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The spectroscopy of electrochemically reduced ruthenium(II) complexes with 2,2′-biquinoline and 2,2′-binaphthyridine ligands have been investigated. These compounds are: [Ru(bn)(bpy)2][BF4]2 (where bn = 2,2′-bi-1,8-naphthyridine and bpy = 2,2′-bipyridyl); [Ru(dbn)(bpy)2][BF4]2 (where dbn = 3,3′-dimethylene-2,2′-bi-1,8-naphthyridine); [Ru(dbn)3][BF4]2; [Ru(dbq)(bpy)2][BF4]2 (where dbq = 3,3′-dimethylene-2,2′-biquinoline). Resonance Raman spectra of the parent species showed the bichromophoric nature of the visible absorptions of the heteroleptic complexes; both bpy and non-bpy ligand vibrations are enhanced depending on the excitation wavelength. Changes in the electronic absorption spectra for the complexes upon electrochemical reduction suggest the reducing electron is localised on the non-bpy ligand. For the complexes with the dimethylenebinaphthyridine ligand the second reduction also appears localised on the non-bpy ligand. Resonance Raman spectra of the reduced species confirm that the first and second reduction are based on the dbn ligand. Single crystal structures of [Ru(bn)(bpy)2][BF4]2 and [Ru(dbn)(bpy)2][BF4]2 have been determined and significant distortions of the ligands are apparent.

The reaction of ((tetraphenylporphyrinyl)methyl)triphenylphosphonium chloride and benzaldehydes (CHO−C6H4−R; R = H, NO2, NMe2, OMe, Me, CHO) yields the styryl porphyrin derivatives. These new styryl-substituted porphyrins have been studied using electrochemistry, electronic absorbance, and resonance Raman spectroelectrochemical techniques. The substituents on the styryl group have a modest perturbation on the electronic spectrum of the porphyrin core. The resonance Raman data suggest that a charge-transfer interaction is observed between the porphyrin core and the NO2 group for the 4-NO2 compound.

Highly aluminous ( Al Si ≈ 1 ) zeolite X and sodalite were synthesized in the presence of Cl−, Br−, and I−. The rate of synthesis increased strongly with halide concentration. At a fixed salt concentration the rates were in a Cl−/Br−/I− ratio of 6:3:1. The sodalite produced contained cages almost saturated with salt. The sodalite cages in zeolite X were only partially filled. The kinetics of sodalite synthesis could be simulated by a model in which nucleation occurred throughout the synthesis at a rate that depended on halide concentration but not halide type.

The condensation of a dipyrromethane with ferrocene aldehyde leads to a single atropisomer of α,α-5,15-bis(ferrocenyl)-2,8,12,18-tetrabutyl-3,7,13,17-tetramethylporphyrin 1; electrochemistry of 1 and Ni-1 reveals two consecutive ferrocene-based one-electron oxidation waves, which are separated by 0.19 and 0.41 V, respectively.

In contrast to the purge of the "anti-party group" in June, 1957, the removal of Marshal Georgii Zhukov from power has occasioned relatively little comment from Soviet authorities. However, even if the agents of Soviet totalitarianism have remained silent about the reasons for the purge of Zhukov, a consideration of the dynamics of the totalitarian system may help us to reach an explanation. This study will first explore the official charges on the basis of which his removal was justified in the Resolution of the Central Committee, Marshal Konev's speech, and subsequent statements. These charges were: (1) promotion of the cult of Zhukov in the Soviet Army; (2) reduction and curtailment of party control over the army; (3) misdirection in military matters, particularly in military science and organizational questions; (4) adventurism and Bonapartism. Particular attention will be given to the first two charges, since they have dominated Soviet pronouncements in the post-purge period and were the chief immediate accusations in his removal. There follows an attempt to explain the purge of Marshal Zhukov, relating it to the wider story of the rise and fall of Zhukov and the military after Stalin's death.