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Objective: Describe the presenting features, surgical procedure, and clinical outcomes of two cats managed with marginal resection and photodynamic therapy (PDT) for eyelid squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Animals Studied: A 12‐year‐old female spayed domestic shorthair cat (case 1) and a 10‐year‐old female spayed domestic shorthair cat (case 2). Procedures: Following marginal resection of the eyelid neoplasm, hemostasis was achieved using a handheld cautery unit then 1 mL of infracyanine green was injected into the surgical wound bed. Photodynamic therapy was performed using an 810 nm diode laser in two consecutive steps: (i) six cycles at 500 mW for 30 s per cycle, using a rapid movement; then (ii) one (case 1) or two cycles (case 2) of 30 s at 2000 mW, using a slow deliberate movement to effect (charred surface). Results: Histopathology was consistent with SCC resected with incomplete margins in both cats. Follow‐up duration was 416 and 161 days in case 1 and case 2, respectively. Consecutive exams and photo‐documentation (in clinic or by owners) showed appropriate healing of the lower eyelid, with a smooth lid margin, and no evidence of tumor regrowth or ocular irritation. Subtle trichiasis was noted in case 1 on day 185, but not at the last follow‐up. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Marginal resection followed by PDT may be a valid alternative to complete surgical resection of periocular SCC in cats. The procedure was easy to perform, post‐operative recovery was uncomplicated, and neither cat developed recurrent disease during the follow‐up period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Methods Results Conclusions Assess aqueous tear production when measured with the dogs' eyelids open or closed.Thirty healthy dogs (15 Shih Tzus, 15 Labrador retrievers) were recruited. With the order of testing randomized for each dog, two sessions (separated by 30 min) of STT‐1 testing were performed with the dogs' eyelids closed or open. Schirmer strip wetness (every 10 s for 60 s) and number of time(s) the strip dislodged during testing were recorded in each eye. Preferred STT‐1 method was surveyed via a global Listserv of the veterinary ophthalmology community.STT‐1 values were significantly higher in closed versus open eyes in Shih Tzus (18.6 ± 2.7 mm/min vs. 16.3 ± 2.5 mm/min; p = .002) and Labrador retrievers (21.6 ± 2.9 mm/min vs. 17.8 ± 3.2 mm/min, p < .001), findings that were also significant at times <60 s for either breed (p ≤ .004). Schirmer strips dislodged from six dogs with open eyelids and no dogs with closed eyelids. Maximal STT‐1 difference with closed versus open eyelids was 13 mm/min in Labrador retrievers and 7 mm/min in Shih Tzus. Survey results from 275 veterinarians showed STT‐1 performed with “closed eyelids” (38.5%), “open eyelids” (26.9%), or “never paid attention, sometimes closed, sometimes open” (34.6%).Eyelids status (closed or open) during STT‐1 testing had a significant impact on aqueous tear secretion in brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic dogs, highlighting the importance of consistency when repeating STT‐1 in a canine patient. STT‐1 differences are likely due to sustained reflex tearing throughout the test duration when the dogs' eyelids are closed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Glaucoma is a common and devastating eye disease in dogs, resulting in pain and blindness if not treated promptly and appropriately. Primary glaucoma develops when the pressure inside the eye (IOP) is elevated in the absence of other diseases inside the eye; it is the most common form of glaucoma in dogs and is reported in many canine breeds (genetic predisposition). The main trigger for glaucoma is IOP elevation, but there are other important contributing factors, such as inflammation inside the eye. Here, we summarize all the evidence that links inflammation to primary glaucoma in dogs. A better understanding will allow clinicians to better manage primary glaucoma in dogs and scientists to examine newer therapeutic targets for improved clinical outcomes. Primary glaucoma is a painful, progressive, and blinding disease reported in many canine breeds, characterized by intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation in the absence of antecedent intraocular disease. Clinical observations of dogs with primary glaucoma suggest that many affected eyes develop concurrent intraocular inflammation in addition to elevated IOP. In this work, we summarize the current knowledge that relates inflammation to primary glaucoma in dogs, reviewing studies focused on genetics, physiology, histopathology, bioanalysis of ocular fluids, therapeutics, and clinical outcomes of glaucomatous patients. Through disruption of the blood–aqueous and blood–retinal barriers, pigment dispersion, and biochemical changes to the aqueous humor and tear film, the pathogenesis of canine primary glaucoma appears to involve inflammatory changes to various extents and with various consequences from the front to the back of the eye. Among others, inflammation further impacts IOP by reducing aqueous humor outflow at the level of the iridocorneal angle and accelerates vision loss by promoting neuronal degeneration. As such, the vicious cycle of ocular inflammation and IOP elevation might warrant the use of anti-inflammatory medications as a core component of the treatment regime for dogs with primary glaucoma, either therapeutically (i.e., actively glaucomatous eye) or prophylactically in the yet unaffected contralateral eye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Assess the refractive states of donkeys and goats. Methods: Forty‐two donkeys and 28 goats were enrolled. The mean ± SD ages were 7.68 ± 7.33 years for donkeys and 4.26 ± 2.33 years for goats. Seven donkeys and one goat were <6 months old. Retinoscopy was performed in alert animals, following cycloplegia in goats but not in donkeys. Normality was determined using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. The two primary meridians and two eyes were compared using Pearson's correlation and paired Student's t–tests. The association between refractive states and age was examined using one‐way ANOVA in donkeys and a paired Student's t‐test in goats. One‐sample t‐tests were conducted to assess if the refractive error distributions were significantly different from "0". Results: The mean ± SD spherical equivalent (SE) refractive errors of the right and left donkey eyes were −0.80 ± 1.03 D and −0.35 ± 0.95 D, respectively. The majority (86%) of the donkeys had an astigmatic refraction and eight (19%) had anisometropia. The mean SE refractive errors of the right and left goat eyes were −0.15 ± 1.1 D and −0.18 ± 1.2 D, respectively. The majority (54%) of the goat eyes had an astigmatic refraction and five (18%) had anisometropia. The right and left eye SE refractive errors were positively correlated in both species (both p =.9). Age was not correlated with refractive error in both donkeys (p =.09) and goats (p =.6). Conclusions: Both goats and donkeys are emmetropic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the efficacy of 0.5% tropicamide applied after topical administration of 1.4% hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) or 1.2% hyaluronic acid (HA) at different time intervals. Methods: Eleven healthy Labrador retriever dogs were used. The study consisted of 7 trials in which pupil diameter (PD) was measured every 30 min for 7 h after drug administration. In trial 1, PD was measured after tropicamide application (control). In trials 2-7, PD was measured after treatment with tropicamide 10 s, 1 and 5 min after application of HEC or HA. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and post hoc Holm-Sidak tests. Results: Maximal PD (mean ± standard deviation) was significantly greater (P < 0.001) in 5 of 6 experimental trials, with the greatest PD recorded when HEC was applied 1 min (12.2 ± 0.4 mm) and HA 10 s (12.3 ± 0.5 mm) before tropicamide, compared with 11.2 ± 0. 7 mm in control trial 1. PD >10 mm was maintained for 2.75-5 h in trials 2-7 and 2.25 h in trial 1 (P < 0.001). Area under the PD-time curve ranged from 61.9 to 71.3 ± 2.9 mm·hours in trials 2-7, significantly greater than 59.3 ± 1.8 mm·hours in control trial 1 (P ≤ 0.031). Conclusions: Tropicamide efficacy was enhanced by prior administration of a mucoadhesive polymer. Additional studies are needed to determine if HEC and HA of varying concentrations similarly extend and potentiate the effect of other topical ophthalmic drugs in canine eyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Review octopus ocular anatomy and describe the histopathologic findings in three octopuses diagnosed with phakitis and retinitis. Animals: Two common octopuses (Octopus vulgaris) and one giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) with a history of ophthalmic disease. Methods: A literature search was performed for the ocular anatomy section. Both eyes from all three octopuses, and two control eyes, were submitted for histopathologic evaluation. Hematoxylin and eosin stain was used for standard histopathologic evaluation; GMS stain was used to screen for fungi, gram stain for bacteria; and Fite's acid fast stain for acid fast bacteria. Results: Anatomically, the anterior chamber of the octopus has direct contact with ambient water due to an opening in the dorsal aspect of a pseudocornea. The octopus lens is divided into anterior and posterior segments. The anterior half is exposed to the environment through the opening into the anterior chamber. Neither part of the lens has a lens capsule. The retina is everted, unlike the inverted vertebrate retina, and consists of just two layers. Histopathology revealed inflammatory phakitis and retinitis of varying severity in all six eyes of the study animals. No intraocular infectious organisms were recognized but one common octopus eye had clusters of coccidian parasites, identified as Aggregata sp., in extraocular tissues and blood vessels. Conclusion: We describe inflammatory phakitis and retinitis in two species of octopuses. The underlying cause for the severe intraocular response may be direct intraocular infection, water quality, an ocular manifestation of a systemic disease, or natural senescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine whether the order of intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement affects readings, regardless of which eye is measured first. Methods: Intraocular pressure was measured in 31 and 41 dogs using applanation and rebound tonometry, respectively. Initially, IOP was measured in the first (randomly chosen) eye (reading A), followed by measurement in the fellow eye (reading B), and a third (repeated) measurement in the first eye (reading C). After 15 minutes, measurements were repeated in reverse order (readings D ‐ F). Results: Applanation tonometry revealed significant differences between readings A & B (15.6 ± 2.3 and 14.8 ± 2.7 mm Hg, respectively, p =.02), A & C (15.6 ± 2.3 and 14.5 ± 2.4 mm Hg, respectively, p =.002), D & E (14.5 ± 2.3 and 13.7 ± 2.1 mm Hg, respectively, p =.02), D & F (14.5 ± 2.3 and 13.9 ± 1.9 mm Hg, respectively, p =.05), and A & E (15.6 ± 2.3 and 13.7 ± 2.1 mm Hg, respectively, p =.001). Rebound tonometry yielded similar results, with additional differences between B & C (19.1 ± 3.0 and 18.2 ± 2.4 mm Hg, respectively, p =.002) and E & F (18.7 ± 3.3 and 18.2 ± 3.3 mm Hg, respectively, p =.02). Conclusions: Intraocular pressure measured in the first eye, whether right or left, is higher than in the fellow eye. Repeated tonometry in the same visit could result in a significant IOP decrease, though the magnitude may not be clinically appreciable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Retrospectively evaluate prognostic indicators and outcome in dogs undergoing temporary tarsorrhaphy following traumatic proptosis. Methods: Medical records (2004‐2017) were reviewed for signalment, cause and duration of proptosis, and clinical findings on admission. The operating faculty member, post‐operative medications, and ophthalmic findings at last recheck were recorded. Owners of dogs with blinded eyes were surveyed regarding final outcome and satisfaction. Data were analyzed using Fisher's exact, Likelihood ratio, and Mann‐Whitney tests. Results: At last recheck, 17.5 ± 7.3 (mean ± SD) days post‐operatively, vision was present in 12/43 eyes (28%). Vision at last recheck was not correlated with breed, cause or duration of proptosis, or post‐operative medications (P >.05), but was correlated with presence of direct and indirect pupillary light reflexes (PLRs) on admission (P =.001 and.02, respectively), and with assessment and surgery performed by veterinary ophthalmologists rather than surgery or emergency personnel (P =.015). Mean satisfaction scores (graded 0‐10) of 22 owners contacted 59.6 ± 48.2 months after last recheck were 7.8 ± 2.6 (n = 6), 5.7 ± 4.9 (n = 3), and 8.8 ± 1.3 (n = 13) for dogs with phthisical eyes, eyes requiring long‐term medications, and blind but otherwise normal eyes, respectively (P =.284). Conclusions: Contrary to previous studies, breed, and cause and duration of proptosis, did not significantly affect outcome. Testing of direct and indirect PLR is a simple and significant prognostic indicator. Patients assessed and operated by a veterinary ophthalmologist have better prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Review octopus ocular anatomy and describe the histopathologic findings in three octopuses diagnosed with phakitis and retinitis., Animals: Two common octopuses (Octopus vulgaris) and one giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) with a history of ophthalmic disease., Methods: A literature search was performed for the ocular anatomy section. Both eyes from all three octopuses, and two control eyes, were submitted for histopathologic evaluation. Hematoxylin and eosin stain was used for standard histopathologic evaluation; GMS stain was used to screen for fungi, gram stain for bacteria; and Fite's acid fast stain for acid fast bacteria., Results: Anatomically, the anterior chamber of the octopus has direct contact with ambient water due to an opening in the dorsal aspect of a pseudocornea. The octopus lens is divided into anterior and posterior segments. The anterior half is exposed to the environment through the opening into the anterior chamber. Neither part of the lens has a lens capsule. The retina is everted, unlike the inverted vertebrate retina, and consists of just two layers. Histopathology revealed inflammatory phakitis and retinitis of varying severity in all six eyes of the study animals. No intraocular infectious organisms were recognized but one common octopus eye had clusters of coccidian parasites, identified as Aggregata sp., in extraocular tissues and blood vessels., Conclusion: We describe inflammatory phakitis and retinitis in two species of octopuses. The underlying cause for the severe intraocular response may be direct intraocular infection, water quality, an ocular manifestation of a systemic disease, or natural senescence., (© 2021 American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists.)