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For a long time, people have suffered from uncertainty, complexity, and a low success rate in generating and screening antibodies against small molecules, which have become the core bottlenecks of immunochemistry. Here, the influence of antigen preparation on antibody generation was investigated at both molecular and submolecular levels. Neoepitopes (amide-containing neoepitopes) formed in the preparation of complete antigens are one of the most important factors limiting the efficiency of generating hapten-specific antibodies, which was verified by different haptens, carrier proteins, and conjugation conditions. Amide-containing neoepitopes present electrondense structural components on the surface of prepared complete antigens and, therefore, induce the generation of the corresponding antibody with much higher efficiency than target hapten. Crosslinkers should be carefully selected and not overdosed. According to these results, some misconceptions in the conventional anti-hapten antibody production were clarified and corrected. By controlling the content of 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) during the synthesis of immunogen to limit the formation of amide-containing neoepitopes, the efficiency of hapten-specific antibody generation could be significantly improved, which verified the correctness of the conclusion and provided an efficient strategy for antibody preparation. The result of the work is of scientific significance in the preparation of high-quality antibodies against small molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food provides energy and various nutrients and is the most important substance for the survival of living beings. However, for allergic people, certain foods cause strong reactions, and sometimes even cause shock or death. Food allergy has been recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a major global food safety issue which affect the quality of life of nearly 5% of adults and 8% of children, and the incidence continues to rise but there is no effective cure. Drug alleviation methods for food allergies often have shortcomings such as side effects, poor safety, and high cost. At present, domestic and foreign scientists have turned to research and develop various new, safe and efficient natural sources of hypoallergenic or anti-allergic drugs or foods. There are many kinds of anti-allergic substances obtained from the plants and animals have been reported. Besides, probiotics and bifidobacteria also have certain anti-allergic effects. Of all the sources of anti-allergic substances, the ocean is rich in effective active substances due to its remarkable biodiversity and extremely complex living environment, and plays a huge role in the field of anti-food allergy. In this paper, the anti-food allergic bioactive substances isolated from marine organisms encompassing marine microbial, plant, animal sources and their mechanism were reviewed and the possible targets of anti-allergic substances exerting effects are illustrated by drawing. In addition, the development prospects of marine anti-allergic market are discussed and forecasted, which can provide reference for future research on anti-allergic substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts to show the effects and relative contributions of the different fisheries factors affecting the revenues for a sample of commercial offshore trawling vessels operating in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Pakistan. In this study, the level of relative contribution of each determinant is estimated by using the Standard Multiple Linear regression (SMLR) with standardized regression coefficients and correlation methods. The data were collected through the survey questionnaire and direct interviews with the boat owners and fishermen. The estimated standard beta regression coefficient values for the catch (ß1=0.253), horsepower (ß2=0.26), fishing days at sea (ß3=0.316) and skipper or captain's fishing experience (ß4=0.32), respectively. Similarly, the catch contributes (R²=17.7 %), horsepower (R2=18.2 %), fishing days (R²=22.5 %) and skipper (R²=23 %) on the revenue. Moreover, the correlation values for the catch (r(Revenue, Catch) = 0.70), horsepower (r(Revenue, Horsepower) = 0.698), fishing days (r(Revenue, Fishing Days) = 0.713) and skipper (r(Revenue, Skipper)= 0.718) indicates the strong positive relationship of each variable on the revenue. In conclusion, the skipper fishing experience and individual skills have a very strong influence on the maximizing of total earnings of trawling vessels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Shrimp fishery has an important role in society to meet current and future food, livelihood, employment, business and other economic needs. The capture fishery is one of the largest food-providing sector, whereas aquaculture has emerged as the fastest food-contributing sector globally. This research determines the socio-economic structure of shrimp fishery with a prime objective to expose an overview of shrimp fishery with economic perspective in Pakistan. In addition, further specifying the shrimp capture production, export earnings, farming and socio-impact in coastal region. Indus delta is the most favourable breeding ground for many fish and shrimp species, exhibiting highly rich in natural resources. There is a huge non-agricultural land available along the coast, which can be utilized for aquaculture. This study elucidates that the Shrimp fisheries is 'Drowning' in Pakistan. Hence, in order to sustainably develop shrimp aquaculture in Pakistan, this study aims to propose developmental strategies for authorities to establish an extension aquaculture in fisheries department all over the country. In addition, promoting shrimp farming initially at coastal regions to benefit and generate numerous opportunities for sustainable development in country's livelihood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Cloning of genes encoding the luciferase from Photobacterium leiognathi YL in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) was performed successfully and the expressed forms of lux AB were purified to homogeneity. Experimental measurements revealed that luciferase from Photobacterium leiognathi YL has good thermal stability and a high residual activity at extreme pH values, which are extremely important for its various ecological, industrial and medical applications. Furthermore, we made a first attempt for quantitative detection of NADH by recombinant E. coli Rosetta (DE3) coupled enzyme system. A good linear relationship between luminescence intensity and NADH with low (1–12 nmol/L) and high (10–500 nmol/L) concentration was observed, whose standard curve was y = 772.97× + 4041.1, R2 = 0.9884 and y = 1710× + 4.99 × 105, R2 = 0.9727, respectively. Our results demonstrate a high sensitivity of recombinant E. coli coupled enzyme system to NADH on the basis of high soluble expression of recombinant luciferase and continuous and stable expression of some NAD(P)H‐dependent flavin mononucleotide (FMN) reductases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the maximum sustainable yield of Cobia fish, and estimates its current status in Pakistani marine waters. For this purpose, catch and effort data (1996-2009) of R. canadum was analyzed with non-equilibrium surplus production models (SPMs) by using two fishery specialized software viz. CEDA and ASPIC. The maximum, minimum and average annual catch of R. canadum, over 14 years of the study period, was observed as 59,435 t (1997), 41,407 t (2005) and 50,951 t year-1 respectively. In CEDA, the three SPMs, Fox, Schaefer and Pella Tomlinson, with three error assumptions, i.e. log, log normal and gamma whereas in ASPIC two SPMs were used viz. Fox and Logistic. For CEDA, MSY was estimated by applying IP (initial proportion) or B1/K (starting biomass over carrying capacity) of 0.8 OR 0.9 as the initial catch was about 90% of the maximum catch. CEDA and ASPIC results indicate that MSY of this fishery resource is about 27,000 t to 30,000 t. However, catch statistics shows that R. canadum has been overexploited which must be controlled through effective fishery management to propose rational exploitation and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Frozen storage of minced fish is currently one of the most important techniques to maintain its functional properties. However, some deterioration does occur during frozen storage and cause quality loss. The effects of brown seaweed polyphenols, α-tocopherol, and ascorbic acid on lipid and protein oxidation and textural properties of red sea bream ( Pagrosomus major) during 90 days of frozen storage at −18 °C were investigated. RESULTS All added antioxidants at 1 g kg−1 resulted in significantly lower thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances ( TBARS) compared to the control during the 45 days of frozen storage. The antioxidants were also effective in retarding protein oxidation concerning to total sulfhydryl content and protein carbonyl content. Brown seaweed polyphenols and α-tocopherol significantly retarded the inactivation of Ca2+- ATPase activity during the first 45 days, whereas ascorbic acid had no such effect. The antioxidant activity showed either an invariable or decrease trend after 45 days storage. Adding antioxidants had a significant effect on the breaking force of the gels during the frozen storage period. CONCLUSION These results indicate that brown seaweed polyphenols and α-tocopherol can be used to prevent oxidative reactions and thus maintain the structure of the gel formed by fish mince during frozen storage. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim was to determine the effect of electron beam (EB) irradiation on IgE binding capacity of shrimp tropomyosin (TM) at the frozen stage. Following EB irradiation, protein extracts were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and TM degradation was observed. The degradations were further recognized by IgE from a shrimp-allergic patient by immunoblots. Specific IgE binding results showed that capacity of shrimp extracts and TM initially increased by 10% after irradiation at 3 kGy doses, and then decreased by 20% with irradiation doses increased to 10 kGy. Further inhibition enzyme linked immunosorbent assay results showed that half-maximal inhibitory concentration of shrimp extract treated with 10 kGy doses enhanced to four times as compared with raw shrimp extracts. These results suggest that EB irradiation significantly changes the IgE binding capacity of frozen shrimp at 10 kGy doses by 20% and has the potential to reduce shrimp allergy risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An optimised protocol for the extraction of allergenic proteins in fish was developed. Twelve existing or modified extrac- tion buffers were evaluated based on the amount and quality of obtained 12 kDa IgG-binding protein (major fish allergen parvalbumin) by SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting, and ELISA. The results indicated that using DL-Dithiothreitol during the extraction process, the stability and functionality of the final extract were significantly increased. Solution 3 (containing Tris-HCl, Glycine, and DL-Dithiothreitol) yielded the highest amount of parvalbumin. The extract also induced a higher allergenic reactivity to the three tested human sera by immunoblotting. The results indicated that solution 3 provided better results in fish allergen detection and diagnosis. In conclusion, our study discovered and established solution 3 (Tris-HCl + Glycine + DTT) as the most potential buffer to overcome the conventional allergen extraction buffer and therefore it is highly recommended as a substitute optimised extraction buffer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a long time, people have suffered from uncertainty, complexity, and a low success rate in generating and screening antibodies against small molecules, which have become the core bottlenecks of immunochemistry. Here, the influence of antigen preparation on antibody generation was investigated at both molecular and submolecular levels. Neoepitopes (amide-containing neoepitopes) formed in the preparation of complete antigens are one of the most important factors limiting the efficiency of generating hapten-specific antibodies, which was verified by different haptens, carrier proteins, and conjugation conditions. Amide-containing neoepitopes present electron-dense structural components on the surface of prepared complete antigens and, therefore, induce the generation of the corresponding antibody with much higher efficiency than target hapten. Crosslinkers should be carefully selected and not overdosed. According to these results, some misconceptions in the conventional anti-hapten antibody production were clarified and corrected. By controlling the content of 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) during the synthesis of immunogen to limit the formation of amide-containing neoepitopes, the efficiency of hapten-specific antibody generation could be significantly improved, which verified the correctness of the conclusion and provided an efficient strategy for antibody preparation. The result of the work is of scientific significance in the preparation of high-quality antibodies against small molecules., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Han, Lin, Chen, Wang, Zhang, Wei, Sun, Xie, Pavase, Cao and Sui.)

Cloning of genes encoding the luciferase from Photobacterium leiognathi YL in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) was performed successfully and the expressed forms of lux AB were purified to homogeneity. Experimental measurements revealed that luciferase from Photobacterium leiognathi YL has good thermal stability and a high residual activity at extreme pH values, which are extremely important for its various ecological, industrial and medical applications. Furthermore, we made a first attempt for quantitative detection of NADH by recombinant E. coli Rosetta (DE3) coupled enzyme system. A good linear relationship between luminescence intensity and NADH with low (1-12 nmol/L) and high (10-500 nmol/L) concentration was observed, whose standard curve was y = 772.97× + 4041.1, R 2  = 0.9884 and y = 1710× + 4.99 × 10 5 , R 2  = 0.9727, respectively. Our results demonstrate a high sensitivity of recombinant E. coli coupled enzyme system to NADH on the basis of high soluble expression of recombinant luciferase and continuous and stable expression of some NAD(P)H-dependent flavin mononucleotide (FMN) reductases., (Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)