect the infants' behaviors and/or the patterns of mother-infant interactions.