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We report a case of intracranial thrombosis (IT) after ventriculoperitoneal shunting (VPS). We reviewed the literature to highlight the importance of considering the possibility of cerebral venous thrombosis following VPS, even though it is a rarely reported complication. A 14-year-old boy underwent distal catheter replacement due to its short size that was detected during a routine consultation. Five days postoperatively, he experienced nausea, vomiting, seizures, and headache. Although a diagnosis of meningitis was considered, diagnosis of IT was eventually confirmed through computed tomography venography and gadolinium magnetic angioresonance. The patient subsequently underwent anticoagulant therapy, which led to complete resolution of symptoms. In this report, we suggest a possible association between VPS and IT, which is a complication that is not commonly reported. The literature suggests that decreased blood flow due to over-drainage of CSF after VPS causes decreased head pressure, culminating in venous stasis and consequent thrombosis. In addition, the literature describes associations between IT and lumbar puncture (LP); therefore, it is important to consider the possibility of IT following these procedures.

Fetal intracranial hemorrhage affects 1 in every 10,000 pregnancies. In most cases, the etiology of the bleeding is multifactorial, and they can be either related to the mother or the fetus. Blunt prenatal trauma was occasionally associated with these hemorrhages, nevertheless, reports of hematomas secondary to mild traumas are rare. Within the prenatal intracranial bleedings, the most frequent are the subarachnoid hematoma and intraparenchymal, scarcely ever the epidural hematoma. Treating these bleedings is challenging due to the ongoing pregnancy. Thus, the prognosis is often reserved, with a mortality rate of 43% and 25% of neurological sequelae. Here, we report a singular case of a fetal epidural hematoma secondary to a mild blunt trauma at the third trimester with a good outcome.

Dengue is the leading cause of mosquito-borne viral infection. It is responsible for high morbidity and mortality in children living in endemic areas. Nowadays, neurological complications are progressively referred to and include a broad spectrum of symptoms. It can be secondary to metabolic alterations, direct invasion by the virus, and enhanced autoimmune response. Here, we report a rare case of hydrocephalus secondary to dengue encephalitis. A 13-day-old boy was diagnosed with dengue. He evolved with seizures and impaired consciousness being diagnosed with encephalitis. After clinical treatment, he was discharged fully recovered. Three months later, he presented with signs and symptoms of intracranial hypertension. Brain MRI revealed hydrocephalus secondary to acquired aqueduct stenosis. The patient underwent an endoscopic third ventriculocisternostomy. Dengue infection is a differential diagnosis for acute febrile neurological impairment in children from endemic areas. Follow-up should be offered after dengue encephalitis to detect possible late-onset complications, as hydrocephalus.

Introdução: Meningoencefaloceles são raras lesões congênitas que podem se manifestar com a queixa de obstrução nasal na faixa etária pediátrica. Uma propedêutica adequada desse sintoma é essencial para o diagnóstico num momento oportuno e abordagem terapêutica antes da manifestação das potenciais complicações relacionadas a essas lesões. Objetivos: Relatar o caso de uma paciente de 5 anos com fissura labiopalatal e queixa de obstrução nasal, obtendo o diagnóstico tardio de meningoencefalocele basal transesfenoidal. Métodos: O estudo foi feito a partir do relato do caso e revisão breve da literatura internacional existente a respeito do tema. Resultados: O caso foi abordado com sucesso via endoscópica endonasal, apesar da dificuldade técnica imposta pela presença de fissura labiopalatal. Conclusão: Apesar de raras, as meningoencefaloceles podem cursar unicamente com o sintoma de obstrução nasal e também podem, comumente, em cerca de um terço dos casos congênitos, estar associadas a outras malformações de linha média.

Fetal intracranial hemorrhage affects 1 in every 10,000 pregnancies. In most cases, the etiology of the bleeding is multifactorial, and they can be either related to the mother or the fetus. Blunt prenatal trauma was occasionally associated with these hemorrhages, nevertheless, reports of hematomas secondary to mild traumas are rare. Within the prenatal intracranial bleedings, the most frequent are the subarachnoid hematoma and intraparenchymal, scarcely ever the epidural hematoma. Treating these bleedings is challenging due to the ongoing pregnancy. Thus, the prognosis is often reserved, with a mortality rate of 43% and 25% of neurological sequelae. Here, we report a singular case of a fetal epidural hematoma secondary to a mild blunt trauma at the third trimester with a good outcome.

A scientific journal’s greatest responsibility is to ensure that all contributions accepted for publications are rigorously but fairly reviewed. The Editor-in-Chief and Archives of Pediatric Neurosurgery gratefully acknowledge the qualified and regular collaboration of renowned medical doctors and scientists who kindly devoted their time to constructively review the submitted articles. Their expertise and invaluable assistance contributed to maintain a high scientific standard for APN. We are thus indebted to the Editorial Board members and the following experts who reviewed papers and completed the peer-reviewing process within 2020.

Dengue is the leading cause of mosquito-borne viral infection. It is responsible for high morbidity and mortality in children living in endemic areas. Nowadays, neurological complications are progressively referred to and include a broad spectrum of symptoms. It can be secondary to metabolic alterations, direct invasion by the virus, and enhanced autoimmune response.Here, we report a rare case of hydrocephalus secondary to dengue encephalitis. A 13-day-old boy was diagnosed with dengue. He evolved with seizures and impaired consciousness being diagnosed with encephalitis. After clinical treatment, he was discharged fully recovered. Three months later, he presented with signs and symptoms of intracranial hypertension. Brain MRI revealed hydrocephalus secondary to acquired aqueduct stenosis. The patient underwent an endoscopic third ventriculocisternostomy.Dengue infection is a differential diagnosis for acute febrile neurological impairment in children from endemic areas. Follow-up should be offered after dengue encephalitis to detect possible late-onset complications, as hydrocephalus.

Introdução: A encefalocele consiste em uma má formação congênita do SNC, caracterizada pela herniação do tecido nervoso decorrente de alterações do tubo neural. Em sua forma intranasal, a encefalocele pode ser confundida com inúmeras afecções que mimetizam vários outros sinais e sintomas, contribuindo para diagnósticos errôneos por longos anos. Alguns pacientes cursam com quadro clínico agravado, podendo evoluir com quadros de meningites de repetição e abscessos cerebrais, que podem culminar com prognóstico reservado. Relato de Caso: Paciente de 44 anos de idade, com história de quatro anos de presença de secreção de líquido claro e inodoro unilateral à direita, usualmente diagnosticado como quadros de rinite unilaterale/ou polipose nasal. A TC de seios da face e a RM demostraram encefalocele fronto-etmoidal, sendo submetido a tratamento cirúrgico vídeo-assistido. Discussão: O diagnóstico precoce é a melhor opção a estes pacientes, sendo o tratamento cirúrgico sempre indicado. A escolha do método de tratamento deve buscar aquele que obtenha resultados com menor morbidade possível.Acredita-se que a cirurgia endoscópica é uma excelente opção pelas altas taxas de sucesso e relativa menor morbidade quando comparada a cirurgia tradicional. Conclusão: A cirurgia endoscópica nasal, com acesso a base do crânio, mostrou-se uma excelente opção terapêutica ao caso reportado.

Os lipomas são lesões consumidas por um tecido gorduroso maduro. Apesar de sua grande frequência no homem, em especial no tecido celular subcutâneo, são raramente encontrados em localização intracraniana. O corpo caloso é o local mais frequente, porém já foram descritos casos em quase todos os locais do encéfalo. Frequentemente são assintomáticos, porém podem cursar com um quadro de cefaléia, crises convulsivas, alterações mentais ou déficits focais. O tratamento é conservador na maioria dos casos. Os autores apresentam 5 casos de lipomas intracranianos. Em quatro casos a lesão localizava-se no corpo caloso e em um caso ocupava a região supra-selar. A queixa mais comum foi a cefaléia constante, presente em dois casos. Um caso apresentava buftalmo unilateral. O tratamento foi sintomático em todos os casos.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: The intradural extension of a sacrococcygeal teratoma is rare and has been reported previously in only two cases. We present a case of a sacrococcygeal teratoma with an intradural and extramedullary extension. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: The patient was a full-term female infant, born with a sacral mass. Ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging showed an intraspinal extension. INTERVENTION: The operation confirmed the extension of the mass up to the T4 level, and total tumor removal was achieved. The pathological examination showed a mature teratoma. CONCLUSION: The postoperative course was uneventful, and at the 3-year follow-up examination, the patient had experienced normal growth without deficit in the lower limbs but had a neurogenic bladder. Magnetic resonance imaging disclosed no tumor recurrence. This case represents the third case in the literature of an intradural extension of a sacrococcygeal teratoma and the first one with an extramedullary component so extensive.