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Piglets suffer from diarrhea caused by the Shiga toxin-producing

This study aimed to evaluate productive indicators of growth, carcass aspects and the proximal composition of the meat of the Guinea Fowl (GF) reared under tropical conditions in Mexico. It was carried out from July 2016 to May 2017. The productive behavior (PB) of 100 keets in 14 weeks was evaluated and for the trait of the carcass (TC) samples of 5 males and 5 females were analyzed. It was evaluated in PB, Weight gain (WG), feed consumption (FC) and feed conversion (FCO) and in TC, carcass yield (CY), water retention capacity (WRC), pH and color. Descriptive statistics were performed and a generalized linear model (GLM) was used to detect differences between sexes, using the SAS statistical package (Ver. 9.4). The final average weight was 1161.56 ± 94.82 g with a WG of 10.98 ± 0.95 g/bird, FC of 62.04 ± 2.48 g and an FCO of 5.65 ± 0.57 g. Males were superior (79.3%) in the CY, without statistical differences (P> 0.05). The WRC and the pH were very similar. GF production is an alternative meat supply being a source of animal protein.

The green iguana appears to be a reservoir for bacteria causing gastrointestinal infections in humans. The presence of diarrheogenicE. coli(DEC) pathotypes, however, has not been studied in this reptile. The aim of the current work was to investigate the prevalence of DEC in the intestines of 240 captive green iguanas, their phylogenetic groups, and the antibiotic susceptibility profile.E. colistrains were isolated from 41.7% of the intestinal content of green iguanas. DEC strains was identified in 25.9% of the screened population and were detected in the majority (62%, p=0.009] of those reptiles carryingE. colistrains. Among DEC strains, STEC strains carrying thestx1gene were the most prevalent pathotype isolated (38.7%), followed by EAEC and ETEC (27.4% each). Genetic markers of DEC strains belonging to the EHEC pathotype were not detected. More than a half of DEC strains were classified into the Clade I-II phylogroup (64.5%), followed by the phylogroup A (14.5%). The antibiotic susceptibility method demonstrated that a high proportion of DEC strains were resistance, or non-susceptible, to carbenicillin, amikacin, and ampicillin (85, 74, and 66%, respectively). We conclude that the green iguana kept in captivity is a reservoir of DEC strains bearing resistance to first-line antibiotics, including penicillins. Given the increase presence of the green iguana in Latin American households, these reptiles represent a potential source of transmission to susceptible humans and therefore a potential source of gastrointestinal disease.ImportanceLatin-American countries present a high burden of diarrheal disease. In this part of the world, besides common pathogens, diarrheal diseases are also caused by pathogenic types ofE. colireferred as “diarrheagenicE. coli” (DEC). While inhabitants of Latin American countries suffer of self-limiting diarrhea when infected with DEC, a main target of these strains are tourists from developed countries who are not exposed to DEC strains. Efforts are in place to decrease the burden of DEC-associated diarrheal disease. As such, this study investigated a potential reservoir of DEC strains that had been underestimated, the green iguana. These reptiles are very common in Latin American households and are found virtually everywhere in Mexico, Central and South America. We found that 25% of green iguanas carried DEC strains in their intestines. We also demonstrated a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance in these strains, posing a potential risk to humans.

This study aimed to evaluate external and internal quality traits and determine prediction equations for some of these traits in eggs of Mexican native turkey hens. A total of 72 eggs from native turkey hens in the laying stage raised in rural municipality of Villaflores, Chiapas were measured. The external traits evaluated were: egg weight (EW), polar diameter (PD), equatorial diameter (ED), egg shape index (SI), shell weight (SW), shell percentage (SP), egg surface area (ESA) and shell weight per unit surface area (SSA). The internal traits were: albumen height (AH), yolk height (YH), albumen weight (AW), yolk weight (YW), Haugh units (HU), albumen percentage (AP), yolk percentage (YP) and yolk color (YC). The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficients (r) and linear regression using the SAS program, ver. 9.4. The values obtained for the external egg quality traits showed greater variability. Pearson's correlation coefficients between external and internal traits were positive and moderately significant (P

Sixteen male red deer (Cervus elaphus), with an initial weight of 93.83 ± 4.38 kg were used to study the effect of the dietary level of ruminally protected methionine (RPM) on growth, antler morphometry and serum metabolites. The deer were allowed to graze and were individually supplemented with concentrate to provide 0, 2.5, 3.5 or 4.5 g/day of RPM for 65 days. There was a quadratic effect on daily weight gain (0.163, 0.098, 0.147 and 0.172 kg/day; P < 0.005) and antler beam length (59.7, 63.6, 63.0 and 57.2 cm; P < 0.02) for RPM levels of 0 to 4.5 g/day, respectively. The brow tine length and the number of points were similar across all treatments. Serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) was reduced (quadratic effect; P < 0.02; 22.0, 29.6, 18.0 and 17.8 IU/l) to RPM levels of 0 to 4.5 g/day, respectively, whereas other metabolites (glucose, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, total protein and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT]) were unchanged. Increasing the RPM dose did not affect weight gain or antler growth. Methionine supplementation reduced the activity of SGPT.

Vermicompost and worm-bed leachate (WBL) are two products obtained from vermicomposting. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different combinations of vermicompost and WBL on cultivating radish (Raphanus sativus L.). A multilevel factorial design with 25 treatments was used to investigate the effect of vermicompost at 0, 10, 20, 30, or 40% and WBL at 0, 10, 20, 30, or 40% on germination and growth parameters. A maximum seed germination of 54%, number of leaves (2.8), and plant height (8.6 cm) were obtained with 10% vermicompost and 10% WBL. A maximum shoot (7.0 g) and root (7.3 g) dry weight was obtained with 10% vermicompost and 15% WBL. Vermicompost and worm-bed leachate have an inhibitory effect at higher concentrations on seed germination and plant growth. These inhibitory effects might be due to increased salt concentrations, pH or auxin-like effects of humic and fulvic acids.

Se evaluó el efecto de la inclusión (0, 15 y 30 %) de forraje arbóreo de Buddleida cordata (Tepozán) en el comportamiento productivo y los microorganismos del rumen en cabras. Se distribuyeron al azar 30 cabras criollas con un peso vivo promedio de 14 kg en tres tratamientos y fueron alojadas en corrales individuales durante 45 días. Se midió ganancia diaria de peso (GDP), consumo de materia seca (CMS), pH ruminal, concentración de bacterias totales, celulolíticas y protozoarios a los, 30 y 45 días del periodo experimental. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar con mediciones repetidas a través del tiempo, analizando los datos de GDP, CMS y pH ruminal con PROC MIXED. El número de bacterias fue estadísticamente analizado por intervalos de confianza. No hubo diferencias entre tratamientos (p>0.05) por la inclusión de B. cordata en la dieta sobre la GDP, CMS, pH ruminal, concentración de bacterias totales, celulolíticas y protozoarios. No se presentaron diferencia entre periodos (p>0.05) en ninguna variable. Se concluye  que el henificado de B. cordata muestra potencial para ser incluido en la dieta de cabras hasta un máximo de 30%, sin afectar negativamente las variables productivas ni a los microorganismos del rumen. Â

Mendoza-Nazar, P. and Sandoval-Castro, C. 2002. In vitro gas production and nylon bag rumen degradation as predictors of the in vivo apparent digestibility and voluntary intake of tropical hays fed to sheep. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 23: 103–116. The ability of the chemical composition, in situ degradation and manual in vitro gas production techniques (Pressure transducer) to predict voluntary intake (I), apparent digestibilty (D) of DM, OM, NDF and ADF and live weight gain was compared. Seven hays were individually offered ad libitum to growing male sheep. Gas production was determined up to 168 h and in situ degradation up to 96h of incubation. Gas and degradation profiles were fitted to the equation P = a + b (1- ect-Tl) (without lag phase for the gas production). Neither of the measured variables (chemical fractions, in situ and in vitro profiles) nor its combinations were able to predict live weight gain. From the chemical composition only NDF was able to predict DMI (P

Chiapas is considered one of the areas of origin for maize, and indigenous production systems remain a major element of maize farming and the food system of Mexico’s southernmost state. These traditional systems often include a complex, long-term relationship between maize farming and the larger landscape (Medellin and Equihua, 1998). However, what often appear to be static, steady states of small farmer land use in fact are highly dynamic systems that are in the midst of major adaptations to new climatic and economic conditions. The globalization of the agribusiness model that came to dominate the U.S. landscape during the 20th century has put intense pressures on small farmers in Chiapas, adding to complications arising from shifting growing seasons and other effects of global climate change. However, history has shown that Mexican small farmers are never passive objects of their circumstances, and their responses to early 21st century marginalization take both centralized and local forms, in political and productive terms (Guevara-Hernandez et al. 2011a). The balance of forces—capitalist agriculture, external input dependence, neoliberal national food policy on one hand; traditional knowledge, agroecological transitions, social movements on the other—in Mexican agriculture tends to distinguish two contending models for food systems, even as climate change, resource scarcity, and economic crises limit humanity’s options.

A response surface technique was used to analyze the effect of Glomus fasciculatum, Pseudomonas fluorescens and worm-bed leachate (WBL) on growth, yield and characteristics of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). The treatments combined inoculation with or without P. fluorescensor G. fasciculatum and the application of WBL at 20% (v/v) each day or every three days. Plant height, number of leaves and yield of tomato fruits was not affected by the factors studied. However, plants with foliar application of WBL each day developed wider stems than those with an application every three days. The pH of the fruits was lower when WBL was applied every three days compared to a daily application. The soluble solids content of the fruits was higher when WBL was applied daily compared to those sprayed every three days. Plant development was not affected by addition of P. fluorescens, G. fasciculatum or WBL, but WBL changed fruit characteristics.

El objetivo del estudio es evaluar la prevalencia y caracterizar molecular-mente los aislamientos de Escherichia coli y Salmonella spp. en gallinas de Guinea (Numida meleagris) en dos ranchos de los municipios de Villaflores y La Trinitaria, Chiapas, México. Se muestrearon aleatoriamente un total de 23 guineas, de las cuales se tomaron muestras cloacales para la identificación bacteriana mediante medios selectivos, mientras que para la caracterización molecular se analizó el gen rfbO157 (productor de toxina Shiga). El análisis de datos se realizó mediante prevalencia puntual. Los resultados mostraron que no se encontró presencia de Salmonella spp. ni de Escherichia coli en las guineas del rancho de La Trinitaria. En cuanto a las guineas muestreadas en el rancho de Villaflores, tampoco se encontró presencia de Salmonellaspp., sin embargo, se encontró una prevalencia del 95% de Escherichia coli. La caracterización molecular del 10% de las muestras de Escherichia coli permitió identificar al serotipo O157:H7 (productor de toxina Shiga). No se encontró prevalencia de Salmonella spp. en guineas; sin embargo, el estudio demuestra que las gallinas de guinea son portadoras de Escherichia coli O157:H7, por lo que es preciso seguir con estudios del impacto del serotipo en la sanidad animal, así como en la salud pública.

La producción de gallinas de traspatio es un componente primordial en los aspectos nutricional y económico de las comunidades rurales, a pesar de las bondades que ofrece este tipo de recursos zoogenéticos existen factores que han desfavorecido su preservación.