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To investigate the effect of social inequalities in cesarean section rates among primiparae having single pregnancy and delivering in maternity hospitals.The study was carried out in Southern Brazil in 1996, 1998 and 2000. Data from the Live Birth National Information System were used to estimate annual rates and crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) of cesarean sections according to social conditions (maternal age and education, newborn skin color/ethnicity and macro-regions), duration of pregnancy, and number of prenatal visits.The overall cesarean section rate was 45%, and above 37% in all macro-regions. Increased rates were seen among native and black mothers, aged 30 years or more, living in metropolitan, river valley and mountain macro-regions and having attended to more than six prenatal visits. Crude and adjusted OR show that cesarean rates were negatively associated with all categories of skin color/ethnicity when compared to white newborns, particularly those of native Brazilian (ORadj=0.43; 95% CI: 0.31-0.59), and they were positively associated with higher maternal education (ORadj=3.52; 95% CI: 3.11-3.99), older age (ORadj=6.87; 95% CI: 5.90-8.00) and greater number of prenatal visits (ORadj=2.16; 95% CI: 1.99-2.35). The effects of age and education were partly mediated by the greater number of prenatal visits among higher educated older women. The OR varied among macro-regions but were greater for the wealthier mountain region.High rates of cesarean section rates in Southern Brazil are a public health concern. They are associated with social, economic and cultural factors which can lead to misuse of medical technology during labor and delivery.

OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito das desigualdades sociais nas taxas de cesariana em primíparas, com gravidez única e parto hospitalar. MÉTODOS: Estudo realizado no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul em 1996, 1998 e 2000. Foram utilizados dados do Sistema de Informação de Nascidos Vivos no cálculo das taxas anuais e das razões de chance de cesariana (RC) brutas e ajustadas para condições sociais (escolaridade e idade maternas, etnia/cor da pele e macro-regional de saúde), duração da gestação e número de consultas pré-natal. RESULTADOS: A taxa de cesarianas foi de 45%, e acima de 37% para todas as macro-regionais. As taxas aumentaram entre: mulheres de etnia indígena e negra, mulheres com mais de 30 anos, residentes nas macro-regiões Metropolitana, Vales e Serra, e com mais de seis consultas no pré-natal. Razões brutas e ajustadas indicaram taxas negativamente associadas para todas as categorias de etnia/cor, quando comparadas à cor branca da pele do recém-nascido, em especial para etnia indígena (RCaj=0,43; IC 95%: 0,31-0,59), positivamente associadas à escolaridade (RCaj=3,52; IC 95%: 3,11-3,99) e idade maternas mais elevadas (RCaj=6,87; IC 95%: 5,90-8,00), e maior número de consultas pré-natal (RCaj=2,16; IC 95%: 1,99-2,35). Os efeitos de idade e escolaridade mostraram estar parcialmente mediados pelo maior número de consultas pré-natal nas mulheres com idade e escolaridade mais elevadas. As taxas variaram entre as macro-regionais, sendo maiores na região da Serra, economicamente mais rica. CONCLUSÕES: Altas taxas de cesariana no sul do Brasil constituem problema de saúde pública e estão associadas a fatores sociais, econômicos e culturais, os quais podem levar ao mau-uso da tecnologia médica na atenção ao parto.

OBJECTIVE The main objectives of the present study were to evaluate the percentage of under-registration of infant mortality in 1993 and compare it with the ones found 1982; to analyze the agreement between the official death certificates and the ones made by the referees. METHODS The infant mortality of all children born in Pelotas, in 1993, was monitored through daily visits to hospitals, as it was done in 1982; monthly, cemeteries and public registration offices were visited to detect any deaths outside the hospitals. Besides the official death certificates, two independent referees established the underlying cause of death based on information from pediatricians, case-notes, autopsies and through a home visit to the parents of the children. RESULTS The percentage of under-registration fell substantially from 24%, in 1982, to 5.4%, in 1993. The agreement between the official death certificates and the ones made by the referees showed satisfactory Kappas, unless for ill defined diseases such as sudden infant death, where the agreement was null. CONCLUSIONS The authors conclude that there was a significant fell of the under-registration for infant death in Pelotas, and the ill defined causes such as sudden infant death have been hidden by the diagnosis of pneumonia.

Embora as estatísticas vitais sejam de fundamental importância para o planejamento e avaliação das ações de saúde, são poucos os Estados brasileiros que dispõem de sistema de registro com cobertura e agilidade suficiente para atingir estas metas. Objetivou, portanto, analisar os dados gerados no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, para descrever tendências temporais e distribuição espacial de indicadores de saúde infantil, incluindo os coeficientes de mortalidade infantil e de mortalidade proporcional de menores de um ano, prevalência de baixo peso ao nascer, e cobertura vacinal. Entre 1980 e 1992, observaram-se reduções marcantes na mortalidade infantil (de 39,0 para 19,3 por mil) e na mortalidade proporcional de menores de um ano (de 13,9% para 5,9%). A prevalência de baixo peso ao nascer mostrou-se estável entre 8 e 10%, tendo mesmo sido observado discreto aumento até 1991. A cobertura de vacina tríplice oscilou marcadamente de ano a ano, entre 79% e 99%. Houve forte correlação, ao nível de Delegacias Regionais de Saúde, entre mortalidade infantil e baixo peso ao nascer. Os 4 indicadores estudados foram combinados de forma a construir um escore para identificar as Delegacias de Saúde com maiores necessidades de intervenções sanitárias. A região sul do Estado, caracterizada pela presença de grandes latifúndios, mostrou os piores índices de saúde infantil. Although vital statistics are of paramount importance for health planning and program evaluation, few Brazilian states have vital registration systems with either sufficient coverage or agility to achieve these goals. The present analyses, based on data from the state of Rio Grande do Sul, describes time trends and the geographical distribution of infant and child health indicators, including infant mortality rates, proportionate infant mortality, low birthweight and vaccine coverage. From 1980 to 1992, marked reductions were observed for the infant mortality rate (from 39.0 to 19.3 per thousand) and in proportionate infant mortality (from 13.9% to 5.9% of all deaths).On the other hand, the prevalence of low birthweight remained stable between 8 and 10%, with a slight increase up to 1991. DPT vaccine coverage oscillated from year to year, ranging from 79 to 99%. There was clos geographical correlation between the indices of low birthweight and infant mortality in the 17 health districts. The four indicators were combined into a single score for the purpose of identifying those health districts with the greater nedd for intervention. The southern districts, characterized by large land holdings presented the worst health indicators.