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Recently, a rising use of wireless internet technologies has been demonstrated. The devices 18 which use these technologies emit in new spectral regions an electromagnetic radiation (EMFs) 19 which could interact with the male reproductive system. The aim of this study was to investigate in 20 vitro influence of electromagnetic fields at 27 GHz on sperm quality in Mytilus galloprovincialis. 21 Sperm samples, were collected from sexually mature males of M. galloprovincialis and placed in sea- 22 water. Once evaluated the number and quality of spermatozoa, sperm cells were exposed to elec- 23 tromagnetic fields radiated by a pyramidal horn antenna. The effect of exposure was evaluated after 24 10, 20, 30, 40 and 60 minutes with light microscope and using Eosin test. Ten replications were per- 25 formed for each time series, and statistical analysis was carried out byt-test. A significative decrease 26 in sperm motility was observed after 10 minutes of exposure and after 30 minutes most of sperms 27 were immobile and not vital. This study provides useful data on potential ecological impact of the 28 5G high-band on animal fertility, whose effect is currently under investigation.

5G technology is evolving to satisfy several service requirements favoring high data-rate connections and lower latency times than current ones (< 1ms). 5G systems use different frequency bands of the radio wave spectrum, taking advantage of higher frequencies than previous mobile radio generations. In order to guarantee a capillary coverage of the territory for high reliability applications, it will be necessary to install a large number of repeaters because higher frequencies waves have a lower capacity to propagate in free space. Following the introduction of this new technology, there has been a growing concern about possible harmful effects on human health. The aim of this study is investigating possible short term effects induced by 5G-millimeter waves on embryonic development of Danio rerio. We have exposed fertilized eggs to 27 GHz frequency, 9.7 mW/cm2 incident power density, 23 dbm and have measured several endpoints every 24 hours. The exposure to electromagnetic fields at 27 GHz (5G) caused no significant impacts on mortality nor on morphology because the exposed larvae showed a normal detachment of the tail, presence of heart-beat and well-organised somites. A weak positivity on exposed larvae has been highlighted by immunohistochemical analysis.

Recently, a rising use of wireless internet technologies has been demonstrated. The devices which use these technologies emit a considerable amount of electromagnetic radiation (EMFs) which could interact with the male reproductive system. The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro influence of electromagnetic fields a 27 GHz on sperm quality in Mytilus galloprovincialis. The experiments were conducted with a no commercial high gain pyramidal horn antenna. Sperm samples, taken from sexually mature males of M. galloprovincialis, were placed in seawater. Once evaluated the number and quality of spermatozoa, sperm cells were exposed to electromagnetic fields. The effect of exposure was evaluated after 10, 20, 30 and 40 minutes with light microscope and using Eosin test. All the samples were performed in triplicate and statistical analysis was carried out by one-way ANOVA test. A significative decrease (30%) in sperm motility was ob-served after 10 minutes of exposure and after 30 minutes all sperms were immobile and not vital. The measurement of the Oxidation Reduction Potential (sORP), which evaluates the oxidative damage on spermatozoa, shows how the exposure to 27 GHz has increased the oxidant amount compared to the control groups. This study provides useful data on potential ecological impact of the EMFs on aquatic animals, that currently are poor investigated.

National audience

In this paper, we propose the design of a dual circular-polarized antenna for L-band applications (1.1-1.6 GHz). The designed antenna has been developed by considering crossed-dipoles on top of which a circular patch has been placed to properly act on the mutual coupling between the dipoles. The dual circular polarization is achieved by feeding dipoles in quadrature. Moreover, to increase the antenna gain and polarization purity at high elevation angles, a fence of passive monopoles has been added. The proposed antenna can profitably used as primary feed of a low-frequency parabolic reflector.