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1. Variations in the Inferred Cosmic-Ray Spectral Index as Measured by Neutron Monitors in Antarctica

Author: Pradiphat Muangha, David Ruffolo, Alejandro Sáiz, Chanoknan Banglieng, Paul Evenson, Surujhdeo Seunarine, Suyeon Oh, Jongil Jung, Marc L. Duldig, and John E. Humble
Subjects: Galactic cosmic rays, Solar-terrestrial interactions, Solar wind, Solar cycle, Astrophysics, QB460-466
Abstract: A technique has recently been developed for tracking short-term spectral variations in Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) using data from a single neutron monitor (NM), by collecting histograms of the time delay between successive neutron counts and extracting the leader fraction L as a proxy of the spectral index. Here we analyze L from four Antarctic NMs from 2015 March to 2023 September. We have calibrated L from the South Pole NM with respect to a daily spectral index determined from published data of GCR proton fluxes during 2015–2019 from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02) on board the International Space Station. Our results demonstrate a robust correlation between the leader fraction and the spectral index fit over the rigidity range 2.97–16.6 GV for AMS-02 data, with uncertainty of 0.018 in the daily spectral index as inferred from L . In addition to the 11 yr solar activity cycle, a wavelet analysis confirms a 27 day periodicity in the GCR flux and spectral index corresponding to solar rotation, especially near sunspot minimum, while the flux occasionally exhibits a strong harmonic at 13.5 days. The magnetic field component along a nominal Parker spiral (i.e., the magnetic sector structure) is a strong determinant of such spectral and flux variations, with the solar wind speed exerting an additional, nearly rigidity-independent influence on flux variations. Our investigation affirms the capability of ground-based NM stations to accurately and continuously monitor cosmic-ray spectral variations over the long-term future.
Published: 2024
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2. Solar Cyclic Modulation of Diurnal Variation in Cosmic Ray Intensity

Author: Eun Ho Park, Jongil Jung, Suyeon Oh, and Paul Evenson
Subjects: cosmic ray, diurnal variation, solar cycle, Astronomy, QB1-991
Abstract: Cosmic rays are ions that move at relativistic speeds. They generate secondary cosmic rays by successive collisions with atmospheric particles, and then, the secondary particles reach the ground. The secondary particles are mainly neutrons and muons, and the neutrons are observed by the ground neutron monitor. This study compared the diurnal variation in cosmic ray intensity obtained via harmonic analysis and that obtained through the pile-up method, which was examined in a previous study. In addition, we analyzed the maximum phase of the diurnal variation using four neutron monitors with a cutoff rigidity below approximately 6 GV, located at similar longitudes to the Oulu and Rome neutron monitors. Expanding the data of solar cycles 20–24, we examined the time of the maximum cosmic ray intensity, that is, the maximum phase regarding the solar cyclic modulation. During solar cycles 20–24, the maximum phase derived by harmonic analysis showed no significant difference with that derived by the pile-up method. Thus, the pile-up method, a relatively straightforward process to analyze diurnal variation, could replace the complex harmonic analysis. In addition, the maximum phase at six neutron monitors shows the 22-year cyclic variation very clearly. The maximum phase tends to appear earlier and increase the width of the variation in solar cycles as the cutoff rigidity increases.
Published: 2018
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3. Installation of Neutron Monitors at the Jang Bogo Station in Antarctica

Author: Jongil Jung, Suyeon Oh, Yu Yi, Paul Evenson, Roger Pyle, Geonhwa Jee, Jeong-Han Kim, Changsup Lee, and Jongdae Sohn
Subjects: Jang Bogo station, neutron monitor, cosmic rays, Antarctica, Astronomy, QB1-991
Abstract: In December 2015, we have installed neutron monitors at the Jang Bogo station in Antarctica. The Jang Bogo station is the second science station which is located at the coast (74° 37.4´S, 164° 13.7´E) of Terra Nova Bay in Northern Victoria Land of Antarctica. A neutron monitor is an instrument to detect neutrons from secondary cosmic rays collided by the atmosphere. The installation of neutron monitor at Jang Bogo station is a part of transferred mission for neutron monitor at McMurdo station of USA. Among 18 tubes of 18-NM64 neutron monitor, we have completed relocation of 6 tubes and the rest will be transferred in December 2017. Currently, comparison of data from the neutron monitors of both two stations is under way and there is a good agreement between the data. The neutron monitors at Jang Bogo station will be quite useful to study the space weather when the installation is completed.
Published: 2016

4. Long-term Statistical Analysis of the Simultaneity of Forbush Decrease Events at Middle Latitudes

Author: Seongsuk Lee, Suyeon Oh, Yu Yi, Paul Evenson, Geonhwa Jee, and Hwajin Choi
Subjects: cosmic ray, Forbush Decrease event, neutron monitor, Astronomy, QB1-991
Abstract: Forbush Decreases (FD) are transient, sudden reductions of cosmic ray (CR) intensity lasting a few days, to a week. Such events are observed globally using ground neutron monitors (NMs). Most studies of FD events indicate that an FD event is observed simultaneously at NM stations located all over the Earth. However, using statistical analysis, previous researchers verified that while FD events could occur simultaneously, in some cases, FD events could occur non-simultaneously. Previous studies confirmed the statistical reality of non-simultaneous FD events and the mechanism by which they occur, using data from high-latitude and middle-latitude NM stations. In this study, we used long-term data (1971-2006) from middle-latitude NM stations (Irkutsk, Climax, and Jungfraujoch) to enhance statistical reliability. According to the results from this analysis, the variation of cosmic ray intensity during the main phase, is larger (statistically significant) for simultaneous FD events, than for non-simultaneous ones. Moreover, the distribution of main-phase-onset time shows differences that are statistically significant. While the onset times for the simultaneous FDs are distributed evenly over 24- hour intervals (day and night), those of non-simultaneous FDs are mostly distributed over 12-hour intervals, in daytime. Thus, the existence of the two kinds of FD events, according to differences in their statistical properties, were verified based on data from middle-latitude NM stations.
Published: 2015
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5. Cosmic Ray Transport — Modulation and the Anomalous Component

Author: PAUL EVENSON and EVELYN B. TUSKA
Published: 2017
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6. Multiple interactions in a Neutron Monitor

Author: Pierre-Simon Mangeard, John Clem, Paul Evenson, Waraporn Nuntiyakul, David Ruffolo, Alejandro Sáiz, Achara Seripienlert, and Surujhdeo Seunarine
Subjects: Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: The flux of low-energy (GeV-range) Galactic cosmic rays at Earth is modulated by the long term magnetic variations of the Sun (11-year sunspot cycle and 22-year magnetic solar cycle). This process known as Solar modulation is most pronounced at 1 GeV and below. However, it also operates at much higher energy, still exhibiting solar magnetic polarity dependence. For the last decades, ground-based neutron monitors provided valuable observations of the solar modulation up to a rigidity cutoff of about 17 GV. To extend the energy range of the neutron monitor observations, we recently upgraded the electronics of the Princess Sirindhorn Neutron Monitor in Thailand (PSNM, the operating neutron monitor at the highest geomagnetic rigidity cutoff) to record complex combinations of hits in multiple proportional counters. We present here the detection of multiple-hit events recorded at the PSNM. We discuss these observations with the help of a detailed Monte-Carlo simulation of energetic neutrons interacting in the detector. Finally, we estimate the nucleonic spectrum of the atmospheric secondary particles at the altitude of the detector.
Published: 2022
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7. Cosmic Ray Flux Correlation between McMurdo and Jang Bogo Neutron Monitor Stations vs. Time Lag

Author: Ekawit Kittiya, Waraporn Nuntiyakul, Achara Seripienlert, Paul Evenson, Alejandro Saiz, David Ruffolo, and Sueyon Oh
Abstract: A neutron monitor is a large ground-based detector responding to the flux of cosmic ray particles in space by measuring atmospheric secondary neutrons. Any ground-based detector is sensitive to cosmic rays from a specific range of directions in space. In particular, a particle arriving from a specific sky direction with a specific rigidity (momentum per unit charge) was necessarily moving from a certain direction in space, called the asymptotic direction. McMurdo and Jang Bogo neutron monitor stations are Antarctic stations with similar geomagnetic latitudes but slightly different longitudes. From December 17, 2015 to January 9, 2017, six of the eighteen neutron counters from McMurdo had been transferred to Jang Bogo (with full transfer to Jang Bogo completed in December 2017). We present an analysis of the correlation of the cosmic ray flux between the McMurdo and Jang Bogo stations, during the time when both were operating, with ten-second time resolution. Although highly correlated, there are significant differences, including a systematic time lag of approximately 16 minutes between the data from the two stations. Although McMurdo observes with similar asymptotic directions to Jang Bogo, the response-weighted average directions still have a substantial difference of 21.9 degrees in geographic longitude, so with Earth’s rotation, time-independent anisotropy effects should induce a lag of 88 minutes. Because the observed lag of 16 minutes is intermediate between 0 and 88 minutes, the joint observations reveal structure in the interplanetary cosmic-ray density that is consistent with a combination of simultaneous temporal variations and non-simultaneous variations with direction (i.e., anisotropy). The research is supported in part by a TA/RA scholarship (active recruitment) of Chiang Mai University and Thailand Science Research and Innovation via Research Team Promotion Grant RTA6280002.
Published: 2022
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8. Searching for Dark Matter from the Sun with the IceCube Detector

Author: Lisa Johanna Schumacher, Elisa Lohfink, Javier Gonzalez, Roxanne Turcotte, Catherine De Clercq, Michael DuVernois, Barbara Skrzypek, Larissa Paul, Naoko Kurahashi, Frank G. Schröder, Thomas McElroy, Erin O'Sullivan, S. Böser, Gerald Przybylski, Jakob van Santen, Shiqi Yu, Federica Bradascio, Alexander Burgman, Simeon Reusch, K. Meagher, Mehr Nisa, Benedikt Riedel, Stephanie Hickford, Delia Tosi, Sebastian Baur, Sebastian Fiedlschuster, Markus Ackermann, S. W. Barwick, Sreetama Goswami, Ken'ichi Kin, Ryan Burley, A. Steuer, Qinrui Liu, Martina Karl, Raamis Hussain, Aaron Fienberg, John Evans, Amirreza Raissi, U. Katz, Sally Robertson, Judith Schneider, Andres Medina, Donghwa Kang, Merlin Schaufel, Dawn Williams, Martin Pittermann, Chris Weaver, Stephanie Bron, K. Hoshina, Hrvoje Dujmovic, Jurgen Borowka, Benjamin Bastian, Anastasia Maria Barbano, Brian Clark, Sebastian Sanchez Herrera, Glenn Spiczak, Zelong Zhang, Michael Stamatikos, Jan Soedingrekso, P. Schlunder, John Hardin, Spencer Axani, Kael Hanson, Saskia Philippen, D. F. Cowen, A. Goldschmidt, Julia Becker Tjus, Markus Ahlers, Martin Unland Elorrieta, Shefali Shefali, C. Walck, Alfonso Garcia, Ankur Sharma, Jeffrey Lazar, Le Viet Nguyen, J. J. Beatty, Tianlu Yuan, Matthias Vraeghe, Torsten Schmidt, Abdul Rehman, Carsten Rott, Dave Nygren, Mohamed Rameez, Cyril Martin Alispach, Karen Andeen, Felix Henningsen, Tyler Anderson, Surujhdeo Seunarine, Thomas K. Gaisser, Timo Karg, Hermann Kolanoski, Carlos Arguelles, Lutz Kopke, Chiara Bellenghi, Thomas Kintscher, Maximilian Meier, Jessie Micallef, Juan Pablo Yanez, IceCube, Josh Peterson, Emma Kun, Paolo Desiati, Matthias Huber, Juanan Aguilar, Lenka Tomankova, Yosuke Ashida, A. R. Fazely, J. L. Kelley, Kenneth Clark, Aya Ishihara, Matthew Weiss, Yuiry Popovych, Kirill Filimonov, Pranav Dave, Maximilian Karl Scharf, Alejandro Diaz, Krijn de Vries, Stef Verpoest, Andreas Weindl, Jenni Adams, Xianwu Xu, Jay Gallagher, Minjin Jeong, K.-H. Becker, Ruth Hoffmann, Kwok Lung Fan, Alexander Fritz, Colin Turley, Erik Ganster, Najia Moureen Binte Amin, Uwe Naumann, T. Stanev, Yiqian Xu, Emma C. Hettinger, Matt Dunkman, Federico Bontempo, Nora Valtonen-Mattila, Marcos Santander, Francesco Lucarelli, Maria Liubarska, Ramesh Koirala, Dennis Soldin, Martin Ha Minh, Hans Dembinski, Erin Carnie-Bronca, Harald Schieler, K. Rawlins, Christian Glaser, Simona Toscano, Christian Spiering, Manuel Silva, Samvel Ter-Antonyan, Ben Jones, Alan Coleman, Gisela Anton, Maria Prado Rodriguez, Devyn Rysewyk Cantu, Gwenhaël de Wasseige, D. Z. Besson, Reina H. Maruyama, R. Halliday, Daniel Bindig, Georg Schwefer, L. Gerhardt, James Vincent Mead, Thomas Stuttard, Ryo Nagai, A. Olivas, E. Blaufuss, T. Stezelberger, Sarah Pieper, Markus Dittmer, Jannis Necker, Tetiana Kozynets, Neha Lad, Dirk Ryckbosch, Elizabeth Friedman, Chad Finley, Rasha Abbasi, Summer Blot, Matthias Boddenberg, Ibrahim Safa, Daria Pankova, Damian Pieloth, Ali Kheirandish, Sarah Mancina, Gerrit Roellinghoff, Stephan Meighen-Berger, Jannes Brostean-Kaiser, Kurt Woschnagg, Simon Hauser, Anna Franckowiak, Tobias Hoinka, Vedant Basu, James Madsen, Thorsten Glusenkamp, Massimiliano Lincetto, Lu Lu, Paul Evenson, S. Yoshida, I. Taboada, Dustin Hebecker, Nathan Whitehorn, Steve Sclafani, Klas Hultqvist, Joanna Kiryluk, Christoph Tönnis, Sally-Ann Browne, Brandom Pries, Mirco Hunnefeld, Marie Oehler, Segev BenZvi, Timothée Grégoire, Paras Koundal, Mike Richman, Colton Hill, Carlos Perez de los Heros, Gabriel Collin, Simone Garrappa, Dmitry Chirkin, Johan Wulff, Jan Weldert, Etienne Bourbeau, Spencer Klein, Julian Saffer, Chris Wendt, Sebastian Schindler, Michael Kovacevich, Pablo Correa, S. Tilav, Teresa Montaruli, Christoph Günther, Alexander Kappes, Michael Campana, Emily Dvorak, Cristian Jesus Lozano Mariscal, Kendall Mahn, K. Helbing, Elisa Bernardini, Tomas Kontrimas, Christian Dappen, Justin Vandenbroucke, Timothyblake Watson, Yijia Li, Sourav Sarkar, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, L. Halve, Philipp Eller, Christian Spannfellner, R. Morse, Frank McNally, Chunfai Tung, Olga Botner, Jakob Bottcher, Kara Hoffman, D. J. Koskinen, Antonio Augusto Alves Junior, Chujie Chen, Raffaela Busse, Anna Obertacke Pollmann, Yang Lyu, Joeran Stettner, Cristina Lagunas Gualda, Grant Parker, Philip Weigel, M. Plum, Mehmet Gunduz, Agnieszka Leszczyńska, R. C. Bay, Hershal Pandya, Martin Rongen, Wolfgang Rhode, Spencer Griswold, Maryon Ahrens, Joshua Hignight, Timo Sturwald, Frederik Tenholt, Wing Yan Ma, Feifei Huang, Hannah Erpenbeck, Konstancja Satalecka, Theo Glauch, Xinhua Bai, Austin Schneider, Abhishek Desai, Juan Carlos Diaz-Velez, Robert Stein, Maria Tselengidou, James DeLaunay, Marjon Moulai, Ava Ghadimi, Martin Wolf, Franziska Tischbein, Hans Niederhausen, Robert A. Cross, Frederik Hermann Lauber, Koun Choi, Andrew Ludwig, Justin Lanfranchi, Ben Smithers, Jean Pierre Twagirayezu, Jiwoong Lee, Rui An, Nahee Park, Darren Grant, Derek B Fox, Immacolata Carmen Rea, Sarah Nowicki, Andreas Haungs, Robert Snihur, C. H. Wiebusch, Kunal Deoskar, A. Karle, Ioana Codrina Maris, Sam De Ridder, Christoph Raab, Nadège Iovine, D. Berley, G. C. Hill, Bunheng Ty, Patrick Reichherzer, Ralph Engel, Moritz Kellermann, Giovanni Renzi, D. Seckel, Tyce DeYoung, George Japaridze, Roger Moore, Woosik Kang, Richard Naab, Marek Kowalski, Seongjin In, Elisa Resconi, Jan Conrad, K. Mase, Yuya Makino, Alessio Porcelli, Alexander A. Harnisch, Nick van Eijndhoven, Lew Classen, René Reimann, Leander Fischer, Thomas Ehrhardt, Christian Haack, Alexander Sandrock, Kirsten Tollefson, Kayla Leonard, Alexander Trettin, Sukeerthi Dharani, Francis Halzen, Lilly Peters, Juliana Stachurska, V Aswathi Balagopal, Gerrit Wrede, Johannes Werthebach, Thomas Huber, Ek Narayan Paudel, Michael J Larson, Allan Hallgren, Sandro Kopper, William Luszczak, M. Kauer, David Kappesser, Matti Jansson, P. Buford Price, Mark Weyrauch, Joakim Sandroos, Daniela Mockler, G. W. Sullivan, James E. Braun, Philipp Furst, Tim Ruhe, Paul Coppin, Andrea Turcati, Ella Roberts, Alex Pizzuto, Gary Binder, Xinyue Kang, Claudio Kopper, Subir Sarkar, and David Vannerom
Subjects: Physics, Dark matter, Detector, Astronomy
Published: 2021
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9. Time-Delay Measurements from Antarctic Neutron Monitor Stations Indicate Weak Spectral Changes during 27-day Variations

Author: David Ruffolo, Alejandro Sáiz, Paul Evenson, Surujhdeo Seunarine, M. L. Duldig, Suyeon Oh, Pradiphat Muangha, Jongil Jung, Chanoknan Banglieng, and J. E. Humble
Subjects: Physics, Solar minimum, Solar wind, Spectral index, Neutron monitor, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Physics::Space Physics, Flux, Neutron, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Solar cycle 24
Abstract: Using neutron time-delay data from neutron monitors (NMs), we can extract the leader fraction, L, of neutron counts that do not follow a previous neutron count in the same counter tube due to the cosmic ray shower. L is the inverse of the neutron multiplicity and serves as a proxy of the cosmic ray spectral index over the rigidity range of the NM response function. We have outfitted several Antarctic NMs with special electronics to collect neutron time delay distributions. We present a comparative analysis of L during two time periods: 1) during December 2015 to January 2017, for NMs at South Pole (SP), McMurdo (MC), and Jang Bogo (JB), and 2) during February 2020 to February 2021, for NMs at SP, JB, and Mawson (MA). To first order L varies in concert with the count rate C, reflecting unrolling of the Galactic cosmic ray (GCR) spectrum as part of solar modulation during the declining phase of solar cycle 24 and during solar minimum. However, during 27-day variations inCdue to high-speed solar wind streams (HSSs) and corotating interaction regions (CIRs), L usually had a very weak variation. Our results indicate weak GeVrange GCR spectral variation due to HSSs and CIRs, relative to the flux variation, in contrast with the strong observed spectral variation due to solar modulation.
Published: 2021
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10. Response functions of semi-leaded neutron monitor count rates and leader rates from latitude surveys during 2019-2020

Author: Alejandro Sáiz, Pierre-Simon Mangeard, Panutda Yakum, Boonrucksar Soonthornthum, Kazaoki Munakata, Sidarat Khamphakdee, Achara Seripienlert, Paul Evenson, Chanoknan Banglieng, W. Nuntiyakul, David Ruffolo, Pongpichit Chuanraksasat, Peng Jiang, James Madsen, and Siramas Komonjinda
Subjects: Neutron monitor, Environmental science, Atmospheric sciences, Latitude
Published: 2021
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11. Multiple Particle Detection in a Neutron Monitor

Author: Achara Seripienlert, Alejandro Sáiz, Paul Evenson, W. Nuntiyakul, Surujhdeo Seunarine, John Clem, Pierre-Simon Mangeard, and David Ruffolo
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear physics, Earth's magnetic field, Muon, Neutron monitor, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Hadron, Neutron detection, Flux, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutron, Cosmic ray, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Magnetic activity on the sun influences the flux of galactic cosmic rays at Earth in the process known as solar modulation. While most pronounced at 1 GeV and below, it also operates at much higher energy, still exhibiting solar magnetic polarity dependence. Historically an observational gap exists between approximately 17 GeV (the highest geomagnetic cutoff) neutron monitor data and muon observations of primary cosmic rays that are mostly above 50 GeV. Detecting multiple neutrons from the same primary particle has recently been used to monitor the primary energy spectrum using data from a single neutron monitor. Over the past few years we have used details of the timing distribution from individual neutron detectors and pairwise correlations among adjacent detectors to improve the energy resolution of this technique. We present a further extension of our observations to pattern recognition of events comprising hits in multiple detectors in order to identify and study cases where more than one secondary particle from the same primary interacts in the neutron monitor. Our particular focus at present is to distinguish interactions of energetic hadrons from those generated by cores of small air showers.
Published: 2021
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12. Determination of Yield Functions of Neutron Counters at the South Pole from Monte-Carlo Simulation

Author: Alejandro Sáiz, Paul Evenson, Devid Ruffolo, W. Nuntiyakul, Audcharaporn Pagwhan, Pierre-Simon Mangeard, Surujhdeo Seunarine, and Achara Seripienlert
Subjects: Physics, Yield (engineering), Monte Carlo method, Neutron, Computational physics
Published: 2021
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13. Validation of Monte Carlo Yield Function of a Semi-Leaded Neutron Monitor using Latitude Survey Data in 2019 and 2020

Author: Kanokkarn Fongsamut, Pierre-Simon Mangeard, Siramas Komonjinda, Pongpichit Chuanraksasat, Alejandro Sáiz, Peng Jiang, James Madsen, W. Nuntiyakul, Paul Evenson, Boonrucksar Soonthornthum, Sidarat Khamphakdee, Achara Seripienlert, David Ruffolo, and Kazuoki Munakata
Subjects: Neutron monitor, Monte Carlo method, Environmental science, Survey data collection, Yield function, Remote sensing, Latitude
Published: 2021
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14. A Peculiar ICME Event in August 2018 Observed with the Global Muon Detector Network

Author: J. V. Bageston, A. Dal Lago, Kazuoki Munakata, Ismail Sabbah, Nelson Jorge Schuch, C. R. Braga, Ezequiel Echer, Rrs Mendonca, W. Kihara, M. Rockenbach, Munetoshi Tokumaru, Masayoshi Kozai, M. L. Duldig, H. K. Al Jassar, M. M. Sharma, Chihiro Kato, T. Kuwabara, Paul Evenson, and J. E. Humble
Subjects: Geomagnetic storm, Solar minimum, Physics, education.field_of_study, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Population, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, Solar wind, Physics::Space Physics, Coronal mass ejection, Forbush decrease, Pitch angle, education
Abstract: We demonstrate that global observations of high-energy cosmic rays contribute to understanding unique characteristics of a large-scale magnetic flux rope (MFR) causing a magnetic storm in August 2018. Following a weak interplanetary shock on 25 August 2018, a MFR caused an unexpectedly large geomagnetic storm. It is likely that this event became geoeffective because the MFR was accompanied by a corotating interaction region (CIR) and compressed by high-speed solar wind following the MFR. In fact, a Forbush decrease was observed in cosmic-ray data inside the MFR as expected, and a significant cosmic-ray density increase exceeding the unmodulated level before the shock was also observed near the trailing edge of the MFR. The cosmic-ray density increase can be interpreted in terms of the adiabatic heating of cosmic rays near the trailing edge of the MFR, as the corotating interaction region prevents free expansion of the MFR and results in the compression near the trailing edge. A northeast-directed spatial gradient in the cosmic-ray density was also derived during the cosmic-ray density increase, suggesting that the center of the heating near the trailing edge is located northeast of Earth. The second order anisotropy is observed during the density increase clearly representing an intensity enhancement of cosmic rays with approximately 90 degree pitch angle, possibly indicating the betatron acceleration of CRs during the cosmic-ray density increase and/or accelerated CRs leaking along the magnetic field from the density increase region toward the south where lower CR population is expected. This is one of the best examples demonstrating that the observation of high-energy cosmic rays provides us with information of the three-dimensional macroscopic picture of the interaction between coronal mass ejections and the ambient solar wind, which is essential for prediction of large magnetic storms.
Published: 2021
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15. Solar magnetic polarity effect on neutron monitor count rates from latitude surveys versus Antarctic stations

Author: Kledsai Poopakun, Waraporn Nuntiyakul, David Ruffolo, Paul Evenson, Jiang Peng, Pongpichit Chuanraksasat, Marc Duldig, John Humble, and Suyeon Oh
Published: 2021
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16. Direct Determination of a Bare Neutron Counter Yield Function

Author: Waraporn Nuntiyakul, Pierre-Simon Mangeard, David Ruffolo, Paul Evenson, John W Bieber, John Clem, Allan Hallgren, James Madsen, Roger Pyle, Alejandro Sáiz, and Serap Tilav
Published: 2021
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17. A Convolutional Neural Network based Cascade Reconstruction for the IceCube Neutrino Observatory

Author: J. Werthebach, A. Franckowiak, Chujie Chen, Ioana Codrina Maris, K. Hoshina, A. Steuer, A. Weindl, Maryon Ahrens, P. Schlunder, Saskia Philippen, Glenn Spiczak, G. Momenté, Segev BenZvi, Spencer Klein, M. Rameez, Sam De Ridder, Frederik Tenholt, R. Nagai, D. F. Cowen, Martin Unland Elorrieta, Stephen L. Hauser, Christoph Raab, Nadège Iovine, Barbara Skrzypek, Kara Hoffman, Sarah Mancina, N. van Eijndhoven, U. Naumann, Raamis Hussain, D. Berley, G. C. Hill, Tobias Hoinka, Vedant Basu, Steve Sclafani, J. Kiryluk, B. J. P. Jones, Andres Medina, D. Mockler, Bunheng Ty, Ralph Engel, Moritz Kellermann, U. Katz, Emily Dvorak, Timo Karg, K. Andeen, D. R. Nygren, Marek Kowalski, D. Kang, Giovanni Renzi, K. D. de Vries, M. Stamatikos, Hershal Pandya, Wolfgang Rhode, Robert Stein, A.A. Alves, Pablo Correa, D. Seckel, S. Fahey, Javier Gonzalez, Roxanne Turcotte, Maximilian Karl Scharf, Alexander Trettin, P. B. Price, I. Taboada, Gisela Anton, Michael O. Wolf, Lenka Tomankova, Max Renschler, Y. Makino, Matthias Vraeghe, Tyce DeYoung, K. Tollefson, D. J. Koskinen, K. Rawlins, Nathan Whitehorn, C. Weaver, T. Anderson, B. A. Clark, Francesco Lucarelli, Brandom Pries, L. Schumacher, Devyn Rysewyk Cantu, P. Peiffer, J. Kim, Daria Pankova, E. Friedman, M. Kauer, Alan Coleman, John Hardin, Shefali Shefali, Nora Valtonen-Mattila, M. E. Huber, D. B. Fox, Alexander Fritz, D. Z. Besson, T. O. B. Schmidt, E. Bourbeau, Suyong Choi, M. Silva, Najia Moureen Binte Amin, J. P. Lazar, Sebastian Böser, R. Morse, Spencer Griswold, Jakob Bottcher, T. Montaruli, David A. Williams, A. Goldschmidt, K. Mase, Abdul Rehman, David Kappesser, Kurt Woschnagg, Paul Evenson, Clara E. Hill, Le Viet Nguyen, Sebastian Sanchez Herrera, Marcos Santander, Carsten Rott, L. Gerhardt, Y. Popovych, J. Evans, Maria Tselengidou, D. Soldin, J. B. Tjus, Chiara Bellenghi, Alexander A. Harnisch, Benjamin Bastian, Anastasia Maria Barbano, Markus Ackermann, S. W. Barwick, Matti Jansson, Immacolata Carmen Rea, P. Eller, Simone Garrappa, H. Schieler, Dmitry Chirkin, Kael Hanson, A. Kyriacou, A. Olivas, Hermann Kolanoski, Simeon Reusch, A. O. Pollmann, Elisa Bernardini, K. Meagher, S. Hickford, J. C. Gallagher, Kirill Filimonov, Mehmet Gunduz, Agnieszka Leszczyńska, R. C. Bay, Alexander Kappes, Pranav Dave, Jan Soedingrekso, K. Krings, Xianwu Xu, J. Sandroos, James Madsen, Lu Lu, M. J. Weiss, Stef Verpoest, H. Dujmovic, Austin Schneider, Juan Carlos Diaz-Velez, Jenni Adams, K.-H. Becker, Yiqian Xu, M. Plum, A. Wallace, Katharina Morik, J. Stettner, Daniel Bindig, Ramesh Koirala, Gerrit Wrede, C.P. de los Heros, Thomas Huber, Ek Narayan Paudel, Allan Hallgren, Matt Dunkman, R. Joppe, T. Stezelberger, Colin Turley, S. Kopper, Christian Glaser, Paolo Desiati, S. Sarker, C. Alispach, Damian Pieloth, R. G. Stokstad, Ali Kheirandish, Sreetama Goswami, Minjin Jeong, Martin Ha Minh, T. Glüsenkamp, Janet Conrad, G. Krückl, Jannis Necker, Sebastian Baur, R. Cross, Sebastian Fiedlschuster, Surujhdeo Seunarine, Ken'ichi Kin, Jannes Brostean-Kaiser, Chunfai Tung, Alejandro Diaz, M. J. Larson, M. U. Nisa, Tim Ruhe, E. O'Sullivan, René Reimann, Chad Finley, Federica Bradascio, A. V. Balagopal, Alexander Burgman, M. Meier, Michael Campana, F. Huang, Christoph Tönnis, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, E. Blaufuss, Leander Fischer, Gerrit Roellinghoff, Mirco Hunnefeld, Marie Oehler, Thomas Stuttard, William Luszczak, G. H. Collin, Sarah Pieper, Dirk Ryckbosch, S. Robertson, R. Snihur, A. Ludwig, Wing Yan Ma, Yang Lyu, Grant Parker, L. Köpke, Karl J. Clark, Juanan Aguilar, I. Safa, Merlin Schaufel, James DeLaunay, Marjon Moulai, Olga Botner, Cristian Jesus Lozano Mariscal, Kendall Mahn, L. Classen, Johan Wulff, K. Wiebe, Timothyblake Watson, J. J. Beatty, Tianlu Yuan, Stephan Meighen-Berger, S. Yoshida, Kayla Leonard, A. Ishihara, V. Baum, H. Niederhausen, Won Nam Kang, Joshua Hignight, A. Sharma, Sukeerthi Dharani, Francis Halzen, J. Merz, Paras Koundal, Mike Richman, X. Bai, Konstancja Satalecka, F. McNally, Emma C. Hettinger, I. Ansseau, Michael Kovacevich, Theo Glauch, Juliana Stachurska, H. Dembinski, Reina H. Maruyama, Frank G. Schröder, Summer Blot, Thomas Ehrhardt, D. Tosi, D. van Eijk, Mark Weyrauch, Spencer Axani, Elisa Lohfink, Aaron Fienberg, Amirreza Raissi, S. Tilav, Michael DuVernois, Carlos Arguelles, Jessie Micallef, Stephanie Bron, R. S. Busse, Y. L. Li, J. P. Yanez, Gerald Przybylski, Christian Haack, Christopher Wiebusch, R. Halliday, Kunal Deoskar, K. Helbing, Alexander Sandrock, N. Kurahashi, Todor Stanev, Benedikt Riedel, Cristina Lagunas Gualda, C. Wendt, G. W. Sullivan, A. Karle, James E. Braun, Philipp Furst, D. Hebecker, G. de Wasseige, George Japaridze, Roger Moore, Paul Coppin, Andrea Turcati, T. Gregoire, J. van Santen, R. Hoffmann, Alex Pizzuto, Gary Binder, J. Bourbeau, Richard Naab, Zhedong Zhang, C. Walck, Thomas K. Gaisser, Ava Ghadimi, Franziska Tischbein, Seongjin In, Elisa Resconi, Alessio Porcelli, P. Mallik, Catherine De Clercq, M. Rongen, Qinrui Liu, Martina Karl, Jochen M. Schneider, Christian Spiering, Justin Vandenbroucke, Maria Prado Rodriguez, Abhishek Desai, Xinyue Kang, Claudio Kopper, S. C. Nowicki, Subir Sarkar, T. Kintscher, Frederik Hermann Lauber, Justin Lanfranchi, David Vannerom, Ben Smithers, Jean Pierre Twagirayezu, A. Haungs, Rui An, Nahee Park, K. Hultqvist, Darren Grant, T. Stürwald, Z. Griffith, Felix Henningsen, A. R. Fazely, Simona Toscano, J. L. Kelley, Markus Ahlers, Erik Ganster, Samvel Ter-Antonyan, Rasha Abbasi, B. J. Whelan, Jan Weldert, L. Halve, Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vriendenkring VUB, Elementary Particle Physics, and collaboration, The IceCube
Subjects: FOS: Computer and information sciences, Computer Science - Machine Learning, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, cs.LG, Data analysis, FOS: Physical sciences, Fitting methods, 01 natural sciences, Convolutional neural network, Calibration, Cluster finding, Neutrino detectors, Pattern recognition, High Energy Physics - Experiment, IceCube Neutrino Observatory, Machine Learning (cs.LG), High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, hep-ex, Deep learning, Detector, Neutrino detector, Computer engineering, Orders of magnitude (time), 13. Climate action, Cascade, Pattern recognition (psychology), Artificial intelligence, business
Abstract: Continued improvements on existing reconstruction methods are vital to the success of high-energy physics experiments, such as the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. In IceCube, further challenges arise as the detector is situated at the geographic South Pole where computational resources are limited. However, to perform real-time analyses and to issue alerts to telescopes around the world, powerful and fast reconstruction methods are desired. Deep neural networks can be extremely powerful, and their usage is computationally inexpensive once the networks are trained. These characteristics make a deep learning-based approach an excellent candidate for the application in IceCube. A reconstruction method based on convolutional architectures and hexagonally shaped kernels is presented. The presented method is robust towards systematic uncertainties in the simulation and has been tested on experimental data. In comparison to standard reconstruction methods in IceCube, it can improve upon the reconstruction accuracy, while reducing the time necessary to run the reconstruction by two to three orders of magnitude., Comment: 39 pages, 15 figures, submitted to Journal of Instrumentation; added references
Published: 2021

18. A new cosmic ray observation at Syowa Station in the antarctic

Author: Y. Nakamura, Shoko Miyake, W. Kihara, Paul Evenson, Akira Kadokura, Shin-ichi Uchida, Ryuho Kataoka, Kiyoka Murase, Y. Ko, Sou Kaimi, Kazuoki Munakata, and Chihiro Kato
Subjects: Neutron monitor, Solar energetic particles, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Environmental science, Astronomy, Neutron detection, Neutron, Cosmic ray, Space weather, Heliosphere, Muon detector
Abstract: A set of Cosmic Ray detectors was newly installed in Syowa Station, in the Antarctic, to observe CR neutrons and muons simultaneously at the same location. The observing system has started working in February 2018 and is in stable operation with a high operation rate, >90%. We describe the new systems and show its stability.
Published: 2021
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19. Erratum to: New cosmic ray observations at Syowa Station in the Antarctic for space weather study

Author: Chihiro Kato, Y. Nakamura, Satoru Uchida, So Kaimi, Paul Evenson, W. Kihara, Akira Kadokura, Ryuho Kataoka, Kiyoka Murase, Y. Ko, Herbert Akihito Uchida, and Kazuoki Munakata
Subjects: Physics, Atmospheric Science, Neutron monitor, Process (computing), Astronomy, Cosmic ray, Space weather, neutron monitor, muon detector, Mathematics::Logic, TheoryofComputation_MATHEMATICALLOGICANDFORMALLANGUAGES, Space and Planetary Science, TheoryofComputation_LOGICSANDMEANINGSOFPROGRAMS, Meteorology. Climatology, medicine, medicine.symptom, QC851-999, cosmic ray, Confusion, Muon detector
Abstract: Due to confusion in the proof correction process, the author’s proof corrections were not correctly taken into account. The corrections are listed below, highlighted by a boldface font.
Published: 2021

20. A Peculiar ICME Event in August 2018 Observed with the Global Muon Detector Network

Author: W. Kihara, Munetoshi Tokumaru, Paul Evenson, Akira Kadokura, J. V. Bageston, S. Miyake, C. R. Braga, M. L. Duldig, T. Kuwabara, Ryuho Kataoka, Nelson Jorge Schuch, Kazuoki Munakata, M. Rockenbach, József Kóta, Chihiro Kato, M. M. Sharma, Ismail Sabbah, H. K. Al Jassar, Ezequiel Echer, Masayoshi Kozai, R. R. S. Mendonça, J. E. Humble, and A. Dal Lago
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Flux, FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Physics - Space Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Coronal mass ejection, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Forbush decrease, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Geomagnetic storm, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Magnetic flux, Space Physics (physics.space-ph), Solar wind, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Rope
Abstract: We demonstrate that global observations of high-energy cosmic rays contribute to understanding unique characteristics of a large-scale magnetic flux rope causing a magnetic storm in August 2018. Following a weak interplanetary shock on 25 August 2018, a magnetic flux rope caused an unexpectedly large geomagnetic storm. It is likely that this event became geoeffective because the flux rope was accompanied by a corotating interaction region and compressed by high-speed solar wind following the flux rope. In fact, a Forbush decrease was observed in cosmic-ray data inside the flux rope as expected, and a significant cosmic-ray density increase exceeding the unmodulated level before the shock was also observed near the trailing edge of the flux rope. The cosmic-ray density increase can be interpreted in terms of the adiabatic heating of cosmic rays near the trailing edge of the flux rope, as the corotating interaction region prevents free expansion of the flux rope and results in the compression near the trailing edge. A northeast-directed spatial gradient in the cosmic-ray density was also derived during the cosmic-ray density increase, suggesting that the center of the heating near the trailing edge is located northeast of Earth. This is one of the best examples demonstrating that the observation of high-energy cosmic rays provides us with information that can only be derived from the cosmic ray measurements to observationally constrain the three-dimensional macroscopic picture of the interaction between coronal mass ejections and the ambient solar wind, which is essential for prediction of large magnetic storms., Comment: 19 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in the Space Weather
Published: 2021
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21. EV-Scale Sterile Neutrino Search Using Eight Years of Atmospheric Muon Neutrino Data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory

Author: K. Tollefson, Albrecht Karle, U. Katz, R. S. Busse, G. H. Collin, Christopher Wiebusch, Kunal Deoskar, Thomas Ehrhardt, P. Schlunder, R. Hellauer, Spencer Axani, D. B. Fox, Kayla Leonard, R. Maunu, Alan Coleman, Sukeerthi Dharani, Francis Halzen, J. Merz, S. Hickford, R. Joppe, A. Wallace, Delia Tosi, Sebastian Baur, M. G. Aartsen, Carlos Arguelles, David Vannerom, I. Ansseau, Hermann Kolanoski, Juliana Stachurska, H. Dembinski, Stef Verpoest, Jessie Micallef, Matthias Vraeghe, George Japaridze, Roger Moore, Tim Ruhe, N. Kurahashi, Todor Stanev, C. Wendt, Ioana Codrina Maris, H. Bagherpour, Johan Wulff, Sebastian Böser, Olga Botner, J. Kim, Elisa Bernardini, A. Ludwig, Christoph Raab, Nadège Iovine, Timothyblake Watson, D. Heereman, Gisela Anton, M. Stamatikos, J. Bourbeau, K. Rawlins, G. de Wasseige, Won Nam Kang, V. Baum, Jenni Adams, D. Berley, G. C. Hill, H. Niederhausen, A. Steuer, C. Alispach, Bunheng Ty, Stephen L. Hauser, Raamis Hussain, Janet Conrad, B. Relethford, Jan Soedingrekso, Ralph Engel, Moritz Kellermann, Z. Griffith, Y. Makino, Seongjin In, R. Hoffmann, James Madsen, Konstancja Satalecka, Benjamin Bastian, Theo Glauch, Anastasia Maria Barbano, Saskia Philippen, F. Jonske, R. Cross, M. J. Larson, Lu Lu, T. Kittler, X. Bai, G. Neer, Alexander Fritz, A. Goldschmidt, D. van Eijk, Lenka Tomankova, Giovanni Renzi, D. Seckel, S. Fahey, Elisa Resconi, Alessio Porcelli, Claudio Kopper, Daniel Bindig, G. Krückl, Alejandro Diaz, C. Pérez de los Heros, E. O’Sullivan, Le Viet Nguyen, Wing Yan Ma, James DeLaunay, Marjon Moulai, R. G. Stokstad, K. Krings, M. Plum, P. B. Price, William Luszczak, M. Kauer, Suyong Choi, David Kappesser, S. E. Sanchez Herrera, Francesco Lucarelli, T. O. B. Schmidt, Tyce DeYoung, Chad Finley, Nathan Whitehorn, Immacolata Carmen Rea, Matti Jansson, D. Z. Besson, C. Walck, Thomas K. Gaisser, G. B. Yodh, A. Kyriacou, M. Silva, Najia Moureen Binte Amin, K.-H. Becker, Yiqian Xu, Qinrui Liu, J. Becker Tjus, T. Glüsenkamp, Subir Sarkar, Martina Karl, Matt Dunkman, Kendall Mahn, Christoph Tönnis, F. Huang, K. Meagher, Jochen M. Schneider, J. Stettner, T. R. Wood, Kurt Woschnagg, Paul Evenson, T. Palczewski, S. De Ridder, Y. L. Li, G. W. Sullivan, J. J. Beatty, Tianlu Yuan, Jeffrey Lazar, Chunfai Tung, James E. Braun, Alexander Trettin, E. Cheung, J. Werthebach, Thomas Stuttard, Mirco Hunnefeld, Marie Oehler, Alexander Sandrock, Elisa Lohfink, Thomas Meures, N. L. Strotjohann, M. A. Unland Elorrieta, M. Wallraff, Michael DuVernois, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, Felix Henningsen, Karl J. Clark, Simone Garrappa, Dmitry Chirkin, Sarah Pieper, D. Hebecker, Anatoli Fedynitch, K. Helbing, Chujie Chen, Dirk Ryckbosch, Joshua Hignight, M. Zöcklein, T. Grégoire, Timo Sturwald, J. C. Gallagher, Timo Karg, Gerald Przybylski, Federica Bradascio, Yang Lyu, Alexander Kappes, Alexander Burgman, M. Song, T. L. Carver, Paras Koundal, Mike Richman, Sarah Mancina, Paul Coppin, Anna Franckowiak, Tobias Hoinka, Vedant Basu, Steve Sclafani, F. McNally, A. R. Fazely, M. Usner, Grant Parker, R. Halliday, Stephan Meighen-Berger, K. D. de Vries, Gerrit Wrede, Andrea Turcati, J. van Santen, K. Hoshina, Glenn Spiczak, Thomas Huber, G. Momenté, Merlin Schaufel, A. Stößl, J. Kiryluk, K. Andeen, D. R. Nygren, Marek Kowalski, A. Weindl, Maryon Ahrens, Frederik Tenholt, R. Nagai, M. Medici, M. Rameez, Javier Gonzalez, Roxanne Turcotte, Alex Pizzuto, D. F. Cowen, Reina H. Maruyama, E. Pinat, N. Kulacz, U. Naumann, Martin Rongen, Ek Narayan Paudel, Allan Hallgren, Giorgio Maggi, K. Wiebe, A. Balagopal, Gary Binder, Zhedong Zhang, E. Unger, Simona Toscano, J. Auffenberg, Pablo Correa, Summer Blot, Brian Clark, C. De Clercq, P. Heix, K. Mase, P. Mallik, M. E. Huber, A. O'Murchadha, Marcos Santander, Ramesh Koirala, David A. Williams, L. Schumacher, Benedikt Riedel, S. Tilav, Max Renschler, D. Kang, D. J. Koskinen, Markus Ackermann, S. W. Barwick, L. Gerhardt, M. J. Weiss, E. Bourbeau, J. P. Yanez, Ben Smithers, Colin Turley, A. Olivas, S. Kopper, Spencer Griswold, I. Taboada, Michael O. Wolf, René Reimann, A. Haungs, M. Prado Rodriguez, Maria Tselengidou, D. Soldin, Nahee Park, Pranav Dave, K. Hultqvist, Darren Grant, E. Blaufuss, Mehmet Gunduz, Agnieszka Leszczyńska, R. C. Bay, M. Günder, Austin Schneider, Steven Robertson, Juan Carlos Diaz-Velez, Shefali Shefali, L. Classen, T. Stezelberger, Abdul Rehman, Carsten Rott, Y. Popovych, T. Kintscher, Frederik Hermann Lauber, Xianwu Xu, A. Terliuk, J. Sandroos, C. Bohm, Justin Lanfranchi, Christian Spiering, Justin Vandenbroucke, Abhishek Desai, S. C. Nowicki, Rasha Abbasi, B. J. Whelan, Jan Weldert, L. Halve, Philipp Eller, J. Felde, J. Buscher, D. Rysewyk Cantu, A. Obertacke Pollmann, J. L. Kelley, Markus Ahlers, Erik Ganster, Samvel Ter-Antonyan, Frank G. Schröder, J. Lünemann, N. van Eijndhoven, C. Haack, Emily Dvorak, Aaron Fienberg, Amirreza Raissi, Minjin Jeong, Chris Weaver, Stephanie Bron, C. J. Lozano Mariscal, H. Dujmovic, L. Rauch, S. Yoshida, Surujhdeo Seunarine, R. Snihur, Juanan Aguilar, Kael Hanson, A. Ishihara, Maximilian Meier, Paolo Desiati, Segev BenZvi, Spencer Klein, B. J. P. Jones, Andres Medina, Kara Hoffman, D. Mockler, Hershal Pandya, Daria Pankova, E. Friedman, Wolfgang Rhode, Robert Stein, L. Wills, P. Muth, R. Morse, Jakob Bottcher, T. Montaruli, Maximilian Karl Scharf, P. Peiffer, Ibrahim Safa, Damian Pieloth, Ali Kheirandish, W. Van Driessche, Jannes Brostean-Kaiser, M. U. Nisa, L. Köpke, T. Anderson, John Hardin, H. Schieler, Kirill Filimonov, Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vriendenkring VUB, and Elementary Particle Physics
Subjects: Sterile neutrino, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, General Physics and Astronomy, sterile [neutrino], 01 natural sciences, Cosmology, IceCube, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Subatomär fysik, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi, Subatomic Physics, TOOL, Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology, atmosphere [muon], Muon neutrino, Physics, oscillation [neutrino], Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, hep-ph, neutrino: sterile, mass difference [neutrino], ddc, muon: atmosphere, observatory, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Physique des particules élémentaires, signature, Particle physics, data analysis method, Scale (ratio), Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, neutrino: mass difference, FOS: Physical sciences, IceCube Neutrino Observatory, statistical analysis, 0103 physical sciences, OSCILLATIONS, ddc:530, 010306 general physics, hep-ex, ICE, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, neutrino: mixing angle, CONVERSION, Physics and Astronomy, COSMOLOGY, High Energy Physics::Experiment, neutrino: oscillation, BAYESIAN-INFERENCE, mixing angle [neutrino], experimental results
Abstract: Physical review letters 125(14), 141801 (1-11) (2020). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.141801, The results of a 3+1 sterile neutrino search using eight years of data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory are presented. A total of 305 735 muon neutrino events are analyzed in reconstructed energy-zenith space to test for signatures of a matter-enhanced oscillation that would occur given a sterile neutrino state with a mass-squared differences between 0.01 and 100 eV$^2$. The best-fit point is found to be at sin$^2$($2θ_{24}$)=0.10 and $Δm_{41}^2$=4.5 eV$^2$, which is consistent with the no sterile neutrino hypothesis with a $p$ value of 8.0%., Published by APS, College Park, Md.
Published: 2020
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22. PS1-184: A set of CR detectors installed at SyowaStation, in the Antarctic, for space weather study

Author: Paul Evenson, Akira Kadokura, Chihiro Kato, Ryuho Kataoka, Satoru Uchida, Kazuoki Munakata, and Sou Kaimi
Subjects: Set (abstract data type), Physics, Muon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Detector, Astronomy, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Point (geometry), Cosmic ray, Neutron, Space weather
Abstract: A set of Cosmic Ray (CR) detectors was recently installed in Syowa Station, in the Antarctic, to observe CR neutron and muon simultaneously at the same point. The observing system started working in Feb., 2018 and are stable with high operation rate, >93%. We describe these systems and report a first space weather phenomenon identified by these detectors.
Published: 2020
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23. IceCube-Gen2: The Window to the Extreme Universe

Author: J. Kim, A. Gartner, A. Obertacke Pollmann, B. Hoffmann, J. L. Kelley, Markus Ahlers, Jenni Adams, Akimichi Taketa, D. van Eijk, Daniel Bindig, G. H. Collin, T. C. Arlen, Robert Lahmann, J. J. Beatty, Tianlu Yuan, U. Nauman, Azadeh Keivani, Y. L. Li, Karl J. Clark, T. Kintscher, M. Song, T. L. Carver, Paras Koundal, Michael Kovacevich, Christian Glaser, Frederik Hermann Lauber, T. Huege, Erik Ganster, Benedikt Riedel, D. Seckel, Anna Nelles, R. G. Stokstad, F. McNally, R. Maunu, M. Prado Rodriguez, Kayla Leonard, N. Kurahashi, James E. Braun, Amy Connolly, Samvel Ter-Antonyan, A. Terliuk, Justin Lanfranchi, Pranav Dave, Jannis Necker, C. Wendt, S. Wren, A. Sharma, Sukeerthi Dharani, David Vannerom, M. H. Shaevitz, Alexander Trettin, Reina H. Maruyama, Francis Halzen, J. Merz, K. Krings, Rasha Abbasi, Ben Smithers, Qinrui Liu, M. J. Larson, T. Anderson, Summer Blot, G. de Wasseige, I. Ansseau, D. Hebecker, Jorge Torres, Killian Holzapfel, Martina Karl, C. J. Lozano Mariscal, John Hardin, Jean Pierre Twagirayezu, Daniel García-Fernández, T. Stezelberger, S. Mandalia, E. O'Sullivan, R. Hoffmann, M. Plum, Juliana Stachurska, H. Dembinski, C. Pérez de los Heros, S. Márka, G. WSullivan, A. Haungs, Paul Coppin, Z. Griffith, J. C. Gallagher, Saskia Philippen, Federica Bradascio, Jochen M. Schneider, Srubabati Goswami, Andrea Turcati, Wing Yan Ma, Nahee Park, Y. Makino, Sarah Mancina, C. Walck, M. Kauer, Suyong Choi, Anna Franckowiak, Tobias Hoinka, Chad Finley, David Kappesser, T. Gregoire, Ella Roberts, J. van Santen, S. De Ridder, Jan Weldert, Chunfai Tung, F. Jonske, Ken'ichi Kin, L. Halve, Philipp Eller, K. Hultqvist, N. L. Strotjohann, H. Dujmovic, Vedant Basu, M. A. Unland Elorrieta, Alex Pizzuto, K. D. de Vries, I. CMariş, Gerrit Wrede, R. Gernhaeuser, Thomas Huber, Matti Jansson, Thomas K. Gaisser, M. Richman, Christoph Tönnis, James DeLaunay, Gary Binder, K.-H. Becker, Ek Narayan Paudel, Allan Hallgren, U. Latif, Hiroyuki Tanaka, I. Safa, Steve Sclafani, J. Kiryluk, K. Andeen, P. B. Price, H. Schieler, Kirill Filimonov, Segev BenZvi, Alexander Fritz, D. Z. Besson, Darren Grant, Marjon Moulai, Yiqian Xu, Felix Henningsen, S. Robertson, Aswathi Balagopal, Francesco Lucarelli, Pisin Chen, Matt Dunkman, Merlin Schaufel, Patrick Allison, Spencer Klein, Cosmin Deaconu, Tim Ruhe, A. Ludwig, George Japaridze, Javier Gonzalez, C. B. Krauss, Roxanne Turcotte, T. O. B. Schmidt, Simona Toscano, Roger Moore, P. Heix, R. S. Busse, Chujie Chen, Pablo Correa, L. Gerhard, S. De Kockere, J. Felde, Surujhdeo Seunarine, R. Snihur, J. Buscher, D. Rysewyk Cantu, A. Weindl, R. Hellauer, Giorgio Maggi, H. Niederhausen, Mauricio Bustamante, D. Southall, Julia Böttcher, J. Bourbeau, Lenka Tomankova, Maryon Ahrens, A. Burgman, Christopher Wiebusch, Darko Veberič, Juanan Aguilar, T. R. Wood, Christian Spiering, Frederik Tenholt, R. Nagai, L. Schumacher, C. De Clercq, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, L. V. Nguyen, C. Lagunas Gualda, K. Hughes, Kara Hoffman, C. Alispach, J. M. LoSecco, Joshua Hignight, K. Helbing, Timo Sturwald, Xinyue Kang, Richard Naab, Kunal Deoskar, Janet Conrad, Zackary Meyers, K. Meagher, Mehmet Gunduz, Agnieszka Leszczyńska, R. C. Bay, David A. Williams, Kurt Woschnagg, M. Zöcklein, M. Silva, Claudio Kopper, Eric Oberla, Ramesh Koirala, E. Cheung, Thomas Stuttard, Martin Rongen, Najia Moureen Binte Amin, R. Cross, Paul Evenson, A. Karle, Sebastian Böser, Seongjin In, Johannes Werthebach, J. P. Lazar, Markus Ackermann, Austin Schneider, Yang Lyu, Justin Vandenbroucke, Juan Carlos Diaz-Velez, Beverley A. Clark, Timo Karg, Sarah Pieper, Hershal Pandya, Wolfgang Rhode, Zhedong Zhang, P. Schlunder, A. Ishihara, Elisa Resconi, Subir Sarkar, William Luszczak, Clara E. Hill, Ava Ghadimi, Alessio Porcelli, Alan Coleman, J. Auffenberg, Grant Parker, Robert Stein, Dirk Ryckbosch, Benjamin Bastian, Anastasia Maria Barbano, Abhishek Desai, T. Kittler, J. Nam, P. Mallik, E. Blaufuss, S. Zierke, T. Stanev, M. Bohmer, Stephan Meighen-Berger, Simone Garrappa, P. Muth, Dmitry Chirkin, M. E. Huber, Marcos Santander, Christoph Raab, Nadège Iovine, J. Becker Tjus, L. Classen, Colin Turley, S. C. Nowicki, K. Farrag, M. Kleifges, O. Kalekin, A. Olivas, Alexander Kappes, D. Berley, G. C. Hill, Abigail G. Vieregg, Frank G. Schröder, D. Heinen, Erin Carnie-Bronca, N. Kulacz, D. Tosi, J. C. Hanson, Bunheng Ty, Ralph Engel, Moritz Kellermann, Gisela Anton, Elisa Lohfink, Elisa Bernardini, Damian Pieloth, Ali Kheirandish, Jan Soedingrekso, Giovanni Renzi, Michael DuVernois, Jannes Brostean-Kaiser, K. Wiebe, S. Fahey, A. R. Fazely, Tyce DeYoung, J. Lünemann, Thomas Ehrhardt, Nathan Whitehorn, Immacolata Carmen Rea, M. U. Nisa, Aaron Fienberg, Gerald Przybylski, G. Krückl, L. Papp, Amirreza Raissi, L. Köpke, Chris Weaver, R. Halliday, Alejandro Diaz, Stephanie Bron, S. Söldner-Rembold, James Pinfold, Ryan Burley, M. Riegel, H. Bagherpour, Stephanie Wissel, Olga Botner, Y. Pan, A. Steuer, S. Tilav, D. Kang, M. deWith, V. Baum, J. P. Yanez, I. Taboada, Stephen L. Hauser, Raamis Hussain, Michael O. Wolf, M. Stamatikos, John Evans, Shefali Shefali, Christoph Welling, Abdul Rehman, Carsten Rott, K. Tollefson, A. Goldschmidt, Y. Popovych, Troels Petersen, S. E. Sanchez Herrera, Simeon Reusch, S. Hickford, Xianwu Xu, J. Sandroos, C. Bohm, R. Joppe, Spencer Axani, Sebastian Baur, Carlos Arguelles, Jessie Micallef, Teppei Katori, K. Rawlins, James Madsen, Lu Lu, M. G. Aartsen, T. Glüsenkamp, M. Meier, Michael Campana, P. Sandstrom, Kendall Mahn, B. J. P. Jones, K. Hoshina, Glenn Spiczak, Andres Medina, G. Momenté, D. Mockler, M. Rameez, D. F. Cowen, Daria Pankova, E. Friedman, R. Morse, T. Montaruli, E. Unger, Maximilian Karl Scharf, P. Peiffer, J. Stettner, Gerrit Roellinghoff, Mirco Hunnefeld, Marie Oehler, Max Renschler, D. J. Koskinen, E. Bourbeau, Spencer Griswold, Maria Tselengidou, D. Soldin, Z. Márka, Minjin Jeong, L. Rauch, S. Yoshida, N. van Eijndhoven, C. Haack, Emily Dvorak, D. R. Nygren, Marek Kowalski, Kael Hanson, Paolo Desiati, J. Haugen, Lars Steffen Weinstock, Johan Wulff, Won Nam Kang, Timothyblake Watson, X. Bai, G. Neer, Konstancja Satalecka, Theo Glauch, U. Katz, Alexander Sandrock, Ilse Plaisier, K. Mase, D. B. Fox, Hermann Kolanoski, M. J. Weiss, Stef Verpoest, Imre Bartos, David J. Smith, S. Kopper, René Reimann, Leander Fischer, F. Huang, Matthias Vraeghe, Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vriendenkring VUB, and Elementary Particle Physics
Subjects: Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), astro-ph.HE, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Active galactic nucleus, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, High-energy astronomy, Gravitational wave, media_common.quotation_subject, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, 01 natural sciences, Universe, Neutron star, 0103 physical sciences, Neutrino, Neutrino astronomy, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, media_common
Abstract: The observation of electromagnetic radiation from radio to $\gamma$-ray wavelengths has provided a wealth of information about the universe. However, at PeV (10$^{15}$ eV) energies and above, most of the universe is impenetrable to photons. New messengers, namely cosmic neutrinos, are needed to explore the most extreme environments of the universe where black holes, neutron stars, and stellar explosions transform gravitational energy into non-thermal cosmic rays. The discovery of cosmic neutrinos with IceCube has opened this new window on the universe. In this white paper, we present an overview of a next-generation instrument, IceCube-Gen2, which will sharpen our understanding of the processes and environments that govern the universe at the highest energies. IceCube-Gen2 is designed to: 1) Resolve the high-energy neutrino sky from TeV to EeV energies; 2) Investigate cosmic particle acceleration through multi-messenger observations; 3) Reveal the sources and propagation of the highest energy particles in the universe; 4) Probe fundamental physics with high-energy neutrinos. IceCube-Gen2 will increase the annual rate of observed cosmic neutrinos by a factor of ten compared to IceCube, and will be able to detect sources five times fainter than its predecessor. Furthermore, through the addition of a radio array, IceCube-Gen2 will extend the energy range by several orders of magnitude compared to IceCube. Construction will take 8 years and cost about \$350M. The goal is to have IceCube-Gen2 fully operational by 2033. IceCube-Gen2 will play an essential role in shaping the new era of multi-messenger astronomy, fundamentally advancing our knowledge of the high-energy universe. This challenging mission can be fully addressed only in concert with the new survey instruments across the electromagnetic spectrum and gravitational wave detectors which will be available in the coming years., Comment: 56 pages, 29 figures
Published: 2020
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24. IceCube Search for High-Energy Neutrino Emission from TeV Pulsar Wind Nebulae

Author: C. Haack, Immacolata Carmen Rea, Emily Dvorak, K.-H. Becker, K. Hoshina, Yiqian Xu, Matt Dunkman, K. Mase, Yuya Makino, Minjin Jeong, Timothyblake Watson, Thomas Meures, B. Relethford, E. Cheung, Saskia Philippen, M. J. Weiss, Konstancja Satalecka, Theo Glauch, L. Rauch, U. Katz, Thomas Stuttard, S. De Ridder, Jeffrey Lazar, P. B. Price, D. Heereman, S. Yoshida, D. B. Fox, S. Kopper, Sarah Pieper, K. Jero, N. L. Strotjohann, Hermann Kolanoski, Dirk Ryckbosch, Stef Verpoest, Colin Turley, Felix Henningsen, M. Zöcklein, René Reimann, C. Alispach, Lenka Tomankova, T. Grégoire, Timo Karg, A. Steuer, Stephan Meighen-Berger, Janet Conrad, Thomas Ehrhardt, Frank G. Schröder, A. R. Fazely, M. Silva, Francesco Lucarelli, Raamis Hussain, R. Cross, A. Obertacke Pollmann, E. Pinat, T. O. B. Schmidt, Johannes Werthebach, M. Usner, Kael Hanson, Karl J. Clark, Maximilian Meier, S. Hickford, R. Joppe, Delia Tosi, Sebastian Baur, Chujie Chen, A. Weindl, Maryon Ahrens, Frederik Tenholt, R. Nagai, K. Helbing, Won Nam Kang, X. Bai, G. Neer, Simona Toscano, P. Heix, R. Maunu, J. Lünemann, William Luszczak, S. Tilav, M. Medici, Christian Spiering, L. Wills, P. Muth, P. Schlunder, Daria Pankova, E. Friedman, R. S. Busse, M. Song, T. L. Carver, Mike Richman, Amirreza Raissi, Federica Bradascio, Alexander Burgman, T. R. Wood, Ramesh Koirala, J. P. Yanez, Karim Ghorbani, Spencer Axani, Christopher Wiebusch, Kunal Deoskar, Paolo Desiati, Chris Weaver, Stephanie Bron, Kurt Woschnagg, C. J. Lozano Mariscal, G. Merino, Tim Ruhe, Justin Vandenbroucke, H. Bagherpour, Alexander Sandrock, J. L. Kelley, Markus Ahlers, Martin Rongen, George Japaridze, Roger Moore, A. Ludwig, Olga Botner, Paul Evenson, M. G. Aartsen, N. Wandkowsky, H. Dujmovic, Merlin Schaufel, M. Stamatikos, E. Blaufuss, Ioana Codrina Maris, L. Wille, H. Niederhausen, Carlos Arguelles, Ibrahim Safa, V. Baum, Jessie Micallef, L. Classen, Damian Pieloth, Ali Kheirandish, N. Kurahashi, J. Bourbeau, D. Kang, Todor Stanev, K. Tollefson, Surujhdeo Seunarine, Albrecht Karle, D. van Eijk, Christoph Raab, Nadège Iovine, P. Mallik, Simone Garrappa, Dmitry Chirkin, S. C. Nowicki, W. Van Driessche, C. Wendt, Alexander Kappes, Erik Ganster, K. Mallot, R. Morse, James W. Wood, Z. Griffith, Jakob Bottcher, D. Berley, G. C. Hill, Bunheng Ty, R. Snihur, T. Montaruli, Jannes Brostean-Kaiser, Juanan Aguilar, G. de Wasseige, G. W. Sullivan, K. Rawlins, Donglian Xu, Seongjin In, B. J. P. Jones, Ralph Engel, Moritz Kellermann, Elisa Resconi, I. Taboada, Samvel Ter-Antonyan, Elisa Lohfink, James E. Braun, Gisela Anton, James Madsen, Lu Lu, Alessio Porcelli, T. Kintscher, Frederik Hermann Lauber, Giovanni Renzi, A. Goldschmidt, D. Hebecker, Qinrui Liu, R. Hoffmann, T. Glüsenkamp, Le Viet Nguyen, L. Köpke, D. Seckel, S. Fahey, Michael O. Wolf, Alexander Fritz, D. Z. Besson, Martina Karl, A. Wallace, A. Terliuk, Paul Coppin, Andrea Turcati, Justin Lanfranchi, J. van Santen, Mehr Nisa, Jochen M. Schneider, B. J. Whelan, Claudio Kopper, A. Ishihara, Tyce DeYoung, Andres Medina, Alexander Trettin, Nathan Whitehorn, Alex Pizzuto, D. R. Nygren, Gerald Przybylski, S. E. Sanchez Herrera, M. A. Unland Elorrieta, Gary Binder, R. Halliday, A. Haungs, C. Pérez de los Heros, K. Krings, D. Mockler, Nahee Park, K. Hultqvist, M. Wallraff, Darren Grant, Kendall Mahn, C. Walck, Alan Coleman, E. O’Sullivan, T. Anderson, Marek Kowalski, J. C. Gallagher, M. Plum, Subir Sarkar, Jan Weldert, Thomas K. Gaisser, G. B. Yodh, A. Kyriacou, Gerrit Wrede, K. Meagher, L. Halve, Philipp Eller, Thomas Huber, Allan Hallgren, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, Yang Lyu, Elisa Bernardini, J. Auffenberg, Chunfai Tung, J. Becker Tjus, J. Felde, J. Buscher, D. Rysewyk Cantu, Jenni Adams, P. Peiffer, Joshua Hignight, Timo Sturwald, H. Schieler, Kirill Filimonov, K. Wiebe, Steven Robertson, R. G. Stokstad, Segev BenZvi, Shefali Shefali, Spencer Klein, Abdul Rehman, Carsten Rott, Kara Hoffman, Javier Gonzalez, Roxanne Turcotte, Giorgio Maggi, Matthias Vraeghe, C. De Clercq, Hershal Pandya, Wolfgang Rhode, David A. Williams, Xianwu Xu, Robert Stein, J. Sandroos, Markus Ackermann, S. W. Barwick, C. Bohm, J. Kim, Daniel Bindig, K. D. de Vries, N. Kulacz, Brian Clark, Chad Finley, Christoph Tönnis, Pranav Dave, M. Günder, T. Stezelberger, G. H. Collin, Sarah Mancina, Anna Franckowiak, Tobias Hoinka, Kayla Leonard, Steve Sclafani, Jan Soedingrekso, Francis Halzen, J. Kiryluk, K. Andeen, I. Ansseau, G. Krückl, Juliana Stachurska, Alejandro Diaz, Pablo Correa, H. Dembinski, M. Kauer, Suyong Choi, David Kappesser, R. Hellauer, Matti Jansson, T. Palczewski, Sebastian Böser, Benjamin Bastian, Anastasia Maria Barbano, T. Kittler, B. Eberhardt, M. E. Huber, Marcos Santander, L. Gerhardt, A. Olivas, M. J. Larson, Wing Yan Ma, James DeLaunay, Marjon Moulai, J. J. Beatty, Tianlu Yuan, F. McNally, A. Stößl, Reina H. Maruyama, Summer Blot, F. Jonske, L. Schumacher, F. Huang, Mehmet Gunduz, Agnieszka Leszczyńska, R. C. Bay, Austin Schneider, Juan Carlos Diaz-Velez, Glenn Spiczak, G. Momenté, M. Rameez, D. F. Cowen, U. Naumann, E. Unger, A. O'Murchadha, Max Renschler, D. J. Koskinen, E. Bourbeau, Spencer Griswold, Maria Tselengidou, D. Soldin, J. Stettner, Mirco Hunnefeld, Marie Oehler, N. van Eijndhoven, Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vriendenkring VUB, and Elementary Particle Physics
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, High-energy astronomy, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Neutrino astronomy, High energy astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Pulsar, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), astro-ph.HE, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Galactic plane, COSMIC-RAYS, CRAB-NEBULA, Crab Nebula, Physics and Astronomy, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, GALACTIC SOURCES, DISCOVERY, Physique des particules élémentaires, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, GAMMA-RAY EMISSION, Lepton
Abstract: Pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe) are the main gamma-ray emitters in the Galactic plane. They are diffuse nebulae that emit nonthermal radiation. Pulsar winds, relativistic magnetized outflows from the central star, shocked in the ambient medium produce a multiwavelength emission from the radio through gamma-rays. Although the leptonic scenario is able to explain most PWNe emission, a hadronic contribution cannot be excluded. A possible hadronic contribution to the high-energy gamma-ray emission inevitably leads to the production of neutrinos. Using 9.5 yr of all-sky IceCube data, we report results from a stacking analysis to search for neutrino emission from 35 PWNe that are high-energy gamma-ray emitters. In the absence of any significant correlation, we set upper limits on the total neutrino emission from those PWNe and constraints on hadronic spectral components., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2020
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25. Direct Determination of a Bare Neutron Counter Yield Function

Author: David Ruffolo, Roger Pyle, James Madsen, John W. Bieber, Alejandro Sáiz, W. Nuntiyakul, Paul Evenson, Allan Hallgren, J. M. Clem, P-S Mangeard, and S. Tilav
Subjects: Physics, Range (particle radiation), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, 01 natural sciences, Yield function, Nuclear physics, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Neutron, Nuclear Experiment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Ground-based neutron counters are a standard tool for detecting atmospheric showers from GeV range primary cosmic rays of either solar or galactic origin. Bare neutron counters, a type of lead-free ...
Published: 2020
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26. LeptonInjector and LeptonWeighter: A neutrino event generator and weighter for neutrino observatories

Author: Janet Conrad, R. Cross, D. Hebecker, William Luszczak, K.-H. Becker, Yiqian Xu, Matt Dunkman, Ioana Codrina Maris, Thomas Stuttard, Christian Spiering, Thomas Ehrhardt, Sarah Pieper, A. Kyriacou, Ken'ichi Kin, Christoph Raab, Nadège Iovine, Dirk Ryckbosch, S. De Ridder, Stephan Meighen-Berger, D. Berley, G. C. Hill, Bunheng Ty, Paul Coppin, Justin Vandenbroucke, Andrea Turcati, J. Becker Tjus, J. J. Beatty, Christian Haack, Tianlu Yuan, M. J. Larson, Ralph Engel, Moritz Kellermann, F. McNally, Wing Yan Ma, Emma C. Hettinger, Reina H. Maruyama, A. Obertacke Pollmann, Summer Blot, Frank G. Schröder, U. Katz, Giovanni Renzi, Damian Pieloth, Ali Kheirandish, T. Gregoire, James DeLaunay, Marjon Moulai, S. Fahey, M. Kauer, Tyce DeYoung, Abhishek Desai, J. Werthebach, D. B. Fox, J. van Santen, J. L. Kelley, Markus Ahlers, Suyong Choi, Alex Pizzuto, Jannes Brostean-Kaiser, Nathan Whitehorn, Immacolata Carmen Rea, David Kappesser, Jan Soedingrekso, Brandom Pries, L. Schumacher, Maximilian Karl Scharf, S. C. Nowicki, Gary Binder, Karl J. Clark, D. van Eijk, Shefali Shefali, P. B. Price, Matti Jansson, A. Franckowiak, Hermann Kolanoski, M. U. Nisa, Mehmet Gunduz, Agnieszka Leszczyńska, R. C. Bay, Abdul Rehman, Francesco Lucarelli, Carsten Rott, Chujie Chen, Austin Schneider, George Japaridze, Juan Carlos Diaz-Velez, Roger Moore, L. Köpke, Mark Weyrauch, Stef Verpoest, Aaron Fienberg, Timo Karg, D. Tosi, Y. L. Li, Amirreza Raissi, T. O. B. Schmidt, Paras Koundal, Mike Richman, N. van Eijndhoven, Erik Ganster, Y. Makino, P. Peiffer, Johan Wulff, A. Weindl, Segev BenZvi, Elisa Lohfink, Timothyblake Watson, J. Bourbeau, Nora Valtonen-Mattila, Michael Kovacevich, M. E. Huber, Spencer Klein, Javier Gonzalez, Roxanne Turcotte, Maryon Ahrens, Samvel Ter-Antonyan, Kurt Woschnagg, Marcos Santander, Richard Naab, S. Tilav, Daria Pankova, L. Gerhardt, G. Krückl, Konstancja Satalecka, A. Olivas, Alexander Fritz, D. Z. Besson, Stephanie Bron, E. Friedman, Paul Evenson, Frederik Tenholt, R. Nagai, C. De Clercq, C. Lagunas Gualda, Y. Popovych, C. J. Lozano Mariscal, C. Weaver, Martin Rongen, Theo Glauch, Alejandro Diaz, Michael DuVernois, Seongjin In, Elisa Resconi, Alessio Porcelli, H. Dujmovic, Matthias Vraeghe, Rasha Abbasi, B. J. Whelan, Kara Hoffman, J. Kim, G. W. Sullivan, James E. Braun, T. Kintscher, Simone Garrappa, Xianwu Xu, J. Sandroos, Dmitry Chirkin, Alexander Kappes, K. Rawlins, J. P. Yanez, G. H. Collin, J. Evans, Alan Coleman, David A. Williams, Markus Ackermann, S. W. Barwick, Philipp Furst, Zhedong Zhang, Ava Ghadimi, F. Huang, Emily Dvorak, Hershal Pandya, Frederik Hermann Lauber, R. S. Busse, Surujhdeo Seunarine, R. Snihur, K. Tollefson, E. O'Sullivan, R. Morse, Jakob Bottcher, T. Montaruli, Jan Weldert, Wolfgang Rhode, Robert Stein, Alexander Trettin, N. Kurahashi, Christopher Wiebusch, Kunal Deoskar, Juanan Aguilar, L. Halve, Franziska Tischbein, Justin Lanfranchi, M. Ha Minh, C. Wendt, P. Mallik, M. Stamatikos, K. Meagher, C. Pérez de los Heros, Gerald Przybylski, A. Karle, James Madsen, Chad Finley, Daniel Bindig, R. Halliday, B. J. P. Jones, G. de Wasseige, A. Wallace, Kayla Leonard, Ben Smithers, P. Eller, Simeon Reusch, Lu Lu, T. Anderson, J. C. Gallagher, A. Sharma, Sukeerthi Dharani, Christoph Tönnis, R. Hoffmann, John Hardin, Jean Pierre Twagirayezu, A. Ishihara, Tim Ruhe, A. Haungs, Rui An, Nahee Park, A. Ludwig, Francis Halzen, J. Merz, D. Rysewyk Cantu, C. Walck, Elisa Bernardini, Gerrit Wrede, T. Stanev, K. Hultqvist, Benedikt Riedel, D. Seckel, K. Mase, Andres Medina, Darren Grant, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, I. Ansseau, D. Mockler, Thomas Huber, Thomas K. Gaisser, Chiara Bellenghi, Yang Lyu, T. Glüsenkamp, Grant Parker, Jenni Adams, M. Meier, Michael Campana, H. Niederhausen, H. Schieler, Ek Narayan Paudel, Allan Hallgren, Colin Turley, Saskia Philippen, Juliana Stachurska, H. Dembinski, K. Helbing, A. Steuer, Kendall Mahn, A. Goldschmidt, Alexander A. Harnisch, Kirill Filimonov, Kael Hanson, Spencer Axani, Christian Glaser, K. Wiebe, Barbara Skrzypek, S. E. Sanchez Herrera, Stephen L. Hauser, M. J. Weiss, R. G. Stokstad, Lenka Tomankova, Carlos Arguelles, Jessie Micallef, Jannis Necker, Raamis Hussain, D. Kang, M. Silva, I. Taboada, Najia Moureen Binte Amin, Federica Bradascio, Alexander Burgman, J. P. Lazar, Michael O. Wolf, M. Prado Rodriguez, Clara E. Hill, S. Kopper, Paolo Desiati, K. D. de Vries, S. Hickford, I. Safa, Pranav Dave, René Reimann, Merlin Schaufel, Minjin Jeong, Leander Fischer, Qinrui Liu, R. Joppe, Martina Karl, Jochen M. Schneider, Srubabati Goswami, M. A. Unland Elorrieta, Sebastian Baur, Sebastian Fiedlschuster, D. R. Nygren, Marek Kowalski, Olga Botner, V. Baum, T. Stezelberger, S. Yoshida, Won Nam Kang, Sarah Mancina, X. Bai, Tobias Hoinka, Vedant Basu, Steve Sclafani, J. Kiryluk, K. Andeen, A.A. Alves, Alexander Sandrock, Pablo Correa, B. A. Clark, P. Schlunder, Sebastian Böser, Benjamin Bastian, Anastasia Maria Barbano, Gisela Anton, Max Renschler, Chunfai Tung, D. J. Koskinen, S. Robertson, E. Bourbeau, Joshua Hignight, Spencer Griswold, Maria Tselengidou, D. Soldin, Ramesh Koirala, E. Blaufuss, L. Classen, K. Hoshina, Glenn Spiczak, G. Momenté, M. Rameez, D. F. Cowen, U. Naumann, David Vannerom, Le Viet Nguyen, K. Krings, J. Stettner, M. Plum, Gerrit Roellinghoff, Mirco Hunnefeld, Marie Oehler, Z. Griffith, Xinyue Kang, Claudio Kopper, Subir Sarkar, Felix Henningsen, A. R. Fazely, Simona Toscano, C. Alispach, Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Elementary Particle Physics, and Vriendenkring VUB
Subjects: Particle physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Computer science, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, CHERENKOV LIGHT YIELD, Weighting, 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Standard Model, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Neutrino interaction, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Cherenkov radiation, Event generator, Neutrino generator, Neutrino simulation, Generator (computer programming), hep-ex, Event (computing), ICE, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Detector, hep-ph, Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph), Quantitative Biology::Genomics, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, physics.comp-ph, Hardware and Architecture, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Physics - Computational Physics, Lepton
Abstract: We present a high-energy neutrino event generator, called LeptonInjector, alongside an event weighter, called LeptonWeighter. Both are designed for large-volume Cherenkov neutrino telescopes such as IceCube. The neutrino event generator allows for quick and flexible simulation of neutrino events within and around the detector volume, and implements the leading Standard Model neutrino interaction processes relevant for neutrino observatories: neutrino-nucleon deep-inelastic scattering and neutrino-electron annihilation. In this paper, we discuss the event generation algorithm, the weighting algorithm, and the main functions of the publicly available code, with examples., Comment: 28 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables
Published: 2021
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27. Effects of ICMEs on High Energetic Particles as Observed by the Global Muon Detector Network (GMDN)

Author: Masayoshi Kozai, M. L. Duldig, H. K. Al Jassar, Ezequiel Echer, Chihiro Kato, A. Dal Lago, Nelson Jorge Schuch, Munetoshi Tokumaru, M. M. Sharma, Paul Evenson, C. R. Braga, M. Rockenbach, T. Kuwabara, J. E. Humble, Ismail Sabbah, R. R. S. de Mendonça, and Kazuoki Munakata
Subjects: Geomagnetic storm, Physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astronomy, Interplanetary medium, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Space weather, Physics::Geophysics, Atmosphere, Space and Planetary Science, Physics::Space Physics, Coronal mass ejection, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Interplanetary magnetic field, Interplanetary spaceflight
Abstract: The Global Muon Detector Network (GMDN) is composed by four ground cosmic ray detectors distributed around the Earth: Nagoya (Japan), Hobart (Australia), Sao Martinho da Serra (Brazil) and Kuwait city (Kuwait). The network has operated since March 2006. It has been upgraded a few times, increasing its detection area. Each detector is sensitive to muons produced by the interactions of ~50 GeV Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) with the Earth′s atmosphere. At these energies, GCR are known to be affected by interplanetary disturbances in the vicinity of the earth. Of special interest are the interplanetary counterparts of coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) and their driven shocks because they are known to be the main origins of geomagnetic storms. It has been observed that these ICMEs produce changes in the cosmic ray gradient, which can be measured by GMDN observations. In terms of applications for space weather, some attempts have been made to use GMDN for forecasting ICME arrival at the earth with lead times of the order of few hours. Scientific space weather studies benefit the most from the GMDN network. As an example, studies have been able to determine ICME orientation at the earth using cosmic ray gradient. Such determinations are of crucial importance for southward interplanetary magnetic field estimates, as well as ICME rotation.
Published: 2017
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28. The IceCube realtime alert system

Author: B. J. P. Jones, Chris Wendt, S. Hickford, D. Tosi, M. Day, R. Konietz, M. Vehring, S. Coenders, Joshua Hignight, Francis Halzen, Karim Ghorbani, S. Seunarine, G. Merino, Spencer Axani, I. Ansseau, N. Wandkowsky, S. Schoenen, J. Kiryluk, M. Wolf, F. Bos, A. Terliuk, Sally Robertson, G. Krückl, Carlos Arguelles, M. Song, T. L. Carver, Mike Richman, H. Dembinski, Sebastian Böser, D. Heereman, P. Schlunder, R. Nahnhauer, M. Lesiak-Bzdak, Gisela Anton, V. di Lorenzo, Allan Hallgren, J. Tatar, M. J. Larson, Jae Yool Kim, M. Kauer, L. Classen, Kurt Woschnagg, T. Menne, Paul Evenson, L. Brayeur, C. Finley, Juanan Aguilar, Jenni Adams, Hrvoje Dujmovic, Janet Conrad, B. Relethford, Ignacio Taboada, A. Obertacke Pollmann, K. Rawlins, M. G. Aartsen, Michael Sutherland, K. Mase, T. Kittler, S. Flis, P. Peiffer, R. Cross, K. D. de Vries, George Japaridze, S. De Ridder, Dirk Lennarz, Konstancja Satalecka, Theo Glauch, M. Rongen, Gabriel Collin, Dmitry Chirkin, A. Franckowiak, D. Z. Besson, Marjon Moulai, James Madsen, Lu Lu, R. Maunu, E. Friedman, Alexander Kappes, R. G. Stokstad, Markus Ahlers, J. Kunnen, Jay Gallagher, T. Ehrhardt, N. van Eijndhoven, M. N. Tobin, A. Meli, C.-C. Fösig, M. van Rossem, M. Vraeghe, C. Haack, K. Meagher, Elisa Resconi, A. Steuer, Teresa Montaruli, M. J. Weiss, N. Kurahashi, B. J. Whelan, Todor Stanev, R. Hellauer, D. Bose, Kendall Mahn, N. L. Strotjohann, J. P. Dumm, M. Relich, A. Olivas, K. Helbing, T. Palczewski, H. Pandya, M. Bissok, K. Jero, A. Wallace, R. Reimann, E. Vogel, Maryon Ahrens, U. Katz, J. C. Díaz-Vélez, S. Kopper, E. Woolsey, G. Binder, Joshua Pepper, H. Niederhausen, Dawn Williams, F. Huang, M. Leuermann, G. de Wasseige, A. Turcati, U. Naumann, E. Hansen, M. E. Huber, B. Eberhardt, M. S. Kim, Samvel Ter-Antonyan, Aya Ishihara, D. Bindig, E. Jacobi, Elisa Bernardini, Segev BenZvi, G. Maggi, T. Schmidt, L. Wille, Y. Xu, J. Lünemann, M. Kowalski, S. E. Sanchez Herrera, Azadeh Keivani, Frederik Tenholt, M. Rameez, M. Medici, L. Gerhardt, D. F. Cowen, Albrecht Karle, S. Euler, T. Fuchs, T. Karg, Ch. Weaver, Alexander Burgman, W. Kang, Z. Griffith, S. Miarecki, J. van Santen, Kael Hanson, Thomas Meures, K. Krings, K. Clark, D. V. Pankova, F. McNally, G. W. Sullivan, M. Casier, B. Riedel, D. R. Nygren, S. Bron, Steven W. Barwick, M. Tselengidou, Thomas K. Gaisser, G. B. Yodh, Spencer Klein, A. Stasik, Stijn Vanheule, Philipp Eller, Maximilian Meier, T. Ruhe, S. Wickmann, J. Auffenberg, D. Hebecker, Paolo Desiati, A. Sandrock, T. Glüsenkamp, Gerald Przybylski, Minjin Jeong, G. Neer, T. Kintscher, Hermann Kolanoski, M. Labare, M. Quinnan, M. Dunkman, J. Felde, H. Taavola, Stijn Blot, Christian Spiering, S. Yoshida, Xinhua Bai, T. Hansmann, R. Hoffmann, Javier Gonzalez, M. Mandelartz, E. Blaufuss, Kara Hoffman, E. Pinat, Olga Botner, K. Wiebe, P. B. Price, V. Baum, D. J. Koskinen, D. Ryckbosch, Simona Toscano, M. Voge, Markus Ackermann, Donglian Xu, J. Becker Tjus, Ö. Penek, D. Soldin, L. Rädel, J. Stettner, Justin Vandenbroucke, K. Hoshina, E. del Pino Rosendo, Subir Sarkar, Glenn Spiczak, S. Schöneberg, K. H. Becker, E. Unger, D. Berley, W. Giang, J. L. Lanfranchi, Wolfgang Rhode, J. L. Kelley, S. In, S. C. Nowicki, L. Gladstone, R. Koirala, Darren Grant, J. P. A. M. de André, C. Walck, Sarah Mancina, Frederik Hermann Lauber, M. Börner, Klas Hultqvist, M. Zoll, K. Andeen, S. Westerhoff, A. Christov, M. Wallraff, T. Stezelberger, E. Cheung, M. Usner, L. Sabbatini, B. Eichmann, H.-P. Bretz, S. Tilav, Christian Bohm, Aongus O'Murchadha, J. P. Yanez, Christoph Raab, G. C. Hill, L. Schumacher, C. Krüger, A. Goldschmidt, R. C. Bay, D. Seckel, S. Fahey, S. Kunwar, M. Archinger, A. R. Fazely, Tyce DeYoung, P. A. Toale, M. Kroll, C. Kopper, J. Braun, T. R. Wood, J. J. Beatty, A. Bernhard, D. Rysewyk, A. Stößl, Reina H. Maruyama, Christopher Wiebusch, J. Feintzeig, Carsten Rott, Xianwu Xu, J. Sandroos, D. Altmann, C. Pérez de los Heros, R. Ström, T. Kuwabara, L. Wills, Damian Pieloth, Ali Kheirandish, L. Köpke, G. Kohnen, T. Anderson, C. De Clercq, G. Tešić, Kirill Filimonov, Physics, Elementary Particle Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, and Vriendenkring VUB
Subjects: HIGH-ENERGY NEUTRINOS, TELESCOPE, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Multi-messenger astronomy, Neutrino astronomy, Neutrino detectors, Transient sources, Astronomy and Astrophysics, pole, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, IceCube, law.invention, IceCube Neutrino Observatory, Telescope, SEARCHES, CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE, law, Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, site, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, background, Event (computing), Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, PERFORMANCE, sensitivity, observatory, Identification (information), electromagnetic, Physics and Astronomy, Neutrino detector, ddc:540, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOLLOW-UP
Abstract: Following the detection of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos in 2013, their origin is still unknown. Aiming for the identification of an electromagnetic counterpart of a rapidly fading source, we have implemented a realtime analysis framework for the IceCube neutrino observatory. Several analyses selecting neutrinos of astrophysical origin are now operating in realtime at the detector site in Antarctica and are producing alerts to the community to enable rapid follow-up observations. The goal of these observations is to locate the astrophysical objects responsible for these neutrino signals. This paper highlights the infrastructure in place both at the South Pole detector site and at IceCube facilities in the north that have enabled this fast follow-up program to be developed. Additionally, this paper presents the first realtime analyses to be activated within this framework, highlights their sensitivities to astrophysical neutrinos and background event rates, and presents an outlook for future discoveries., Comment: 33 pages, 9 figures, Published in Astroparticle Physics
Published: 2017
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29. A search for time-dependent astrophysical neutrino emission with IceCube data from 2012 to 2017

Author: Alexander Trettin, J. C. Gallagher, Gerrit Wrede, Federica Bradascio, S. Tilav, K. Rawlins, Alexander Burgman, C. J. Lozano Mariscal, K. Helbing, Thomas Huber, Ek Narayan Paudel, Allan Hallgren, J. P. Yanez, H. Dujmovic, D. Tosi, James Madsen, Lu Lu, P. Schlunder, Rasha Abbasi, B. J. Whelan, Won Nam Kang, D. Kang, Elisa Lohfink, X. Bai, I. Safa, A. Wallace, Surujhdeo Seunarine, R. Snihur, Juanan Aguilar, I. Taboada, Michael DuVernois, P. B. Price, Francesco Lucarelli, Merlin Schaufel, Michael O. Wolf, T. O. B. Schmidt, Sarah Mancina, Minjin Jeong, T. Glüsenkamp, Kurt Woschnagg, Simon Hauser, Paul Evenson, K. D. de Vries, Simone Garrappa, M. Meier, David Vannerom, Michael Campana, Dmitry Chirkin, Gerald Przybylski, Alexander Kappes, Jan Weldert, L. Halve, M. Ha Minh, Tobias Hoinka, R. Halliday, Antonio Augusto Alves Jr., A. Ishihara, K. Tollefson, A. Desai, Vedant Basu, Steve Sclafani, M. Stamatikos, B. J. P. Jones, Thomas Ehrhardt, J. Kiryluk, Alexander Sandrock, Kendall Mahn, Gisela Anton, Karl J. Clark, K. Andeen, Christian Haack, C. Pérez de los Heros, Jan Soedingrekso, Frank G. Schröder, Paras Koundal, Mike Richman, Andres Medina, Z. Griffith, A. Goldschmidt, George Japaridze, Saskia Philippen, Pablo Correa, D. Mockler, Simeon Reusch, Michael Kovacevich, Roger Moore, S. Yoshida, B. A. Clark, G. Krückl, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, D. Rysewyk Cantu, A. Obertacke Pollmann, U. Katz, K. Hoshina, D. Hebecker, J. Bourbeau, D. R. Nygren, Yang Lyu, Richard Naab, Grant Parker, Lenka Tomankova, Alejandro Diaz, N. van Eijndhoven, D. F. Cowen, Glenn Spiczak, Marek Kowalski, J. L. Kelley, Markus Ahlers, Spencer Axani, Aaron Fienberg, Daria Pankova, E. Friedman, M. Silva, Seongjin In, Elisa Resconi, Alessio Porcelli, E. O'Sullivan, Lisa Johanna Schumacher, Najia Moureen Binte Amin, C. Alispach, Amirreza Raissi, Janet Conrad, Stephanie Bron, Felix Henningsen, M. J. Larson, Le Viet Nguyen, Emily Dvorak, G. Momenté, M. Rameez, M. Prado Rodriguez, Pranav Dave, Carlos Arguelles, K. Wiebe, J. P. Lazar, Clara E. Hill, Erik Ganster, Shefali Shefali, Samvel Ter-Antonyan, A. Steuer, Chunfai Tung, D. B. Fox, Jessie Micallef, Chad Finley, Christoph Tönnis, Raamis Hussain, Abdul Rehman, Carsten Rott, Y. Popovych, K. Krings, Jenni Adams, K. Mase, Alexander A. Harnisch, S. Robertson, Joshua Hignight, R. Cross, Johannes Werthebach, Wing Yan Ma, James DeLaunay, Marjon Moulai, Simona Toscano, Benedikt Riedel, D. Seckel, M. Plum, Y. Makino, Alexander Fritz, D. Z. Besson, Javier Gonzalez, Roxanne Turcotte, M. J. Weiss, R. Morse, Jakob Bottcher, T. Montaruli, S. De Ridder, Xianwu Xu, J. Sandroos, Matthias Vraeghe, Christian Glaser, Brandom Pries, S. Hickford, Paul Coppin, Maximilian Karl Scharf, Xinyue Kang, Olga Botner, S. Kopper, J. Kim, René Reimann, Hermann Kolanoski, R. G. Stokstad, A. V. Balagopal, Andrea Turcati, J. Evans, C. De Clercq, Kael Hanson, U. Naumann, Claudio Kopper, A. Franckowiak, T. Stezelberger, Timo Karg, V. Baum, Leander Fischer, R. Joppe, Stef Verpoest, Jannis Necker, C. Lagunas Gualda, Chujie Chen, T. Gregoire, A. Weindl, Maryon Ahrens, Subir Sarkar, K. Meagher, William Luszczak, P. Peiffer, Daniel Bindig, G. H. Collin, Frederik Tenholt, R. Nagai, Johan Wulff, Timothyblake Watson, Paolo Desiati, C. Weaver, M. E. Huber, Sebastian Baur, Marcos Santander, Ramesh Koirala, Sebastian Fiedlschuster, Alan Coleman, David A. Williams, J. van Santen, J. Stettner, L. Gerhardt, A. Olivas, Konstancja Satalecka, E. Blaufuss, Alex Pizzuto, Markus Ackermann, Theo Glauch, S. W. Barwick, Elisa Bernardini, A. Kyriacou, L. Classen, Gary Binder, D. van Eijk, Sebastian Böser, F. Huang, Gerrit Roellinghoff, J. Becker Tjus, Mark Weyrauch, Kayla Leonard, Y. L. Li, Sukeerthi Dharani, Francis Halzen, J. Merz, Mirco Hunnefeld, Marie Oehler, I. Ansseau, Benjamin Bastian, Anastasia Maria Barbano, Juliana Stachurska, H. Dembinski, G. W. Sullivan, Max Renschler, James E. Braun, D. J. Koskinen, M. Kauer, Suyong Choi, E. Bourbeau, David Kappesser, Matti Jansson, N. Kurahashi, Spencer Griswold, Todor Stanev, C. Wendt, Maria Tselengidou, D. Soldin, Philipp Furst, Mehmet Gunduz, G. de Wasseige, R. Hoffmann, C. Walck, Thomas K. Gaisser, Agnieszka Leszczyńska, R. C. Bay, Tim Ruhe, Austin Schneider, A. Ludwig, H. Niederhausen, Juan Carlos Diaz-Velez, Ken'ichi Kin, J. J. Beatty, Tianlu Yuan, F. McNally, Emma C. Hettinger, Reina H. Maruyama, Summer Blot, Segev BenZvi, Spencer Klein, Kara Hoffman, Hershal Pandya, Wolfgang Rhode, Robert Stein, T. Anderson, John Hardin, Chiara Bellenghi, H. Schieler, Kirill Filimonov, Damian Pieloth, Ali Kheirandish, Jannes Brostean-Kaiser, Ben Smithers, M. U. Nisa, L. Köpke, Jean Pierre Twagirayezu, A. Haungs, Nahee Park, K. Hultqvist, Darren Grant, T. Kintscher, Frederik Hermann Lauber, Justin Lanfranchi, Christian Spiering, Justin Vandenbroucke, S. C. Nowicki, S. E. Sanchez Herrera, K.-H. Becker, Yiqian Xu, Matt Dunkman, Thomas Stuttard, Sarah Pieper, Dirk Ryckbosch, Stephan Meighen-Berger, Qinrui Liu, Martina Karl, Jochen M. Schneider, Srubabati Goswami, M. A. Unland Elorrieta, Martin Rongen, Zhedong Zhang, Ava Ghadimi, Franziska Tischbein, P. Mallik, P. Eller, Colin Turley, R. S. Busse, Christopher Wiebusch, Kunal Deoskar, A. Karle, Ioana Codrina Maris, Christoph Raab, Nadège Iovine, D. Berley, G. C. Hill, Bunheng Ty, Ralph Engel, Moritz Kellermann, Giovanni Renzi, S. Fahey, A. R. Fazely, Tyce DeYoung, Nathan Whitehorn, Immacolata Carmen Rea, Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Elementary Particle Physics, and Vriendenkring VUB
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, High-energy astronomy, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, media_common.quotation_subject, model [emission], FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, IceCube Neutrino Observatory, IceCube, blazar, law, emission [gamma ray], 0103 physical sciences, Cosmic ray sources, High-energy astrophysics, Particle astrophysics, energy: high [neutrino], Blazar, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), astro-ph.HE, Astroparticle physics, Physics, background, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Universe, messenger, observatory, Space and Planetary Science, ddc:520, time dependence, acceleration [cosmic radiation], Neutrino, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Flare
Abstract: High-energy neutrinos are unique messengers of the high-energy universe, tracing the processes of cosmic ray acceleration. This paper presents analyses focusing on time-dependent neutrino point-source searches. A scan of the whole sky, making no prior assumption about source candidates, is performed, looking for a space and time clustering of high-energy neutrinos in data collected by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory between 2012 and 2017. No statistically significant evidence for a time-dependent neutrino signal is found with this search during this period, as all results are consistent with the background expectation. Within this study period, the blazar 3C 279, showed strong variability, inducing a very prominent gamma-ray flare observed in 2015 June. This event motivated a dedicated study of the blazar, which consists of searching for a time-dependent neutrino signal correlated with the gamma-ray emission. No evidence for a time-dependent signal is found. Hence, an upper limit on the neutrino fluence is derived, allowing us to constrain a hadronic emission model.
Published: 2020
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30. Neutrinos below 100 TeV from the southern sky employing refined veto techniques to IceCube data

Author: A. O'Murchadha, D. J. Koskinen, Timothyblake Watson, Timo Karg, A. Kyriacou, E. Bourbeau, R. Maunu, C. Pérez de los Heros, T. Menne, Matthias Vraeghe, Maria Tselengidou, E. O’Sullivan, B. Relethford, J. Auffenberg, Raffaela Busse, D. Soldin, K. Rawlins, Claudio Kopper, J. Becker Tjus, Konstancja Satalecka, Subir Sarkar, Z. Griffith, Theo Glauch, R. Hellauer, K. Mallot, B. J. P. Jones, U. Katz, Minjin Jeong, James W. Wood, James Madsen, Thomas Meures, K. Hoshina, M. E. Huber, P. B. Price, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, N. L. Strotjohann, Segev BenZvi, Felix Henningsen, Glenn Spiczak, G. Momenté, M. Rameez, Lu Lu, Marcos Santander, R. Ström, Won Nam Kang, A. R. Fazely, H. Bagherpour, E. Pinat, P. Backes, X. Bai, D. van Eijk, Simona Toscano, D. F. Cowen, U. Naumann, K. D. de Vries, Spencer Klein, Andres Medina, Olga Botner, S. Tilav, E. Unger, L. Gerhardt, G. Neer, T. Kintscher, Francesco Lucarelli, Frederik Hermann Lauber, S. Hickford, A. Olivas, J. J. Beatty, Daniel Bindig, J. P. Yanez, N. Kulacz, G. H. Collin, Azadeh Keivani, T. Glüsenkamp, T. O. B. Schmidt, V. Baum, Teresa Montaruli, K. Jero, Tianlu Yuan, Sebastian Böser, C. Chen, Kara Hoffman, Kendall Mahn, K. Wiebe, J. Stettner, Hermann Kolanoski, A. Terliuk, S. Westerhoff, T. R. Wood, Justin Lanfranchi, R. Turcotte, K. Helbing, Yiqian Xu, Karl J. Clark, Matt Dunkman, Hrvoje Dujmovic, Sander Vanheule, Javier Gonzalez, L. Rauch, Anastasia Maria Barbano, Kurt Woschnagg, T. Kittler, G. W. Sullivan, Giorgio Maggi, James E. Braun, Alexander Sandrock, Thomas Ehrhardt, E. Cheung, Thomas Stuttard, H.-P. Bretz, Qinrui Liu, Martina Karl, M. Song, T. L. Carver, Mike Richman, Jochen M. Schneider, Paul Evenson, Hershal Pandya, C. De Clercq, Mirco Hunnefeld, Wolfgang Rhode, Dirk Ryckbosch, Nahee Park, K. Hultqvist, Stephan Meighen-Berger, Chunfai Tung, S. Yoshida, Elisa Bernardini, David A. Williams, Robert Stein, Lenka Tomankova, D. Hebecker, Karim Ghorbani, Spencer Axani, Simone Garrappa, Darren Grant, L. Wills, Markus Ackermann, S. W. Barwick, M. Stamatikos, D. Rysewyk, M. Silva, Kayla Leonard, M. J. Larson, M. A. Unland Elorrieta, Dmitry Chirkin, Sarah Mancina, Sarah Nowicki, Alexander Kappes, N. Kurahashi, Jenni Adams, I. Taboada, P. Peiffer, Joshua Hignight, Todor Stanev, C. Wendt, Paul Coppin, Michael O. Wolf, P. Nakarmi, Carlos Arguelles, J. P. A. M. de André, N. van Eijndhoven, C. Haack, Delia Tosi, Anna Franckowiak, Tobias Hoinka, Andrea Turcati, Jessie Micallef, A. Goldschmidt, Jung-Hyun Kim, Ibrahim Safa, Francis Halzen, P. Schlunder, G. de Wasseige, M. Wallraff, F. Huang, J. van Santen, A. Stößl, M. Börner, Steve Sclafani, Damian Pieloth, Ali Kheirandish, W. Van Driessche, J. Kiryluk, Alex Pizzuto, Daria Pankova, R. Hoffmann, E. Friedman, George Japaridze, Roger Moore, Gary Binder, Christian Spiering, D. R. Nygren, Reina H. Maruyama, I. Ansseau, K. Becker, Jan Soedingrekso, C. Walck, Marek Kowalski, Steven Robertson, Elisa Lohfink, K. Andeen, Jannes Brostean-Kaiser, Summer Blot, Thomas K. Gaisser, G. B. Yodh, J. Bourbeau, E. Jacobi, R. G. Stokstad, R. Nahnhauer, Gisela Anton, A. Stasik, Justin Vandenbroucke, Juliana Stachurska, H. Dembinski, Emily Dvorak, L. Köpke, Alexander Fritz, D. Z. Besson, Chad Finley, G. Krückl, L. Schumacher, Carsten Rott, Tim Ruhe, Colin Turley, C. Alispach, Seongjin In, Gerald Przybylski, Elisa Resconi, T. Anderson, M. G. Aartsen, Janet Conrad, Federica Bradascio, Alexander Burgman, Pablo Correa, H. Niederhausen, K. Mase, Yuya Makino, R. Cross, Xianwu Xu, Christoph Tönnis, J. Sandroos, Mehmet Gunduz, Johannes Werthebach, M. S. Sutherland, A. Ishihara, R. C. Bay, M. J. Weiss, Kirill Filimonov, Austin Schneider, J. C. Gallagher, Juan Carlos Diaz-Velez, M. Usner, S. Kopper, M. Leuermann, Gerrit Wrede, Kael Hanson, René Reimann, William Luszczak, Allan Hallgren, M. Kauer, Martin Rongen, Pranav Dave, Samridha Kunwar, D. Altmann, K. Meagher, David Kappesser, L. Wille, S. E. Sanchez Herrera, Maximilian Meier, T. Palczewski, Paolo Desiati, M. Günder, D. Heereman, T. Stezelberger, A. Steuer, B. Eberhardt, Raamis Hussain, J. Lünemann, Amirreza Raissi, Chris Weaver, Stephanie Bron, C. J. Lozano Mariscal, G. Merino, N. Wandkowsky, Surujhdeo Seunarine, R. Snihur, Juanan Aguilar, B. J. Whelan, Immacolata Carmen Rea, K. Krings, Jan Weldert, L. Halve, Philipp Eller, M. Plum, Ramesh Koirala, E. Blaufuss, J. Felde, Merlin Schaufel, L. Classen, A. Obertacke Pollmann, A. Wallace, J. L. Kelley, Da Xu, Markus Ahlers, James DeLaunay, Marjon Moulai, S. De Ridder, Christopher Wiebusch, Kunal Deoskar, M. Labare, A. Karle, Erik Ganster, Ioana Codrina Maris, Christian Bohm, Samvel Ter-Antonyan, Christoph Raab, Nadège Iovine, D. Berley, G. C. Hill, Bunheng Ty, Maryon Ahrens, Giovanni Renzi, D. Seckel, Frederik Tenholt, S. Fahey, R. Nagai, M. Medici, S. Miarecki, Tyce DeYoung, Nathan Whitehorn, Jeffrey Lazar, Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vriendenkring VUB, and Elementary Particle Physics
Subjects: background [atmosphere], Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, media_common.quotation_subject, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, pole, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, IceCube Neutrino Observatory, IceCube, charged current, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Neutrinos, Point sources, Veto techniques, SEARCH, TRACK RECONSTRUCTION, 0103 physical sciences, supernova, Muon neutrino, atmosphere [muon], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, media_common, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, neutrino muon, Muon, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, ICE, Galactic Center, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, flux [neutrino], Galactic plane, observatory, Supernova, Physics and Astronomy, Sky, energy [neutrino], gamma ray, ddc:540, spectral, High Energy Physics::Experiment, galaxy, Neutrino, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: Many Galactic sources of gamma rays, such as supernova remnants, are expected to produce neutrinos with a typical energy cutoff well below 100 TeV. For the IceCube Neutrino Observatory located at the South Pole, the southern sky, containing the inner part of the Galactic plane and the Galactic Center, is a particularly challenging region at these energies, because of the large background of atmospheric muons. In this paper, we present recent advancements in data selection strategies for track-like muon neutrino events with energies below 100 TeV from the southern sky. The strategies utilize the outer detector regions as veto and features of the signal pattern to reduce the background of atmospheric muons to a level which, for the first time, allows IceCube searching for point-like sources of neutrinos in the southern sky at energies between 100 GeV and several TeV in the muon neutrino charged current channel. No significant clustering of neutrinos above background expectation was observed in four years of data recorded with the completed IceCube detector. Upper limits on the neutrino flux for a number of spectral hypotheses are reported for a list of astrophysical objects in the southern hemisphere., 19 pages, 17 figures, 2 tables
Published: 2020
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31. Measurement of the low energy (20-300 MeV) electron and positron spectra with the AESOP-Lite balloon mission

Author: Sarah Mechbal, Brian Lucas, James Roth, John Clem, Paul Evenson, R. P. Johnson, and Pierre-Simon Mangeard
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Materials science, Low energy, Positron, Electron, Balloon, Spectral line
Published: 2019
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32. Detecting Single and Multiple Atmospheric Secondaries in an 18NM64

Author: Alejandro Sáiz, T. Nutaro, Warit Mitthumsiri, David Ruffolo, and Paul Evenson
Subjects: Physics, Neutron monitor, Particle, Fraction (chemistry), Neutron, Cosmic ray, Uncorrelated, Computational physics, Pulse (physics)
Abstract: We present an update on the analysis of cross-counter time-delay histograms with 5 μs bins as recorded since late 2015 in the Princess Sirindhorn Neutron Monitor, an 18NM64 (with 18 counter tubes in a continuous row) at 2560 m altitude in Doi Inthanon, Thailand. A cross-counter relative leader fraction $L_{ij}$ can be defined as the fraction of pulses measured in counter number $i$ that are uncorrelated in time with the most recent pulse in counter $j$. For low tube separation, $L_{ij}$ rapidly increases with increasing tube separation $|i-j|$, as expected from the spatial spreading of neutrons produced by the same atmospheric secondary particle inside the neutron monitor. At high tube separation, $L_{ij}$ increases slowly with increasing tube separation and remains different from unity, which we interpret as due to multiple atmospheric secondaries arriving in rapid succession after originating from the same primary cosmic ray. We study temporal variations of the cross-counter relative leader fraction at large tube separation ($|i-j|>6$, or roughly more than 3 m) and analyze the possible contribution of atmospheric effects to the data.
Published: 2019
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33. Erratum to: Search for non-relativistic magnetic monopoles with IceCube

Author: M. J. Larson, A. Olivas, M. Stamatikos, K. Mase, F. Huang, M. Quinnan, J. Blumenthal, L. Schulte, Olga Botner, V. Baum, L. Classen, A. Goldschmidt, M. W. E. Smith, J. A. Aguilar, K. Rawlins, J. Kiryluk, H. Landsman, James Madsen, L. Brayeur, I. Taboada, Dustin Hebecker, S. Flis, M. N. Tobin, O. Schulz, D. Z. Besson, Ch. Weaver, J. van Santen, A. Franckowiak, René Reimann, R. Nahnhauer, M. L. Benabderrahmane, Teresa Montaruli, P. Gretskov, K. Schatto, G. Kohnen, K. Krings, Oscar Macias, N. van Eijndhoven, C. Haack, J. C. Gallagher, A. O'Murchadha, M. Leuermann, L. Mohrmann, Surujhdeo Seunarine, J. Miller, Gary Binder, Axel Groß, Chad Finley, Nathan Whitehorn, Gerald Przybylski, M. Zoll, Allan Hallgren, S. Hussain, A. Kriesten, D. R. Nygren, J. P. A. M. de André, D. J. Koskinen, Takao Kuwabara, B. Christy, Sandro Kopper, Carlos Arguelles, M. Schmitz, J. Auffenberg, Seth M. Cohen, K. Jero, A. Ishihara, G. Kroll, T. Stanev, D. Berley, Matthias Wolf, G. C. Hill, J. C. Groh, A. Obertacke, Michael J. Baker, Maria Tselengidou, O. Jlelati, J. Feintzeig, L. Gladstone, Dirk Heinen, D. Seckel, S. Miarecki, S. Tilav, L. Rädel, R. Ström, Carsten Rott, M. Richman, A. Tamburro, A. R. Fazely, Tyce DeYoung, P. A. Toale, Javier Gonzalez, E. A. Strahler, M. Krasberg, M. Bissok, M. Vehring, A. Homeier, K.-H. Becker, Giorgio Maggi, N. Milke, C. Ha, R. Hellauer, E. Jacobi, George Japaridze, Timo Karg, Matt Dunkman, Xianwu Xu, T. Feusels, C. De Clercq, C. Bohm, Christopher Wiebusch, C. Kopper, G. Golup, T. Fischer-Wasels, Hermann Kolanoski, J. Daughhetee, A. Schukraft, S. Böser, David A. Williams, M. Casier, J. E. Jacobsen, Marcos Santander, J. Ziemann, S. Yoshida, C. Pérez de los Heros, Markus Ackermann, S. W. Barwick, Dirk Ryckbosch, Sally Robertson, L. Gerhardt, J. Lünemann, J. L. Kelley, Markus Ahlers, S. Euler, Thomas Meures, J. Leute, G. Tešić, Larissa Paul, F. Scheriau, R. C. Bay, Elisa Resconi, E. Unger, P. B. Price, Rezo Shanidze, Juan Carlos Diaz-Velez, B. Ruzybayev, H.-P. Bretz, M. Merck, N. L. Strotjohann, T. O. B. Schmidt, Kael Hanson, T. R. Wood, Frank McNally, Kurt Woschnagg, A. Christov, Albrecht Karle, T. Fuchs, Paul Evenson, C. Wendt, M. Day, A. Schönwald, Anatoli Fedynitch, D. Altmann, K. Wiebe, K. Meagher, Dmitry Chirkin, R. Hoffmann, Alexander Kappes, K. D. de Vries, R. Morse, C. Walck, R. Eagan, Thomas K. Gaisser, G. B. Yodh, Carl Pfendner, Paolo Desiati, E. Pinat, Samvel Ter-Antonyan, D. T. Grandmont, J. Becker Tjus, J. P. Rodrigues, Sofia Vallecorsa, B. J. Whelan, T. Stezelberger, Simona Toscano, K. Hoshina, S. M. Saba, Glenn Spiczak, B. Kaminsky, K. Clark, M. Kowalski, N. A. Stanisha, H. G. Sander, M. Danninger, D. F. Cowen, J. J. Beatty, Donglian Xu, S. Schoenen, U. Naumann, Mohamed Rameez, M. Lesiak-Bzdak, P. Redl, J. Posselt, Thorsten Glusenkamp, W. Huelsnitz, A. Stößl, M. G. Aartsen, Reina H. Maruyama, Xinhua Bai, R. Bruijn, D. Heereman, Kirill Filimonov, K. Helbing, Segev BenZvi, Spencer Klein, Kara Hoffman, A. H. Cruz Silva, Subir Sarkar, Wolfgang Rhode, A. Meli, P. Berghaus, J. Kläs, J. Kunnen, Damian Pieloth, A. M. Brown, L. Köpke, J. A. Goodman, M. Wellons, Dariusz Gora, Joshua Pepper, E. Middell, Elisa Bernardini, M. Ribordy, Jenni Adams, S. Hickford, R. G. Stokstad, Dennis Soldin, H. Taavola, E. Blaufuss, D. J. Boersma, J. C. Davis, K. Jagielski, S. De Ridder, M. Labare, S. Coenders, A. Bernhard, M. Kauer, D. Bose, T. Palczewski, B. Eberhardt, A. Tepe, H. S. Matis, Francis Halzen, P. Zarzhitsky, O. Fadiran, A. Haj Ismail, Matthias Vraeghe, M. Usner, C. Sheremata, P. O. Hulth, J. Eisch, S. Westerhoff, Björn Eichmann, J.-H. Köhne, H. Wissing, Daniel Bindig, T. C. Arlen, Hans Niederhausen, Naoko Kurahashi, Christian Spiering, S. Schöneberg, S. Odrowski, S. Zierke, A. Omairat, P. Hallen, K. Hultqvist, Darren Grant, M. Wallraff, M. Voge, Sarah Nowicki, Rasha Abbasi, J. Casey, Tim Ruhe, Benedikt Riedel, A. Stasik, K. Frantzen, F. Clevermann, Y. Sestayo, J. P. Yanez, and G. W. Sullivan
Subjects: Physics, Particle physics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Mean free path, Nuclear Theory, 0103 physical sciences, Magnetic monopole, 010306 general physics, Nucleon, 01 natural sciences, Engineering (miscellaneous)
Abstract: In the analyses, published in Ref. [1], the exclusion limits are calculated in dependence of the mean free path of the magnetic monopole - nucleon catalysis interaction.
Published: 2019
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34. Publisher Correction: Detection of a particle shower at the Glashow resonance with IceCube

Author: Jeffrey Lazar, George Japaridze, Roger Moore, M. Zöcklein, D. B. Fox, Timo Karg, Federica Bradascio, Alexander Burgman, S. Sarkar, J. Bourbeau, J. S. Gallagher, Richard Naab, Jan Soedingrekso, Merlin Schaufel, Seongjin In, J. A. Aguilar, Hermann Kolanoski, Elisa Resconi, M. Kauer, M. E. Huber, Marcos Santander, Le Viet Nguyen, D. Kang, Sarah Mancina, Stef Verpoest, Anna Franckowiak, Tobias Hoinka, Alexander Trettin, Aswathi Balagopal, L. Gerhardt, A. Porcelli, K. Krings, Vedant Basu, A. Schneider, Suyong Choi, G. Krückl, David Kappesser, Steve Sclafani, Alan Coleman, Gerrit Wrede, I. Taboada, Dustin Hebecker, Thomas Huber, B. J. P. Jones, A. Olivas, Frank G. Schröder, Ek Narayan Paudel, Allan Hallgren, Sandro Kopper, R. Maunu, Tim Ruhe, Matti Jansson, Thomas Ehrhardt, S. H. Robertson, Christian Haack, A. Kyriacou, C. S. Hill, B. J. Whelan, David Vannerom, Joanna Kiryluk, J. Auffenberg, K. Hoshina, Glenn Spiczak, Pablo Correa, B. A. Clark, G. Momenté, Shefali Shefali, K. Filimonov, D. F. Cowen, Martin Unland Elorrieta, S. De Ridder, A. Wallace, U. Naumann, A. Goldschmidt, Christoph Tönnis, T. Anderson, John Hardin, Mohamed Rameez, Abdul Rehman, Jan Weldert, E. Unger, L. Halve, Thorsten Glusenkamp, Carsten Rott, R. Hellauer, Y. Popovych, Joonghan Kim, Elisa Bernardini, K. Woschnagg, Z. Griffith, M. Kowalski, Etienne Bourbeau, Maria Prado Rodriguez, K. Rawlins, I. C. Mariş, A. O. Pollmann, Chiara Bellenghi, Daria Pankova, E. Friedman, Timothy W. Schmidt, D. Tosi, Chujie Chen, K. Tollefson, Max Renschler, D. J. Koskinen, Elisa Lohfink, Jenni Adams, Xinyue Kang, H. Schieler, Surujhdeo Seunarine, A. Weindl, Johan Wulff, Timothyblake Watson, J. Felde, K. Helbing, David R. Williams, P. Schlunder, Claudio Kopper, Maryon Ahrens, J. Buscher, Spencer Griswold, James DeLaunay, C. Bohm, C. Alispach, James Madsen, Frederik Tenholt, Raffaela Busse, M. Richman, Roxanne Turcotte, Benjamin Bastian, Anastasia Maria Barbano, Maria Tselengidou, Marjon Moulai, M. Medici, Xu X. W., Anatoli Fedynitch, C. H. Wiebusch, Simeon Reusch, Markus Ahlers, S. Hickford, Lu Lu, Cristina Lagunas Gualda, P. B. Price, Michael DuVernois, K. Meagher, T. Kittler, Paul Coppin, Andrea Turcati, C. Pérez de los Heros, Konstancja Satalecka, Theo Glauch, Francesco Lucarelli, S. Böser, Ramesh Koirala, R. G. Stokstad, Jannis Necker, Robert A. Cross, J. van Santen, K. D. de Vries, J. Stettner, Johannes Werthebach, L. Schumacher, A. Ishihara, C. De Clercq, N. L. Strotjohann, Karen Andeen, N. Kulacz, Gerald Przybylski, Michael J Larson, Teresa Montaruli, Felix Henningsen, T. R. Wood, E. Blaufuss, Alex Pizzuto, Michael Campana, Cristian Jesus Lozano Mariscal, Kendall Mahn, A. Steuer, Erik Ganster, T. Kintscher, Markus Ackermann, S. W. Barwick, Gerrit Roellinghoff, William Luszczak, Hershal Pandya, Alexander Fritz, Pranav Dave, A. R. Fazely, J. L. Kelley, Sebastian Sanchez Herrera, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, T. Stanev, Paul Evenson, L. Classen, N. Wandkowsky, Wolfgang Rhode, R. Morse, Jakob Bottcher, Mirco Hunnefeld, Marie Oehler, Julia Becker Tjus, Samvel Ter-Antonyan, Robert Stein, Hrvoje Dujmovic, Frederik Hermann Lauber, Yang Lyu, Stephen L. Hauser, S. Tilav, Grant Parker, G. H. Collin, Saskia Philippen, C. Wendt, Gary Binder, Simona Toscano, P. Heix, S. Y. BenZvi, Raamis Hussain, P. Muth, C. B. Finley, T. Stezelberger, A. Desai, Simone Garrappa, Feifei Huang, Dmitry Chirkin, Gisela Anton, Spencer Axani, Andrew Ludwig, A. Terliuk, G. de Wasseige, K. Wiebe, R. Hoffmann, Kayla Leonard, Alexander Kappes, G. Maggi, C. Walck, J. Lünemann, D. Z. Besson, Carlos Arguelles, Sukeerthi Dharani, Justin Lanfranchi, Francis Halzen, J. Merz, J. G. Gonzalez, Jessie Micallef, Ibrahim Safa, Damian Pieloth, M. U. Nisa, Thomas K. Gaisser, R. Engel, K.-H. Becker, Yiqian Xu, Matt Dunkman, R. Joppe, I. Ansseau, Christian Spiering, Aaron Fienberg, M. Silva, Najia Moureen Binte Amin, Juliana Stachurska, Lenka Tomankova, Amirreza Raissi, Mehmet Gunduz, Chris Weaver, Stephanie Bron, Justin Vandenbroucke, Frank McNally, Chunfai Tung, Colin Turley, Jannes Brostean-Kaiser, E. Cheung, Thomas Stuttard, M. Plum, Sarah Pieper, Maximilian Karl Scharf, A. Kheirandish, Dirk Ryckbosch, M. Stamatikos, Stephan Meighen-Berger, Joakim Sandroos, Y. L. Li, Devyn Rysewyk Cantu, Daniela Mockler, Agnieszka Leszczyńska, Martin Wolf, P. Peiffer, R. C. Bay, Joshua Hignight, Timo Sturwald, R. Halliday, Ben Smithers, Jean Pierre Twagirayezu, L. Köpke, A. Haungs, Nahee Park, K. Hultqvist, Darren Grant, Sarah Nowicki, Ryo Nagai, J. P. Yanez, H. Bagherpour, M. G. Aartsen, K. D. Hoffman, S. Baur, Olga Botner, V. Baum, G. W. Sullivan, James E. Braun, Juan Carlos Diaz-Velez, Erin O'Sullivan, Sreetama Goswami, F. Jonske, Ken'ichi Kin, J. J. Beatty, Tianlu Yuan, H. Dembinski, Reina H. Maruyama, Summer Blot, Naoko Kurahashi, Qinrui Liu, S. R. Klein, Martina Karl, Jochen M. Schneider, Martin Rongen, Zhedong Zhang, Ava Ghadimi, P. Mallik, Hans Niederhausen, K. Mase, Yuya Makino, Karl J. Clark, Alberto Martin Gago Medina, M. J. Weiss, René Reimann, Leander Fischer, D. van Eijk, Christoph Raab, Nadège Iovine, M. Song, D. Berley, G. C. Hill, T. L. Carver, Paras Koundal, Bunheng Ty, Woosik Kang, Kael Hanson, Moritz Kellermann, Giovanni Renzi, D. Seckel, S. Fahey, D. R. Nygren, Tyce DeYoung, Nathan Whitehorn, Immacolata Carmen Rea, Jan Conrad, Ma W. Y., Michael Kovacevich, X. Bai, G. Neer, A. Diaz, Robert Snihur, Philipp Eller, Alexander Sandrock, Kunal Deoskar, A. Karle, Rasha Abbasi, Maximilian Meier, Paolo Desiati, Matthias Vraeghe, Minjin Jeong, L. Rauch, D. Soldin, S. Yoshida, Daniel Bindig, N. van Eijndhoven, Timothée Grégoire, Emily Dvorak, M. Relich, Benedikt Riedel, and U. Katz
Subjects: Physics, Particle physics, Multidisciplinary, Particle shower, Glashow resonance
Published: 2021
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35. New cosmic ray observations at Syowa Station in the Antarctic for space weather study

Author: W. Kihara, Y. Nakamura, Paul Evenson, Akira Kadokura, So Kaimi, Satoru Uchida, Y. Ko, Herbert Akihito Uchida, Chihiro Kato, Ryuho Kataoka, Kiyoka Murase, and Kazuoki Munakata
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, neutron monitor, Space weather, 01 natural sciences, Physics - Space Physics, Meteorology. Climatology, 0103 physical sciences, Neutron, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, cosmic ray, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Neutron monitor, Muon, Atmospheric temperature, Space Physics (physics.space-ph), muon detector, Earth's magnetic field, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Environmental science, QC851-999, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Event (particle physics), Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Muon detectors and neutron monitors were recently installed at Syowa Station, in the Antarctic, to observe different types of secondary particles resulting from cosmic ray interactions simultaneously from the same location. Continuing observations will give new insight into the response of muon detectors to atmospheric and geomagnetic effects. Operation began in February, 2018 and the system has been stable with a duty-cycle exceeding 94%. Muon data shows a clear seasonal variation, which is expected from the atmospheric temperature effect. We verified successful operation by showing that the muon and neutron data are consistent with those from other locations by comparing intensity variations during a space weather event. We have established a web page to make real time data available with interactive graphics (http://polaris.nipr.ac.jp/~cosmicrays/)., Accepted for publication in the Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate
Published: 2021
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36. Preliminary FLUKA simulations of the Changvan Neutron Monitor

Author: W. Nuntiyakul, P. Jiang, P. Chuanraksasat, Alejandro Sáiz, Paul Evenson, David Ruffolo, K. Fongsamut, R. Macatangay, S. Komonjinda, Kazuoki Munakata, B. Soonthorntham, Pierre-Simon Mangeard, and J. Madsen
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Physics, History, Neutron monitor, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Nuclear Theory, Neutron detection, Neutron, Cosmic ray, Nuclear Experiment, Computer Science Applications, Education
Abstract: A neutron monitor (NM) is a ground- (or sea-) based detector of the flux of cosmic ray particles in space. The high-energy cosmic rays in the GeV primary range interact in the upper atmosphere, producing a cascade of subatomic particles, some of which reach Earth’s surface. A neutron monitor is mostly sensitive to the neutron component of the atmospheric cascade. The standard-design neutron monitor (NM64) contains lead, the nuclei of which fragment when struck by a high-energy particle. Some of the fragments are neutrons which are moderated and trapped by polyethylene acting as a reflector and moderator. These neutrons can then be detected by induced nuclear fission of 10B in a 10BF3 gas proportional counter. The Changvan neutron monitor is a portable neutron monitor assembled in Thailand and housed in a standard insulated shipping container to conduct long-term research in polar regions. There are three proportional counters in the Changvan, but the central counter lacks the lead producer. Since the detector has a non-standard semi-leaded design, we examine the detection efficiency of the Changvan for neutrons and other atmospheric secondary particles. We are also developing an electronic board and a highly sensitive control module to reduce dead time to a minimum, for monitoring neutrons in the GeV energy range. Simulation results accounting for the dead time will also be reported.
Published: 2021
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37. Preliminary analysis of neutron time-delay histograms from Changvan latitude surveys

Author: Alejandro Sáiz, R. Macatangay, Paul Evenson, Kazuoki Munakata, David Ruffolo, W. Nuntiyakul, P. Jiang, P. Yakum, P. Chuanraksasat, S. Komonjinda, J. Madsen, Chanoknan Banglieng, and B. Soonthorntham
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Physics, History, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Histogram, Neutron detection, Neutron, Computer Science Applications, Education, Preliminary analysis, Latitude
Abstract: The name “Changvan” is given to a transportable neutron monitor, modernized by researchers in Thailand and housed inside a standard-size shipping container. It contains three neutron-sensitive proportional counters, which contain enriched10BF3gas, to detect cosmic ray showers. Primary cosmic rays are high-energy particles arriving from outer space. By colliding with atoms in the atmosphere, they produce a shower of sub-atomic particles, called secondary particles. Some particles can reach the Earth’s surface, including neutrons. The Changvan is designed to measure atmospheric neutrons during a latitude survey. The side counter tubes are ringed with lead producer to produce evaporation neutrons when secondary particles collide with it. The center counter lacks the lead producer but can receive neutrons from nearby counters. The reflector and moderator made from polyethylene thermalize the evaporation neutrons and protect against disturbance by external low-energy neutrons. In this work, we pursue methods to determine spectral changes in Galactic cosmic rays using data from the Changvan, avoiding the systematic inconsistencies of cross-station comparisons. We examine neutron time delay histograms from the three counter tubes, as recorded by specially designed readout electronics, where the time delay refers to the time interval between consecutive neutron detections in one counter. We perform a preliminary analysis of such histograms to measure the leader fraction (L) of neutrons that do not follow a previous neutron from the same primary cosmic ray. The electronic dead time will be considered in theLcalculation.
Published: 2021
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38. Time-integrated Neutrino Source Searches with 10 years of IceCube Data

Author: Federica Bradascio, Alexander Burgman, Merlin Schaufel, Daria Pankova, E. Friedman, Claudio Kopper, Subir Sarkar, Chad Finley, J. J. Beatty, Tianlu Yuan, M. Kauer, D. Kang, Christoph Tönnis, Frank G. Schröder, Alexander Fritz, D. Z. Besson, K. Mase, Yuya Makino, R. Morse, Suyong Choi, I. Taboada, R. Maunu, David Kappesser, Michael O. Wolf, Minjin Jeong, Thomas Meures, N. L. Strotjohann, Felix Henningsen, A. R. Fazely, E. Pinat, Simona Toscano, P. Heix, K. Jero, Sander Vanheule, N. Kurahashi, Karl J. Clark, S. De Ridder, Z. Griffith, Jenni Adams, J. Lünemann, C. Pérez de los Heros, A. Obertacke Pollmann, Aswathi Balagopal, Saskia Philippen, D. Rysewyk, M. Song, T. L. Carver, Mike Richman, J. L. Kelley, Markus Ahlers, K. Meagher, F. McNally, M. J. Weiss, M. Labare, T. Palczewski, C. Wendt, E. O’Sullivan, S. Hickford, Jan Soedingrekso, M. Stamatikos, S. Kopper, René Reimann, A. O'Murchadha, Lenka Tomankova, Chunfai Tung, P. Peiffer, M. J. Larson, Pranav Dave, Timothyblake Watson, Erik Ganster, T. Menne, G. de Wasseige, B. Eberhardt, A. Stößl, L. Rauch, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, Yang Lyu, Samvel Ter-Antonyan, M. Silva, R. G. Stokstad, B. Relethford, S. Yoshida, Won Nam Kang, Amirreza Raissi, Chris Weaver, Stephanie Bron, Max Renschler, D. J. Koskinen, Wing Yan Ma, Tim Ruhe, B. J. P. Jones, R. Hoffmann, B. J. Whelan, X. Bai, G. Neer, E. Bourbeau, C. J. Lozano Mariscal, G. Merino, Reina H. Maruyama, James DeLaunay, C. Alispach, G. Krückl, Konstancja Satalecka, N. Wandkowsky, H. Dujmovic, Janet Conrad, K. Wiebe, Marjon Moulai, Summer Blot, Andres Medina, Theo Glauch, Jan Weldert, Thomas Ehrhardt, Spencer Griswold, Steven Robertson, Joshua Hignight, L. Halve, Philipp Eller, Shefali Shefali, D. Mockler, M. Günder, Alejandro Diaz, R. Cross, Timo Sturwald, H. Niederhausen, Kael Hanson, Surujhdeo Seunarine, R. Snihur, A. Weindl, Maria Tselengidou, D. Soldin, Johannes Werthebach, Carsten Rott, Juanan Aguilar, T. Stezelberger, R. Joppe, D. van Eijk, Joshua A. Wood, J. Felde, C. Walck, Jeffrey Lazar, R. Hellauer, J. Buscher, P. Schlunder, Maryon Ahrens, Alan Coleman, William Luszczak, Alexander Sandrock, Frederik Tenholt, R. Nagai, A. Goldschmidt, L. Schumacher, M. Zöcklein, Xianwu Xu, M. Medici, J. Sandroos, Timo Karg, T. Stanev, Maximilian Meier, Thomas K. Gaisser, G. B. Yodh, P. Steinmüller, F. Huang, G. H. Collin, Matthias Vraeghe, J. Stettner, J. Kim, Delia Tosi, U. Katz, Mehmet Gunduz, Agnieszka Leszczyńska, M. E. Huber, Marcos Santander, Paolo Desiati, S. E. Sanchez Herrera, R. C. Bay, K. D. de Vries, Sebastian Baur, Sebastian Böser, P. Backes, Gisela Anton, Elisa Bernardini, G. W. Sullivan, H. S. Matis, D. B. Fox, L. Gerhardt, A. Olivas, Austin Schneider, James E. Braun, N. van Eijndhoven, K. Helbing, C. Haack, Juan Carlos Diaz-Velez, H. Bagherpour, Benjamin Bastian, Anastasia Maria Barbano, T. Kittler, Daniel Bindig, Hermann Kolanoski, K. Becker, Emily Dvorak, N. Kulacz, Olga Botner, Kayla Leonard, D. R. Nygren, Javier Gonzalez, Roxanne Turcotte, Marek Kowalski, D. Hebecker, F. Jonske, Alexander Trettin, Giorgio Maggi, Mirco Hunnefeld, Marie Oehler, V. Baum, Sarah Mancina, Anna Franckowiak, Tobias Hoinka, Francis Halzen, J. Auffenberg, M. Börner, Steve Sclafani, J. Kiryluk, C. De Clercq, S. Tilav, I. Ansseau, Paul Coppin, Andrea Turcati, J. C. Gallagher, M. Leuermann, K. Andeen, Elisa Lohfink, J. P. Yanez, Gerrit Wrede, K. Hoshina, Thomas Huber, David A. Williams, Allan Hallgren, Juliana Stachurska, J. van Santen, H. Dembinski, Alex Pizzuto, Markus Ackermann, Glenn Spiczak, G. Momenté, M. G. Aartsen, Pablo Correa, S. W. Barwick, M. Rameez, D. F. Cowen, Gary Binder, Gerald Przybylski, U. Naumann, R. Halliday, George Japaridze, Roger Moore, E. Unger, A. Kyriacou, J. Bourbeau, K. Krings, Seongjin In, Elisa Resconi, Yiqian Xu, Matt Dunkman, Alessio Porcelli, M. Plum, J. Becker Tjus, E. Cheung, Ramesh Koirala, Thomas Stuttard, Dirk Ryckbosch, Stephan Meighen-Berger, K. Tollefson, E. Blaufuss, Albrecht Karle, Qinrui Liu, T. Glüsenkamp, L. Classen, Martina Karl, Jochen M. Schneider, M. A. Unland Elorrieta, D. Heereman, M. Wallraff, A. Steuer, Raamis Hussain, Colin Turley, T. Anderson, Immacolata Carmen Rea, Andreas Haungs, A. Ishihara, K. Mallot, H. Schieler, Kirill Filimonov, Segev BenZvi, T. Kintscher, M. Usner, Frederik Hermann Lauber, Spencer Klein, A. Terliuk, Justin Lanfranchi, Kara Hoffman, Julia Böttcher, Christian Spiering, Hershal Pandya, Wolfgang Rhode, Robert Stein, Justin Vandenbroucke, L. Wills, P. Muth, Ioana Codrina Maris, S. C. Nowicki, Christian Bohm, Ibrahim Safa, Damian Pieloth, Ali Kheirandish, W. Van Driessche, Nahee Park, K. Hultqvist, Darren Grant, Jannes Brostean-Kaiser, Christoph Raab, Nadège Iovine, M. U. Nisa, L. Köpke, D. Berley, G. C. Hill, Bunheng Ty, Ralph Engel, Giovanni Renzi, K. Rawlins, D. Seckel, S. Fahey, Tyce DeYoung, Nathan Whitehorn, Martin Rongen, R. S. Busse, Christopher Wiebusch, Kunal Deoskar, James Madsen, Lu Lu, L. Wille, Teresa Montaruli, Kendall Mahn, P. B. Price, Francesco Lucarelli, T. O. B. Schmidt, C. Chen, Karim Ghorbani, Spencer Axani, T. R. Wood, Carlos Arguelles, Jessie Micallef, P. Mallik, Kurt Woschnagg, Paul Evenson, Simone Garrappa, Dmitry Chirkin, Alexander Kappes, A. Wallace, Da Xu, Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Elementary Particle Physics, and Vriendenkring VUB
Subjects: background [atmosphere], Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, media_common.quotation_subject, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, IceCube, particle source [neutrino], TRACK RECONSTRUCTION, 0103 physical sciences, ddc:530, atmosphere [muon], 010306 general physics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, media_common, astro-ph.HE, Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Muon, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Northern Hemisphere, Astronomy, Galaxy, messenger, Physics and Astronomy, Sky, correlation, time dependence, upgrade, galaxy, Neutrino, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, statistical
Abstract: Physical review letters 124(5), 051103 (1-9) (2020). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.051103, This paper presents the results from point-like neutrino source searches using ten years of IceCube data collected between April 6, 2008 and July 10, 2018. We evaluate the significance of an astrophysical signal from a point-like source looking for an excess of clustered neutrino events with energies typically above $\sim1\,$TeV among the background of atmospheric muons and neutrinos. We perform a full-sky scan, a search within a selected source catalog, a catalog population study, and three stacked Galactic catalog searches. The most significant point in the Northern hemisphere from scanning the sky is coincident with the Seyfert II galaxy NGC 1068, which was included in the source catalog search. The excess at the coordinates of NGC 1068 is inconsistent with background expectations at the level of $2.9\,\sigma$ after accounting for statistical trials. The combination of this result along with excesses observed at the coordinates of three other sources, including TXS 0506+056, suggests that, collectively, correlations with sources in the Northern catalog are inconsistent with background at 3.3$\,\sigma$ significance. These results, all based on searches for a cumulative neutrino signal integrated over the ten years of available data, motivate further study of these and similar sources, including time-dependent analyses, multimessenger correlations, and the possibility of stronger evidence with coming upgrades to the detector., Published by APS, College Park, Md.
Published: 2019
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39. Tracking Cosmic-Ray Spectral Variation during 2007–2018 Using Neutron Monitor Time-delay Measurements

Author: Alejandro Sáiz, James Madsen, Pierre-Simon Mangeard, T. Nutaro, Paul Evenson, Chanoknan Banglieng, David Ruffolo, H. Janthaloet, Warit Mitthumsiri, Pradiphat Muangha, R. Macatangay, Roger Pyle, and Surujhdeo Seunarine
Subjects: Physics, Optics, Neutron monitor, Space and Planetary Science, business.industry, Spectral variation, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Cosmic ray, business, Tracking (particle physics)
Published: 2020
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40. Astrophysical neutrinos and cosmic rays observed by IceCube

Author: D. Hebecker, Andrea Turcati, M. Kroll, K. Krings, J. van Santen, K. D. de Vries, G. Merino, N. Wandkowsky, Segev BenZvi, R. Maunu, Spencer Klein, M. Mandelartz, M. Usner, Ramesh Koirala, J. Becker Tjus, Dennis Soldin, G. H. Collin, H. Taavola, Gary Binder, E. Blaufuss, T. Kuwabara, Surujhdeo Seunarine, L. Classen, Kara Hoffman, Juanan Aguilar, S. De Ridder, M. Labare, M. van Rossem, K. Rawlins, Maryon Ahrens, Frederik Tenholt, M. Medici, B. J. Whelan, M. Relich, A. Ishihara, J. Veenkamp, S. Coenders, C. Pérez de los Heros, H.-P. Bretz, Killian Holzapfel, Hershal Pandya, Frank McNally, Martin Rongen, Francis Halzen, Wolfgang Rhode, A. Christov, A. Meli, L. Wille, James Madsen, S. E. Sanchez Herrera, A. Goldschmidt, D. Z. Besson, Lu Lu, Z. Griffith, T. Kintscher, S. Euler, Hans Niederhausen, A. Bernhard, K. Clark, I. Ansseau, H. Dembinski, J. C. Gallagher, Thomas Meures, L. Wills, B. J. P. Jones, Ch. Weaver, M. N. Tobin, A. Stasik, Frederik Hermann Lauber, R. Konietz, M. Leuermann, J. Feintzeig, N. L. Strotjohann, J. Kunnen, Jenni Adams, N. Kurahashi, Todor Stanev, C. Wendt, Chad Finley, A. Wallace, G. de Wasseige, K. Meagher, F. Bos, J. Lünemann, Damian Pieloth, Ali Kheirandish, Tim Ruhe, K.-H. Becker, Janet Conrad, T. Stezelberger, R. Hoffmann, M. Day, B. Riedel, Yiqian Xu, Matt Dunkman, R. G. Stokstad, A. R. Fazely, R. Cross, Joshua Hignight, Da Xu, Allan Hallgren, C. Walck, A. Terliuk, S. Westerhoff, Justin Lanfranchi, Stephanie Bron, Philipp Eller, Sarah Mancina, Albrecht Karle, M. S. Sutherland, Kendall Mahn, C.-C. Fösig, Sandro Kopper, T. Fuchs, E. Pinat, Kael Hanson, K. Wiebe, Thomas K. Gaisser, G. B. Yodh, E. Cheung, Christian Spiering, D. R. Nygren, P. Schlunder, L. Köpke, Simona Toscano, M. Kauer, M. Börner, J. Kiryluk, K. Jero, G. Krückl, Dirk Ryckbosch, Marek Kowalski, K. Andeen, Matthias Wolf, M. Vehring, D. Altmann, Alexander Burgman, T. Anderson, D. Bose, P. B. Price, Justin Vandenbroucke, Javier Gonzalez, J. P. Dumm, Azadeh Keivani, Thomas Ehrhardt, T. Palczewski, J. Felde, S. Schöneberg, Karim Ghorbani, Spencer Axani, M. Song, M. Lesiak-Bzdak, L. Brayeur, L. Sabbatini, T. L. Carver, Mike Richman, Giorgio Maggi, Maximilian Meier, T. O. B. Schmidt, D. Heereman, G. Tešić, Daria Pankova, E. Vogel, M. S. Kim, Dirk Lennarz, S. Wickmann, J. Auffenberg, Paolo Desiati, T. R. Wood, R. Nahnhauer, Gisela Anton, E. Friedman, R. Hellauer, I. Taboada, A. Steuer, E. del Pino Rosendo, A. Obertacke Pollmann, S. Kunwar, Subir Sarkar, Minjin Jeong, Carlos Arguelles, S. Schoenen, W. Giang, S. Flis, S. Tilav, C. De Clercq, K. Mase, B. Eberhardt, Kurt Woschnagg, Paul Evenson, J. P. Yanez, J. L. Kelley, Markus Ahlers, Kirill Filimonov, Sally Robertson, Matthias Vraeghe, Sebastian Böser, G. W. Sullivan, David A. Williams, M. J. Weiss, Carsten Rott, James E. Braun, J. Kim, Christopher Wiebusch, George Japaridze, Dmitry Chirkin, S. Hickford, K. Helbing, Björn Eichmann, T. Kittler, Markus Ackermann, S. W. Barwick, M. Bissok, Alexander Kappes, K. Hultqvist, S. Yoshida, T. Hansmann, E. Woolsey, Darren Grant, T. Montaruli, N. van Eijndhoven, Xianwu Xu, Joshua Pepper, J. Sandroos, René Reimann, E. Jacobi, Samvel Ter-Antonyan, C. Haack, C. Bohm, Delia Tosi, Daniel Bindig, Christoph Raab, Sarah Nowicki, Seongjin In, Elisa Resconi, J. Tatar, Elisa Bernardini, D. Berley, G. C. Hill, R. Ström, J. P. A. M. de André, Won Nam Kang, M. Jurkovic, L. Gladstone, C. Krüger, D. Seckel, S. Fahey, M. G. Aartsen, S. Miarecki, X. Bai, G. Neer, P. Peiffer, T. Menne, Tyce DeYoung, L. Schumacher, P. A. Toale, B. Relethford, Konstancja Satalecka, Theo Glauch, M. Casier, U. Katz, Alexander Sandrock, R. C. Bay, Hermann Kolanoski, J. Stettner, Juan Carlos Diaz-Velez, M. Archinger, A. Olivas, K. Hoshina, F. Huang, Glenn Spiczak, M. Rameez, D. F. Cowen, C. Kopper, U. Naumann, E. Unger, J. J. Beatty, A. O'Murchadha, D. J. Koskinen, D. Rysewyk, A. Stößl, Reina H. Maruyama, Maria Tselengidou, Ö. Penek, Summer Blot, L. Rädel, Timo Karg, E. Hansen, M. E. Huber, L. Gerhardt, M. J. Larson, M. Quinnan, A. Franckowiak, Marjon Moulai, Olga Botner, V. Baum, Gerald Przybylski, M. Zoll, Hrvoje Dujmovic, Sander Vanheule, G. Kohnen, V. di Lorenzo, T. Glüsenkamp, M. Wallraff, M. Voge, Physics, Elementary Particle Physics, Vriendenkring VUB, and Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Aerospace Engineering, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, Physics and Astronomy(all), 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, IceCube Neutrino Observatory, IceCube, cosmic rays, Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, Neutrinos, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Cosmic rays, Physics, Muon, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Gamma ray, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, neutrinos, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Neutrino detector, 13. Climate action, Physique des particules élémentaires, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Neutrino, Neutrino astronomy
Abstract: The core mission of the IceCube neutrino observatory is to study the origin and propagation of cosmic rays. IceCube, with its surface component IceTop, observes multiple signatures to accomplish this mission. Most important are the astrophysical neutrinos that are produced in interactions of cosmic rays, close to their sources and in interstellar space. IceCube is the first instrument that measures the properties of this astrophysical neutrino flux and constrains its origin. In addition, the spectrum, composition, and anisotropy of the local cosmic-ray flux are obtained from measurements of atmospheric muons and showers. Here we provide an overview of recent findings from the analysis of IceCube data, and their implications to our understanding of cosmic rays., 0, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2018

41. Measurement of Atmospheric Neutrino Oscillations at 6–56 GeV with IceCube DeepCore

Author: P. Schlunder, R. Hellauer, Sally Robertson, S. De Ridder, F. Bos, Dirk Lennarz, Gisela Anton, M. E. Huber, Allan Hallgren, L. Classen, T. Kittler, S. Flis, M. Labare, J. Werthebach, K. Clark, A. Wallace, Darren Grant, Sarah Nowicki, G. H. Collin, Piotr Kalaczyński, C. Pérez de los Heros, F. D. Wandler, M. Brenzke, J. P. A. M. de André, L. Gerhardt, Minjin Jeong, M. Vehring, D. F. Cowen, J. P. Barron, S. Yoshida, Stijn Vanheule, Maryon Ahrens, Frederik Tenholt, M. Rameez, M. Medici, A. Waza, Philipp Eller, Thomas Meures, E. Woolsey, G. Binder, P. B. Price, T. O. B. Schmidt, Francis Halzen, Joshua Pepper, Karim Ghorbani, S. Coenders, K. Helbing, Christian Spiering, Sarah Mancina, Spencer Axani, K. Jero, Joshua A. Wood, I. Ansseau, T. R. Wood, Kurt Woschnagg, Elisa Bernardini, A. Terliuk, Justin Vandenbroucke, Paul Evenson, S. Schöneberg, H. Dembinski, Frank McNally, Chunfai Tung, Klas Hultqvist, J. Kiryluk, J. Felde, Xinhua Bai, K. Andeen, E. Jacobi, A. Kyriacou, D. Berley, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, W. Giang, J. L. Lanfranchi, P. Nakarmi, Carlos Arguelles, Janet Conrad, Dmitry Chirkin, F. Bradascio, A. Obertacke Pollmann, I. Al Samarai, J. L. Kelley, Alexander Kappes, C. Walck, Jessie Micallef, R. Cross, M. Rongen, Joshua Hignight, K. Krings, M. S. Sutherland, M. Börner, Markus Ahlers, S. Tilav, U. Katz, E. Pinat, K. Rawlins, George Japaridze, Roger Moore, Ramesh Koirala, Dennis Soldin, A. Christov, William Luszczak, Frederik Hermann Lauber, Jenni Adams, S. Hickford, D. J. Koskinen, Simona Toscano, M. Kauer, M. Zoll, S. Westerhoff, James Madsen, J. Bourbeau, E. Blaufuss, Lu Lu, Donglian Xu, Yiqian Xu, J. Tatar, Samvel Ter-Antonyan, D. Bose, R. G. Stokstad, M. J. Larson, Seongjin In, Hermann Kolanoski, Elisa Resconi, M. N. Tobin, M. Song, T. L. Carver, Mike Richman, J. Becker Tjus, A. Stasik, J. P. Dumm, Subir Sarkar, E. Cheung, M. Usner, T. Palczewski, Dirk Ryckbosch, M. Day, C. Kopper, Teresa Montaruli, T. Karg, R. Maunu, T. Kuwabara, E. Vogel, M. Stamatikos, J. Braun, T. Stezelberger, Jan Soedingrekso, B. Eberhardt, Kendall Mahn, Jae Yool Kim, J. Stachurska, N. L. Strotjohann, T. Menne, L. Rädel, J. Casey, S. Schoenen, D. Bindig, A. Franckowiak, D. Heereman, B. Relethford, P. Peiffer, Konstancja Satalecka, Theo Glauch, A. Goldschmidt, Gerald Przybylski, Z. Griffith, Marjon Moulai, S. Kunwar, K. Meagher, Jay Gallagher, J. C. Díaz-Vélez, Azadeh Keivani, C. F. Turley, G. Krückl, Matthias Vraeghe, N. Kurahashi, B. J. Whelan, Todor Stanev, G. Tešić, T. Anderson, E. Friedman, A. Olivas, Delia Tosi, Mirco Hunnefeld, C. Wendt, F. Huang, M. Dunkman, G. de Wasseige, J. Stettner, D. R. Nygren, J. Lünemann, C. De Clercq, J. J. Beatty, Tianlu Yuan, K. Hoshina, M. Lesiak-Bzdak, R. Hoffmann, Glenn Spiczak, G. Momenté, M. Tselengidou, M. G. Aartsen, Thomas K. Gaisser, G. B. Yodh, U. Naumann, K. H. Becker, T. Kintscher, Marsha J. Wolf, E. Unger, Javier Gonzalez, D. Rysewyk, Giorgio Maggi, K. Wiebe, Marek Kowalski, David A. Williams, B. J. P. Jones, T. Sälzer, Markus Ackermann, A. Stößl, H. Bagherpour, Olga Botner, Reina H. Maruyama, M. Relich, V. Baum, Chris Weaver, G. Merino, Kirill Filimonov, M. Kroll, N. Wandkowsky, K. D. de Vries, H. Dujmovic, J. P. Koschinsky, R. Nahnhauer, L. Schumacher, Carsten Rott, D. V. Pankova, M. Casier, M. Leuermann, L. Wills, Surujhdeo Seunarine, G. Kohnen, J. P. Yanez, A. Steuer, Juanan Aguilar, N. van Eijndhoven, J. Kunnen, S. Böser, R. C. Bay, A. Ishihara, D. Z. Besson, Xianwu Xu, Damian Pieloth, J. Sandroos, D. Altmann, Austin Schneider, Ali Kheirandish, J. Auffenberg, W. Van Driessche, G. W. Sullivan, Jannes Brostean-Kaiser, T. Fuchs, L. Köpke, Albrecht Karle, L. Brayeur, I. Taboada, Segev BenZvi, Spencer Klein, Kara Hoffman, Won Nam Kang, Hershal Pandya, Wolfgang Rhode, J. J. DeLaunay, G. Neer, Tim Ruhe, J. van Santen, Kael Hanson, M. Plum, S. Bron, Steven W. Barwick, Maximilian Meier, Paolo Desiati, T. Ehrhardt, Alexander Sandrock, D. Hebecker, K. Mase, Andrea Turcati, Stijn Blot, C. Haack, M. J. Weiss, R. Reimann, S. Kopper, Christopher Wiebusch, Christian Bohm, Aongus O'Murchadha, Christoph Raab, G. C. Hill, Bunheng Ty, D. Seckel, S. Fahey, S. Miarecki, A. R. Fazely, Tyce DeYoung, P. A. Toale, Immacolata Carmen Rea, B. Eichmann, H.-P. Bretz, M. Kim, L. Wille, S. E. Sanchez Herrera, Hans Niederhausen, V. di Lorenzo, C. Finley, A. Burgman, Qinrui Liu, T. Glüsenkamp, M. Wallraff, Physics, Elementary Particle Physics, Vriendenkring VUB, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Arguelles Delgado, Carlos A, Axani, Spencer Nicholas, Collin, G. H., Conrad, Janet Marie, Moulai, Marjon H., Al Samarai, Imen, Bron, Stéphanie, Carver, Tessa, Christov, Asen, and Montaruli, Teresa
Subjects: interaction [cosmic radiation], Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Solar neutrino, General Physics and Astronomy, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, High Energy Physics - Experiment, IceCube, Subatomär fysik, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Observatory, Subatomic Physics, TOOL, Physics, oscillation [neutrino], Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, atmosphere [neutrino], threshold [energy], mass difference [neutrino], ddc, observatory, Neutrino detector, Physique des particules élémentaires, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Neutrino, Particle physics, cosmic radiation [neutrino], accelerator, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, ddc:500.2, Physics and Astronomy(all), IceCube Neutrino Observatory, Physics and Astronomy (all), 0103 physical sciences, neutrino/mu, ddc:530, energy: high [neutrino], 010306 general physics, Neutrino oscillation, Astroparticle physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, ICE, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Astronomy, Solar neutrino problem, Physics and Astronomy, 13. Climate action, mass [neutrino], High Energy Physics::Experiment, SYSTEM, mixing angle [neutrino], experimental results
Abstract: We present a measurement of the atmospheric neutrino oscillation parameters using three years of data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. The DeepCore infill array in the center of IceCube enables the detection and reconstruction of neutrinos produced by the interaction of cosmic rays in Earth's atmosphere at energies as low as ∼5 GeV. That energy threshold permits measurements of muon neutrino disappearance, over a range of baselines up to the diameter of the Earth, probing the same range of L/Eν as long-baseline experiments but with substantially higher-energy neutrinos. This analysis uses neutrinos from the full sky with reconstructed energies from 5.6 to 56 GeV. We measure Δm322=2.31-0.13+0.11×10-3 eV2 and sin2θ23=0.51-0.09+0.07, assuming normal neutrino mass ordering. These results are consistent with, and of similar precision to, those from accelerator- and reactor-based experiments., 0, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2018
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42. Measurement and simulation of neutron monitor count rate dependence on surrounding structure

Author: Harm Moraal, Alejandro Sáiz, J. M. Clem, Paul Evenson, T. Nutaro, T. Khumlumlert, Helena Krüger, N. Kamyan, N. Aiemsa-ad, John W. Bieber, W. Nuntiyakul, P.-S. Mangeard, and David Ruffolo
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Physics, Geophysics, Neutron monitor, Space and Planetary Science, Antenna aperture, Monte Carlo method, Neutron, Cosmic ray, Time variations, Nucleon, Yield function, Computational physics
Abstract: Neutron monitors are the premier instruments for precise measurements of time variations (e.g., of solar origin) in the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) flux in the range of ∼1–100 GeV. However, it has proven challenging to accurately determine the yield function (effective area) versus rigidity in order to relate a neutron monitor's count rate with those of other monitors worldwide and the underlying GCR spectrum. Monte Carlo simulations of the yield function have been developed, but there have been few opportunities to validate these observationally, especially regarding the particular environment surrounding each monitor. Here we have precisely measured the count rate of a calibration neutron monitor near the Princess Sirindhorn Neutron Monitor (PSNM) at Doi Inthanon, Thailand (18.59∘N, 98.49∘E, 2560 m altitude), which provides a basis for comparison with count rates of other neutron monitors worldwide that are similarly calibrated. We directly measured the effect of surrounding structure by operating the calibrator outside and inside the building. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we clarify differences in response of the calibrator and PSNM, as well as the calibrator outside and inside the building. The dependence of the calibrator count rate on surrounding structure can be attributed to its sensitivity to neutrons of 0.5–10 MeV and a shift of sensitivity to nucleons of higher energy when placed inside the building. Simulated calibrator to PSNM count rate ratios inside and outside agree with observations within a few percent, providing useful validation and improving confidence in our ability to model the yield function for a neutron monitor station.
Published: 2015
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43. Long-term Statistical Analysis of the Simultaneity of Forbush Decrease Events at Middle Latitudes

Author: Paul Evenson, Geonhwa Jee, Hwajin Choi, Suyeon Oh, Yu Yi, and Seongsuk Lee
Subjects: Physics, Simultaneity, Meteorology, lcsh:Astronomy, General Physics and Astronomy, Creative commons, Forbush Decrease event, neutron monitor, Term (time), lcsh:QB1-991, Middle latitudes, Econometrics, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Forbush decrease, Statistical analysis, License, cosmic ray
Abstract: Forbush Decreases (FD) are transient, sudden reductions of cosmic ray (CR) intensity lasting a few days, to a week. Such events are observed globally using ground neutron monitors (NMs). Most studies of FD events indicate that an FD event is observed simultaneously at NM stations located all over the Earth. However, using statistical analysis, previous researchers verified that while FD events could occur simultaneously, in some cases, FD events could occur non-simultaneously. Previous studies confirmed the statistical reality of non-simultaneous FD events and the mechanism by which they occur, using data from high-latitude and middle-latitude NM stations. In this study, we used long-term data (1971-2006) from middle-latitude NM stations (Irkutsk, Climax, and Jungfraujoch) to enhance statistical reliability. According to the results from this analysis, the variation of cosmic ray intensity during the main phase, is larger (statistically significant) for simultaneous FD events, than for non-simultaneous ones. Moreover, the distribution of main-phase-onset time shows differences that are statistically significant. While the onset times for the simultaneous FDs are distributed evenly over 24- hour intervals (day and night), those of non-simultaneous FDs are mostly distributed over 12-hour intervals, in daytime. Thus, the existence of the two kinds of FD events, according to differences in their statistical properties, were verified based on data from middle-latitude NM stations.
Published: 2015

44. Searches for small-scale anisotropies from neutrino point sources with three years of IceCube data

Author: H.-P. Bretz, Frank McNally, Jenni Adams, P. B. Price, M. Stamatikos, S. Schoenen, T. O. B. Schmidt, N. Milke, George Japaridze, Thorsten Glusenkamp, T. R. Wood, Kurt Woschnagg, Paul Evenson, K. Hoshina, W. Huelsnitz, S. Hickford, Glenn Spiczak, K. Helbing, R. G. Stokstad, J. C. Groh, C. Pérez de los Heros, Dmitry Chirkin, Matthias Vraeghe, P. O. Hulth, J. Eisch, A. Goldschmidt, Elisa Resconi, M. Schmitz, K. Jero, Matthias Wolf, Alexander Kappes, Björn Eichmann, U. Naumann, Mohamed Rameez, A. Bernhard, E. Unger, B. Ruzybayev, Anatoli Fedynitch, A. Koob, Timo Karg, J.-H. Köhne, H. Wissing, A. O'Murchadha, M. Wellons, Dariusz Gora, L. Schulte, M. Kroll, B. J. Whelan, K. D. de Vries, M. Day, A. Tepe, T. Feusels, R. Maunu, S. Hussain, O. Jlelati, R. Ström, Daniel Bindig, J. C. Gallagher, M. Leuermann, S. Zierke, A. Omairat, F. Bos, Allan Hallgren, M. Relich, D. J. Koskinen, K. Clark, M. Kowalski, Sandro Kopper, T. Kuwabara, J. E. Jacobsen, S. Tilav, P. Hallen, Marcos Santander, Joshua Pepper, A. Tamburro, K. Hultqvist, R. Nahnhauer, E. A. Strahler, M. Danninger, Darren Grant, K. Wiebe, R. Gaior, N. van Eijndhoven, M. Vehring, D. F. Cowen, C. Ha, E. Middell, Elisa Bernardini, Sarah Nowicki, D. Berley, G. C. Hill, L. Gerhardt, L. Mohrmann, J. Felde, Benedikt Riedel, A. Stasik, Maria Tselengidou, Ö. Penek, S. Schöneberg, X. Bai, A. Haj Ismail, Carsten Rott, Hermann Kolanoski, L. Rädel, Thomas Meures, Todor Stanev, Dawn Williams, C. Wendt, K. Rawlins, L. Gladstone, Dirk Heinen, J. L. Kelley, Markus Ahlers, K.-H. Becker, M. Usner, N. L. Strotjohann, D. Seckel, S. Miarecki, E. Middlemas, G. Kroll, M. Bissok, Matt Dunkman, Tyce DeYoung, J. Kiryluk, I. Rees, T. Fischer-Wasels, R. Hoffmann, A. R. Fazely, Gerald Przybylski, P. A. Toale, A. Schukraft, J. Pütz, James Madsen, M. Zoll, Martin Rongen, J. van Santen, J. A. Goodman, E. Pinat, D. T. Larsen, J. J. Beatty, E. Cheung, M. J. Larson, Xianwu Xu, Sofia Vallecorsa, M. Quinnan, C. Walck, R. Eagan, Samvel Ter-Antonyan, A. Kriesten, Dirk Ryckbosch, D. Hellwig, D. R. Nygren, S. Euler, C. Pfendner, Mike Richman, D. Z. Besson, K. Krings, J. P. A. M. de André, A. Homeier, Donglian Xu, A. Terliuk, S. Westerhoff, Ch. Weaver, Christopher Wiebusch, Hans Niederhausen, C. Bohm, Thomas K. Gaisser, G. B. Yodh, M. N. Tobin, Kael Hanson, Nathan Whitehorn, Naoko Kurahashi, O. Schulz, J. Auffenberg, A. Olivas, J. Daughhetee, Gary Binder, Teresa Montaruli, A. Obertacke, A. Franckowiak, Axel Groß, Christian Spiering, K. Frantzen, K. Mase, S. Odrowski, J. Blumenthal, Javier Gonzalez, Subir Sarkar, J. Casey, Chad Finley, J. Posselt, Justin Vandenbroucke, J. Ziemann, P. Gretskov, C. Haack, A. Christov, Giorgio Maggi, C. De Clercq, F. Huang, S. Böser, M. Wallraff, M. Voge, Dennis Soldin, Joakim Sandroos, F. Clevermann, H. Taavola, Paolo Desiati, René Reimann, Y. Sestayo, Olga Botner, Markus Ackermann, S. W. Barwick, L. Classen, Carlos Arguelles, H. G. Sander, E. Blaufuss, D. J. Boersma, J. C. Davis, J. Becker Tjus, V. Baum, J. P. Yanez, G. Tešić, A. Stößl, J. P. Rodrigues, M. W. E. Smith, T. C. Arlen, T. Stezelberger, S. M. Saba, G. W. Sullivan, R. Hellauer, K. Jagielski, Reina H. Maruyama, B. Kaminsky, R. Morse, M. Jurkovic, L. Brayeur, S. Yoshida, Sally Robertson, Tim Ruhe, E. Jacobi, I. Taboada, Dustin Hebecker, S. Flis, M. Casier, J. Lünemann, S. De Ridder, K. Schatto, G. Kohnen, Rezo Shanidze, Juan Carlos Diaz-Velez, M. Labare, J. Feintzeig, Maryon Ahrens, M. Medici, C. Kopper, G. Golup, S. Coenders, Surujhdeo Seunarine, J. Miller, Juanan Aguilar, B. Christy, A. Ishihara, J. Leute, Larissa Paul, F. Scheriau, H. S. Matis, Albrecht Karle, A. Schönwald, Francis Halzen, P. Zarzhitsky, O. Fadiran, D. Altmann, K. Meagher, D. Heereman, M. Kauer, D. Gier, D. Bose, T. Palczewski, C. Wichary, B. Eberhardt, Delia Tosi, M. G. Aartsen, Segev BenZvi, Spencer Klein, Kara Hoffman, A. H. Cruz Silva, Wolfgang Rhode, A. Meli, N. A. Stanisha, T. Anderson, M. Lesiak-Bzdak, P. Redl, Kirill Filimonov, P. Berghaus, J. Kläs, J. Kunnen, Damian Pieloth, Ali Kheirandish, A. M. Brown, T. Fuchs, L. Köpke, Physics, and Elementary Particle Physics
Subjects: J.2, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, Scale (descriptive set theory), Astrophysics, IceCube, law.invention, Telescope, law, Point (geometry), Anisotropy, astro-ph.HE, 2pt-correlation, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Astrophysical neutrinos, Extraterrestrial neutrinos, Multipole analysis, Point sources, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 3. Good health, 85-05, ddc:540, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Multipole expansion, Gamma-ray burst
Abstract: Recently, IceCube found evidence for a diffuse signal of astrophysical neutrinos in an energy range of $60\,\mathrm{TeV}$ to the $\mathrm{PeV}$-scale. The origin of those events, being a key to understanding the origin of cosmic rays, is still an unsolved question. So far, analyses have not succeeded to resolve the diffuse signal into point-like sources. Searches including a maximum-likelihood-ratio test, based on the reconstructed directions and energies of the detected down- and up-going neutrino candidates, were also performed on IceCube data leading to the exclusion of bright point sources. In this paper, we present two methods to search for faint neutrino point sources in three years of IceCube data, taken between 2008 and 2011. The first method is an autocorrelation test, applied separately to the northern and southern sky. The second method is a multipole analysis, which expands the measured data in the northern hemisphere into spherical harmonics and uses the resulting expansion coefficients to separate signal from background. With both methods, the results are consistent with the background expectation with a slightly more sparse spatial distribution, corresponding to an underfluctuation. Depending on the assumed number of sources, the resulting upper limit on the flux per source in the northern hemisphere for an $E^{-2}$ energy spectrum ranges from $1.5 \cdot 10^{-8}\,\mathrm{GeV}/(\mathrm{cm}^2 \mathrm{s})$, in the case of one assumed source, to $4 \cdot 10^{-10} \,\mathrm{GeV}/(\mathrm{cm}^2 \mathrm{s})$, in the case of $3500$ assumed sources., Comment: 35 pages, 16 figures, 1 table
Published: 2015
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45. High-energy cosmic ray modulation associated with interplanetary shocks observed by the GMDN

Author: Ismail Sabbah, Ezequiel Echer, M. M. Sharma, R. R. S. Mendonça, C. R. Braga, Alisson DalLago, Paul Evenson, Chihiro Kato, Nelson Jorge Schuch, Takao Kuwabara, Masayoshi Kozai, Marlos Rockenbach, Kazuoki Munakata, Ana Clara S. Pinto, M. L. Duldig, Munetoshi Tokumaru, Hala K. Al Jassar, and J. E. Humble
Subjects: Shock wave, Physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Interplanetary medium, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, Magnetosonic wave, Solar wind, Physics::Space Physics, Coronal mass ejection, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Interplanetary magnetic field, Interplanetary spaceflight
Abstract: Interplanetary shocks are caused both by interplanetary counterparts of coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) and by co-rotating interaction regions (CIRs) propagating in the interplanetary medium. CIRs are formed by the interaction between high-speed and slow solar wind streams. When the interplanetary disturbance propagates faster than the magnetosonic wave speed, in the solar wind frame, a shock wave is formed. Shocks frequently produce decreases of cosmic rays observed both by neutron monitors and muon detectors located at the Earth’s surface. In this work, we analyze this kind of modulation of high-energy cosmic rays (> 50 GeV) observed by the Global Muon Detector Network (GMDN). After correcting both the atmospheric temperature and pressure effects, we calculated the isotropic intensity and the anisotropy vector. From a list of 38 interplanetary shocks identified in 2015 using interplanetary magnetic field and plasma parameters, we performed a superposed epoch analysis grouping the events by type and orientation of shocks. We found that the cosmic ray isotropic intensity is higher when it is associated to fast forward shocks when compared to fast reverse shocks. We also identified some differences in the anisotropy vector when comparing different types of shocks or shocks that are quasi-perpendicular with the remaining ones.
Published: 2017
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46. Impulsive Increase of Galactic Cosmic Ray Flux Observed by IceTop

Author: Alejandro Sáiz, Paul Evenson, Roger Pyle, David Ruffolo, Pierre-Simon Mangeard, and Pradiphat Muangha
Subjects: Physics, Earth's magnetic field, Neutron monitor, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Cosmic ray, Neutron, Forbush decrease, Astrophysics, Muon detector
Abstract: On 2017 January 18 scaler rates in the IceTop detectors at the South Pole revealed an impulsive increase in the galactic cosmic ray flux lasting a few hours. In addition to the neutron monitor at Pole the event was detected clearly by the Mawson neutron monitor and faintly at Jang Bogo. No other neutron monitors appear to have seen the increase. The event was in many ways reminiscent of the 2015 June 22 event observed by the GRAPES muon detectors. Both events occurred during the declining phase of a Forbush decrease, at a time of increasing geomagnetic activity, and were observed by a limited number of neutron monitors with similar asymptotic directions. The magnitude of the impulse was in both cases such that the flux returned briefly to approximately the pre-decrease level. Distinctly unlike the 2015 June 22 event, a changing geomagnetic cutoff cannot explain the 2017 January 18 event because the cutoff at South Pole is nearly zero and the detector response is atmosphere limited. We therefore interpret the 2017 January 18 event in terms of the structure of the Forbush decrease and (possibly changing) asymptotic directions. With our interpretation of the January event in mind we also comment on possible alternative interpretations of the GRAPES event.
Published: 2017
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47. Measurement of cross-counter leader fractions in an 18NM64: Detecting single and multiple atmospheric secondaries

Author: T. Nutaro, Alejandro Sáiz, Paul Evenson, Warit Mitthumsiri, and David Ruffolo
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear physics, Neutron monitor, Detector, Neutron detection, Multiplicity (mathematics), Neutron, Cosmic ray, Function (mathematics), Pulse (physics)
Abstract: The Princess Sirindhorn Neutron Monitor (PSNM) is an 18NM64 (with 18 counter tubes in a continuous row) at 2560~m altitude in Doi Inthanon, Thailand. In late 2015, the electronics in the PSNM were upgraded so as to return an absolute time, referenced to the GPS time, for each neutron count recorded. The timing accuracy is approximately $\pm3$ $\mu$s. This permits extending the well-known concept of multiplicity (multiple correlated counts in one detector) to what we refer to as `cross multiplicity' or correlation of counts in one detector with those in another. At present, the data are recorded as cross-counter time-delay histograms with 5-$\mu$s bins. A cross-counter relative leader fraction $L_{ij}$ can be defined as the fraction of pulses measured in counter number $i$ that are uncorrelated in time with the next pulse in counter $j$. For simplicity, we derive average cross-counter leader fractions $L_\Delta$ with $\Delta=|i-j|$ as a function of counter tube separation, from a tube separation $\Delta=0$ (i.e., using the same tube) to $\Delta=17$. For low tube separation, $L_\Delta$ rapidly increases with increasing $\Delta$, as expected from the spatial spreading of neutrons produced by the same atmospheric secondary particle inside the neutron monitor. At high tube separation, $L_\Delta$ increases slowly with increasing $\Delta$ and remains different from unity, which we interpret as due to multiple atmospheric secondaries arriving in rapid succession after originating from the same primary cosmic ray.
Published: 2017
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48. GeV Solar Energetic Particle Observation and Search by IceTop from 2011 to 2016

Author: Roger Pyle, Pierre-Simon Mangeard, David Ruffolo, Pradiphat Muangha, Paul Evenson, and Alejandro Sáiz
Subjects: Physics, Neutron monitor, Earth's magnetic field, Spacecraft, Solar energetic particles, business.industry, Astronomy, Neutron detection, business, Cherenkov radiation, Solar cycle, IceCube Neutrino Observatory
Abstract: Only three Ground Level Enhancements (GLEs) produced by GeV-range solar energetic particles have been confirmed in the present solar cycle, and those have been quite small by historical standards. At the same time direct observations of high energy solar particles from spacecraft have become available. The combination of instruments at the Amundsen - Scott Station at the geographic South Pole offers an opportunity to span the two disparate sets of measurements. Operating at high altitude and low geomagnetic cutoff the neutron monitor at Pole has nevertheless traditionally been accepted as making a "ground level" observation. An enhanced array of bare neutron detectors and IceTop (surface ice Cherenkov detectors in the IceCube Neutrino Observatory) in principle allow spectral information to be extracted from events that previously were too small to use geomagnetic techniques to obtain spectra. We report our spectral measurements for the three confirmed GLE and compare them to other available data on these events. We also present preliminary results of an ongoing study of 34 particle events selected to have significant enhancements in the > 100 MeV channel in GOES data in terms of possible detections and sensitivity limits.
Published: 2017
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49. A Study on Diurnal Variation of Cosmic Ray Flux using Daejeon and Jang Bogo Neutron Monitors

Author: Chang-Sup Lee, Paul Evenson, Yu Yi, Roger Pyle, Jeong-Han Kim, Jongil Jung, Suyeon Oh, and Geonhwa Jee
Subjects: Neutron monitor, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Local time, Physics::Space Physics, Diurnal temperature variation, Flux, Environmental science, Cosmic ray, Neutron, Interplanetary magnetic field, Atmospheric sciences, Geomagnetic reversal
Abstract: The diurnal variation of galactic cosmic ray flux measured by ground base neutron monitor stations. The local time of maximum intensity tends to depending on latitudinal location. Depending on solar activity, drift effect and diffusion effect controls the local time of maximum intensity for cosmic ray flux. The drift effect occurs due to solar magnetic reversal and the diffusion effect occur due to change in the interplanetary magnetic field scales related to the sunspot cycle. Recently, we installed cosmic ray neutron monitor at Daejeon in south Korea (October 2011) and at Jang Bogo station in Antarctica (December 2015). We want to know the characteristics of two neutron monitors data and adequacy of the data using the local time diurnal variation of cosmic ray flux at two locations and previous studies. We used the plie-up method to analyze diurnal variation for these two stations and used the data from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016. In this report, we will present results about diurnal variation of cosmic ray flux at Daejeon neutron monitor and Jang Bogo neutron monitor. This results will tell us if there are good values for the neutron monitor stations.
Published: 2017
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50. Cosmic Ray Modulation Observed by the Princess Sirindhorn Neutron Monitor at High Rigidity Cutoff

Author: Pierre-Simon Mangeard, Paul Evenson, John Clem, Alejandro Sáiz, T. Nutaro, Warit Mitthumsiri, Roger Pyle, and David Ruffolo
Subjects: Physics, Neutron monitor, Earth's magnetic field, Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Cutoff, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Heliospheric current sheet, Interplanetary magnetic field, Magnetic field, Solar cycle
Abstract: Solar modulation refers to Galactic cosmic ray (GCR) variations with the $\sim$11-year sunspot cycle and $\sim$22-year solar magnetic cycle, and is relevant to the space radiation environment and effects on Earth's atmosphere. Its complicated dependence on solar and heliospheric conditions is only roughly understood but has been empirically modeled in terms of a single modulation parameter. Most analyses of solar modulation used neutron monitor (NM) data from locations with relatively low geomagnetic cutoff rigidity, i.e., the threshold for cosmic rays to penetrate Earth's magnetic field. The Princess Sirindhorn Neutron Monitor (PSNM) at Doi Inthanon, Thailand has the highest cutoff rigidity ($\approx$17 GV) where observations span a complete solar modulation cycle (since late 2007). The pattern of solar modulation at Doi Inthanon during 2011-2014 was qualitatively very different from that at low geomagnetic cutoff, and is not well described by the same modulation parameter. At other times, NM count rates from Doi Inthanon and McMurdo, Antarctica (cutoff $
Published: 2017
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