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In multiple sclerosis (MS), gait impairment is one of the most prominent symptoms. For a sensitive assessment of pathological gait patterns, a comprehensive analysis and processing of several gait analysis systems is necessary. The objective of this work was to determine the best diagnostic gait system (DIERS pedogait, GAITRite system, and Mobility Lab) using six machine learning algorithms for the differentiation between people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) and healthy controls, between pwMS with and without fatigue and between pwMS with mild and moderate impairment. The data of the three gait systems were assessed on 54 pwMS and 38 healthy controls. Gaussian Naive Bayes, Decision Tree, k-Nearest Neighbor, and Support Vector Machines (SVM) with linear, radial basis function (rbf) and polynomial kernel were applied for the detection of subtle walking changes. The best performance for a healthy-sick classification was achieved on the DIERS data with a SVM rbf kernel (κ = 0.49 ± 0.11). For differentiating between pwMS with mild and moderate disability, the GAITRite data with the SVM linear kernel (κ = 0.61 ± 0.06) showed the best performance. This study demonstrates that machine learning methods are suitable for identifying pathologic gait patterns in early MS.

The FED method (Fixation, Elongation, Derotation) is a treatment method approach to Patients with scoliosis. The FED method is especially established in Spain and Poland, whereby in Germany it is less well-known. Nevertheless the FED method is within the scope of a research project (Project Number: 19200 BR/3). The purpose of the paper is to characterize the FED method and to highlight the specificities in contrast to the Schroth method, which is international established and especially in Germany.This systematic literature research was conducted in Nov 2017-Jan 2018. Therefore common medical and physiotherapeutic databases were used. Furthermore there was a hand search in selected scientific journals. Only a small number of relevant references were identified. That is why the respective authors were asked to provide the full-texts of their papers and to recommend further references.A total of 378 references were identified. After removing duplicates and the content-related selection, 19 references were deemed to be relevant. Based on the analysis of this relevant literature, the FED method was comprehensively characterized. First of all the general structure of the FED method and the scientific evidence for its effectiveness was described. And as a result of the literature research, the operating principles of the FED method were pointed out. Then these operating principles were discussed in comparison with the Schroth method. The Schroth method based on sensomotoric and kinesthetic principles and the correction of the pathologic posture was performed by selective muscle activation and breathing-pattern. Thus, the posture correction will be performed by the patients (auto correction). Compared to the Schroth method, the FED method implements the posture correction by the FED-device. This correction is influenced by mechanical forces with a comparatively high strength and intensity. The repetitive mechanical correction stimulates the sensomotoric system. And due to trophic/biochemical adaptations, the physiological bone growth will be stimulated.In total the authors want to clarify, that both treatment methods (Schroth method, FED method) supposed to be applied in consideration of the preconditions of the patients and the pursue of the different treatment goals. Thus, the implementation of treatment methods should be used according to the individual treatment demand and on different stages in the treatment process.Die FED-Methode (Fixation, Elongation, Derotation) wird vor allem in Spanien und Polen zur Behandlung von Skoliose eingesetzt. Die FED-Methode wird in einem aktuellem Forschungsprojekt (Förderkennzeichen: 19 200 BR/3) beforscht. Mit dem Ziel, die in Deutschland eher unbekannte FED-Methode zu charakterisieren und deren Besonderheiten zu verdeutlichen, wurde eine systematische Literaturrecherche durchgeführt.Die systematische Literaturrecherche wurde von November 2017 bis Januar 2018 durchgeführt unter Verwendung gängiger Literaturdatenbanken und einer Handsuche. Da nur relevante Literaturstellen identifiziert wurden, wurden die beteiligten Autoren um die nicht zugänglichen Volltexte sowie um weitere Literaturempfehlungen gebeten.Insgesamt ergab die Literatursuche 378 Referenzen. Nach der Entfernung von Duplikaten und der inhaltlichen Selektion wurden insgesamt 19 relevante Literaturstellen identifiziert und der Volltextanalyse unterzogen. Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit bietet eine ganzheitliche Charakteristik der FED-Methode. Neben dem allgemeinen Aufbau der Behandlungsmethode und der wissenschaftlichen Evidenz wurden auf Grundlage der Literaturanalyse die Wirkprinzipien der FED-Methode umfassend beschrieben und gegenüber der Schroth-Methode abgegrenzt. Die FED-Methode verfolgt im Unterschied zur Schroth-Methode eine mechanische Haltungskorrektur mit vergleichsweise hohen einwirkenden Kräften. Die repetitive Haltungskorrektur bewirkt beim Patienten eine Verbesserung der Sensomotorik und durch trophische Veränderungen die Stimulation des gesunden Knochenwachstums.Insgesamt ist zu verdeutlichen, dass die beiden Behandlungsmethoden unter Berücksichtigung der Grundvoraussetzungen der jeweiligen Patienten eingesetzt werden müssen. Aufgrund dessen und wegen ihrer verschiedenen Zielrichtungen können diese methodisch an unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten im Therapieverlauf bzw. entsprechend des Behandlungsbedarfs angewendet werden.