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PiepioraPaweł, SzczepańskaKalina.Students personality and field of study.Pedagogy and Psychology of Sport. 2020;6(2):122-134. elSSN 2450-6605. DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.12775/PPS.2020.06.02.012 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/PPS/article/view/PPS.2020.06.02.012 https://zenodo.org/record/3935586 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2020; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 25.06.2020. Revised: 26.06.2020. Accepted: 08.07.2020. Students personality and field of study Paweł Piepiora (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6525-3936)*, Kalina Szczepańska *Corresponding author:Paweł Piepiora, University School of Physical Education in Wrocław, I. J. Paderewskiego 35 street, Multifunctional Sports Hall room 73, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland, phone: +48605 39 54 32, e-mail: pawel.piepiora@awf.wroc.pl Conflict of interest statement: the authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. Affiliation:University School of Physical Education in Wrocław. Abstract Background and aim.Personality is shaped through external interactions and interests. The aim of the study was to check whether university students have a similar personality (as applicants for higher education) or a different personality (due to their field of study). Material and method. 60 full-time students aged between 20 and 29 years old were examined in three groups of 20 people from universities: University School of Physical Education in Wrocław (field of study: Sport), University of Zielona Góra (field of study: Construction) and University of Economics in Wrocław (field of study: Economics). The Personality Inventory NEO-FFI was used to measure personality. Results.Only one statistically significant difference was noted. Economics students had a lower level of neuroticism compared to sports students. Conclusions.The personality of students is not dependent on the field of study. Students as applicants for higher education have a similar personality. Keywords:pedagogy, psychology, personality, students, universities

Access to sports services is important for the physical development and functioning of blind and visually impaired people. Access to this type of activity also affects the rehabilitation of people with visual impairment and their daily functioning. Sport activity and participation in various forms of recreation is a very broad concept in physical culture. Understanding the form of physical activities that the visually impaired and blind people prefer can help educators, physical education teachers, and people associated with visually impaired and blind children in planning physical activities. It is important to understand the needs of such people regarding the sports environment and whether they are given active participation in it through infrastructure adapted to the needs of youth with sight disabilities. The aim of the study was to find out the opinions of blind and visually impaired students about the availability of sports and recreation services and equipment in their immediate surroundings. The subject of the study were boys and girls with low vision and blind attending the seventh and eighth grades of primary, secondary (technical and high school) schools at the Special Educational Center for Blind and Visually Impaired Children in Wrocław and among the graduates of that school. The subjects belonged to the age group in the range from 13 to 25 years. The study group included 32 boys and 21 girls. Based on the documentation, the blind group includes students with a significant degree of disability, vision defects. The visually impaired include persons with various moderate and mild eyesight injuries. The research used a survey method of my own authorship, which allowed to know the problem while maintaining anonymity. 26 questions related to min. interests of respondents, access to sports bases, sports sections for the blind and visually impaired. The obtained results showed that it is worth making young people aware of the importance of participation in broadly understood physical culture. Equal opportunities for boys and girls to engage in various types of sports should also be equalized. Not always sports that are preferred by young people are available to them.

Background & Aim: In sports, three groups of sports disciplines can be distinguished depending on the way of performing movement actions: a group with a significant degree of kinematic stabilization in the structure of sports technique; a group with a significant degree of stabilization of the dynamic structure of sports technique; a group with a significant degree of variation in sports technique. This study was intended to determine whether sport technique, depending on the degree of stabilisation and variability of movement actions, is a differentiator of athletes’ personality. Method: 90 Polish athletes (men, N=90) from clubs operating in the Polish region of Lower Silesia were purposefully selected for the study as part of three samples: breakdancers (n=30), swimmers (n=30) and shotokan style karatekas (n=30). All the subjects had been considerably successful at international sport competitions. The age of the subjects ranged between 20 and 29 years. The research method chosen was the NEO-FFI Personality Inventory. The basic statistical methods used were a one-way analysis of variance and post-hoc tests. The level of significance was set as the probability of p

Research on personality in sport is very popular as it allows prediction of the behavior of players in the starting situation. Hence, verifications of players due to their sports level may turn out to be crucial. Due to the dynamic development of American football in Poland, we undertook research to verify the relationship between the sports level and the personality of these players. The Big Five personality study that we carried out involved players aged from 20 to 29—the representatives of American football clubs in Poland (N = 140) from three league games levels: LFA 1 (n = 75), LFA 2 (n = 40), and LFA 9 (n = 25). The NEO-FFI personality questionnaire was used as a research tool. The players from the top-level games were characterized by their openness to experience, the level of which decreases along with the decrease in the players’ sports levels. The differences in openness to experience were revealed, first of all, in divergent thinking and creativity. It was ascertained that openness to experience is a characteristic personality trait for American football players in Poland. Therefore, systematic conduct of personality tests among American football players in Poland, in the process of selecting candidates for the highest levels of football competition, would be recommended. This might significantly affect the development of the sports level of this discipline in Poland. The obtained results of research on personality may, moreover, prove to be useful in selecting players and improving the predictions of important sports behaviors in American football in Poland.

The aim of the study was to try to determine the personality of the ultimate frisbee players. The following hypothesis was accepted for verification: the personality profile of the ultimate frisbee players is similar to the profile of players practicing the same sport. The subjects of the cognitive experiment were people training ultimate frisbee (N = 60), including thirty men (n = 30) and thirty women (n = 30). The research was conducted using the NEO-FFI questionnaire. It has been shown that the personality profile of ultimate frisbee players differs in the scale of neuroticism. Women had a higher level of neuroticism than men. And the sten interpretation of the results showed that people training ultimate frisbee regardless of gender are characterized by average personality indicators.

Cieśliński Wojciech, Piepiora Paweł, Witkowski Kazimierz. Models of digitisation of organisational space in sport. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2019;9(11):128-136. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2019.09.11.010 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2019.09.11.010 https://zenodo.org/record/3544854 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2019; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 25.10.2019. Revised: 04.11.2019. Accepted: 17.11.2019. Models of digitisation of organisational space in sport Wojciech Cieśliński, Paweł Piepiora*, Kazimierz Witkowski University School of Physical Education in Wrocław *Corresponding autor: Paweł Piepiora, University School of Physical Education in Wrocław, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Chair of Sport Didactics, I. J. Paderewskiego 35 street, Multifunctional Sports Hall room 73, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland, phone: +48605 39 54 32, e-mail: pawel.piepiora@awf.wroc.pl Summary This research presents the organisational model of digitisation of sport institutions as the element of development shifting towards digital models of sport business. Empirical research concerns: the level of saturation of information and communication technology (ICT) in sport institutions and media coverage of organizational space in sport as the element of media technology development. The research has been conducted in the theory of organisational space (Cieśliński, 2016, 2017) and has been financed with the use of two research-implementation grants and implementation one under the operational program Program Operacyjny Polska Cyfrowa (POPC). Keywords: sport organisations, technological saturation, ICT, Augmented Reality (AR), expansion of organisational space, value chain, media coverage in sport. &nbsp

The aim of the study is to describe personality profiles and determinants of success in sports in relation to the Big Five Personality Model. In order to achieve this aim, personality profiles of players from various sports disciplines was set against the personality profile of champions—players who are considerably successful in sports competitions. Subsequently, an attempt was made to determine which personality traits significantly determine belonging to the group of champions—and therefore determine success in sport. The participants were men aged between 20 and 29 from the Polish population of sportsmen. A total of 1260 athletes were tested, out of whom 118 were qualified to the champions sample—those athletes had significant sports achievements. The research used the NEO-FFI Personality Questionnaire. Basic descriptive statistics, a series of Student’s t-tests for independent samples using the bootstrapping method, as well as a logistic regression model were performed. In relation to other athletes, champions were characterized by a lower level of neuroticism and a higher level of extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. An important personality determinant was neuroticism: the lower the level of neuroticism, the greater the probability of an athlete being classified as a champion. There are differences between champions and other athletes in all personality dimensions in terms of the Big Five. Based on the result of the research, it can be stated that personality differences should be seen as a consequence of athletes’ success, rather than as a reason for athletes’ success, based on their age between 20 and 29.

(1) Study aim: This is a comparative study for judo and jujutsu practitioners. It has an intrinsic value. The aim of this study was to showcase a comparison of practitioners of judo and a similar martial art jujutsu with regard to manual abilities. The study applied the measurement of simple reaction time in response to a visual stimulus and handgrip measurement. (2) Materials and Methods: The group comprising N = 69 black belts from Poland and Germany (including 30 from judo and 39 from jujutsu) applied two trials: “grasping of Ditrich rod” and dynamometric handgrip measurement. The analysis of the results involved the calculations of arithmetic means, standard deviations, and Pearson correlations. Analysis of the differences (Mann–Whitney U test) and Student’s t-test were also applied to establish statistical differences. (3) Results: In the test involving handgrip measurement, the subjects from Poland (both those practicing judo and jujutsu) gained better results compared to their German counterparts. In the test involving grasping of Ditrich rod, a positive correlation was demonstrated in the group of German judokas between the age and reaction time of the subjects (rxy = 0.66, p &lt, 0.05), as well as in the group of jujutsu subjects between body weight and the reaction time (rxy = 0.49, p &lt, 0.05). A significant and strong correlation between handgrip and weight was also established for the group of German judokas (rxy = 0.75, p &lt, 0.05). In Polish competitors, the correlations were only established between the age and handgrip measurements (rxy = 0.49, p &lt, 0.05). (4) Conclusions: Simple reaction times in response to visual stimulation were shorter in the subjects practicing the martial art jujutsu. However, the statement regarding the advantage of the judokas in terms of handgrip force was not confirmed by the results.

Piepiora Paweł,Rauk-KubackaAgnieszka,KubackiRafał. Sport psychology in the physical culture sciences. A review. Pedagogy and Psychology of Sport. 2021;07(01):61-75. elSSN 2450-6605. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/PPS.2021.07.01.003 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/PPS/article/view/PPS.2021.07.01.003 https://zenodo.org/record/4515740 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2021; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.02.2021. Revised: 07.02.2021. Accepted: 07.02.2021. Sport psychology in the physical culture sciences. A review Paweł Piepiora (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6525-3936) Agnieszka Rauk-Kubacka Rafał Kubacki (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7904-588X) *Corresponding author:Paweł Piepiora, University School of Physical Education in Wrocław, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Sports Didactics, I. J. Paderewskiego 35 street, P-2 room 246, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland, phone: +48605 39 54 32, e-mail: pawel.piepiora@awf.wroc.pl Conflict of interest statement: the authors declare that there is no conflict of interest Affiliation:University School of Physical Education in Wrocław Abstract Background and aim.The important role of sports psychology is often emphasized. But not everyone is aware that it applies to the entire area of physical culture. The aim of this article is to present the role of sports psychology and the positioning of this discipline in physical culture sciences. Matherial and method. The collected material consisted only of the works of sports psychologists available in Poland. The method of source materials analysis was used. Analysis with deductive reasoning and synthesis with inductive reasoning were used. Results.The importance of sport psychology for the sciences of physical culture and its theoretical and practical tasks are presented. Conclusions.Sport psychology is a discipline in the field of physical culture sciences. It deals with theoretical (research, education, diagnosis, analyzes, interventions, counseling) and practical (mental training) mechanisms and laws governing the psyche and human behavior in sport, physical education, tourism and recreation, rehabilitation and health training, using knowledge in the field of psychology and physical culture. Keywords:sport psychology, physical culture, mental training, sports psychologist

Background and aim: Mental visualisation training makes use of human imagination in such a way as to program a person’s mind to perform a movement task in the best possible manner. The aim of this article is to evaluate the effects of mental visualisation training in sport with regard to karate shotokan fighters. Material and methods: 20 karate shotokan fighters – members of the Lower Silesia team competing in kata events – were purposefully selected for the study. The age of those studied ranged between 18 and 39 years. They had training experience of 5 to 20 years and were ranked from the 1st to the 5th dan. The fighters performed an exercise consisting in visualising their participation in a kata event. The empirical research was performed using the diagnostic survey method and the research material was collected by means of a specially prepared survey questionnaire. Results: Before commencing mental visualisation training the study participants evaluated all the areas of their mental preparation at a medium level (3). After one month one area received a very high score, four of them – high scores and two of them – medium scores. After two months one area received a very high score and the remaining ones – high scores. After three months six areas received very high scores and one area – a high score, but only marginally short of a very high score. Conclusions: Over a period of two months a trend tow rds positive effects of mental visualisation training was noted. The full effects were achieved after three months of practice.

Sports disciplines can be divided due to the type of contact allowed with the opponent. We distinguish disciplines with direct and indirect contact as well as non-contact disciplines. The intention of this study was to check if the behavior of professional athletes is determined by the type of contact of sports disciplines. 180 competitive athletes from six sport disciplines, i.e. luge, tennis, wrestling, team mountaineering, volleyball and rugby, were purposefully selected for the study. The research method used was the NEO-FFI Personality Inventory. It was shown that specific samples - lugers, team mountaineers and rugbists are characterized by low neuroticism in relation to tennis players, wrestlers and volleyball players. Athletes of non-contact disciplines stand out by low neuroticism in relation athletes of indirect and direct contact disciplines. Team athletes are distinguished by low neuroticism in relation to individual athletes. On this basis, the following conclusions were made. The behavior of athletes depends on the type of contact of the sport discipline. Behavioral profiles are specific to the requirements of a given sport discipline and are consistent with the average profile of behavior of all athletes, characterized by high conscientiousness and extraversion, average openness to experience and agreeableness. The indicator differentiating the behavior of athletes due to the type of contact of the sport discipline is neuroticism. KEYWORDS: behaviours, sport psychology, personality, NEO-FFI, type of contact

Background and aim: Organisation of mass sports events is one of the functions of contemporary physical culture and, at the same time, a dynamically developing service, provided by both public and private institutions. Organising such an event requires a professional project-based approach, i.e. the conceptual preparation of activities related to its preparation, conduct and summing up. The aim of this study is to present project activities related to the organisation of a mass sports event, such as a marathon race, using the example of the 6th ‘Wrocław Marathon’. Material and methods: The subject matter of this study is an analysis of the system of project activities related to the organisation of mass sports events. Use was made for this purpose of the modern scientifi c discipline of project management and the following methods were applied: literature analysis, source documentation analysis and studies of 6 ‘Wrocław Marathon’ cases. Results: The following organisational phases of the ‘Wrocław Marathon’ were analysed in detail: event planning and preparation; implementation; controlling. Conclusions: Project management is a deliberate measure in the organisation of a mass event, such as the ‘Wrocław Marathon’ – development of a reference model of such an event.

Background: and study aim: Each sports activity, particularly combat sports, involves various injuries and overloads. Injuries are a result of impact of sudden large for ceson tissues, while overloads are caused by small but repetitive forces, which lead to some dysfunction, pain. The aim of this study was to compare injuries and overloads in two combat sports, namely judo and Thai boxing. Material and methods: The study was conducted on 34 judokas (from MaKo Judo Wrocław Sports Club) and 34 Thai boxers (from Puncher Wrocław Sports Club). The group of Thai boxers consisted of 29 men and 5 women, where as the judoka group was comprised of 23 men and 11 women. The average age of participants was 22.6 years. Internship competes patients was 3 years. The training period was similar for Thai boxers and judokas: Thai boxers trained on average for 8.5hper week, while judokas trained for 6.9h per week. Results: The study demonstrated that the most common injuries in Thai boxers occurred in lower limbs, while in judokas– in shoulder joints, knee joints and the spine. Thai boxers most frequently developed overloads in lower limbs, whereas judokas– in shoulder joints and the spine. Conclusions: Thai boxers considerably more frequently sustained injuries of feet, elbow joints and thighs, compared to judokas, who sustained more knee joint injuries. Judokas considerably more frequently suffered from injuries of shoulder joints and the spine compared to Thai boxers. Thai boxers more often developed overloads of lower limbs and elbow joints compared to judokas. On the other hand, judokas considerably more frequently sustained overloads of the spine and shoulder joints compared to Thai boxers.

Introduction. A positive relationship is recognised in literature between strength and body weight. On that basis a division into weight categories has been introduced in many combat sports. Nutritional behaviours are influenced by a number of factors that indirectly affect body weight. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between personality and the body composition of athletes using the example of the Polish national youth female wrestling team. Material and methods. The study consisted in the performance of a personality evaluation using the NEO-FFI questionnaire and a body composition analysis using a TANITA BC-418 analyser. 15 athletes from the Polish national youth female wrestling team aged (20.26 ± 1.43 years) participated in the study. Results. The study showed a lack of relationship between personality and body composition in members of the national wrestling team. Conclusions. Research points to a relationship between nutritional behaviours and satisfying not only the physiological, but also psychological needs of the body. A thorough investigation of this mechanism and of the possibility of its application may be very helpful, especially for combat sport athletes. The ability to optimise body weight, without the necessity of ensuring its fast reduction during the pre-start period, may have a significant impact on a person’s results.

The organization of the mass sports event has to be supported by the tools and technologies related to the safety engineering. These include the ICT systems that enable the realtime upload the information necessary in making decisions. The picture of the augmented reality has to be ‘superimposed’ on the ICT systems. It generates the precognition and predicates of the events related to organizing of the mass sports event and its aspects of the logistics of the flows of materials, people, things, events, data and information. Monitoring the physical space’s progress of organizing the mass sports event is supported by the GPS systems. In the case of the GPS, the operator has the ability to continuously monitoring the traffic in the organizational space, online collecting the information about the traffic and its supervision. Keywords—logistics processes, individual informatics solutions (IRI), augmentedreality, ICT, mass sports event

The mental training (Galloway, 2011) is one of the measures of the psychological preparation in sport. Especially such as the judo discipline requires the mental training, due to the fact that the judo is a combat sport, the direct, physical confrontation of two opponents. Hence the mental preparation should be an essential element of preparing for the sports fight. In the article are described the basics of the AR systems and presents selected elements of the AR systems: sight glasses Vuzix glasses, Kinect sensor and an interactive floor Multitap. Next, there are proposed the scenarios for using the AR in the mental training which are based on using both Vuzix glasses type head as well as the interactive floor Multitap. All options, except for the last, are provided for using the Kinect sensor. In addition, these variants differ as to the primary user of the system. It can be an competitor, his coach the competitor and the coach at the same time. In the end of the article are presented methods of exploring, both, the effectiveness and usefulness, and/or the User Experience of the proposed prototypes. There are presented three educational training simulator prototype models in sport (judo) describing their functionality based on the theory of sports training (the cyclical nature of sports training) and the theory of subtle interactions, enabling an explanation of the effects of sports training using the augmented reality technology.