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The Picture Fuzzy Set (PFS) is a broadening of the fuzzy set and intuitionistic fuzzy set. Pattern recognition, picture segmentation, and decision-making are some of the applications of PFS. The dissimilarity measure technique is used to illustrate a decision-making issue on an image fuzzy set in this article. Decision-making is a technique that enables a computer to think like a person, and it is critical for machine learning and the application of artificial intelligence to machines. These aids robots in thinking like humans. Finally, the suggested approach is presented in this article using a case study based on a survey of 100 consumers performed at a two-wheeler showroom.

Banks and financial institutions use systematic business transaction fraud, individual analytics. Distrust analysis definition is based on a customer history of abnormal behaviors that indicate normal activities and fraud, manipulation or application analysis. The challenge of facing the banking and finance sector is in the form of fraudulent transactions. Combined with the explosive development of data and information, it has urged great advances in technology and communication, global consumer awareness, and capabilities. A comprehensive customer engagement strategy of the banking sector should establish opportunities through dynamic consumer estimation. Security is therefore essential for all banks to implement fraud detection methods to minimize their losses. The regulatory sequence based on different methods of machine learning has evolved to detect various fraudulent transactions. The effective way to detect the fraud detection mechanism is far more essential than the standard classification technology. Pattern Recognition K-Nearest Neighbor [PR-KNN] is developed for such a progressive search and non-parametric technique that evaluates the pseudo-nature to find the best solution to the problem. Regression and classification problems of fraudulent transactions mean the spending is reducing the number of false alarms. The detection systems are placed in bank fraud or fraudulent transactions after the transaction are expected to expectation.

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) represent the most prominent biologically inspired computing model for neuromorphic computing (NC) architectures. However, due to the non-differentiable nature of spiking neuronal functions, the standard error back-propagation algorithm is not directly applicable to SNNs. In this work, we propose a tandem learning framework, that consists of an SNN and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) coupled through weight sharing. The ANN is an auxiliary structure that facilitates the error back-propagation for the training of the SNN at the spike-train level. To this end, we consider the spike count as the discrete neural representation in the SNN, and design ANN neuronal activation function that can effectively approximate the spike count of the coupled SNN. The proposed tandem learning rule demonstrates competitive pattern recognition and regression capabilities on both the conventional frame-based and event-based vision datasets, with at least an order of magnitude reduced inference time and total synaptic operations over other state-of-the-art SNN implementations. Therefore, the proposed tandem learning rule offers a novel solution to training efficient, low latency, and high accuracy deep SNNs with low computing resources.

Hydraulic systems are a class of typical complex nonlinear systems, which have been widely used in manufacturing, metallurgy, energy, and other industries. Nowadays, the intelligent fault diagnosis problem of hydraulic systems has received increasing attention for it can increase operational safety and reliability, reduce maintenance cost, and improve productivity. However, because of the high nonlinear and strong fault concealment, the fault diagnosis of hydraulic systems is still a challenging task. Besides, the data samples collected from the hydraulic system are always in different sampling rates, and the coupling relationship between the components brings difficulties to accurate data acquisition. To solve the above issues, a deep learning model with multirate data samples is proposed in this article, which can extract features from the multirate sampling data automatically without expertise, thus it is more suitable in the industrial situation. Experiment results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves high diagnostic and fault pattern recognition accuracy even when the imbalance degree of sample data is as large as 1:100. Moreover, the proposed method can increase about 10% diagnosis accuracy when compared with some state-of-the-art methods.

Machine vision based planar grasping detection is challenging due to uncertainty about object shape, pose, size, etc. Previous methods mostly focus on predicting discrete gripper configurations, and may miss some ground-truth grasp postures. In this paper, a pixel-level grasp detection method is proposed, which uses deep neural network to predict pixel-level gripper configurations on RGB images. Firstly, a novel Oriented Arrow Representation model (OAR-model) is introduced to represent the gripper configuration of parallel-jaw and three-fingered gripper, which can partly improve the applicability to different grippers. Then, the Adaptive Grasping Attribute model (AGA-model) is proposed to adaptively represent the grasping attribute of objects, for resolving angle conflicts in training and simplifying pixel-level labeling. Lastly, the Adaptive Feature Fusion and Grasp Aware Network (AFFGA-Net) is proposed to predict pixel-level OAR-models on RGB images. AFFGA-Net improves the robustness in unstructured scenarios by using Hybrid Atrous Spatial Pyramid and Adaptive Decoder connected in sequence. On the public Cornell dataset and actual objects, our structure achieves 99.09\% and 98.0\% grasp detection accuracy respectively. In over 2,400 robotic grasp trials, our structure achieves average success rate of 98.77\% in single-object scenarios and 93.69\% in cluttered scenarios. Moreover, AFFGA-Net completes a grasp detection pipeline within 15 ms.

The Tsetlin Machine (TM) is a recent machine learning algorithm with several distinct properties, such as interpretability, simplicity, and hardware-friendliness. Although numerous empirical evaluations report on its performance, the mathematical analysis of its convergence is still open. In this article, we analyze the convergence of the TM with only one clause involved for classification. More specifically, we examine two basic logical operators, namely, the "IDENTITY"- and "NOT" operators. Our analysis reveals that the TM, with just one clause, can converge correctly to the intended logical operator, learning from training data over an infinite time horizon. Besides, it can capture arbitrarily rare patterns and select the most accurate one when two candidate patterns are incompatible, by configuring a granularity parameter. The analysis of the convergence of the two basic operators lays the foundation for analyzing other logical operators. These analyses altogether, from a mathematical perspective, provide new insights on why TMs have obtained state-of-the-art performance on several pattern recognition problems., Comment: 23 pages, 10 figures

The analog circuit design of the memristive neural network (MNN), which can automatically perform the online learning algorithm, is an open question. In this paper, a memristive self-learning neuron circuit for implementing the online least mean square (LMS) algorithm is designed. Extending on the designed neuron circuit, the circuit implementation of the monolayer and multilayer neural network is proposed. The proposed neural network can automatically converge the output to the set target according to the input. The application-level validations of the circuits are done using pattern recognition and license plate detection. The performances of the designed MNN circuits and the effect of memristive variation are analyzed through PSpice simulations. The learning accuracy of the proposed circuit for license plate detection can reach 93%. Circuit simulation results reveal that the proposed MNN circuits can accelerate the training speed and have the tolerance to the variations of the memristor.

Hard landing is a typical flight safety incident, and interpretability plays an important role in flight safety research. However, existing studies failed to provide good interpretability of the reasons for hard landing incidents and suffer from low prediction accuracy. To address the above problems, in this paper we propose CurveCluster+, a curve clustering method based on quick access recorder (QAR) data for hard landing risk evaluation. Specifically, we first conduct an in-depth analysis on hard landing flights by comparing key QAR parameter curves with the group behavior, based on which we establish a two-level hierarchical classification of hard landing incidents according to the hard landing patterns. Then we extract curve-level features from key QAR parameters through interpolation and resampling. After that we turn the classic K-means clustering into a semi-supervised algorithm by incorporating some expert experience and apply it on the curve-level features to automatically recognize the hard landing patterns. Finally, we propose a risk evaluation model based on the clustering results to discover high-risk flights from normal ones. We evaluate our method on a QAR dataset of 37,943 Airbus 320 aircraft flights. The results show that compared with other state-of-the-art data-driven methods, CurveCluster+ provides strong interpretability of hard landing incidents and exhibits good performance in recognizing hard landing patterns (the overall accuracy of our method reaches up to 92.99%). Moreover, it only requires a handful of hard landing samples to discover high-risk flights from tremendous normal landing flights, which is critical for flight safety warnings.

Road traffic state estimation is an essential component of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). However, road traffic state data collected by traffic detectors are often incomplete, which can cause problems across a variety of transportation applications, such as traffic state prediction and pattern recognition. We present GA-GAN (Graph Aggregate Generative Adversarial Network), consisting of graph sample and aggregate (GraphSAGE) and a generative adversarial network (GAN), to impute missing road traffic state data. Instead of using the original road network structure, which presents the spatial information to process a graph operation, we reconstruct the road network according to the correlation coefficients of road historical data. We utilize GraphSAGE to aggregate the temporal-spatial information from the neighbors of each road in the reconstructed road network. GAN is used to generate complete traffic state data from the extracted temporal-spatial information to achieve traffic state data imputation. To illustrate the efficient performance of the model, experiments are conducted on traffic data collected from California and Seattle, Washington, showing that the proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art methods.

International audience; In this brief we investigate the fixed-time synchronization of competitive neural networks with multiple timescales. These neural networks play an important role in visual processing, pattern recognition, neural computing, etc. Our main contribution is the design of a novel synchronizing controller which does not depend on the ratio between the fast and slow time scales. This feature makes the controller easy to implement since it is designed through well-posed algebraic conditions (i.e. even when the ratio between the time scales goes to 0 the controller gain is well defined and does not go to infinity). Last but not least, the closed-loop dynamics is characterized by a high convergence speed with a settling time which is upper-bounded and the bound is independent of the initial conditions. A numerical simulation illustrates our results and emphasizes their effectiveness. Index Terms-Competitive neural network, multiple timescale feature, fixed-time synchronization, continuous control method.

In the recent past, complex deep neural networks have received huge interest in various document understanding tasks such as document image classification and document retrieval. As many document types have a distinct visual style, learning only visual features with deep CNNs to classify document images have encountered the problem of low inter-class discrimination, and high intra-class structural variations between its categories. In parallel, text-level understanding jointly learned with the corresponding visual properties within a given document image has considerably improved the classification performance in terms of accuracy. In this paper, we design a self-attention-based fusion module that serves as a block in our ensemble trainable network. It allows to simultaneously learn the discriminant features of image and text modalities throughout the training stage. Besides, we encourage mutual learning by transferring the positive knowledge between image and text modalities during the training stage. This constraint is realized by adding a truncated-Kullback-Leibler divergence loss Tr-KLD-Reg as a new regularization term, to the conventional supervised setting. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to leverage a mutual learning approach along with a self-attention-based fusion module to perform document image classification. The experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of our approach in terms of accuracy for the single-modal and multi-modal modalities. Thus, the proposed ensemble self-attention-based mutual learning model outperforms the state-of-the-art classification results based on the benchmark RVL-CDIP and Tobacco-3482 datasets., Accepted at IJDAR 2021

Feature selection is a basic task for pattern recognition and classification. It enhances the performance of the classification algorithms with the help of removing the redundant features. Thanks to eliminating irrelevant features, the computational time is decreased. Thus, intensive works have been carried out in this area. This paper proposes a new standard error-based artificial bee colony (SEABC) algorithm for the feature selection problem, which is developed by integrating standard error-based new solution search mechanisms into the original artificial bee colony algorithm. The SEABC algorithm is used for feature selection. Shannon entropy function is used to serve as the objective function of the SEABC algorithm. Thirteen datasets are used from UCI machine learning datasets. Features are selected according to Shannon conditional entropy values and then a threshold process is implemented to find their best relevant subset. Support Vector Machines (SVMs) and k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) are used as the optimal classifiers. The proposed SEABC algorithm is compared with genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), ABC, improved ABC (I-ABC), Gbest-guided ABC (GABC), and PS-ABC algorithms. In general, it is observed that the SEABC algorithm achieves better classification results than other well-known algorithms.

Attribute reduction, also called feature selection, is one of the most important issues of rough set theory, which is regarded as a vital preprocessing step in pattern recognition, machine learning, and data mining. Nowadays, high-dimensional mixed and incomplete data sets are very common in real-world applications. Certainly, the selection of a promising feature subset from such data sets is a very interesting, but challenging problem. Almost all of the existing methods generated a cover on the space of objects to determine important features. However, some tolerance classes in the cover are useless for the computational process. Thus, this article introduces a new concept of stripped neighborhood covers to reduce unnecessary tolerance classes from the original cover. Based on the proposed stripped neighborhood cover, we define a new reduct in mixed and incomplete decision tables, and then design an efficient heuristic algorithm to find this reduct. For each loop in the main loop of the proposed algorithm, we use an error measure to select an optimal feature and put it into the selected feature subset. Besides, to deal more efficiently with high-dimensional data sets, we also determine redundant features after each loop and remove them from the candidate feature subset. For the purpose of verifying the performance of the proposed algorithm, we carry out experiments on data sets downloaded from public data sources to compare with existing state-of-the-art algorithms. Experimental results showed that our algorithm outperforms compared algorithms, especially in classification accuracy.

Decision tree is a widely used non-parametric technique in machine learning, data mining and pattern recognition. It is simple to understand and interpret, however it faces challenges such as handling higher dimensional and class imbalanced datasets, over-fitting and instability. To overcome some of these issues, vertical partitioning approaches like serial partitioning, theme based partitioning are used in the literature. A vertical partitioning approach divides the feature set into subsets of features (blocks) and makes use of these subsets for subsequent tasks. In this work, we use the ideas of music rhythm tree to propose a novel vertical partitioning technique. It orders the features based on the average correlation strength of the features before partitioning the feature set. The proposed method is proved to be superior by showing an average of 13.8 % , 6 % , 9.8 % , 19.7 % , 9.4 % , and 29.4 % higher classification accuracy over C4.5, Random Forest, Bagging, Adaboost, an ensemble technique and a vertical partitioning technique respectively. Our empirical results on 15 datasets demonstrate that the proposed vertical partitioning method is more stable and better in handling class-imbalanced data. Finally, some popular statistical tests are conducted to validate the statistical significance of the results of the proposed method.

In vehicle operation, in order to maximize the fuel economy, the propulsion system control can easily adapt to pressure and temperature variations as these variations can be measured by sensors. However, it is challenging to detect driving cycles. With growing progress made in the artificial intelligence field, pattern recognition gains momentum in various applications. This study presents a study on driving cycle pattern recognition based on supervised learning. Training data 2-D visualization is achieved by t-SNE algorithm. Ten out of twelve supervised learning algorithms predict driving conditions with the accuracy at 88% or higher and Extra Tree algorithm leads the recognition accuracy at 90.26%. To improve recognition accuracy, two hierarchical frameworks are proposed by integrating multiple supervised learning methods using weighted average and vote methods. The two hierarchical frameworks boost the driving condition recognition accuracy from 90.26% to 90.43% (weighted average) and 91.76% (vote). The results are further validated in holdout test. Additionally, a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle simulation shows 3.88%-5.82% fuel economy improvement when compared to baseline method. Two hierarchical methods outperform the Extra Tree method by 2% fuel economy. In summary, supervised learning shows great potential to detect driving cycles for vehicle energy saving.

The interest on graph matching has not stopped growing since the late seventies. The basic idea of graph matching consists of generating graph representations of different data or structures and compare those representations by searching correspondences between them. There are manifold techniques that have been developed to find those correspondences and the choice of one or another depends on the characteristics of the application of interest. These applications range from pattern recognition (e.g. biometric identification) to signal processing or artificial intelligence. One of the aspects that make graph matching so attractive is its ability to facilitate data analysis, and medical imaging is one of the fields that can benefit from this in a greater extent. The potential of graph matching to find similarities and differences between data acquired at different points in time shows its potential to improve diagnosis, follow-up of human diseases or any other of the clinical scenarios that require comparison between different datasets. In spite of the large amount of papers that were published in this field to the date there is no survey paper of graph matching for clinical applications. This survey aims to fill this gap.

Bearing failure often occurs in a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). The fault diagnosis method based on current signals has been attracted much attention. This paper proposes different discrete digital models and its measure functions employing random theory. Firstly, based on raw current signals with the probability density function (PDF), a distributed discrete digital model is proposed; to avoid finding the PDF in the raw current signals, a discrete digital model of moment feature, and a discrete digital model of raw data are proposed. Then, six measurement functions are proposed as features of the discrete digital model for pattern recognition and condition monitoring of bearing. Finally, the effectiveness of the current method is demonstrated by comparing different signal processing methods.

Fish classification (FC) is an expansively studied problem in the domains of image segmentation, pattern recognition, and information retrieval. It has been applied in a countless number of domains including target marketing. Meanwhile, governments are obliged to maintain the fish supply and balance between the ecosystem, commercial, agriculture field, marine scientists, and industrial arena of fish including the nutrition and canning factories. The various FC techniques performance is compared relying on the availability of preprocessing and feature extraction methods, the number of extracted features and classification accuracy, the number of fish families/species recognized. This survey also reviewed the use of Databases such as Fish4-Knowledge (F4K), knowledge database, and Global Information System (GIS) on Fishes and other FC databases. The study on preprocessing methods features extraction techniques and classifiers are gathered from recent works to enhance the understanding of the characteristics of preprocessing methods, features extraction techniques, and classifiers to guide future research directions and compensate for current research gaps.

Endowing ubiquitous robots with cognitive capabilities for recognizing emotions, sentiments, affects, and moods of humans in their context is an important challenge, which requires sophisticated and novel approaches of emotion recognition. Most studies explore data-driven pattern recognition techniques that are generally highly dependent on learning data and insufficiently effective for emotion contextual recognition. In this article, a hybrid model-based emotion contextual recognition approach for cognitive assistance services in ubiquitous environments is proposed. This model is based on: 1) a hybrid-level fusion exploiting a multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural-network model and the possibilistic logic and 2) an expressive emotional knowledge representation and reasoning model to recognize nondirectly observable emotions; this model exploits jointly the emotion upper ontology (EmUO) and the n-ary ontology of events HTemp supported by the NKRL language. For validation purposes of the proposed approach, experiments were carried out using a YouTube dataset, and in a real-world scenario dedicated to the cognitive assistance of visitors in a smart devices showroom. Results demonstrated that the proposed multimodal emotion recognition model outperforms all baseline models. The real-world scenario corroborates the effectiveness of the proposed approach in terms of emotion contextual recognition and management and in the creation of emotion-based assistance services.

The recognition of online handwriting is a vital application of pattern recognition, which involves the extraction of spatial and temporal information of handwritten patterns, and understanding the handwritten text while writing on the digital surface. Although, online handwriting recognition is a mature but exciting and fast developing field of pattern recognition, the same is not true for many of the Indic scripts. Gurmukhi is one of such popular scripts of India, and online handwriting recognition issues for larger units as words or sentences largely remained unexplored for this script till date. The existing study and first ever attempt for online handwritten Gurmukhi word recognition has relied upon the widely used hidden Markov model. This existing study evaluated against and performed very well in their chosen metrics. But, the available online handwritten Gurmukhi word recognition system could not obtain more than 90% recognition accuracy in data dependent environment too. The present study provided benchmark results for online handwritten Gurmukhi word recognition using deep learning architecture convolutional neural network, and obtained above 97% recognition accuracy in data dependent mode of handwriting. The previous Gurmukhi word recognition system followed the stroke based class labeling approach, whereas the present study has followed the word based class labeling approach. Present Online handwritten Gurmukhi word recognition results are quite satisfactory. Moreover, the proposed architecture can be used to improve the benchmark results of online handwriting recognition of several major Indian scripts. Experimental results demonstrated that the deep learning system achieved great results in Gurmukhi script and outperforms existing results in the literature.

The crack fault is one of the most common faults in the rotor system, and researchers have paid close attention to its fault diagnosis. However, most studies focus on discussing the dynamic response characteristics caused by the crack rather than estimating the crack depth and position based on the obtained vibration signals. In this paper, a novel crack fault diagnosis and location method for a dual-disk hollow shaft rotor system based on the Radial basis function (RBF) network and Pattern recognition neural network (PRNN) is presented. Firstly, a rotor system model with a breathing crack suitable for a short-thick hollow shaft rotor is established based on the finite element method, where the crack’s periodic opening and closing pattern and different degrees of crack depth are considered. Then, the dynamic response is obtained by the harmonic balance method. By adjusting the crack parameters, the dynamic characteristics related to the crack depth and position are analyzed through the amplitude-frequency responses and waterfall plots. The analysis results show that the first critical speed, first subcritical speed, first critical speed amplitude, and super-harmonic resonance peak at the first subcritical speed can be utilized for the crack fault diagnosis. Based on this, the RBF network and PRNN are adopted to determine the depth and approximate location of the crack respectively by taking the above dynamic characteristics as input. Test results show that the proposed method has high fault diagnosis accuracy. This research proposes a crack detection method adequate for the hollow shaft rotor system, where the crack depth and position are both unknown.

The Random Subspace Method (RSM) is an ensemble procedure in which each constituent learner is constructed using a randomly chosen subset of the data features. Regression trees are ideal candidate learners in RSM ensembles. By constructing trees upon different feature subsets, RSM reduces correlation between trees resulting in a stronger ensemble. Furthermore, it lessens computational burden by only considering a subset of the features when building each tree. Despite its apparent advantages, RSM has a notable drawback. In some instances a randomly chosen subspace may lack informative features. This is especially true in situations in which the number of truly informative variables is small relative to the total number of variables. Trees that are constructed using feature subsets lacking informative features can be damaging to the ensemble. Here we present Grafted Random Subspaces (GRS) and Vanishing Random Subspaces (VRS), two novel ensemble procedures designed to remedy the aforementioned drawback by reusing information across trees. Both techniques borrow from RSM by growing individual trees on randomly selected feature subsets. For each tree in a GRS ensemble, the most important variable is identified and guaranteed inclusion into the next q feature subsets. This allows GRS to recycle a promising feature from one tree across several successive trees, effectively grafting the variable into the next q active subsets. In the VRS procedure the least important feature is guaranteed exclusion from the next q feature subsets. This creates a more enriched pool of candidate variables from which the successive feature subsets are drawn.

One of the major reasons of death worldwide is Cardiovascular diseases. One of its type is Arrhythmia in which normal rhythm of heart is varied due to damage in heart muscles and electrolyte imbalance. To study cardiovascular disease, Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal is used that plays a significant role in identifying Arrhythmia. By using a combination of Multivariate Empirical Mode Decomposition (MEMD) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN), a hybrid technique is proposed in this research work to detect and classify Arrhythmia. MEMD, a promising technique that is used nowadays for denoising of multichannel signals, is used in this work. Two main features, i.e., RR interval and Heart Rate are extracted from the ECG signal for the detection of Arrhythmia. Using these features, Arrhythmia is classified into Tachycardia and Bradycardia. Classification is done using pattern recognition of ANN in which Multilayer feed forward neural network is used and trained through Back Propagation Algorithm. Results that are achieved using proposed technique is compared with previous existing techniques as in 2016 (Discrete Wavelet Transform) DWT and ANN gave 87.01% and in 2018 (Empirical Mode Decomposition) EMD and (Linear Discriminant Analysis) LDA gave 87% accuracy. As compare to these techniques, the proposed technique results show that it is an efficient technique that gives better accuracy of 89.8%.

Facial Attribute Classification (FAC) has attracted increasing attention in computer vision and pattern recognition. However, state-of-the-art FAC methods perform face detection/alignment and FAC independently. The inherent dependencies between these tasks are not fully exploited. In addition, most methods predict all facial attributes using the same CNN network architecture, which ignores the different learning complexities of facial attributes. To address the above problems, we propose a novel deep multi-task multi-label CNN, termed DMM-CNN, for effective FAC. Specifically, DMM-CNN jointly optimizes two closely-related tasks (i.e., facial landmark detection and FAC) to improve the performance of FAC by taking advantage of multi-task learning. To deal with the diverse learning complexities of facial attributes, we divide the attributes into two groups: objective attributes and subjective attributes. Two different network architectures are respectively designed to extract features for two groups of attributes, and a novel dynamic weighting scheme is proposed to automatically assign the loss weight to each facial attribute during training. Furthermore, an adaptive thresholding strategy is developed to effectively alleviate the problem of class imbalance for multi-label learning. Experimental results on the challenging CelebA and LFWA datasets show the superiority of the proposed DMM-CNN method compared with several state-of-the-art FAC methods.

A highly precise and timely diagnosis technology can help effectively monitor and adjust the sucker rod production system (SRPS) used in oil wells to ensure a safe and efficient production. The current diagnosis method is pattern recognition of a dynamometer card (DC) based on feature extraction and perceptron. The premise of this method is that the training and target data have the same distribution. However, the training data are collected from a field SRPS with different system parameters designed to adapt to production conditions, which may significantly affect the diagnostic accuracy. To address this issue, in this study, an improved model of the sucker rod string (SRS) is derived by adding fault-parameter dimensions, with which DCs under 16 working conditions could be generated. Subsequently an adaptive diagnosis method is proposed by taking simulated DCs generated near the working point of the target SRPS as training data. Meanwhile, to further improve the accuracy of the proposed method, the DC features are improved by relative normalization and using additional features of the DC position to increase the distance between different types of samples. The parameters of the perceptron are optimized to promote its discriminability. Finally, the accuracy and real-time performance of the proposed adaptive diagnosis method are validated using field data.

T-spherical fuzzy set (TSFS) is a generalized version of the spherical fuzzy set (SFS) and picture fuzzy set (PFS) to manage awkward and unpredictable information in realistic decision issues. TSFS deals with yes, abstinence, no, and refusal type of fuzzy information. This manuscript aims to observe the drawbacks of some existing dice similarity measures (DSMs) and to propose some new DSMs in the environment of TSFSs. The validation of the new DSMs is proved. The defined DSMs are further extended to introduce some generalized DSMs (GDSMs) and their special cases are studied. Additionally, the TOPSIS method using the entropy measures (EMs) based on TSFSs is also explored and verified with the help of some examples. The proposed new GDSMs and TOPSIS method are applied to the problem of building material recognition, medical diagnosis, clustering, and the results obtained are investigated. A comparison of the new theory is established where the advancement of the proposed DSMs is elaborated under some conditions. The advantages of the new DSMs and the drawbacks of the previous DSMs of IFSs, PyFSs, and PFSs have been studied because of their applicability. The article is comprehensively summarized, and some possible future directions are stated.

In computer-based search systems, similarity plays a key role in replicating the human search process. Indeed, the human search process underlies many natural abilities such as image recovery, language comprehension, decision making, or pattern recognition. The search for images consists of establishing a correspondence between the available image and that sought by the user, by measuring the similarity between the images. Image search by content is generaly based on the similarity of the visual characteristics of the images. The distance function used to evaluate the similarity between images depends notonly on the criteria of the search but also on the representation of the characteristics of the image. This is the main idea of a content-based image retrieval (CBIR) system. In this article, first, we constructed type-2 beta fuzzy membership of descriptor vectors to help manage inaccuracy and uncertainty of characteristics extracted the feature of images. Subsequently, the retrieved images are ranked according to the novel similarity measure, noted type-2 fuzzy nearness measure (IT2FNM). By analogy to Type-2 Fuzzy Logic and motivated by near sets theory, we advanced a new fuzzy similarity measure (FSM) noted interval type-2 fuzzy nearness measure (IT-2 FNM). Then, we proposed three new IT-2 FSMs and we have provided mathematical justification to demonstrate that the proposed FSMs satisfy proximity properties (i.e. reflexivity, transitivity, symmetry, and overlapping). Experimental results generated using three image databases showing consistent and significant results.

The pattern recognition of surface electromyography (sEMG) signal is an important application in the realization of human-machine interface. However, due to the disturbance of human body, sensors and environment, sEMG signal usually contains lots of noise, which brings great challenges to the high-accuracy sEMG pattern recognition. In addition, embedded human wearable devices are becoming more and more popular nowadays. How to realize the sEMG recognition method with low power consumption and high noise immunity has also become a difficult and very meaningful research topic. In this paper, a spiking neural network (SNN) classification method based on second-order information bottleneck training is proposed. Firstly, the training loss function for classification neural networks is constructed based on the proposed second-order information bottleneck. The method is used to train the conventional continuous-valued neural network and convert it into an SNN model with equivalent structure and connection weights. Then, the converted SNN is used to classify the sEMG signal patterns. Through a series of theoretical analysis and experimental results, it is proved that this method has significant advantages in terms of generalization of network determination and computational efficiency. The experimental code can be accessed from https://github.com/anvien/2OIB-for-sEMG-Recognition.

In recent years, researchers have made a great success on the automatic classification and detection of malware utilizing machine learning methods. However, most machine learning based approaches over rely on the training samples such that a new malware family not belonging to the training set cannot be identified. To address such issue, we propose a soft relevance value (s-value), a new evaluating way of feature soft relevance that uses the mixed distance criterion to assess classified results. Specifically, we leverage the mixed distance criterion from pattern recognition to distinguish testing samples as a new family which is not labeled in training set. Finally, we evaluate how s-value can be used to distinguish and classify a new malware family with the malware datasets from the Research Prediction Competition of Microsoft Malware Classification Challenge and Windows (Kaggle). The experimental results show that, the train-ing time is approximately 12 hours, while the prediction time is only ∼0.5 second. Comparing against the Kaggle winner, our time costs for training and pprediction only occupy 16.7% and 3.8% of the winner.s time costs, respectively. The accuracy of classifying malware reaches 99.8%. Such results indicates that our proposed s-value achieves a balance in accuracy, training and prediction time, and outperforms the state-of-the-art machine learning based malware detection approaches. Besides, our method is able to identify new malware families that are not included in the training set.

Feature selection is important in both machine learning and pattern recognition. Successfully selecting informative features can significantly increase learning accuracy and improve result comprehensibility. Various methods have been proposed to identify informative features from high-dimensional data by removing redundant and irrelevant features to improve classification accuracy. In this article, we systematically survey existing sparse learning models for feature selection from the perspectives of individual sparse feature selection and group sparse feature selection, and analyze the differences and connections among various sparse learning models. Promising research directions and topics on sparse learning models are analyzed.

This article investigates hardware implementation of hierarchical temporal memory (HTM), a brain-inspired machine learning algorithm that mimics the key functions of the neocortex and is applicable to many machine learning tasks. Spatial pooler (SP) is one of the main parts of HTM, designed to learn the spatial information and obtain the sparse distributed representations (SDRs) of input patterns. The other part is temporal memory (TM) which aims to learn the temporal information of inputs. The memristor, which is an appropriate synapse emulator for neuromorphic systems, can be used as the synapse in SP and TM circuits. In this article, a memristor-based SP (MSP) circuit structure is designed to accelerate the execution of the SP algorithm. The presented MSP has properties of modeling both the synaptic permanence and the synaptic connection state within a single synapse, and on-device and parallel learning. Simulation results of statistic metrics and classification tasks on several real-world datasets substantiate the validity of MSP.

Automatic face recognition system is suggested in this work on the basis of appearance based features focusing on the whole image as well as local based features focusing on critical face points like eyes, mouth, and nose for generating further details. Face detection is the major phase in face recognition systems, certain method for face detection (Viola-Jones) has the ability to process images efficiently and achieve high rates of detection in real time systems. Dimension reduction and feature extraction approaches are going to be utilized on the cropped image caused by detection. One of the simple, yet effective ways for extracting image features is the Local Binary Pattern Histogram (LBPH), while the technique of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was majorly utilized in pattern recognition. Also, the technique of Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) utilized for overcoming PCA limitations was efficiently used in face recognition. Furthermore, classification is going to be utilized following the feature extraction. The utilized machine learning algorithms are PART and J48. The suggested system is showing high accuracy for detection with Viola-Jones 98.75, whereas the features which are extracted by means of LDA with J48 provided the best results of (F-measure, Recall, and Precision).

Background: Hand tremor is one of the consequences of MS disease degrading quality of patient’s life. Recently DBS is used as a prominent treatment to reduce this effect. Evaluation of this approach has significant importance because of the prevalence rate of disease.Objective: The purpose of this study was the nonlinear analysis of tremor signal in order to evaluate the quantitative effect of DBS on reducing MS tremor and differentiating between them using pattern recognition algorithms.Material and Methods:In this paper, nine features were extracted from the tremor signal. Through statistical analysis, the significance level of each feature was examined. Finally, tremor signals were categorized by SVM, weighted KNN and NN classifiers. The performance of methods was compared with an ROC graph.Results:The results have demonstrated that dominant frequency, maximum amplitude and energy of the first IMF, deviation of the direct path, sample entropy and fuzzy entropy have the potential to create a significant difference between the tremor signals. The classification accuracy rate of tremor signals in three groups for Weighted KNN, NN and SVM with Gaussian and Quadratic kernels resulted in 95.1%, 93.2%, 91.3% and 88.3%, respectively.conclusion: Generally, nonlinear and nonstationary analyses have a high potential for a quantitative and objective measure of MS tremor. Weighted KNN has shown the best performance of classification with the accuracy of more than 95%. It has been indicated that DBS has a positive influence on reducing the MS tremor. Therefore, DBS can be used in the objective improvement of tremor in MS patients.

Automatic modulation classification (AMC) is to identify the modulation type of a received signal, which plays a vital role to ensure the physical-layer security for Internet of Things (IoT) networks. Inspired by the great success of deep learning in pattern recognition, the convolutional neural network (CNN) and recurrent neural network (RNN) are introduced into the AMC. In general, there are two popular data formats used by AMC, which are in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) representation and amplitude/phase (A/P) representation, respectively. However, most of AMC algorithms aim at structure innovations, while the differences and characteristics of I/Q and A/P are ignored to analyze. In this paper, lots of popular AMC algorithms are reproduced and evaluated on the same dataset, where the I/Q and A/P are used respectively for comparison. Based on the experimental results, it is found that: (i) CNN-RNN-like algorithms using A/P as input data are superior to those using I/Q at high signal-noise-ratio (SNR), while it has an opposite result in low SNR; (ii) the features extracted from I/Q and A/P are complementary to each other. Motivated by the aforementioned findings, a multi-task learning based deep neural network (MLDNN) is proposed, which effectively fuses I/Q and A/P. In addition, the MLDNN also has a novel backbone, which is made up of three blocks to extract discriminative features, and they are CNN block, bidirectional gated recurrent unit (BiGRU) block and a step attention fusion network (SAFN) block. Different from most of CNN-RNN-like algorithms (i.e. they only use the last step outputs of RNN), all step outputs of BiGRU can be effectively utilized by MLDNN with the help of SAFN. Extensive simulations are conducted to verify that the proposed MLDNN achieves superior performance in the public benchmark.

Fishing is a crucial worldwide activity as it provides a source of food and economic income. A challenge in ecology and conservation is decreasing overfishing and illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing (IUUF). One strategy to decrease those issues is to track vessels for detecting fishing behaviors through monitory systems. In this letter, we present an approach to classify fishing behaviors, specifically, for four fishing gear types (trawl, purse seine, fixed gear, and longline) using automatic identification systems (AISs) data from the Global Fishing Watch platform. Thus, our main contribution is how we propose data processing by including a supervised autoencoder dimensional reduction (SA-DR) processing data step. This step allows removing redundant features and noise, avoiding overfitting, decreasing data complexity, and preserving the differences between classes. Specifically, we propose to use IVIS and centroid encoder (CE) methods. The experimental results show how our approach applying SA-DR over the vessel trajectory feature representation reduces the variation results among different classifiers and achieves a high classification accuracy of up to 95%. This result could help prevent IUUF, overfishing, and improve fishery management strategies.

Development of a pattern recognition system is comprised from a number of subtasks: formalization of the subject area, formation of a training sample, training of the recognition system, reduction of the dimensionality of the feature space, the problem of pattern recognition itself (based on the degree of similarity of the detected object with the training sample), recognition quality control, adaptation, inverse problem recognition, cluster and structural analysis, cognitive analysis. The article considers the formalization one of the subtasks (formation of the training sample). The conclusion about the "almost linear dependence" of the length of the training sequences and the dimensionality of the feature space is made using the proposed probabilistic model. Evaluation of the length of the training sequences for realistic values of model parameters is performed.

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is a form of computation inspired by the arrangement and purpose of the brain. Pattern Recognition is one of the demanding areas under Artificial Neural Network and pattern association is one of the major tasks through which pattern recognition is realized. Nowadays researchers are taking interest in the combination of evolutionary algorithms and ANN. In the present work, an attempt is being made to analyze the performance of Hopfield Associative Memory with Monte Carlo adaptation rule and evolutionary searching (Genetic Algorithm) for pattern storage and recall. The training pattern set has been taken a set of five Greek alphabet letters as different objects. The aim is to store Patterns with MC adaptation rule and get the best weight matrices for efficient recalling of any given set patterns. The neural networks architectures have been taken up for storing the given set of inputs, for which conventional Hebbian and Monte Carlo adaptation rule is considered. During the mutation process, various mutation probabilities are supposed to be evaluated. The detailed simulated results thus obtained will be presented with the help of tables and graph.

Semantics and motion are two cues of essence for the success in video salient object detection. Most existing deep-learning based approaches extract semantic features by the use of only one fully convolutional network with simple stacked encoders. They simulate motion patterns of video objects with two consecutive frames being simultaneously fed into a convolutional LSTM network or a weights-sharing fully convolutional network. However, such approaches have the shortcomings of producing a coarse predicted saliency map or requiring significant computational overheads. In this paper, we present a novel approach with cascaded fully convolutional networks involving motion attention (abbreviated as CFCN-MA), to achieve real-time saliency detection in videos. Our key idea is to construct twofold fully convolutional networks in order to gain a saliency map from coarse to fine. We devise an optical flow-based motion attention mechanism to improve the prediction accuracy of the initial fully convolutional networks, using the popular FlowNet2-SD model that is efficient and effective for motion pattern recognition of distinctive objects in videos. This method can obtain a fine saliency map with a refined region of interest. Moreover, we propose a means for calculating attention-guided intersection-over-union loss (shortnamed as AIoU) to supervise the CFCN-MA model in learning a saliency map with both clear edge and complete structure. Our approach is evaluated on three popular benchmark datasets, namely DAVIS, ViSal and FBMS. Experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms many state-of-the-art techniques while meeting the real-time demand at 27 fps.

This paper introduces the pipeline to extend the largest dataset in egocentric vision, EPIC-KITCHENS. The effort culminates in EPIC-KITCHENS-100, a collection of 100 hours, 20M frames, 90K actions in 700 variable-length videos, capturing long-term unscripted activities in 45 environments, using head-mounted cameras. Compared to its previous version (Damen in Scaling egocentric vision: ECCV, 2018), EPIC-KITCHENS-100 has been annotated using a novel pipeline that allows denser (54% more actions per minute) and more complete annotations of fine-grained actions (+128% more action segments). This collection enables new challenges such as action detection and evaluating the “test of time”—i.e. whether models trained on data collected in 2018 can generalise to new footage collected two years later. The dataset is aligned with 6 challenges: action recognition (full and weak supervision), action detection, action anticipation, cross-modal retrieval (from captions), as well as unsupervised domain adaptation for action recognition. For each challenge, we define the task, provide baselines and evaluation metrics. Published version Research at Bristol is supported by Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Doctoral Training Program (DTP), EPSRC Fellowship UMPIRE (EP/T004991/1). Research at Catania is sponsored by Piano della Ricerca 2016-2018 linea di Intervento 2 of DMI, by MISE - PON I&C 2014-2020, ENIGMA project (CUP: B61B19000520008) and by MIUR AIM - Attrazione e Mobilita Internazionale Linea 1 - AIM1893589 - CUP E64118002540007.

This study presents an efficient sparse learning-based pattern recognition framework to recognize the discrete states of three emotions-happy, angry, and neutral emotion-using electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. In affective computing with massive spatiotemporal brainwave signals, a large number of features can be extracted to capture various information from multivariate brain data. However, it is often a challenge to model high-dimensional features efficiently in consideration of the intrinsic structure, such as channel location, feature group, time epoch, etc. In this study, features were extensively extracted from EEG signals and were applied on a structured sparse learning model to perform feature selection and classification simultaneously. An efficient ADMM-based algorithm with a closed-form solution was developed to solve the sparse group model. Experimental results show that the proposed method is capable of selecting a small number of important neural features to discriminate the three emotion states with high classification accuracy. With greatly enhanced interpretability and efficiency to learn neural signatures of brain activity from high-dimensional-feature, low-sample-size brain imaging data, the presented computational framework is promising for handling emotion recognition problems with high-dimensional brain imaging data.

Detecting the evolution of large-area landscape patterns using long-term remote-sensing images is helpful in supporting research on the relationship between landscape patterns and ecological processes, as well as the development of ecological process simulations and spatiotemporal interaction models. However, detection methods have generally been developed as separate applications, each with a separate type of landscape pattern change; remote-sensing images are acquired at epochal timesteps. Consequently, in practical applications, many omission changes for some types of pattern changes and inaccurate evolution time are presented in the detected map. In this article, state-and-evolution detection models (SEDMs) are promoted to obtain complete information about the evolution of landscape patterns based on yearly land cover data. In the proposed framework, we first define the major categories of landscape pattern changes to comprehensively reveal the characteristics of landscape pattern changes associated with real change cases. Next, a morphological rule-based pattern recognition approach is proposed for quantitative discrimination among these categories. This approach is then applied in annual land cover data to continuously detect landscape pattern evolution processes and evolution time. Finally, the detected evolution time in different evolution processes is applied to measure the timestep between two disparate types. The performances of the SEDMs are presented by Landsat-derived land cover evolution in Shanxi, China. The detected results are indirectly verified by the land cover conversion matrix and connect index, indicating strong robustness and generalization ability of the SEDMs.

Despite a historical focus on prosthetics, the incorporation of electromyography (EMG) sensors into less obtrusive wearable designs has recently gained attention as a potential human–computer interaction scheme for general consumer use. Because consumers are more used to wrist-worn devices, this article presents a comprehensive and systematic investigation of the feasibility of hand gesture recognition using EMG signals recorded at the wrist. A direct comparison of signal and information quality is conducted between concurrently recorded wrist and forearm signals. Both signals were collected simultaneously from 21 subjects while they performed a selection of 17 different single-finger gestures, multifinger gestures, and wrist gestures. Wrist EMG signals yielded consistently higher ( $p ) signal quality metrics than forearm signals for gestures that involved fine finger movements, while maintaining comparable quality for wrist gestures. Similarly, the performance of both individual state-of-the-art EMG features and a standard feature set was found to be significantly better when using wrist signals for single and multifinger gestures, and comparable for wrist gestures. Classifiers trained and tested using wrist EMG signals achieved average accuracy levels of 92.1% for single-finger gestures, 91.2% for multifinger gestures, and 94.7% for the conventional wrist gestures. In conclusion, this article clearly demonstrates the feasibility of using wrist EMG signals for hand gesture recognition. Results highlight not only the promise of this approach, but also the viability of incorporating prior knowledge from the prosthetics field in the design of wrist-based EMG pattern recognition systems.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming an indispensable part of everyday life, enabling a variety of emerging services and applications. However, the presence of rogue IoT devices has exposed the IoT to untold risks with severe consequences. The first step in securing the IoT is detecting rogue IoT devices and identifying legitimate ones. Conventional approaches use cryptographic mechanisms to authenticate and verify legitimate devices’ identities. However, cryptographic protocols are not available in many systems. Meanwhile, these methods are less effective when legitimate devices can be exploited or encryption keys are disclosed. Therefore, non-cryptographic IoT device identification and rogue device detection become efficient solutions to secure existing systems and will provide additional protection to systems with cryptographic protocols. Non-cryptographic approaches require more effort and are not yet adequately investigated. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey on machine learning technologies for the identification of IoT devices along with the detection of compromised or falsified ones from the viewpoint of passive surveillance agents or network operators. We classify the IoT device identification and detection into four categories: device-specific pattern recognition, Deep Learning enabled device identification, unsupervised device identification, and abnormal device detection. Meanwhile, we discuss various ML-related enabling technologies for this purpose. These enabling technologies include learning algorithms, feature engineering on network traffic traces and wireless signals, incremental learning, and abnormality detection.

Most scientific contributions addressing cyber-security issues in water distribution networks present proposals of detection systems and very few propose location systems. A novel methodology for detection and location of cyber-attacks in water distribution networks (WDNs) is proposed in this paper. Structural analysis and autoencoder neural networks are effectively combined with a the control chart Adaptive Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (AEWMA). In the training phase, the proposed detection and location framework only requires data from normal operating conditions and knowledge about the behavioral model of the system which represents an advantage over previous works that demand for additional data of cyber-attacks. Among other advantages of the proposed methodology are the high performance in the effective, robust and early detection and the effectiveness of the location strategy. The proposal was evaluated with the known case study BATADAL.

In this paper, we propose to exploit the side-tuning framework for multimodal document classification. Side-tuning is a methodology for network adaptation recently introduced to solve some of the problems related to previous approaches. Thanks to this technique it is actually possible to overcome model rigidity and catastrophic forgetting of transfer learning by fine-tuning. The proposed solution uses off-the-shelf deep learning architectures leveraging the side-tuning framework to combine a base model with a tandem of two side networks. We show that side-tuning can be successfully employed also when different data sources are considered, e.g. text and images in document classification. The experimental results show that this approach pushes further the limit for document classification accuracy with respect to the state of the art., Comment: 2020 25th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR)

Survival in complex environments necessitates a flexible navigation system that incorporates memory of recent behavior and associations. Yet, how the hippocampal spatial circuit represents latent information independent of sensory inputs and future goals has not been determined. To address this, we image the activity of large ensembles in subregion CA1 via wide-field fluorescent microscopy during a novel behavioral paradigm. Our results demonstrate that latent information is represented through reliable firing rate changes during unconstrained navigation. We then hypothesize that the representation of latent information in CA1 is mediated by pattern separation/completion processes instantiated upstream within the dentate gyrus (DG) and CA3 subregions. Indeed, CA3 ensemble recordings reveal an analogous code for latent information. Moreover, selective chemogenetic inactivation of DG–CA3 circuitry completely and reversibly abolishes the CA1 representation of latent information. These results reveal a causal and specific role of DG–CA3 circuitry in the maintenance of latent information within the hippocampus., Keinath et al. show that information about the recent past is represented in the hippocampus through changes in firing rates in the absence of task demands. This representation is eliminated when DG–CA3 circuitry is inhibited.

Higher-order fuzzy decision-making methods have become powerful tools to support decision-makers in solving their problems effectively by reflecting uncertainty in calculations better than crisp sets in the last 3 decades. Fermatean fuzzy set proposed by Senapati and Yager, which can easily process uncertain information in decision making, pattern recognition, medical diagnosis et al., is extension of intuitionistic fuzzy set and Pythagorean fuzzy set by relaxing the restraint conditions of the support for degrees and support against degrees. In this paper, we focus on the similarity measures of Fermatean fuzzy sets. The definitions of the Fermatean fuzzy sets similarity measures and its weighted similarity measures on discrete and continuous universes are given in turn. Then, the basic properties of the presented similarity measures are discussed. Afterward, a decision-making process under the Fermatean fuzzy environment based on TOPSIS method is established, and a new method based on the proposed Fermatean fuzzy sets similarity measures is designed to solve the problems of medical diagnosis. Ultimately, an interpretative multi-criteria decision making example and two medical diagnosis examples are provided to demonstrate the viability and effectiveness of the proposed method. Through comparing the different methods in the multi-criteria decision making and the medical diagnosis application, it is found that the new method is as efficient as the other methods. These results illustrate that the proposed method is practical in dealing with the decision making problems and medical diagnosis problems.