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A recent study proposed a new genetic lineage of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) based on genetic analysis, environmental history, and local ecological knowledge (LEK), suggesting the existence of two possible species or subspecies on the beaches of Oaxaca, diverging ~ 13.5 Mya. However, this hypothesis may be influenced by nuclear mitochondrial DNA segments (NUMTs), which could have been misamplified as true mtDNA. NUMTs are sequences that have migrated from the mitochondrial genome to the nuclear genome and can co-amplify with mtDNA, potentially leading to erroneous phylogenetic interpretations. We re-examined the evidence for this proposed lineage by reviewing taxonomic literature and additional genetic data. Our analysis indicates that the divergent sequences, previously associated with a new lineage of D. coriacea, are NUMTs rather than true mitochondrial sequences. This is the first evidence of NUMTs in sea turtles. We also proposed a more specific primer for the mitochondrial control region (D-loop) for leatherback turtles to avoid amplifying nuclear copies. Our findings highlight the importance of rigorous genetic validation in conservation genetics, where misinterpretations can significantly impact species management. Finally, we developed a general protocol for detecting NUMTs applicable to any species., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objective: To describe morphological features of Megaptera novaeangliae eyes using ultrasonography and histology., Animal Studied: A total of 21 globes from 19 M. novaeangliae were used for the study, including two animals with bilateral assessment. Nine stranded animals were found alive, 10 dead., Procedures: Carcasses were classified according to decomposition state. Globes were assessed ultrasonographically, biometric measurements were taken and then the tissues were sectioned for histological analysis., Results: Seventeen carcasses were classified as decomposition code 2 and two as code 3. Fifteen animals were calves, three juveniles and one adult, twelve males, and five females. The cornea was thinner in the center of the eye and thicker at the periphery. The lens had an oval shape. Fourteen animals showed a structure in the vitreous body which looked triangular and filamentous by ultrasonography and, histologically, originated in the central part of the optic nerve and extended to the posterior region of the lens, composed of connective tissue. The most common abnormalities found by ultrasonograph were retinal detachment (n = 13) and displacement of the lens into the vitreous (n = 4), along with alterations suggestive of hemorrhage, fibrin deposits, and increased echogenicity in the optic nerve (n = 2)., Conclusions: An intraocular structure not previously described in cetaceans was found in this investigation; its function remains unknown. Circulatory changes that were evident in the histopathological analysis may be due to the stranding process and raise the need to consider ophthalmic examinations before reintroducing stranded mysticetes., (© 2024 American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists.)

Seabirds are one of the most threatened avian groups. Viruses, including herpesvirus, represent considerable threats to marine avifauna. Herein, our goal was to survey herpesvirus in Procellariiformes that stranded in Brazil between June and July 2021. We analyzed 12 Cory's shearwaters (Calonectris borealis), two Great Shearwaters (Ardenna gravis, syn. Puffinus gravis) and one Yellow-nosed Albatross (Thalassarche chlororynchos) found in an unusual mortality event in Bahía state, northeastern Brazil. After necropsy, selected tissue samples were tested for herpesvirus using a broad-range nested PCR. Overall, 20% (3/15) of the birds were herpesvirus-positive, i.e., two Cory's Shearwaters and one Great Shearwater. One alphaherpesvirus sequence type was identified in each shearwater species, classified into the genus Mardivirus. This study describes two likely novel herpesviruses in shearwaters, contributing to the currently very scarce data regarding infectious agents in Procellariiformes. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the presence and characteristics of herpesvirus in Procellariiformes, and the presence (or not) of related disease in order to understand the epidemiology of this infectious agent and eventually contribute to the conservation of this endangered seabird group., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Mycoplasma spp. are wall-less bacteria able to infect mammals and are classified as hemotropic (hemoplasma) and nonhemotropic. In aquatic mammals, hemoplasma have been reported in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) and river dolphins (Inia spp.). We investigated Mycoplasma spp. in blood samples of West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus), pinnipeds (5 species), and marine cetaceans (18 species) that stranded or were undergoing rehabilitation in Brazil during 2002-2022. We detected Mycoplasma in blood of 18/130 (14.8%) cetaceans and 3/18 (16.6%) pinnipeds. All tested manatees were PCR-negative for Mycoplasma. Our findings indicate that >2 different hemoplasma species are circulating in cetaceans. The sequences from pinnipeds were similar to previously described sequences. We also detected a nonhemotropic Mycoplasma in 2 Franciscana dolphins (Pontoporia blainvillei) that might be associated with microscopic lesions. Because certain hemoplasmas can cause disease and death in immunosuppressed mammals, the bacteria could have conservation implications for already endangered aquatic mammals.

We provide pathological, immunohistochemical and molecular evidence of cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) infection in a live-stranded adult female killer whale (Orcinus orca), which stranded alive in Espírito Santo State, Brazil, in 2014. Although attempts were made to release the animal, it stranded again and died. The main pathological findings were severe pulmonary oedema, pleural petechiation, multifocal, lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis and leptomeningomyelitis with perivascular cuffing and gliosis, chronic lymphocytic bronchointerstitial pneumonia and multicentric lymph node and splenic lymphoid depletion. Other pathological findings were associated with the 'live-stranding stress response'. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed multifocal morbilliviral antigen in neurons and astrocytes, and in pneumocytes, histiocytes and leukocytes in the lung. CeMV was detected by a novel reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction method in the brain and kidney. Phylogenetic analysis of part of the morbillivirus phosphoprotein gene indicates that the virus is similar to the Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) morbillivirus strain, known to affect cetaceans along the coast of Brazil. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of morbillivirus disease in killer whales., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Although computerized methods of analyzing respiratory system mechanics such as the least squares fitting method have been used in various patient populations, no conclusive data are available in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), probably because they may develop expiratory flow limitation (EFL). This suggests that respiratory mechanics be determined only during inspiration., Setting: Eight-bed multidisciplinary ICU of a teaching hospital., Patients: Eight non-flow-limited postvascular surgery patients and eight flow-limited COPD patients., Intervention: Patients were sedated, paralyzed for diagnostic purposes, and ventilated in volume control ventilation with constant inspiratory flow rate., Measurements: Data on resistance, compliance, and dynamic intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi,dyn) obtained by applying the least squares fitting method during inspiration, expiration, and the overall breathing cycle were compared with those obtained by the traditional method (constant flow, end-inspiratory occlusion method)., Results and Conclusion: Our results indicate that (a) the presence of EFL markedly decreases the precision of resistance and compliance values measured by the LSF method, (b) the determination of respiratory variables during inspiration allows the calculation of respiratory mechanics in flow limited COPD patients, and (c) the LSF method is able to detect the presence of PEEPi,dyn if only inspiratory data are used.

To evaluate plasma dopamine concentration and the effects of low doses infusion on urinary output after abdominal vascular surgery in patients with renal function impairment we performed a prospective clinical study. Twenty hemodynamically stable patients (mean age 66.6 years), with serum creatinine concentration < 2 mg %, who undergoing general anesthesia for major vascular surgery participated. A low dose of dopamine (3 micrograms/kg/min) was administrated to patients with postoperative protracted urinary output < 0.5 ml/kg/hr for at least eight hours. Plasmatic determinations were taken at T0 (no dopamine administration), when urinary output began to increase, or if not, after two hours (T1), at eight (T2), and 24 (T3) hours after the beginning of infusion. After 24 hours the dopamine infusion was stopped and the patient's plasmatic level was measured four hours later (T4). Dopamine plasma concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Plasma dopamine concentration increased in all patients and reached a steady state at T2 (T2 = 76.41 +/- 16.84 ng/ml). Dopamine induced a concentration-dependent increase in urinary output (T0 = 0.45 +/- 0.14; T1 = 1.49 +/- 1.11; T2 = 2.34 +/- 1.44; T3 = 1.57 +/- 0.57; T4 = 0.85 +/- 0.7 ml/kg/hr). Three patients did not have an enhanced urinary output after dopamine infusion; they did have a prolonged clamping time and operation time (162 +/- 24 and 570 +/ 30 min, respectively). We conclude that low dose dopamine induces a dose-dependent increase of urinary output. This phenomenon also has been found in patients when their plasma concentration had not yet reached the steady-state. Lack of responsiveness to dopamine suggests a renal function impairment probably due to the prolonged aortic clamping time.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair associated with a pelvic kidney is extremely rare. To date only 14 cases have been reported in the literature. The main problem during aortic cross clamping is kidney preservation. The purpose of this article is to record and additional case of AAA repair associated with a native pelvic kidney. The preservation has been successfully achieved by a distal aortic double clamping.

Thirty patients undergoing extra-thyroid surgery were divided into two groups (A and B) according to the extent of surgical stress (Group A: major surgery; Group B; minor surgery). Thyroid hormone levels were measured before the operation and up to the 3rd postoperative day in Group B and up to the 7th postoperative day in Group A. A low T3 syndrome was observed in all 30 patients examined of the first postoperative day (reduction of T3 and increase in rT3 without alterations of total thyroxin or signs of hypothyroidism) with normalisation of thyroid values by 3rd postoperative in Group B and later in Group A. The persistence of the syndrome in the latter group was due to the extent of surgical stress, the duration of anesthesia, the presence of stress factors such as staying in intensive therapy, painful symptoms and a negative energy balance during the first days following operation. This syndrome is indicative of a physiological adaptation process to reduce O2 consumption, basal metabolism and in particular protein catabolism.

A 40 year old woman who took a daily dose of 2-4 mg of Ergotamine Tartrate (Cafergot) regularly for 6 years to combat persistent migraine, was treated for a non-atherosclerotic arterial disease, severe arteriospasm of the great limb arteries, hyperplasia of the intima and segmental thrombosis. Binding of adrenergic alpha and beta receptors was investigated. Surprisingly it was found that the number of adrenergic beta receptors was significantly lower thant that of a healthy woman of the same age used as a control while the number of alpha receptors was not significantly different. This action of ergotamine on beta receptors could be explained by a dopamine-mimetic stimulation, due to the central nervous system, that could lead to the preferential regulation of beta receptors rather than alpha receptors, almost as a protective mechanism of alpha receptors.

Out of 436 patients operated on using aorticobifemoral grafting, 60 cases (mean age 66) had an extra-peritoneal approach to the abdominal aorta. 28 patients underwent aorticobifemoral revascularization, three of them had, in addition visceral artery grafts. In the 60 cases, perioperative mortality was 1.7%. The extra-peritoneal approach to the abdominal aorta is safer than the intraperitoneal approach, because it reduces the risk of shock connected with the large laparotomy. It is emphasized that, by using an extraperitoneal approach, a greater number of elderly patients can be considered suitable for aorticobifemoral grafts.

A simple technique employing i.v. Ro5-4200 and a local anaesthetic to obtain general anaesthesia prior to bronchoscopy, particularly after chest operations, is described. The optimal sedation offered by Ro5-4200 enables this trying examination to be performed without risk and with the best possible degree of comfort for the patient and the operator.

Venous diseases of the lower extremities have been studied haemodynamically by analysis of variations in dynamic venous pressure, which is held to be a fundamental parameter. Pressure modifications point to the state of the deep venous system, the valves and the subfascial communicating veins or to the efficiency or otherwise of the muscular pump of the lower extremities. The venous pressure curve is a reliable indicator of the various clinical stages of chronic venous insufficiency and postphlebitis syndrome. As a clinical parameter, venous pressure is sensitive to all pathological changes in the venous system of the lower extremities. It presents variations proportional to the gravity of pure phlebopathies and of venous diseases secondary to congenital dysplasias (e.g. Klippel-Trenauny syndrome) and to congenital or acquired arteriovenous shunts. An attempt is made to classify venous diseases of the lower extremities on the basis of this parameter and examples are given of dynamic venous pressure curves encountered in the various disease pictures observed.