Search

Introdução: O hiperadrencorticismo é uma enfermidade de caráter endócrino, ocasionada pelo excesso de cortisol circulante. É mais relatado em animais idosos e de meia idade, os cães são mais acometidos, podendo ser de origem espontânea ou iatrogênica. Os sinais mais observados pelos tutores envolvem polidipsia, poliúria, polifagia, distensão abdominal e fraqueza. O diagnóstico é baseado nos achados do exame físico e clínico, juntamente com exames complementares, como exames de imagem, hematológicos, urinálise e testes endócrinos específicos. Existem diversas opções de tratamento, deve ser levado em consideração o estado geral do paciente, o tipo de hiperadrenocorticismo e a situação financeira do tutor para definir a melhor opção. Objetivo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar o caso clínico de um paciente canino da raça Yorkshire Terrier diagnosticado com hiperadrenocorticismo. Relato de Caso: Foi atendido no Hospital de Clínicas Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas um canino da raça Yorkshire Terrier, macho, castrado, com 13 anos de idade e pesando 2,600kg. No primeiro momento a tutora relatou que o animal apresentava fraqueza nos membros pélvicos, polidipsia e dificuldade de subir ao sofá, além de hematúria, polaquiúria, disúria e alguns quadros de incontinência. Foi solicitada a realização de exames complementares, dentre eles a ultrassonografia, tendo resultado sugestivo para hipercortisolismo hipófise dependente, pelo achado de adrenomegalia bilateral. Foi solicitado exame bioquímico que apresentou alterações de fosfatase alcalina, albumina, creatinina, CK e aumento de triglicérides e na urinálise, também solicitada, foi observado bacteriúria intensa. Discussão: No animais com hormônio adrenocorticotrófico (ACTH) a poliúria é um dos principais motivos que levam o tutor a buscar ajuda profissional, além da polifagia, que está presente na maioria dos casos. Paciente com essa enfermidade podem apresentar alterações hematológicas com linfopenia e neutrofilia, assim como alterações bioquímicas, como aumento de fosfatase alcalina, na urinálise os quadros de bacteriúria são comuns, corroborando com o caso relatado. Conclusão: Essa enfermidade tem curso lento e o tratamento pode ter efeitos colaterais, por isso a importância de levar em consideração o estado geral do paciente. A terapêutica definida neste caso foi Trilostano 1,3mg BID e o tutor relatou melhora após o início do tratamento.

A dilatação vólvulo gástrica se instala quando o estômago se enche excessivamente de gás ocasionando uma dilatação, e consequentemente uma rotação do estômago sobre seu eixo mesentérico. A causa desta síndrome é desconhecida, mas exercícios após volumosas refeições favorece a ocorrência desta patologia. Por consequência da distensão seguida de torção gástrica, o estômago comprime a veia cava caudal e veia porta, acarretando em inúmeros distúrbios da circulação que prejudicam diretamente o sistema cardiorrespiratório. Diante deste e de outros fatores a alta taxa de mortalidade é uma realidade, portanto quanto antes o paciente for hospitalizado e diagnosticado, terá mais chances de sobreviver. O tratamento consiste primeiramente em estabilizar o paciente para depois seguir as metas da intervenção cirúrgico.

The aim of this study was to investigate the antihypertensive properties of cis-[Ru(bpy)2ImN(NO)]3+ (FOR0811) in normotensive and in Nω–nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced hypertensive rats. Vasorelaxant effects were analyzed by performing concentration response curve to FOR0811 in rat aortic rings in the absence or presence of 1H-[1,2,4]-oxadiazolo-[4,3,-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), L-cysteine or hydroxocobalamin. Normotensive and L-NAME-hypertensive rats were treated with FOR0811 and the effects in blood pressure and heart rate variability in the frequency domain (HRV) were followed. FOR0811 induced relaxation in rat aortic rings. Neither endothelium removal nor L-cysteine altered the FOR0811 effects. However, the incubation with ODQ and hydroxocobalamin completely blunted FOR0811 effects. FOR0811 administered intravenously by bolus infusion (0.01–1 mg/bolus) or chronically by using subcutaneous implanted osmotic pumps significantly reduced the mean arterial blood pressure. The effect was long lasting and did not induce reflex tachycardia. FOR0811 prevented both LF and VLF increases in L-NAME hypertensive rats and has antihypertensive properties. This new ruthenium complex compound might be a promising nitric oxide donor to treat cardiovascular diseases.

Introducao : Uma neoplasia pulmonar e uma proliferacao anormal de celulas no tecido pulmonar, podendo ser classificada como primaria, secundaria ou metastatica e multissistemica. No entanto, uma neoplasia primaria e rara em canideos. Alem disso, as neoplasias podem ser classificadas de acordo com seu comportamento biologico como malignas ou benignas. Os tumores malignos sao mais prevalentes. O diagnostico pode ser dificil devido a sintomas inespecificos, tendo em vista que alguns pacientes afetados nao apresentam nenhum sintoma; assim, um real da doenca pode permanecer sem diagnostico em certas ocasioes. Portanto, objetivamos relatar um caso de sucesso inedito de cirurgia de lobectomia pulmonar em caes com auxilio de videotermometria infravermelha, que mostrada como imagens em tempo real durante o procedimento cirurgico. Caso : Um cao macho de 10 anos, mestico com Cocker Spaniel, foi atendido com historia de letargia, embotamento, perda progressiva de peso, tosse e dificuldade respiratoria. Avaliacao a gravidade dos sinais clinicos e ao exame clinico fisiologico normal, foram solicitados exames complementares, como radiografia da regiao cervical e toracica, tomografia computadorizada de sangue e toracoabdominal (TCT). Os resultados dos exames obtiveram a presenca de massa nodular no lobo pulmonar direito caudal que ocasionava desvio lateral para hemitorax esquerdo da silhueta cardiaca. A paciente foi submetida a um procedimento cirurgico com abordagem pela regiao toracica, na altura do setimo espaco intercostal, sendo realizada lobectomia total. Durante todo o procedimento cirurgico, A videotermometria em tempo real por meio da estacao MART (Atividade Metabolica em Tempo Real FLIR SC325®) foi utilizada para determinar a viabilidade dos tecidos adjacentes por meio de diferencas de temperatura medidas em graus Celsius. O fragmento cirurgico contendo o lobo pulmonar caudal direto e a massa foi encaminhado ao setor de patologia para avaliacao anatomopatologica. Abundante proliferacao epitelial papilar foi visualizada ao microscopio, apresentando areas de necrose e infiltrado polimorfonuclear inflamatorio. O nodulo foi diagnosticado como adenocarcinoma papilar de pulmao. O fragmento cirurgico contendo o lobo pulmonar caudal direto e a massa foi encaminhado ao setor de patologia para avaliacao anatomopatologica. Abundante proliferacao epitelial papilar foi visualizada ao microscopio, apresentando areas de necrose e infiltrado polimorfonuclear inflamatorio. O nodulo foi diagnosticado como adenocarcinoma papilar de pulmao. O fragmento cirurgico contendo o lobo pulmonar caudal direto e a massa foi encaminhado ao setor de patologia para avaliacao anatomopatologica. Abundante proliferacao epitelial papilar foi visualizada ao microscopio, apresentando areas de necrose e infiltrado polimorfonuclear inflamatorio. O nodulo foi diagnosticado como adenocarcinoma papilar de pulmao. Discussao : Os adenocarcinomas consistem em estruturas glandulares papilares, acinares, solidas ou mistas. Podem originar-se das vias aereas, glândulas bronquicas ou regiao broncoalveolar e, frequentemente, apresentam crescimento invasivo apresentando formato rudimentar e irregular. Os sinais clinicos sao inespecificos, incluindo intolerância a exercicios, tosse nao produtiva, sinais respiratorios cronicos como taquipneia ou dispneia, apetite reduzido, perda de peso, letargia, dor a palpacao toracica, hemotorax, pneumotorax e derrame pleural. O diagnostico e concluido por meio de exames de diagnostico por imagem, sendo a radiografia de torax o mais importante, seguida da ressonância magnetica e da tomografia computadorizada. Alem disso, o exame histopatologico e essencial para determinar um diagnostico definitivo. O tratamento de escolha para os nodulos de adenocarcinoma e a excisao cirurgica da massa tumoral. Contudo, o tipo de abordagem cirurgica e determinado por diferentes fatores, como tamanho, localizacao e envolvimento de estruturas adjacentes. A ablacao de massas pulmonares pode ser realizada por meio de lobectomias parciais ou totais. No entanto, a lobectomia parcial e mais frequentemente realizada em massas nao neoplasicas ou para obtencao de material para biopsia, enquanto a lobectomia total e recomendada para a remocao de uma neoplasia maligna. O prognostico e sempre cauteloso, tendo um desfecho mais favoravel nas massas de menor diâmetro sem o envolvimento de estruturas adjacentes.

Background : Primary canine hypothyroidism, an endocrine disorder that causes imbalances in the hypothalamus-pituitarythyroid axis, is a common cause of endocrine dermatoses, which frequently presents with opaque dry brittle hair. Tissue changes are also visible, such as myxedema, hyperkeratosis, epidermal atrophy, alopecia, and others. This paper describes the skin changes caused by primary hypothyroidism in a female dog before and after treatment with levothyroxine. Case : This case study involved a 7-year-old Dalmatian bitch with a history of weight gain and changes such as rough dry brittle hair. For about a year, the dog also had also presented symmetrical erythematous and alopecia skin lesions in the regions of the hind limbs, lower back and tail, progressive lethargy and fatigue after exercise. A hemogram showed mild normocytic and normochromic regenerative anemia, as well as mild leukopenia and neutropenia. Biochemical tests revealed increased levels of creatinine, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. Skin biopsy revealed the presence of comedones in the epidermis and acanthosis and trichilemmal keratinization. Hormonal tests revealed high TSH and low free T4 and total T4 levels. A cervical ultrasound scan showed changes in the thyroid glands, with hypoechoic parenchyma, in addition to increased size of the right lobe, suggesting thyroiditis. Based on these exams, the patient was diagnosed with primary hypothyroidism, and treatment with levothyroxine was instituted. Discussion : Around 90% of dogs with hypothyroidism show a decrease in total T4 and about 65-75% of them show an increase in TSH levels. In endocrinopathy, there is a decrease in the expression of T3 receptors in the keratinocytes and genes responsible for epidermal renewal. Also, molecules that affect epidermal differentiation bind to intracellular receptors belonging to the steroid/thyroid hormone superfamily. In this study, however, the application of the minimum levothyroxine dose restored the normal epidermal pattern for the species and the remaining parameters returned to normal. The hormone T3 acts in the differentiation of keratinocytes, a fact that, although not yet proven, is believed to be indirect and mediated by the epidermal growth factor or by the expression of the genes responsible for the renewal of the epidermis. Besides, some effects on the epidermis caused by deficiency of thyroid hormones may be due to secondary vitamin A deficiency, which is necessary for epithelial differentiation and binding epidermal growth factor (EGF) to the cell. Still, there is a theory that sex hormones also affect the differentiation of the epidermis, as studies show that deficiency causes effects similar to those caused by hypothyroidism. Some studies indicate the investigation of the relationship between secondary vitamin D deficiency and the increased cellularity of the epidermis of the spayed hypothyroid female rats. Additionally, the mechanism of the formation of hyperkeratosis in hypothyroidism is not yet elucidated. T3 is known to regulate keratin gene expression and perhaps also epidermal maturation, epithelial cycle, and normal keratin synthesis. The single treatment with levothyroxine in the female dog was effective in promoting the restoration of gene expression to T3 in keratinocytes. Keywords: dermatopathies, endocrinopathies, hypothyroidism, levothyroxine, synthetic hormone.

We aimed at evaluating the anti-asthmatic effect of cis-[Ru(bpy)2(2-MIM)(NO)](PF6)3 (FOR811A), a nitrosyl-ruthenium compound, in a murine model of allergic asthma. The anti-asthmatic effects were analyzed by measuring the mechanical lung and morphometrical parameters in female Swiss mice allocated in the following groups: untreated control (Ctl+Sal) and control treated with FOR811A (Ctl+FOR), along asthmatic groups untreated (Ast+Sal) and treated with FOR811A (Ast+FOR). The drug-protein interaction was evaluated by in-silico assay using molecular docking. The results showed that the use of FOR811A in experimental asthma (Ast+FOR) decreased the pressure-volume curve, hysteresis, tissue elastance, tissue resistance, and airway resistance, similar to the control groups (Ctl+Sal; Ctl+FOR). However, it differed from the untreated asthmatic group (Ast+Sal, pp

We aimed to evaluate the histomorphometry and proteomic profile of the canine uterus during all stages of the reproductive cycle. Eighteen healthy female dogs had their estrous cycle identified by clinical evaluation, vaginal cytology, and serum progesterone levels, which were allocated to the proestrus (n=5), estrus (n=5), diestrus (n=5), and anestrus (n=3) groups. All were submitted to elective ovariosalpingohysterectomy, and the uteri were collected for histomorphometric measurement (Image J software). For proteomic analysis, fragments of the uterine horns were subjected to protein measurement (Bradford method) and extraction by 2D electrophoresis (PDquest software). The results showed that the diestrus promoted greater values of thickness in the uterine structures (μm): uterine wall (2,223.8±229.8), endometrium (819.7±109.1), and myometrium (1,392.6±294.2). Uterus showed a protein profile with good reproducibility per phase (pI: 3.5–9.0; PM: 24–150 KDa), with 11 spots in all phases. Despite the greatest histomorphometric changes in the diestrus, we observed a greater number of spots in the estrus (253±45), followed by the proestrus (185±21), diestrus (113±39), and anestrus (80±21). This finding showed probable participation of these proteins in the uterine preparation for receiving gametes for fertilization. Our results showed greater uterine thickness in the diestrus, and greater protein secretion in the estrus, contributing to the prospection of identification of proteins responsible for the biological reproduction processes. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la histomorfometría y el perfil proteómico del útero canino durante todas las etapas del ciclo reproductivo. Se identificó el ciclo estral de dieciocho perras sanas mediante evaluación clínica, citología vaginal y niveles de progesterona sérica, que se asignaron al proestro (n = 5), estro (n = 5), diestro (n = 5) y anestro (n = 3) grupos. Todos se sometieron a una ovariosalpingohisterectomía electiva y se recogieron los úteros para la medición histomorfométrica (software Image J). Para el análisis proteómico, los fragmentos de los cuernos uterinos se sometieron a medición de proteínas (método de Bradford) y extracción por electroforesis 2D (software PDquest). Los resultados mostraron que el diestro promovió mayores valores de espesor en las estructuras uterinas (μm): pared uterina (2.223,8 ± 229,8), endometrio (819,7 ± 109,1) y miometrio (1.392,6 ± 294,2). El útero mostró un perfil proteico con buena reproducibilidad por fase (pI: 3,5-9,0; PM: 24-150 KDa), con 11 manchas en todas las fases. A pesar de los mayores cambios histomorfométricos en el diestro, observamos un mayor número de manchas en el estro (253 ± 45), seguido del proestro (185 ± 21), diestro (113 ± 39) y anestro (80 ± 21). Este hallazgo mostró una probable participación de estas proteínas en la preparación uterina para recibir gametos para la fertilización. Nuestros resultados mostraron mayor grosor uterino en el diestro y mayor secreción de proteínas en el estro, contribuyendo a la prospección de identificación de proteínas responsables de los procesos de reproducción biológica. Nós objetivamos avaliar a histomorfometria e o perfil proteômico do útero canino durante todas as fases do ciclo reprodutivo. Dezoito cadelas saudáveis tiveram seu ciclo estral identificado por avaliação clínica, citologia vaginal e níveis séricos de progesterona, que foram alocados para o proestro (n = 5), estro (n = 5), diestro (n = 5) e anestro (n = 3) grupos. Todas foram submetidas à ovariosalpingohisterectomia eletiva, e os úteros foram coletados para mensuração histomorfométrica (software Image J). Para a análise proteômica, fragmentos das trompas uterinas foram submetidos à dosagem de proteínas (método de Bradford) e extração por eletroforese 2D (software PDquest). Os resultados mostraram que o diestro promoveu maiores valores de espessura nas estruturas uterinas (μm): parede uterina (2.223,8 ± 229,8), endométrio (819,7 ± 109,1) e miométrio (1.392,6 ± 294,2). O útero apresentou um perfil proteico com boa reprodutibilidade por fase (pI: 3,5–9,0; PM: 24–150 KDa), com 11 manchas em todas as fases. Apesar das maiores alterações histomorfométricas no diestro, observamos um maior número de manchas no estro (253 ± 45), seguidas do proestro (185 ± 21), diestro (113 ± 39) e anestro (80 ± 21). Esse achado mostrou provável participação dessas proteínas no preparo uterino para recebimento de gametas para fertilização. Nossos resultados mostraram maior espessura uterina no diestro e maior secreção de proteínas no estro, contribuindo para a prospecção e identificação de proteínas responsáveis ​​pelos processos de reprodução biológica.

The aims of the current study are to build an equation to predict gestational age (GA) and to compare ultrasound parameters indicative of delivery in healthy English Bulldog bitches subjected to elective cesarean section. Sixteen pregnant female dogs were included in the study. Inner chorionic cavity (ICCDD) and biparietal (BPD) diameters were measured at 30 and 50 days after artificial insemination, respectively, to estimate GA at embryonic and fetal stages. BPD, heart rate (HR), and intestinal peristalsis were measured at 48 h, 24 h, and 6 hours before delivery to compare fetal development. ICCD and BPD values were subjected to linear regression and parameters predictive of elective cesarean section were compared through Student’s t-test before delivery. The number of conceptuses did not influence pregnancy duration. Both ICCD and BPD were significantly correlated to GA; their formulas presented accuracy of ± 1 and ± 2 days, respectively, in comparison to that of progesterone dosage. Based on the comparative ultrasound assessment, BPD has significantly increased from 48 h to 6 h before delivery (≥3 cm), regardless of the number of pups, whereas HR has significantly decreased within 6 h before delivery (HR

Background: Hypothyroidism is an endocrine disease that leads to a reduction in the hormones thyroxine (T3) and triiodothyronine (T4), which therapy with levothyroxine restores the clinical signs related to the metabolic rate. Due to the influence of thyroid hormones on the heart, which is under the constant influence of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), dogs with hypothyroidism can develop bradycardia, arrhythmia, and dysautonomia. Heart rate variability (HRV) assesses autonomic modulation by the Holter method, which is scarce in dogs. We aimed to report the cardiac and autonomic effects of the primary hypothyroidism untreated and treated with levothyroxine in a canine case by Holter monitoring.Case: A 7-year-old female Dalmatian, weighing 36 kg, was referred for clinical evaluation due to apathy, weight gain, low hair quality, and lethargy. On physical examination, alopecic lesions on the hind limbs and tail, as well as bradycardia with a heart rate (HR) of 40-50 beats per minute (bpm) were observed, in addition to a 3/6 mitral murmur and 2/6 tricuspid murmur. Given the suspicion of thyroid gland disorder, the blood hormonal measurement revealed an increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; 0.65 ng/mL) and a decrease in free T4 (0.11 ng/mL) and total T4 (0.44 ng/mL), confirming primary hypothyroidism. Therapy was started with a minimum dose of levothyroxine (0.913 mg, every 12 h), which clinical signs were restored in five months of treatment, with weight loss, hair growth, and active behavior. To assess the impact of untreated and treated hypothyroidism on the patient’s ANS, a Holter monitoring exam was performed for 24 h before and after therapy. Before treatment, the average HR was 75 bpm, and the HR2.0s), 1st-degree atrioventricular blocks (AVB), six ventricular ectopias events, and 2nd-degree sinoatrial block (SAB) were also observed. The ANS parasympathetic tone was significantly stimulated, highlighting bradycardia, arrhythmia, and dysautonomia. After five months of treatment with levothyroxine, the average HR was 89 bpm, and the HR

Background: Cases of renal fibrous osteodystrophy are usually associated with nutritional causes, which of renal causes are considered uncommon in dogs. This disorder is characterized by the intense proliferation of fibrous connective tissue in bones, impairing bone stiffness. The aim of this study was to report a case of fibrous osteodystrophy secondary to chronic kidney disease in a canine with a "rubber jaw" facial deformity.Case: A 4-year-old male unneutered mongrel dog weighing 5.2 kg had a history of apathy, progressive weight loss and vomiting for one month, and polyuria and polydipsia for more than three months. In addition, the owner complained about the deformed appearance in the muzzle region of the animal, which was evidenced flexibility of the same, with a displacement of the mandible and maxilla on physical examination, similar to the "rubber jaw". Blood tests revealed macrocytic anemia, elevated total plasma proteins, and lymphopenia-associated neutrophilia, as well as hyperphosphatemia (24 mg/dL), uremia (283.6 mg/dL) and increased creatinine (8.6 mg/dL), ALT (143.2 UI/L) and alkaline phosphatase (3222.2 UI/L), while calcium (8.8 mg/dL) and albumin (1.9 g/dL) were decreased. A serological test for visceral leishmaniasis was also performed, which was negative. Abdominal ultrasound imaging revealed kidneys with alterations in tissue architecture, increased thickness and complete loss of cortico-medullary relationship, while the parathyroid gland was enlarged and spindle-shaped. Cranial radiography showed marked radiopacity of the bilateral maxillary bones, with destruction of the nasal, turbinate and frontal bones, as well as loosening of the teeth and destruction of the mandibular bone matrix, characterizing an aspect of “rubber jaw”. Based on the history, history and evidence of azotemia, hyperphosphatemia and loss of facial bone density, the diagnosis of fibrous osteodystrophy secondary to chronic kidney disease associated with hyperparathyroidism was concluded.Discussion: The clinical and laboratory findings reported in the present study were similar to those described in dogs with renal fibrous osteodystrophy associated with hyperparathyroidism. In the presence of azotemia, the patient was in stage 4 of chronic kidney disease which, despite investigating the infectious etiology, which was negative, remained unknown. Along with chronic kidney disease, the observation of hyperphosphatemia associated with hypokalemia contributed to the clinical investigation, whose pathophysiological mechanisms of this disorder were discussed in this study. The organic alterations observed in the patient's imaging examination coincided with the pathophysiological processes of renal fibrous osteodystrophy. The findings of renal and parathyroid alterations on ultrasound, as well as the damage to the bone matrix, maxillomandibular deformity and loss of bone support evidenced on cranial radiography, led to the conclusion of the diagnosis of renal fibrous osteodystrophy secondary to hyperparathyroidism. Despite the recommended symptomatic therapy, the patient died within 24 hours of hospitalization, and it was not possible to perform a necropsy. This report is highlighted by the occurrence of bone deformity at the maxillary and mandibular level, as a result of renal dysfunction in a young canine, alerting to the importance of complementary exams for proper diagnosis.

The aim of this study was to investigate the antihypertensive properties of cis-[Ru(bpy)

Background : Thyroid hormones have important effects on the cardiovascular system, of which the main ones are the increase in the heart response to the autonomic sympathetic nervous system. Heart rate variability is a non-invasive method of assessing autonomic heart modulation, thus being an important form of evaluation in patients with thyroid dysfunctions. This study aimed to report electrocardiographic and heart rate variability data of a dog with hypothyroidism that presented a parasympathetic dysfunction. Case: A 7-year-old female Dalmatian dog was admitted for clinical evaluation in Fortaleza, Brazil. According to the owner, she had been apathetic for a year, had gained weight, always had a sad expression, and her hair was generally brittle and opaque. On physical examination, skin lesions were observed at the end of the spine, extending to the tail region, with the latter showing total alopecia. Low T4 levels confirmed the diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism. Then, a 24-h Holter monitoring was performed, which showed that the animal had sinus arrhythmia associated with moments of second-degree sinoatrial block and rare moments of sinus tachycardia. In addition, moments of premature multifocal ventricular extrasystoles and 1 st -degree atrioventricular block were observed. Based on the Holter results, heart rate variability (HRV) was calculated. Regarding the HRV in the frequency domain, 32.16 was obtained in the low frequency (LF) band, 67.84 in the high frequency (HF) band, and the LF / HF ratio was 0.46, with a total power of 5205. As for the HRV in the time domain, RMSSD was 117, pNN50 was 62.64 and SDNN was 384. This showed an increase in the parasympathetic activity of the heart and, due to this increased activity, a second-degree sinoatrial block occurred, which is a sinus function disturbance resulting from the exacerbated parasympathetic activity. Discussion : Beta-adrenergic receptors have their expression and activity altered by thyroid hormones. The sympathetic stimulation on the heart through the activation of these receptors originates a positive inotropic, lusitropic, dromotropic and chronotropic effect. Therefore, in the absence of thyroid hormones, there is a decrease in this stimulation, thus allowing a preponderant parasympathetic tone. In the present report, the increase in the parasympathetic tonus, observed in hypothyroidism, resulted in a reduction in the frequency of sinus firing, slowing of intranodal and sinoatrial conduction, and shortening of the effective refractory period, a combination of factors that led to decreased HR observed in the Holter monitoring. Previous studies have shown that thyroid hormones increase sympathetic activity, mainly in the heart, since they do not act by increasing the production or release of catecholamines, but rather increasing catecholamine response on the heart, due to a positive regulation of Ca2 + -ATPase channels of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and beta1-adrenergic receptors. Thus, the observed result was already expected, because in hypothyroidism there is a decrease in these hormones that increase the sympathetic activity on the heart and so, the parasympathetic tone was very evident. The study of heart rate variability allows the simple assessment of the autonomic nervous system imbalance, and may be extremely important in the follow-up of diseases that affect this balance, such as hypothyroidism. Hence, more studies are required to verify the effect of such diseases on heart rate variability, aiming to define associations between the diseases and the alterations, as well as to define parameters of normality for such examinations.

Heartworm disease and leishmaniasis are parasitic diseases caused by the nematode Dirofilaria immitisand by the protozoan Leishmania infantumrespectively These two vector borne parasitoses share not only the same geographic distribution as coincident foci of endemicity Brazil is considered an endemic country for these two parasitoses Cardiac symptomatology is well defined in heartworm disease whereas leishmaniasis is still not well defined Some cardiac biomarkers are important to clarify cardiac damage among them we have the enzyme Creatinine kinase CK its CK MB isoenzyme asparato transaminase AST and lactate dehydrogenase LDH The electrocardiogram examination is also important as a marker of cardiac injury In this sense the study aimed to report a case of co infection between these two parasitosis in a year old dog from the Center of Zoonoses of Fortaleza Cear

A 6-month-old female, 1.0kg, uncastrated female Persian cat was brought to the Veterinary Hospital at State University of Ceara, with a history of dyspnea, prostration, hyporexia and progressive weight loss for a month. On physical examination, systolic cardiac murmur, cyanosis and dyspnea were detected. Unfortunately, the cat died during oxygen therapy. Necropsy examination revealed an increase in cardiac silhouette and ventricular septal defect of 2cm in diameter. Macroscopically the lungs were collapsed, with absent and diffusely reddish blackish crepitus, and the liver with blackish red coalescent multifocal areas, interspersed with lighter areas and lobular pattern with irregular brownish multifocal areas intercepted by brownish areas. Thus, the necropsy results together with the history and physical examination of the animal confirmed the diagnosis of Eisenmenger Syndrome, becoming the report of the first case, in a cat, in Brazil.

A Urolitíase é uma afecção metabólica que pode ter diversas causas e frequentemente afeta os cães de diversas raças, idades e sexo. A dieta do animal pode interferir tanto no aparecimento quanto na prevenção de recidivas de urolitíase, por isso, é considerada de fundamental importância na prevenção da afecção do trato urinário, minimizando as chances de formação de cálculos. O diagnóstico é baseado na anamnese, sinais clínicos e exames complementares como a urinálise, ultrassonografia, a radiografia, entre outros. Os sinais clínicos mais comumente observados em animais acometidos são a hematúria, disúria e polaquiúria. O tratamento clínico da urolitíase tem por objetivo a promoção da dissolução e/ou interrupção do crescimento subsequente dos urólitos, podendo ser feito através de modificações na dieta ou, em alguns casos, é necessária a realização de cirurgia.

O uso de medicamentos antifúngicos devem ser eficazes e seguros, isso se faz importante para a cura adequada do paciente, e para evitar o desenvolvimento de resistência do patógeno. Dentre as classes de fármacos, o Itraconazol destaca-se por ser um dos primeiros antifúngicos utilizados, além de apresentar efeito fungicida eficaz em micoses superficiais e sistêmicas. Poucos relatos existem sobre efeitos colaterais em pequenos animais, havendo mais informações em estudos humanos. Foram observados que efeitos colaterais se manifestam quando a dose de itraconazol é excessiva, podendo desencadear problemas hepatotóxicos principalmente. Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver uma breve revisão de literatura sobre o fármaco Itraconazol e suas prováveis complicações de uso.

There is an increasing number of compounds developed to target one or more pathways involved in vasodilation. Some studies conducted with azaindole and indazole derivatives showed cardiovascular activity associated with these compounds. Fast and easy structural modification of these organic molecules can be achieved using metal complexes promoting a much larger spatial change than organic strategies, potentially leading to novel drugs. Here, we have prepared a series of complexes with a formula cis-[RuCl(L)(bpy)(2)]PF(6), where L = 7-azaindole (ain), 5-azaindole (5-ain), 4-azaindole (4-ain), indazole (indz), benzimidazole (bzim) or quinoline (qui), which were characterized by spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques (CV, DPV). These compounds showed reasonable stability exhibiting photoreactivity only at low wavelength along with superoxide scavenger activity. Cytotoxicity assays indicated their low activity preliminarily supporting in vivo application. Interestingly, vasodilation assays conducted in rat aorta exhibited great activity that largely improved compared to free ligands and even better than the well-studied organic compound (BAY 41-42272), with IC(50) reaching 55 nM. These results have validated this strategy opening new opportunities to further develop cardiovascular agents based on metallo-bicyclic rings.

Úlcera de córnea profunda é uma das doenças mais comuns em cães, muitas vezes levando à perda da visão. Úlceras profundas ferem o estroma, as descemetoceles são úlceras profundas que expõem camada Descemet. Com etiologia variada, a úlcera de córnea ou ceratite ulcerativa requer um diagnóstico preciso, com a resolução da causa primária e tratamento específico. Uma cadela de uma raça Pug anos de idade apresentou a hiperemia conjuntival com coceira mucoleosa e descarga. Depois de três dias de tratamento ocular tópico com ciprofloxacina a córnea do animal tornou-se irregular e foi ignorada a presença de um "ponto branco" no centro do olho. Através de exames, verificou-se através da lâmpada de fenda, que foi uma descemetocele com a presença de bordas em hipópio e "fusão" com uveíte e edema em curso. O diagnóstico foi um descemetocele com bordas em "melting". O objetivo é relatar um caso de úlcera profunda (descemetocele) em "melting" em um cão braquicefálico, o método de diagnóstico utilizado, o tratamento realizado e os resultados obtidos.

The voltage-dependent calcium channels (Cav) are a family of multigene channel that plays an essential role in regulating a variety of cellular functions. These channels are categorized as type L-, N-, P / Q-, R- or T, based on their electrophysiological and pharmacological properties. Activation of these channels and Ca2 + entry is required in many physiological processes such as muscle contraction and release of hormones and neurotransmitters, and many others, for example in the contraction mechanism, and vascular relaxation.

Phyllorhiza punctata (P. punctata) is a jellyfish native to the southwestern Pacific. Herewith we present the biochemical and pharmacological characterization of an extract of the tentacles of P. punctata. The tentacles were subjected to three freeze-thaw cycles, homogenized, ultrafiltered, precipitated, centrifuged and lyophilized to obtain a crude extract (PHY-N). Paralytic shellfish poisoning compounds such as saxitoxin, gonyautoxin-4, tetrodotoxin and brevetoxin-2, as well as several secretory phospholipase A(2) were identified. PHY-N was tested on autonomic and somatic neuromuscular preparations. In mouse vas deferens, PHY-N induced phasic contractions that reached a peak of 234 ± 34.7% of control twitch height, which were blocked with either 100 μm of phentolamine or 1 mm of lidocaine. In mouse corpora cavernosa, PHY-N evoked a relaxation response, which was blocked with either L-N(G) -Nitroarginine methyl ester (0.5 mm) or 1 mm of lidocaine. PHY-N (1, 3 and 10 μg ml(-1) ) induced an increase in tonus of the biventer-cervicis neuromuscular preparation that was blocked with pre-treatment of galamine (10 μm). Administration of 6 mg kg(-1) PHY-N intramuscularly produced death in broilers by spastic paralysis. In conclusion, PHY-N induces nerve depolarization and nonspecifically increases neurotransmitter release. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en

Background: Osteogenesis imperfecta is a severe genetic disease rarely described in veterinary medicine. This multisystemic condition is caused by a defect in the production and metabolization of collagen, which implicates in bone fragility. This disease has been described in cattle, sheep, domestic felines, mouse and dogs of different breeds, including collie, golden retriever, beagle, dachshund and chow chow. Animals affected by this condition present multiple fractures without previous occurrence of trauma. Therefore, this report aimed to describe a case of osteogenesis imperfecta type III in a miniature pinscher dog.Case: A 1-year-old male miniature pinscher dog, was admitted for clinical evaluation in Fortaleza, Brazil, with a history of spontaneous fractures without known causes. This animal was maintained indoors, fed on dry feed and presented recurrent events of claudication and pain. In the physical examination, the individual walked solely with the forelimbs, avoiding the use of the hind limbs and presented pain behavior. Bulging of the skull was observed laterally, which promoted a triangular appearance of head and face. Fontanelles were soft, and the eyes presented blueish sclera and corneal opacity. Teeth were small, translucid, fragile and deformed. Radiography images revealed bulging of the calvaria and persistent fontanelles with open cranial sutures. In addition, cranial convolutions were less clear, which was compatible with hydrocephalus. Dental roots were narrow, short and presented partial pulp obliteration. The radiographic contrast of the dentin was low with a reduction of periapical radiolucency. Bone radiopacity was low in the bones of the abdomen and pelvis, in addition to femur. Metaphysis of the right tibia was enlarged and angular. Multiple fractures were identified in the pelvis with the formation of opaque bony calluses and bone marrow sclerosis. Physiological parameters and blood test results were unaltered. After the diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta type III, treatment was performed with meloxicam 0.1 mg/kg, SID, VO) and tramadol (2 mg/kg, TID, VO) until pain was controlled. When the patient was stable, the treatment was halted until the next event of fractures followed by pain.Discussion: Type I collagen is considered the most abundant protein in connective tissue, accounting for 95% of the various types of collagen found in bone tissue. In osteogenesis imperfecta, there is a shortage in coding of type I collagen, which prevents this protein from exerting its structural functions properly. In addition, it is subjected to intra and extracellular degradation, affecting cell migration and differentiation and, concomitantly, cell-matrix interaction. Hence, these changes are considered the main pathophysiological factors of osteogenesis imperfecta. There is a wide range of phenotypic presentations in individuals with osteogenesis imperfecta. However, there is a pattern of fractures and features that aid clinically and radiologically in the characterization of the disease and form the basis for case identification and diagnosis. In this case, the diagnosis was concluded primarily considering significant clinical signs, such as: repetitive fractures, triangular face, bulging of the skull, bluish sclera and corneal opacity. Radiographic examinations were used to confirm the diagnosis and to aid in treating the fractures. Although the genetic test provides a better understanding of the disease, it was not performed in this case, as it is routinely unavailable in many treatment centers. In conclusion, we described a case of osteogenesis imperfecta in a miniature pinscher dog.

Background: In recent decades the demand for unconventional pets has been relatively increasing, a situation that increasingly causes veterinarians to encounter these animals in medical and surgical practice. Of these animals, the birds stand out. Animals of the order Psittaciform are known as very curious and active creatures that have the tendency to chew objectsin their environment. Among the several occurrences that lead this animal to attend the veterinary clinic, we highlight the poisoning by heavy metals, especially lead poisoning (Pb) and zinc (Zn). The objective of this work was to report a case of heavy metal intoxication in cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus).Case: A cockatiel was taken to the veterinarian with a history of apathy, motor incoordination, exacerbated water consumption and regurgitation. Complete anamnesis was instrumental in directing suspected heavy metal intoxication. Radiopaque particles were visualized through radiographic examination, suggesting heavy metal intoxication. The diagnosis wasconcluded through complementary examinations since the clinical symptoms are nonspecific. The treatment was intended to provide emergency intervention, avoid further absorption, use of antidotes, provide supportive measures and provide guidance to the owner. It can be concluded that the diagnosis and treatment were successful.Discussion: Metal poisoning can kill birds. The veterinarian should always seek the literature in order to perform the best support and treatment. For this, detailed history and detailed medical history must be taken into account, since the time of ingestion and the type of metal interfere with the therapeutic conduct. The use of imaging tests such as x-rays andultrasound are essential to assist the clinician, especially in cases where the tutor does not know whether or not the animal has ingested an object. In the radiographic examination, the heavy metal has the characteristic of having high radiopacity, which was evidenced in the case in question. Radiographic positions should be considered in order to avoid false negatives. In the literature, the treatment of chelation therapy is prioritized to remove the circulating heavy metal and thus act on the cause of the problem. In the case in question calcium EDTA was used intramuscularly, which showed clinical improvement in the animal after the second application. Calcium EDTA binds to metals and facilitates their transport and excretion. The use of fluid therapy is necessary as a supportive treatment to prevent kidney damage, since heavy metals are highlyharmful to nephrons. Especially in cases where the animal stops feeding and ingesting water. The use of antibiotics is essential because in many cases the animal, in addition to not feeding, becomes prone to infections due to metal toxicity, therefore, prophylactic use is essential for a better prognosis. In the case in question, the use of enrofloxacin was effective,as reported in the literature. It is recommended that the diagnosis of serum lead and zinc dosage should be made, however, due to the difficulties of obtaining the samples, and since other metals may also cause intoxication, in the case in question the treatment was started without these results. According to the results obtained in this work, the treatment described in the literature is effective and can be performed immediately to save animal life without subsequent sequelae.Keywords: bird, lead, zinc, calcium EDTA.

O feocromocitoma é uma neoplasia endócrina rara, do sistema nervoso simpático, com origem nas células cromafins da medula adrenal e produtor de catecolaminas. O diagnóstico ante mortem é complexo e raro, exigindo um alto índice de suspeita por parte dos médicos veterinários, devido à natureza paroxística e inespecífica dos sinais clínicos assim como à presença de doenças concomitantes e ainda carência de meios de diagnóstico específicos e sensíveis em cães. Como resultado de potenciais consequências fatais, o diagnóstico precoce é essencial de forma a garantir qualquer possibilidade de sobrevivência do animal. Essa neoplasia pode se apresentar de maneira unilaterais ou bilaterais, funcionais ou não-funcionais, de carácter benigno ou maligno. Nos cães, as maiorias destes tumores apresentam-se unilaterais, e apenas cerca de 10% são bilaterais. Os sinais clínicos associados aos feocromocitomas resultam do excesso de catecolaminas libertadas, do efeito de massa e invasão local pelo tumor e da presença de metástases, sendo o excesso de secreção de catecolaminas o principal responsável pelo quadro clínico. Cerca de 50% dos cães afetados permanecem assintomáticos, sendo que, nestes pacientes, o diagnóstico ocorre de forma acidental durante a necrópsia, durante a exploração de outras afeções ou durante uma intervenção cirúrgica.

O hiperinsulinismo é uma patologia associada a presença de neoplasias nas células Beta do pancreas.Sendo essas celulas as reponsaveis pela secreção da insulina, hormônio cujo mecanismo de ação está relacionado com o aumento da atividade da enzima hexoquinase, facilitando a utilização da glicose pelos tecidos.A neoplasia das celulas beta é conhecida por insulinoma,sendo raros tomores secretores de insulina.Existe poucos relatos de caso em gatos,sendo mais prevalente em cães com idade ente 6 e 14 anos.Os pricipais sinais clinicos estão relacionados ao baixo aporte de glicose para o sistema nervoso central.Os perfis bioquímicos, hematológicos e análise de urina não fecham diagnóstico de Insulinoma,sendo a ecografia abdominal o exame confirmatório para diagnostico.O tratamento deve ser efetivo no controle dos sinais clínicos do paciente, estabilizando o cão para se realizar a cirurgia posteriormente.