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Tuberculosis associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) is a serious complication of starting combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). TB-IRIS emerges early after cART initiation and is characterized by rapid expansions of TB-specific CD4+ T cells and high levels of inflammatory mediators driven by CD4+ T cells. The effects of TB-IRIS on HIV populations are unknown, but could result in profound expansion and elimination of HIV infected cells via cellular activation and acute inflammation. We investigated immediate and long-term effects of TB-IRIS on HIV infected cells with and without TB-IRIS. We measured plasma HIV RNA, cell-associated HIV RNA and HIV DNA levels and compared genetic characteristics of HIV populations after prolonged cART. We found that TB-IRIS was associated with more diverse HIV DNA populations and HIV reservoirs after IRIS were distinct from pre-therapy populations, suggesting that TB-IRIS can shape the HIV reservoir with detrimental implications for HIV remission strategies.

Aberrant precursor mRNA splicing plays a pivotal role in liver diseases. However, roles of splicing regulators in alcoholic liver disease are unknown. Herein, we investigated a splicing regulator, Slu7, in the development of alcoholic steatohepatitis. Adenovirus-mediated alteration of hepatic Slu7 expression in mice pair fed either with or without (as control) ethanol in their diet was used. Knockdown of hepatic Slu7 by adenovirus-Slu7shRNA treatment ameliorated inflammation and attenuated liver injury in mice after ethanol administration. Mechanistically, reducing liver Slu7 expression increased the expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) full-length and repressed the splicing of SIRT1 into SIRT1-ΔExon8 isoform in ethanol-fed mice. Knockdown of hepatic Slu7 in the ethanol-fed mice also ameliorated splicing of lipin-1 and serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 3 (Srsf3). In concordance with ameliorated splicing of SIRT1, lipin-1, and Srsf3, knockdown of hepatic Slu7 inhibited the activity of NF-κB, normalized iron and zinc homeostasis, reduced oxidative stress, and attenuated liver damage in ethanol-fed mice. In addition, hepatic Slu7 was significantly elevated in patients with alcoholic steatohepatitis. Our present study illustrates a novel role of Slu7 in alcoholic liver injury and suggests that dysregulated Slu7 may contribute to the pathogenesis of human alcoholic steatohepatitis.