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Summary This mixed‐methods study aimed to explore factors contributing to therapeutic inertia among people living with obesity in Canada from the perspective of general/family practitioners (GP/FPs). One‐on‐one interviews and online surveys guided by the Theoretical Domains Framework were conducted. A total of 20 general/family practitioners were interviewed and 200 general/family practitioners were surveyed. Key findings from interviews were used to guide the development of the survey. Spearman's correlation analysis evaluated the association between general/family practitioners theme domain scores and their familiarity with the 2020 Canadian Adult Obesity Clinical Practice Guidelines. The 200 general/family practitioners surveyed provided representation across Canada, with diversity in age, background, and gender. The most prominent domains related to therapeutic inertia that were positively influenced by familiarity with Clinical Practice Guidelines were Beliefs about Capabilities (rs = .27; p < .01), Skills (rs = .23; p < .01), Behavioural Regulation (rs = .24; p < .01) and Emotions (rs = .23; p < .01). Irrespective of their familiarity with Clinical Practice Guidelines, most general/family practitioners reported that environmental and contextual barriers impact obesity management. Particularly, while financial barriers were reported by participants regardless of Clinical Practice Guidelines familiarity, general/family practitioners familiar with Clinical Practice Guidelines more often reported having time to discuss obesity management with patients. This study identified perceptions, resource and training considerations that contribute to healthcare decision‐making and therapeutic inertia in obesity management among general/family practitioners and highlighted key areas to target with interventions in primary care to facilitate obesity management, which should be multi‐faceted, with a focus on incorporating obesity education into healthcare providers training programs and improving systemic and financial support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To identify and better understand themes related to why people living with obesity (PwO) in Canada may not use professional support and to explore potential strategies to address the challenges. Methods: One‐on‐one interviews and online surveys, informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework, were conducted. A total of 20 PwO were interviewed and a separate group of 200 PwO were surveyed. Results from the interviews guided the development of the survey. Spearman's correlation analysis was performed to investigate the association between the theme domain scores of the PwO and their prior experience with obesity management strategies. Results: The 200 PwO surveyed provided representation across Canada and were diverse in age, background and gender. The most prominent domains associated with use of professional support by PwO were: Intention (rs = −0.25; p < 0.01); Social/Professional Role and Identity (rs = −0.15; p < 0.05); and Optimism (rs = −0.15; p < 0.05). For example, PwO without professional support less often reported being transparent in obesity discussions, perceived obesity to be part of their identity, and expected to manage the illness long term. Many PwO hesitated to use various adjunctive therapies due to concerns about affordability, long‐term effectiveness, and side effects. Conclusion: This study identified contextual, perception and resource considerations that contribute to healthcare decision‐making and the use by PwO of professional support to manage obesity, and highlighted key areas to target with interventions to facilitate obesity management. Strategies such as consistent access to healthcare support and educational resources, as well as improved financial support may help PwO to feel more comfortable with exploring new strategies and take control of their healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of anthropometric measurements (comparative measurement of the human body) is a well-established practice for many clinical purposes including screening and health risk assessment. (1) This is particularly useful [...], OBJECTIVE: The objective of the current study was to identify what forms of anthropometric measurement are currently being utilized with Canadian children and youth and what are the gaps in the literature on this topic. METHODS: The current study utilized a scoping review methodology in order to achieve the study objectives. Online databases Medline and PubMed and CINAHL were used to search articles from the last decade (2002-2012) that addressed Canadian children aged 2-18 years. SYNTHESIS: 50 studies were included in this review. A variety of anthropometric measurements were identified, including body mass index, waist circumference, hip-to-waist ratio, among others. Six of the included studies (12%) utilized nationally representative data from large-scale studies. BMI was the most reported form of measurement with 88% of studies collecting it. Waist circumference was a distant second with 20% of studies reporting it. Several gaps in the literature exist with regards to First Nations (FN) research; many of the measurement methods were not used. Additionally, FN accounted for only 2.5% of the study&apos;s sample. The majority of studies took place in Quebec (29%) and Ontario (27%). CONCLUSION: Body mass index is the most reported method of anthropometric measurement used for children. Efforts should be taken by health care practitioners and researchers to collect other forms of measurement in order to assist in understanding the validity of other measures and their value when used with children. Furthermore, attention needs to be focused on utilizing and studying various forms of anthropometric measurement across all Canadian regions and populations. KEY WORDS: Anthropometry; body mass index; body composition; pediatrics OBJECTIFS : Repertorier les formes de mesures anthropometriques actuellement utilisees avec les enfants et les jeunes du Canada et cerner les lacunes dans les travaux publies sur le sujet. METHODE : Nous avons utilise la methode de l&apos;etude de champ pour atteindre les objectifs de l&apos;etude. Les bases de donnees en ligne Medline, PubMed et CINAHL ont servi a interroger les articles des 10 dernieres annees (2002-2012) portant sur les enfants canadiens de 2 a 18 ans. SYNTHESE : Cinquante etudes ont ete incluses dans notre examen. Diverses mesures anthropometriques ont ete repertoriees, dont l&apos;indice de masse corporelle, le perimetre ombilical et le rapport taille/hanches. Six des etudes incluses (12%) utilisaient des donnees representatives a l&apos;echelle nationale provenant d&apos;etudes a grande echelle. L&apos;IMC etait la mesure la plus utilisee (88% des etudes). Le perimetre ombilical venait loin derriere (20% des etudes). Il existe plusieurs lacunes dans les travaux de publies en ce qui a trait a la recherche sur les Premieres Nations; bon nombre des methodes de mesure n&apos;ont pas ete utilisees. De plus, les etudes sur les Premieres Nations ne representaient que 2,5% de notre echantillon d&apos;etudes. La majorite des etudes etaient menees au Quebec (29%) et en Ontario (27 %). CONCLUSION : L&apos;indice de masse corporelle est la methode de mesure anthropometrique la plus utilisee avec les enfants. Les professionnels de la sante et les chercheurs devraient faire des efforts pour prendre d&apos;autres formes de mesures, afin qu&apos;on en connaisse mieux la validite et la valeur lorsqu&apos;elles sont utilisees avec les enfants. Par ailleurs, il faudrait s&apos;interesser a l&apos;utilisation et a l&apos;etude de diverses formes de mesures anthropometriques dans toutes les regions et les populations du Canada. MOTS CLES : anthropometrie; indice de masse corporelle; composition corporelle; pediatrie

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Copyright of Physical & Health Education Journal is the property of PHE Canada and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The lack of standardization in patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) has made measurement and comparison of quality of life (QoL) outcomes in research focused on obesity treatment challenging. This study reports on the results of the second and third global multidisciplinary Standardizing Quality of life measures in Obesity Treatment (S.Q.O.T.) consensus meetings, where a core set of PROMs to measure nine previously selected patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in obesity treatment research was established. The S.Q.O.T. II online and S.Q.O.T. III face-to-face hybrid consensus meetings were held in October 2021 and May 2022. The meetings were led by an independent moderator specializing in PRO measurement. Nominal group techniques, Delphi exercises, and anonymous voting were used to select the most suitable PROMs by consensus. The meetings were attended by 28 and 27 participants, respectively, including a geographically diverse selection of people living with obesity (PLWO) and experts from various disciplines. Out of 24 PROs and 16 PROMs identified in the first S.Q.O.T. consensus meeting, the following nine PROs and three PROMs were selected via consensus: BODY-Q (physical function, physical symptoms, psychological function, social function, eating behavior, and body image), IWQOL-Lite (self-esteem), and QOLOS (excess skin). No PROM was selected to measure stigma as existing PROMs deemed to be inadequate. A core set of PROMs to measure QoL in research focused on obesity treatment has been selected incorporating patients' and experts' opinions. This core set should serve as a minimum to use in obesity research studies and can be combined with clinical parameters., (© 2024 World Obesity Federation.)

Competing Interests: Intérêts concurrents: Sean Wharton signale avoir reçu des honoraires et le remboursement de frais de voyage et participé à des comités consultatifs universitaires pour Novo Nordisk, Bausch Health, Eli Lilly et Janssen. Sean Wharton est aussi le directeur médical d’une clinique spécialisée en gestion du poids et du diabète. David Lau signale avoir reçu des subventions et un soutien à la recherche d’AstraZeneca, de Novo Nordisk et des Instituts de recherche en santé du Canada (IRSC); des honoraires de conférencier d’AstraZeneca, Bausch Health, Boehringer Ingelheim, Diabète Canada, Eli Lilly, Merck et Novo Nordisk; et des honoraires de consultant d’Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bausch Health, Boehringer Ingelheim, Gilead, HLS Therapeutics, Janssen, Eli Lilly et Novo Nordisk. Michael Vallis est membre de comités consultatifs pour Novo Nordisk, Bausch Health et LifeScan. Michael Vallis a aussi reçu des honoraires de consultant de Bausch Health, LifeScan, Novo Nordisk et Sanofi et des honoraires de conférencier de Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Bausch Health, Abbott et AbbVie. Arya Sharma signale avoir reçu des honoraires de conférencier et de consultant de Novo Nordisk, Bausch Pharmaceuticals et AstraZeneca. Laurent Biertho signale avoir reçu des subventions de Johnson and Johnson et de Medtronic, et il est membre de comités consultatifs pour Novo Nordisk et Bausch Health, en dehors des travaux soumis. Denise Campbell-Scherer est à l’emploi de l’Université de l’Alberta (professeure au Département de médecine familiale). Elle ne signale aucun autre lien de nature financière, mais mentionne avoir reçu des subventions de recherche de la part des organisations suivantes au cours des trois dernières années : Novo Nordisk Alberta Diabetes Fund (NOVAD), une subvention conjointe accordée après examen par les pairs, en partenariat avec la Fondation de l’Hôpital universitaire, Novo Nordisk et Alberta Innovates; Alberta Innovates Health Solutions (concours lancés par Cancer Prevention Research Opportunity and Collaborative Research et par Innovation Opportunities), les IRSC (concours Stratégie de recherche axée sur le patient du Canada et Des connaissances à la pratique); le Northern Alberta Family Medicine Fund; et l’Alberta Cancer Prevention and Legacy Fund. Elle signale aussi avoir reçu du financement pour le transfert des connaissances des sources suivantes au cours des trois dernières années : subvention à la formation versée sans restriction par Obésité Canada, financée par Novo Nordisk Global; bourse aux fins de réunion du Réseau mondial d’universités; subvention de l’Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality R13 pour une recherche sur l’efficacité des soins de santé et les résultats; une subvention pour la formation médicale des Services de santé de l’Alberta et de l’Association médicale de l’Alberta. Angela Alberga signale avoir reçu les subventions suivantes : bourse Santé du Fonds de recherche du Québec, bourse Accélération du programme MITACS, et bourse d’entrepreneuriat de l’Université Concordia, en dehors des travaux soumis. Jennifer Brown signale avoir reçu un soutien non financier de Novo Nordisk, et des honoraires personnels de Bausch Health, Diététistes du Canada, Obésité Canada et l’Association canadienne des médecins et chirurgiens bariatriques. Yoni Freedhoff est copropriétaire du Bariatric Medical Institute et de Constant Health, qui fournissent des services de gestion du poids; Constant Health a reçu une subvention de Novo Nordisk. Yoni Freedhoff est aussi l’auteur de The diet fix : Why diets fail and how to make them work publié par Crown Publishing Group, et il reçoit des droits d’auteur pour ce livre. Il est également le seul auteur du blogue intitulé Weighty Matters et d’une rubrique pour Medscape et plusieurs autres lettres d’opinion et articles dans lesquels il a exprimé ouvertement ses positions concernant le traitement, la gestion et la prévention de l’obésité. Yoni Freedhoff s’exprime en outre régulièrement au sujet de l’obésité et il reçoit des honoraires et le remboursement de frais de déplacement pour ces activités. Michel Gagner signale avoir reçu des honoraires de conférencier d’Ethicon, WL Gore et Medtronic; des honoraires de consultant de Novo Nordisk, Bausch Health et Lexington Medical; et il détient des options d’achat d’actions de Lexington Medical. Margaret Hahn signale avoir reçu des honoraires de consultation d’Alkermes. Marie-France Langlois signale avoir reçu des honoraires personnels de Novo Nordisk, Valeant, Merck Canada, Sanofi, Eli Lilly et Boehringer Ingelheim; une subvention de Merck Canada et d’autres honoraires d’AstraZeneca et du groupe d’étude TIMI (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction) pour la recherche clinique sur le diabète à titre de chercheuse principale, tous en dehors des travaux soumis. David Macklin signale avoir reçu des honoraires personnels de Novo Nordisk et Bausch Health, en dehors des travaux soumis. Priya Manjoo signale avoir reçu des honoraires personnels de Novo Nordisk, Bausch Health et Sanofi; et des subventions de Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi et AstraZeneca, en dehors des travaux soumis. Marie-Philippe Morin signale avoir reçu des honoraires de conférencière de Novo Nordisk, Bausch Health, Eli Lilly, Boehringer Ingelheim, Nestlé Health Science, Janssen et AstraZeneca; une subvention de recherche de Novo Nordisk et Sanofi; et des honoraires de consultante de Novo Nordisk, Bausch Health, Eli Lilly, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen et AstraZeneca. Sue Pedersen signale avoir reçu des honoraires personnels de Novo Nordisk, Bausch Health, Janssen, Eli Lilly, Merck, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi et Pfizer; des subventions d’Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim et Sanofi; et un soutien non financier de Novo Nordisk, Bausch Health, Janssen, Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim et Sanofi, en dehors des travaux soumis. Megha Poddar signale avoir reçu des honoraires pour de la formation médicale continue (FMC) de Novo Nordisk, Bausch Health, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Jenssen, Merck, du Canadian Collaborative Research Network et d’Antibody Network; des subventions à la formation de Novo Nordisk et Bausch Health; des honoraires de mentorat de Novo Nordisk; des honoraires de participation à des comités consultatifs de Novo Nordisk et Bausch Health; et une bourse pour un projet d’amélioration de la qualité de Boehringer Ingelheim. Paul Poirier signale avoir reçu des honoraires de consultation et de formation médicale continue d’AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Valeant et Bausch Health, en dehors des travaux soumis. Judy Shiau signale avoir reçu des honoraires personnels de Novo Nordisk de Bausch Health, en dehors des travaux soumis. Diana Sherifali signale avoir reçu des honoraires de consultante pour son avis sur la gestion de la maladie chronique et du diabète de Merck, et une subvention d’Obésité Canada pour soutenir le processus de revue de la documentation durant la conduite de l’étude. John Sievenpiper signale avoir reçu des subventions des IRSC, du Nutrition Trialists Fund de l’Université de Toronto, de l’International Nut and Dried Fruit Council Foundation, du Tate and Lyle Nutritional Research Fund de l’Université de Toronto, de l’American Society for Nutrition, du Glycemic Control and Cardiovascular Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Fund de l’Université de Toronto, de la National Dried Fruit Trade Association, une bourse d’application des connaissances de la Fondation PSI Graham Farquharson, la bourse du clinicien-chercheur de Diabète Canada, la bourse du jeune chercheur Sun Life Financial Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, une bourse de la Fondation canadienne pour l’innovation et la bourse du Fonds ontarien de recherche du ministère de la Recherche et de l’Innovation de l’Ontario. Le Dr Sievenpiper a reçu des honoraires personnels des entités suivantes : Perkins Coie LLP, Tate & Lyle, Producteurs laitiers du Canada, PepsiCo, FoodMinds LLC, European Fruit Juice Association, International Sweeteners Association, Nestlé Health Science, Société canadienne d’endocrinologie et métabolisme, GI Foundation, Pulse Canada, Wirtschaftliche Vereinigung Zucker e.V., Abbott, Biofortis, Autorité européenne de sécurité des aliments, Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Soy Nutrition Institute, Comité européen des fabricants de sucre. Le Dr Sievenpiper a reçu un soutien non financier de Tate & Lyle, PepsiCo, FoodMinds LLC, European Fruit Juice Association, International Sweeteners Association, Nestlé Health Science, Wirtschaftliche Vereinigung Zucker e.V., Abbott, Biofortis, Autorité européenne de sécurité des aliments, Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Kellogg Canada, American Peanut Council, Barilla, Unilever, Unico Primo, Compagnies Loblaw, WhiteWave Foods, Quaker, California Walnut Commission, Almond Board of California, en dehors des travaux soumis. Le Dr Sievenpiper est membre de l’International Carbohydrate Quality Consortium et des comités d’experts en pratique clinique pour la rédaction des lignes directrices de Diabète Canada, European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Société canadienne de cardiologie et d’Obésité Canada, et il occupe les postes de membre de l’exécutif du Groupe d’étude sur le diabète et la nutrition de l’European Association for the Study of Diabetes et de directeur de la Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Foundation. Il est aussi conseiller scientifique non rémunéré pour le programme de sécurité alimentaire, nutrition et réglementation et le comité sur les glucides de l’International Life Science Institute en Amérique du Nord. Il est en relation conjugale avec une personne qui travaille pour Anheuser-Busch InBev. Sanjeev Sockalingam signale avoir reçu des honoraires de Bausch Health Canada au cours des 36 derniers mois. Valerie Taylor signale avoir reçu des honoraires de conférencière de Sunovion. Shahebina Walji signale avoir reçu des honoraires de consultation ou de participation à des comités consultatifs pour Novo Nordisk, Bausch Health et Takeda et des honoraires de conférencière de Novo Nordisk et Bausch Health. Shahebina Walji signale aussi avoir vendu les substituts de repas Optifast à partir d’un centre de gestion du poids. Optifast est un produit fabriqué et vendu par Nestlé. Aucun autre intérêt concurrent n’a été déclaré.

Competing Interests: Competing interests: Sean Wharton reports receiving honoraria and travel expenses and has participated in academic advisory boards for Novo Nordisk, Bausch Health, Eli Lilly and Janssen. Sean Wharton is also the medical director of a medical clinic specializing in weight management and diabetes. David Lau reports receiving grants and research support from AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR); speaker bureau fees from AstraZeneca, Bausch Health, Boehringer Ingelheim, Diabetes Canada, Eli Lilly, Merck and Novo Nordisk; and consulting fees from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bausch Health, Boehringer Ingelheim, Gilead, HLS Therapeutics, Janssen, Eli Lilly and Novo Nordisk. Michael Vallis is a member of advisory boards for Novo Nordisk, Bausch Health and LifeScan. Michael Vallis has also received consulting fees from Bausch Health, LifeScan, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi, and speaking fees from Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Bausch Health, Abbott and AbbVie. Arya Sharma reports receiving speaker’s bureau and consulting fees from Novo Nordisk, Bausch Pharmaceuticals and Astra-Zeneca. Laurent Biertho reports receiving grants from Johnson and Johnson and Medtronic, and is a member of advisory boards for Novo Nordisk and Bausch Health, outside the submitted work. Denise Campbell-Scherer has no personal financial relationships, but reports receiving research funding from the following sources in the past 3 years: Novo Nordisk Alberta Diabetes Fund (NOVAD), a peer-reviewed grant that is a partnership between the University Hospital Foundation, Novo Nordisk and Alberta Innovates joint funders; Alberta Innovates Health Solutions (Cancer Prevention Research Opportunity and Collaborative Research and Innovation Opportunities competitions), CIHR (Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research and Knowledge-to-Action competitions); Northern Alberta Family Medicine Fund; and the Alberta Cancer Prevention and Legacy Fund. She also reports receiving knowledge transfer funding from the following sources in the past 3 years: an unrestricted education grant from Obesity Canada, funded by Novo Nordisk Global; a Worldwide University Network Meeting Grant; an Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality R13 grant for a Healthcare Effectiveness and Outcomes Research; and a Physician Learning Program grant from Alberta Health and the Alberta Medical Association. Angela Alberga reports receiving the following grants: the Santé Award from Fonds de Recherche du Quebec, the Mitacs Accelerate Grant, and the Concordia University Start-up Team Grant, outside the submitted work. Jennifer Brown reports receiving nonfinancial support from Novo Nordisk, and personal fees from Bausch Health, Dietitians of Canada, Obesity Canada and the Canadian Association of Bariatric Physicians & Surgeons. Yoni Freedhoff is the co-owner of the Bariatric Medical Institute and Constant Health, which provide weight management services; Constant Health has received a grant from Novo Nordisk. Yoni Freedhoff is also the author of The Diet Fix: Why Diets Fail and How to Make Yours Work published by Crown Publishing Group, and receives royalties for the book. In addition, he is the sole author of the Weighty Matters blog and a column for Medscape and many other op-eds and articles in which he has publicly expressed opinions about the treatment, management and prevention of obesity. Yoni Freedhoff also regularly speaks on topics related to obesity and receives honoraria and travel costs and expenses for same. Michel Gagner reports receiving speaker honoraria from Ethicon, WL Gore and Medtronic; consulting fees from Novo Nordisk, Bausch Health and Lexington Medical; and holds stock options with Lexington Medical. Margaret Hahn reports receiving consulting fees from Alkermes. Marie-France Langlois reports receiving personal fees from Novo Nordisk, Valeant, Merck Canada, Sanofi, Eli Lilly and Boehringer Ingelheim; a grant from Merck Canada; and other fees from AstraZeneca and from TIMI (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction) Study Group for diabetes clinical research as a principal investigator, all outside the submitted work. David Macklin reports receiving personal fees from Novo Nordisk and Bausch Health, outside the submitted work. Priya Manjoo reports receiving personal fees from Novo Nordisk, Bausch Health and Sanofi; and grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi and AstraZeneca, outside the submitted work. Marie-Philippe Morin reports receiving speaker honoraria from Novo Nordisk, Bausch Health, Eli Lilly, Boehringer Ingelheim, Nestlé Health Science, Janssen and AstraZeneca; research subvention from Novo Nordisk and Sanofi; and consultation honoraria from Novo Nordisk, Bausch Health, Eli Lilly, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen and AstraZeneca. Sue Pedersen reports receiving personal fees from Novo Nordisk, Bausch Health, Janssen, Eli Lilly, Merck, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi, Pfizer; grants from Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim and Sanofi; and nonfinancial support from Novo Nordisk, Bausch Health, Janssen, Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim and Sanofi, outside the submitted work. Megha Poddar reports receiving honoraria for continuing medical education (CME) from Novo Nordisk, Bausch Health, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Jenssen, Merck, the Canadian Collaborative Research Network and the Antibody Network; education grants from Novo Nordisk and Bausch Health; fees for mentorship from Novo Nordisk; fees for membership of advisory boards from Novo Nordisk and Bausch Health; and a quality improvement project grant from Boehringer Ingelheim. Paul Poirier reports receiving fees for consulting and continuing medical education from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Valeant and Bausch Health, outside the submitted work. Judy Shiau reports receiving personal fees from Novo Nordisk and Bausch Health, outside the submitted work. Diana Sherifali reports receiving consulting fees for advice regarding chronic disease and diabetes management from Merck, and a grant from Obesity Canada to support the literature review process, during the conduct of the study. John Sievenpiper reports receiving grants from CIHR, the Nutrition Trialists Fund at the University of Toronto, the International Nut and Dried Fruit Council Foundation, the Tate & Lyle Nutritional Research Fund at the University of Toronto, the American Society for Nutrition, the Glycemic Control and Cardiovascular Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Fund at the University of Toronto, the National Dried Fruit Trade Association, PSI Graham Farquharson Knowledge Translation Fellowship, the Diabetes Canada Clinician Scientist award, the Banting & Best Diabetes Centre Sun Life Financial New Investigator Award, the Canada Foundation for Innovation, and the Ministry of Research and Innovation’s Ontario Research Fund. Dr. Sievenpiper has received personal fees from Perkins Coie LLP, Tate & Lyle, Dairy Farmers of Canada, PepsiCo, Food-Minds LLC, European Fruit Juice Association, International Sweeteners Association, Nestlé Health Science, Canadian Society for Endocrinology and Metabolism, GI Foundation, Pulse Canada, Wirtschaftliche Vereinigung Zucker e.V., Abbott, Biofortis, the European Food Safety Authority, the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, the Soy Nutrition Institute and the Comité Européen des Fabricants de Sucre. Dr. Sievenpiper has received nonfinancial support from Tate & Lyle, PepsiCo, FoodMinds LLC, European Fruit Juice Association, International Sweeteners Association, Nestlé Health Science, Wirtschaftliche Vereinigung Zucker e.V., Abbott, Biofortis, the European Food Safety Authority and the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Kellogg Canada, American Peanut Council, Barilla, Unilever, Unico Primo, Loblaw Companies, WhiteWave Foods, Quaker, California Walnut Commission, Almond Board of California, outside the submitted work. Dr. Sievenpiper is a member of the International Carbohydrate Quality Consortium and the Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committees of Diabetes Canada, European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Canadian Cardiovascular Society, and Obesity Canada, and holds appointments as an Executive Board Member of the Diabetes and Nutrition Study Group of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, and as Director of the Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Foundation. He is also an unpaid scientific adviser for the Program in Food Safety, Nutrition and Regulatory Affairs and the Carbohydrates Committee of the International Life Science Institute North America. He has a spousal relationship with an employee of Anheuser-Busch InBev. Sanjeev Sockalingam reports receiving honoraria from Bausch Health Canada within the last 36 months. Valerie Taylor reports receiving speaker fees from Sunovion. Shahebina Walji reports receiving consulting or advisory board fees from Novo Nordisk, Bausch Health and Takeda and speaker’s bureau fees from Novo Nordisk and Bausch Health. Shahebina Walji also reports selling Optifast Meal replacements through a weight management centre Optifast is a product produced and sold by Nestlé. No other competing interests were declared.