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153 results on '"Peña-Claros, M."'

1. Persistent effects of pre-Columbian plant domestication on Amazonian forest composition

Author

Levis, C., Costa, F. R. C., Bongers, F., Peña-Claros, M., Clement, C. R., Junqueira, A. B., Neves, E. G., Tamanaha, E. K., Figueiredo, F. O. G., Salomão, R. P., Castilho, C. V., Magnusson, W. E., Phillips, O. L., Guevara, J. E., Sabatier, D., Molino, J.-F., López, D. Cárdenas, Mendoza, A. M., Pitman, N. C. A., Duque, A., Vargas, P. Núñez, Zartman, C. E., Vasquez, R., Andrade, A., Camargo, J. L., Feldpausch, T. R., Laurance, S. G. W., Laurance, W. F., Killeen, T. J., Nascimento, H. E. Mendonça, Montero, J. C., Mostacedo, B., Amaral, I. L., Vieira, I. C. Guimarães, Brienen, R., Castellanos, H., Terborgh, J., de Jesus Veiga Carim, M., da Silva Guimarães, J. R., de Souza Coelho, L., de Almeida Matos, F. D., Wittmann, F., Mogollón, H. F., Damasco, G., Dávila, N., García-Villacorta, R., Coronado, E. N. H., Emilio, T., de Andrade Lima Filho, D., Schietti, J., Souza, P., Targhetta, N., Comiskey, J. A., Marimon, B. S., Marimon, B.-H., Neill, D., Alonso, A., Arroyo, L., Carvalho, F. A., de Souza, F. C., Dallmeier, F., Pansonato, M. P., Duivenvoorden, J. F., Fine, P. V. A., Stevenson, P. R., Araujo-Murakami, A., Aymard C., G. A., Baraloto, C., do Amaral, D. D., Engel, J., Henkel, T. W., Maas, P., Petronelli, P., Revilla, J. D. Cardenas, Stropp, J., Daly, D., Gribel, R., Paredes, M. Ríos, Silveira, M., Thomas-Caesar, R., Baker, T. R., da Silva, N. F., Ferreira, L. V., Peres, C. A., Silman, M. R., Cerón, C., Valverde, F. C., Di Fiore, A., Jimenez, E. M., Mora, M. C. Peñuela, Toledo, M., Barbosa, E. M., de Matos Bonates, L. C., Arboleda, N. C., de Sousa Farias, E., Fuentes, A., Guillaumet, J.-L., Jørgensen, P. Møller, Malhi, Y., de Andrade Miranda, I. P., Phillips, J. F., Prieto, A., Rudas, A., Ruschel, A. R., Silva, N., von Hildebrand, P., Vos, V. A., Zent, E. L., Zent, S., Cintra, B. B. L., Nascimento, M. T., Oliveira, A. A., Ramirez-Angulo, H., Ramos, J. F., Rivas, G., Schöngart, J., Sierra, R., Tirado, M., van der Heijden, G., Torre, E. V., Wang, O., Young, K. R., Baider, C., Cano, A., Farfan-Rios, W., Ferreira, C., Hoffman, B., Mendoza, C., Mesones, I., Torres-Lezama, A., Medina, M. N. U., van Andel, T. R., Villarroel, D., Zagt, R., Alexiades, M. N., Balslev, H., Garcia-Cabrera, K., Gonzales, T., Hernandez, L., Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, I., Manzatto, A. G., Milliken, W., Cuenca, W. P., Pansini, S., Pauletto, D., Arevalo, F. R., Reis, N. F. Costa, Sampaio, A. F., Giraldo, L. E. Urrego, Sandoval, E. H. Valderrama, Gamarra, L. Valenzuela, Vela, C. I. A., and ter Steege, H.

Published
2017

2. Warming, drought, and disturbances lead to shifts in functional composition: a millennial-scale analysis for Amazonian and Andean sites

Author

van der Sande, M., Bush, M., Åkesson, C., Berrio, J., Correia Metrio, A., Flantua, S., Hooghiemstra, H., Maezumi, S., McMichael, C., Montoya, E., Mosblech, N., de Novaes Nascimento, M., Peña-Claros, M., Poorter, L., Raczka, M., and Gosling, W.

Abstract

Tropical forests are changing in composition and productivity, probably in response to changes in climate and disturbances. The responses to these multiple environmental drivers, and the mechanisms underlying the changes, remain largely unknown. Here, we use a functional trait approach on timescales of 10,000?years to assess how climate and disturbances influence the community-mean adult height, leaf area, seed mass, and wood density for eight lowland and highland forest landscapes. To do so, we combine data of eight fossil pollen records with functional traits and proxies for climate (temperature, precipitation, and El Niño frequency) and disturbances (fire and general disturbances). We found that temperature and disturbances were the most important drivers of changes in functional composition. Increased water availability (high precipitation and low El Niño frequency) generally led to more acquisitive trait composition (large leaves and soft wood). In lowland forests, warmer climates decreased community-mean height probably because of increased water stress, whereas in highland forests warmer climates increased height probably because of upslope migration of taller species. Disturbance increased the abundance of acquisitive, disturbance-adapted taxa with small seeds for quick colonization of disturbed sites, large leaves for light capture, and soft wood to attain fast height growth. Fire had weak effects on lowland forests but led to more stress-adapted taxa that are tall with fast life cycles and small seeds that can quickly colonize burned sites. Site-specific analyses were largely in line with cross-site analyses, except for varying site-level effects of El Niño frequency and fire activity, possibly because regional patterns in El Niño are not a good predictor of local changes, and charcoal abundances do not reflect fire intensity or severity. With future global changes, tropical Amazonian and Andean forests may transition toward shorter, drought- and disturbance-adapted forests in the lowlands but taller forests in the highlands. 1 Introduction 2 Materials and methods 2.1 Sites 2.2 Fossil pollen records 2.3 Functional traits 2.4 Community-mean traits 2.5 Climate 2.6 Fire activity 2.7 General disturbance 2.8 Analyses 3 Results 3.1 Adult tree height 3.2 Leaf area 3.3 Seed mass 3.4 Wood density 4 Discussion 4.1 More favorable climatic growing conditions lead to more acquisitive trait values 4.2 Fires lead to more stress-adapted species, while general disturbances lead to more acquisitive species 4.3 Adult height and LA are most responsive to climate and disturbances 4.4 Local disturbance histories determine local responses to climate and disturbances 5 Conclusions

Published
2023

3. Spatial and temporal abilities of proxies used to detect pre-Columbian Indigenous human activity in Amazonian ecosystems

Author

McMichael, C.N.H., Levis, C., Gosling, W.D., Junqueira, A.B., Piperno, D.R., Neves, E.G., Mayle, F., Peña-Claros, M., Bongers, F., McMichael, C.N.H., Levis, C., Gosling, W.D., Junqueira, A.B., Piperno, D.R., Neves, E.G., Mayle, F., Peña-Claros, M., and Bongers, F.

Abstract

Humans have been modifying ecosystems since before the Holocene began ca. 12,000 years ago, even in Neotropical regions. The Amazon was once thought to be ‘pristine’ and only lightly impacted by Indigenous people before European colonization in the Americas (e.g., pre-Columbian); however, multiple lines of evidence have shown that Indigenous human activities over the past millennia have left ecological legacies on modern ecosystems. We review the various lines of evidence used to reconstruct pre-Columbian Indigenous human activity in Amazonia, and assess the spatial and temporal resolution and limits of each one of them. We suggest that a multi-proxy approach is always preferred, and that lines of evidence that cover overlapping yet discrete spatial and temporal scales can provide a robust and comprehensive assessment of the nuances of pre-Columbian Indigenous human activities in Amazonia, and how they affect modern ecosystems.

Published
2023

6. Diversity enhances carbon storage in tropical forests

Author

Poorter, L., van der Sande, M. T., Thompson, J., Arets, E. J. M. M., Alarcón, A., Álvarez-Sánchez, J., Ascarrunz, N., Balvanera, P., Barajas-Guzmán, G., Boit, A., Bongers, F., Carvalho, F. A., Casanoves, F., Cornejo-Tenorio, G., Costa, F. R. C., de Castilho, C. V., Duivenvoorden, J. F., Dutrieux, L. P., Enquist, B. J., Fernández-Méndez, F., Finegan, B., Gormley, L. H. L., Healey, J. R., Hoosbeek, M. R., Ibarra-Manriquez, G., Junqueira, A. B., Levis, C., Licona, J. C., Lisboa, L. S., Magnusson, W. E., Martínez-Ramos, M., Martínez-Yrizar, A., Martorano, L. G., Maskell, L. C., Mazzei, L., Meave, J. A., Mora, F., Muñoz, R., Nytch, C., Pansonato, M. P., Parr, T. W., Paz, H., Pérez-García, E. A., Rentería, L. Y., Rodríguez-Velazquez, J., Rozendaal, D. M. A., Ruschel, A. R., Sakschewski, B., Salgado-Negret, B., Schietti, J., Simões, M., Sinclair, F. L., Souza, P. F., Souza, F. C., Stropp, J., ter Steege, H., Swenson, N. G., Thonicke, K., Toledo, M., Uriarte, M., van der Hout, P., Walker, P., Zamora, N., and Peña-Claros, M.

Published
2015

8. Monitoring direct drivers of small-scale tropical forest disturbance in near real-time with Sentinel-1 and -2 data

Author

Slagter, B., Reiche, J., Marcos, D., Mullissa, A., Lossou, E., Peña-Claros, M., and Herold, M.

Subjects
Near real-time monitoring, Forest degradation, Small-scale forest disturbance, Tropical forest, Deep learning, Deforestation, Smallholder agriculture, Driver attribution, Road development, Selective logging, Mining
Abstract

Advancements in satellite-based forest monitoring increasingly enable the near real-time detection of small-scale tropical forest disturbances. However, there is an urgent need to enhance such monitoring methods with automated direct driver attributions to detected disturbances. This would provide important additional information to make forest disturbance alerts more actionable and useful for uptake by different stakeholders. In this study, we demonstrate spatially explicit and near real-time methods to monitor direct drivers of small-scale tropical forest disturbance across a range of tropical forest conditions in Suriname, the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. We trained a convolutional neural network with Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data to continuously classify newly detected RAdar for Detecting Deforestation (RADD) alerts as smallholder agriculture, road development, selective logging, mining or other. Different monitoring scenarios were evaluated based on varying sensor combinations, post-disturbance time periods and confidence levels. In general, the use of Sentinel-2 data was found to be most accurate for driver classifications, especially with data composited over a period of 4 to 6 months after the disturbance detection. Sentinel-1 data showed to be valuable for more rapid classifications of specific drivers, especially in areas with persistent cloud cover. Throughout all monitoring scenarios, smallholder agriculture was classified most accurately, while road development, selective logging and mining were more challenging to distinguish. An accuracy assessment throughout the full extent of our study regions revealed a Macro-F1 score of 0.861 and an Overall Accuracy of 0.897 for the best performing model, based on the use of 6-month post-disturbance Sentinel-2 composites. Finally, we addressed three specific monitoring use cases that relate to rapid law enforcement against illegal activities, ecological impact assessments and timely carbon emission reporting, by optimizing the trade-off in classification timeliness and confidence to reach required accuracies. Our findings demonstrate the strong capacities of high spatiotemporal resolution satellite data for monitoring direct drivers of small-scale forest disturbance, considering different user interests. The produced forest disturbance driver maps can be accessed via: https://bartslagter94.users.earthengine.app/view/forest-disturbance-drivers.

Published
2023

10. Strong floristic distinctiveness across Neotropical successional forests

Author

Jakovac, C.C., Meave, J.A., Bongers, F., Letcher, S.G., Dupuy, J.M., Piotto, D., Rozendaal, D.M.A., Peña-Claros, M., Craven, D., Santos, B.A., Siminski, A., Fantini, A.C., Rodrigues, A.C., Hernández-Jaramillo, A., Idárraga, A., Junqueira, A.B., Zambrano, A.M.A., De Jong, B.H.J., Pinho, B.X., Finegan, B., Castellano-Castro, C., Zambiazi, D.C., Dent, D.H., García, D.H., Kennard, D., Delgado, D., Broadbent, E.N., Ortiz-Malavassi, E., Pérez-García, E.A., Lebrija-Trejos, E., Berenguer, E., Marín-Spiotta, E., Alvarez-Davila, E., De Sá Sampaio, E.V., Melo, F., Elias, F., França, F., Oberleitner, F., Mora, F., Williamson, G.B., Dalla Colletta, G., Cabral, G.A.L., Derroire, G., Fernandes, G.W., Van Der Wal, H., Teixeira, H.M., Vester, H.F.M., García, H., Vieira, I.C.G., Jiménez-Montoya, J., De Almeida-Cortez, J.S., Hall, J.S., Chave, J., Zimmerman, J.K., Nieto, J.E., Ferreira, J., Rodríguez-Velázquez, J., Ruíz, J., Barlow, J., Aguilar-Cano, J., Hernández-Stefanoni, J.L., Engel, J., Becknell, J.M., Zanini, K., Lohbeck, M., Tabarelli, M., Romero-Romero, M.A., Uriarte, M., Veloso, M.D.M., Espírito-Santo, M.M., Van Der Sande, M.T., Van Breugel, M., Martínez-Ramos, M., Schwartz, N.B., Norden, N., Pérez-Cárdenas, N., González-Valdivia, N., Petronelli, P., Balvanera, P., Massoca, P., Brancalion, P.H.S., Villa, P.M., Hietz, P., Ostertag, R., López-Camacho, R., César, R.G., Mesquita, R., Chazdon, R.L., Muñoz, R., DeWalt, S.J., Müller, S.C., Durán, S.M., Martins, S.V., Ochoa-Gaona, S., Rodríguez-Buritica, S., Aide, T.M., Bentos, T.V., Moreno, V.D.S., Granda, V., Thomas, W., Silver, W.L., Nunes, Y.R.F., Poorter, L., Jakovac, C.C., Meave, J.A., Bongers, F., Letcher, S.G., Dupuy, J.M., Piotto, D., Rozendaal, D.M.A., Peña-Claros, M., Craven, D., Santos, B.A., Siminski, A., Fantini, A.C., Rodrigues, A.C., Hernández-Jaramillo, A., Idárraga, A., Junqueira, A.B., Zambrano, A.M.A., De Jong, B.H.J., Pinho, B.X., Finegan, B., Castellano-Castro, C., Zambiazi, D.C., Dent, D.H., García, D.H., Kennard, D., Delgado, D., Broadbent, E.N., Ortiz-Malavassi, E., Pérez-García, E.A., Lebrija-Trejos, E., Berenguer, E., Marín-Spiotta, E., Alvarez-Davila, E., De Sá Sampaio, E.V., Melo, F., Elias, F., França, F., Oberleitner, F., Mora, F., Williamson, G.B., Dalla Colletta, G., Cabral, G.A.L., Derroire, G., Fernandes, G.W., Van Der Wal, H., Teixeira, H.M., Vester, H.F.M., García, H., Vieira, I.C.G., Jiménez-Montoya, J., De Almeida-Cortez, J.S., Hall, J.S., Chave, J., Zimmerman, J.K., Nieto, J.E., Ferreira, J., Rodríguez-Velázquez, J., Ruíz, J., Barlow, J., Aguilar-Cano, J., Hernández-Stefanoni, J.L., Engel, J., Becknell, J.M., Zanini, K., Lohbeck, M., Tabarelli, M., Romero-Romero, M.A., Uriarte, M., Veloso, M.D.M., Espírito-Santo, M.M., Van Der Sande, M.T., Van Breugel, M., Martínez-Ramos, M., Schwartz, N.B., Norden, N., Pérez-Cárdenas, N., González-Valdivia, N., Petronelli, P., Balvanera, P., Massoca, P., Brancalion, P.H.S., Villa, P.M., Hietz, P., Ostertag, R., López-Camacho, R., César, R.G., Mesquita, R., Chazdon, R.L., Muñoz, R., DeWalt, S.J., Müller, S.C., Durán, S.M., Martins, S.V., Ochoa-Gaona, S., Rodríguez-Buritica, S., Aide, T.M., Bentos, T.V., Moreno, V.D.S., Granda, V., Thomas, W., Silver, W.L., Nunes, Y.R.F., and Poorter, L.

Abstract

Forests that regrow naturally on abandoned fields are important for restoring biodiversity and ecosystem services, but can they also preserve the distinct regional tree floras? Using the floristic composition of 1215 early successional forests (≤20 years) in 75 human-modified landscapes across the Neotropic realm, we identified 14 distinct floristic groups, with a between-group dissimilarity of 0.97. Floristic groups were associated with location, bioregions, soil pH, temperature seasonality, and water availability. Hence, there is large continental-scale variation in the species composition of early successional forests, which is mainly associated with biogeographic and environmental factors but not with human disturbance indicators. This floristic distinctiveness is partially driven by regionally restricted species belonging to widespread genera. Early secondary forests contribute therefore to restoring and conserving the distinctiveness of bioregions across the Neotropical realm, and forest restoration initiatives should use local species to assure that these distinct floras are maintained.

Published
2022

11. Strong floristic distinctiveness across Neotropical successional forests

Author

Environmental Sciences, Jakovac, C.C., Meave, J.A., Bongers, F., Letcher, S.G., Dupuy, J.M., Piotto, D., Rozendaal, D.M.A., Peña-Claros, M., Craven, D., Santos, B.A., Siminski, A., Fantini, A.C., Rodrigues, A.C., Hernández-Jaramillo, A., Idárraga, A., Junqueira, A.B., Zambrano, A.M.A., De Jong, B.H.J., Pinho, B.X., Finegan, B., Castellano-Castro, C., Zambiazi, D.C., Dent, D.H., García, D.H., Kennard, D., Delgado, D., Broadbent, E.N., Ortiz-Malavassi, E., Pérez-García, E.A., Lebrija-Trejos, E., Berenguer, E., Marín-Spiotta, E., Alvarez-Davila, E., De Sá Sampaio, E.V., Melo, F., Elias, F., França, F., Oberleitner, F., Mora, F., Williamson, G.B., Dalla Colletta, G., Cabral, G.A.L., Derroire, G., Fernandes, G.W., Van Der Wal, H., Teixeira, H.M., Vester, H.F.M., García, H., Vieira, I.C.G., Jiménez-Montoya, J., De Almeida-Cortez, J.S., Hall, J.S., Chave, J., Zimmerman, J.K., Nieto, J.E., Ferreira, J., Rodríguez-Velázquez, J., Ruíz, J., Barlow, J., Aguilar-Cano, J., Hernández-Stefanoni, J.L., Engel, J., Becknell, J.M., Zanini, K., Lohbeck, M., Tabarelli, M., Romero-Romero, M.A., Uriarte, M., Veloso, M.D.M., Espírito-Santo, M.M., Van Der Sande, M.T., Van Breugel, M., Martínez-Ramos, M., Schwartz, N.B., Norden, N., Pérez-Cárdenas, N., González-Valdivia, N., Petronelli, P., Balvanera, P., Massoca, P., Brancalion, P.H.S., Villa, P.M., Hietz, P., Ostertag, R., López-Camacho, R., César, R.G., Mesquita, R., Chazdon, R.L., Muñoz, R., DeWalt, S.J., Müller, S.C., Durán, S.M., Martins, S.V., Ochoa-Gaona, S., Rodríguez-Buritica, S., Aide, T.M., Bentos, T.V., Moreno, V.D.S., Granda, V., Thomas, W., Silver, W.L., Nunes, Y.R.F., Poorter, L., Environmental Sciences, Jakovac, C.C., Meave, J.A., Bongers, F., Letcher, S.G., Dupuy, J.M., Piotto, D., Rozendaal, D.M.A., Peña-Claros, M., Craven, D., Santos, B.A., Siminski, A., Fantini, A.C., Rodrigues, A.C., Hernández-Jaramillo, A., Idárraga, A., Junqueira, A.B., Zambrano, A.M.A., De Jong, B.H.J., Pinho, B.X., Finegan, B., Castellano-Castro, C., Zambiazi, D.C., Dent, D.H., García, D.H., Kennard, D., Delgado, D., Broadbent, E.N., Ortiz-Malavassi, E., Pérez-García, E.A., Lebrija-Trejos, E., Berenguer, E., Marín-Spiotta, E., Alvarez-Davila, E., De Sá Sampaio, E.V., Melo, F., Elias, F., França, F., Oberleitner, F., Mora, F., Williamson, G.B., Dalla Colletta, G., Cabral, G.A.L., Derroire, G., Fernandes, G.W., Van Der Wal, H., Teixeira, H.M., Vester, H.F.M., García, H., Vieira, I.C.G., Jiménez-Montoya, J., De Almeida-Cortez, J.S., Hall, J.S., Chave, J., Zimmerman, J.K., Nieto, J.E., Ferreira, J., Rodríguez-Velázquez, J., Ruíz, J., Barlow, J., Aguilar-Cano, J., Hernández-Stefanoni, J.L., Engel, J., Becknell, J.M., Zanini, K., Lohbeck, M., Tabarelli, M., Romero-Romero, M.A., Uriarte, M., Veloso, M.D.M., Espírito-Santo, M.M., Van Der Sande, M.T., Van Breugel, M., Martínez-Ramos, M., Schwartz, N.B., Norden, N., Pérez-Cárdenas, N., González-Valdivia, N., Petronelli, P., Balvanera, P., Massoca, P., Brancalion, P.H.S., Villa, P.M., Hietz, P., Ostertag, R., López-Camacho, R., César, R.G., Mesquita, R., Chazdon, R.L., Muñoz, R., DeWalt, S.J., Müller, S.C., Durán, S.M., Martins, S.V., Ochoa-Gaona, S., Rodríguez-Buritica, S., Aide, T.M., Bentos, T.V., Moreno, V.D.S., Granda, V., Thomas, W., Silver, W.L., Nunes, Y.R.F., and Poorter, L.

Published
2022

14. Forest Disturbances

Author

Broadbent, E. N., Zarin, D. J., Asner, G. P., Peña-Claros, M., Cooper, A., and Littell, R.

Published
2006

15. Multidimensional tropical forest recovery

Author

Poorter, L., Craven, D., Jakovac, C.C., van der Sande, M.T., Amissah, L., Bongers, F., Chazdon, R.L., Farrior, C.E., Kambach, S., Meave, J.A., Muñoz, R., Norden, N., Rüger, N., van Breugel, M., Zambrano, A.M.A., Amani, B., Andrade, J.L., Brancalion, P.H.S., Broadbent, E.N., de Foresta, H., Dent, D.H., Derroire, G., DeWalt, S.J., Dupuy, J.M., Durán, S.M., Fantini, A.C., Finegan, B., Hernández-Jaramillo, A., Hernández-Stefanoni, J.L., Hietz, P., Junqueira, A.B., N’dja, J.K., Letcher, S.G., Lohbeck, M., López-Camacho, R., Martínez-Ramos, M., Melo, F.P.L., Mora, F., Müller, S.C., N’Guessan, A.E., Oberleitner, F., Ortiz-Malavassi, E., Pérez-García, E.A., Pinho, B.X., Piotto, D., Powers, J.S., Rodríguez-Buriticá, S., Rozendaal, D.M.A., Ruíz, J., Tabarelli, M., Teixeira, H.M., de Sá Barretto Sampaio, E.V., van der Wal, H., Villa, P.M., Fernandes, G.W., Santos, B.A., Aguilar-Cano, J., de Almeida-Cortez, J.S., Alvarez-Davila, E., Arreola-Villa, F., Balvanera, P., Becknell, J.M., Cabral, G.A.L., Castellanos-Castro, C., de Jong, B.H.J., Nieto, J.E., Espírito-Santo, M.M., Fandino, M.C., García, H., García-Villalobos, D., Hall, J.S., Idárraga, A., Jiménez-Montoya, J., Kennard, D., Marín-Spiotta, E., Mesquita, R., Nunes, Y.R.F., Ochoa-Gaona, S., Peña-Claros, M., Pérez-Cárdenas, N., Rodríguez-Velázquez, J., Villanueva, L.S., Schwartz, N.B., Steininger, M.K., Veloso, M.D.M., Vester, H.F.M., Vieira, I.C.G., Williamson, G.B., Zanini, K., Hérault, B., Environmental Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Universidad Mayor [Santiago de Chile], Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina = Federal University of Santa Catarina [Florianópolis] (UFSC), CSIR- Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Tree Improvement and seed Technology Division, UST, University of Connecticut (UCONN), University of Texas at Austin [Austin], German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Instituto Vasco de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé (UJloG ), University of São Paulo (USP), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Forêts et Sociétés (UPR Forêts et Sociétés), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Institut national polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, and Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Reconstitution forestière, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, forêt tropicale, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Tropical forest, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, Life Science, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, K70 - Dégâts causés aux forêts et leur protection, Deforestation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Multidisciplinary, Resilience, Farm Systems Ecology Group, Réhabilitation des forêts, 15. Life on land, South America, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, PE&RC, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Plant Production Systems, 13. Climate action, Plantaardige Productiesystemen, Africa, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, Secondary forests, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Crop and Weed Ecology, Restauration du paysage forestier, Zone tropicale
Abstract

International audience; Tropical forests disappear rapidly because of deforestation, yet they have the potential to regrow naturally on abandoned lands. We analyze how 12 forest attributes recover during secondary succession and how their recovery is interrelated using 77 sites across the tropics. Tropical forests are highly resilient to low-intensity land use; after 20 years, forest attributes attain 78% (33 to 100%) of their old-growth values. Recovery to 90% of old-growth values is fastest for soil (12 decades). Network analysis shows three independent clusters of attribute recovery, related to structure, species diversity, and species composition. Secondary forests should be embraced as a low-cost, natural solution for ecosystem restoration, climate change mitigation, and biodiversity conservation.

Published
2021
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16. Long-term decline of the Amazon carbon sink

Author

Brienen, R. J. W., Phillips, O. L., Feldpausch, T. R., Gloor, E., Baker, T. R., Lloyd, J., Lopez-Gonzalez, G., Monteagudo-Mendoza, A., Malhi, Y., Lewis, S. L., Vásquez Martinez, R., Alexiades, M., Álvarez Dávila, E., Alvarez-Loayza, P., Andrade, A., Aragão, L. E. O. C., Araujo-Murakami, A., Arets, E. J. M. M., Arroyo, L., Aymard, G. A. C., Bánki, O. S., Baraloto, C., Barroso, J., Bonal, D., Boot, R. G. A., Camargo, J. L. C., Castilho, C. V., Chama, V., Chao, K. J., Chave, J., Comiskey, J. A., Cornejo Valverde, F., da Costa, L., de Oliveira, E. A., Di Fiore, A., Erwin, T. L., Fauset, S., Forsthofer, M., Galbraith, D. R., Grahame, E. S., Groot, N., Hérault, B., Higuchi, N., Honorio Coronado, E. N., Keeling, H., Killeen, T. J., Laurance, W. F., Laurance, S., Licona, J., Magnussen, W. E., Marimon, B. S., Marimon-Junior, B. H., Mendoza, C., Neill, D. A., Nogueira, E. M., Núñez, P., Pallqui Camacho, N. C., Parada, A., Pardo-Molina, G., Peacock, J., Peña-Claros, M., Pickavance, G. C., Pitman, N. C. A., Poorter, L., Prieto, A., Quesada, C. A., Ramírez, F., Ramírez-Angulo, H., Restrepo, Z., Roopsind, A., Rudas, A., Salomão, R. P., Schwarz, M., Silva, N., Silva-Espejo, J. E., Silveira, M., Stropp, J., Talbot, J., ter Steege, H., Teran-Aguilar, J., Terborgh, J., Thomas-Caesar, R., Toledo, M., Torello-Raventos, M., Umetsu, R. K., van der Heijden, G. M. F., van der Hout, P., Guimarães Vieira, I. C., Vieira, S. A., Vilanova, E., Vos, V. A., and Zagt, R. J.

Published
2015
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17. Author Correction: Tree mode of death and mortality risk factors across Amazon forests (Nature Communications, (2020), 11, 1, (5515), 10.1038/s41467-020-18996-3)

Author

Esquivel-Muelbert, A, Phillips, OL, Brienen, RJW, Fauset, S, Sullivan, MJP, Baker, TR, Chao, KJ, Feldpausch, TR, Gloor, E, Higuchi, N, Houwing-Duistermaat, J, Lloyd, J, Liu, H, Malhi, Y, Marimon, B, Marimon Junior, BH, Monteagudo-Mendoza, A, Poorter, L, Silveira, M, Torre, EV, Dávila, EA, del Aguila Pasquel, J, Almeida, E, Loayza, PA, Andrade, A, Aragão, LEOC, Araujo-Murakami, A, Arets, E, Arroyo, L, Aymard C, GA, Baisie, M, Baraloto, C, Camargo, PB, Barroso, J, Blanc, L, Bonal, D, Bongers, F, Boot, R, Brown, F, Burban, B, Camargo, JL, Castro, W, Moscoso, VC, Chave, J, Comiskey, J, Valverde, FC, da Costa, AL, Cardozo, ND, Di Fiore, A, Dourdain, A, Erwin, T, Llampazo, GF, Vieira, ICG, Herrera, R, Honorio Coronado, E, Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, I, Jimenez-Rojas, E, Killeen, T, Laurance, S, Laurance, W, Levesley, A, Lewis, SL, Ladvocat, KLLM, Lopez-Gonzalez, G, Lovejoy, T, Meir, P, Mendoza, C, Morandi, P, Neill, D, Nogueira Lima, AJ, Vargas, PN, de Oliveira, EA, Camacho, NP, Pardo, G, Peacock, J, Peña-Claros, M, Peñuela-Mora, MC, Pickavance, G, Pipoly, J, Pitman, N, Prieto, A, Pugh, TAM, Quesada, C, Ramirez-Angulo, H, de Almeida Reis, SM, Rejou-Machain, M, Correa, ZR, Bayona, LR, Rudas, A, Salomão, R, Serrano, J, Espejo, JS, Silva, N, Singh, J, Stahl, C, Stropp, J, Swamy, V, Talbot, J, ter Steege, H, and Terborgh, J

Abstract

The original version of this Article contained an error in Table 2, where the number of individuals in the “All Amazonia” row was reported as 11,6431 instead of 116,431. Also, the original version of this Article contained an error in the Methods, where the R2 for the proportion of broken/uprooted dead trees increase per year was reported as 0.12, the correct value being 0.06. The original version of this Article contained errors in the author affiliations. The affiliation of Gerardo A. Aymard C. with UNELLEZGuanare, Herbario Universitario (PORT), Portuguesa, Venezuela Compensation International Progress S.A. Ciprogress–Greenlife.

Published
2021

18. Taking the pulse of Earth's tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots

Author

Blundo, C, Carilla, J, Grau, R, Malizia, A, Malizia, L, Osinaga-Acosta, O, Bird, M, Bradford, M, Catchpole, D, Ford, A, Graham, A, Hilbert, D, Kemp, J, Laurance, S, Laurance, W, Ishida, FY, Marshall, A, Waite, C, Woell, H, Bastin, JF, Bauters, M, Beeckman, H, Boeckx, P, Bogaert, J, De Canniere, C, de Haulleville, T, Doucet, JL, Hardy, O, Hubau, W, Kearsley, E, Verbeeck, H, Vleminckx, J, Brewer, SW, Alarcón, A, Araujo-Murakami, A, Arets, E, Arroyo, L, Chavez, E, Fredericksen, T, Villaroel, RG, Sibauty, GG, Killeen, T, Licona, JC, Lleigue, J, Mendoza, C, Murakami, S, Gutierrez, AP, Pardo, G, Peña-Claros, M, Poorter, L, Toledo, M, Cayo, JV, Viscarra, LJ, Vos, V, Ahumada, J, Almeida, E, Almeida, J, de Oliveira, EA, da Cruz, WA, de Oliveira, AA, Carvalho, FA, Obermuller, FA, Andrade, A, Vieira, SA, Aquino, AC, Aragão, L, Araújo, AC, Assis, MA, Gomes, JAMA, Baccaro, F, de Camargo, PB, Barni, P, Barroso, J, Bernacci, LC, Bordin, K, de Medeiros, MB, Broggio, I, Camargo, JL, Cardoso, D, Carniello, MA, Rochelle, ALC, Castilho, C, Castro, AAJF, Castro, W, Ribeiro, SC, Costa, F, de Oliveira, RC, Coutinho, I, Cunha, J, da Costa, L, da Costa Ferreira, L, da Costa Silva, R, da Graça Zacarias Simbine, M, de Andrade Kamimura, V, de Lima, HC, de Oliveira Melo, L, de Queiroz, L, de Sousa Lima, JR, do Espírito Santo, M, Blundo, C, Carilla, J, Grau, R, Malizia, A, Malizia, L, Osinaga-Acosta, O, Bird, M, Bradford, M, Catchpole, D, Ford, A, Graham, A, Hilbert, D, Kemp, J, Laurance, S, Laurance, W, Ishida, FY, Marshall, A, Waite, C, Woell, H, Bastin, JF, Bauters, M, Beeckman, H, Boeckx, P, Bogaert, J, De Canniere, C, de Haulleville, T, Doucet, JL, Hardy, O, Hubau, W, Kearsley, E, Verbeeck, H, Vleminckx, J, Brewer, SW, Alarcón, A, Araujo-Murakami, A, Arets, E, Arroyo, L, Chavez, E, Fredericksen, T, Villaroel, RG, Sibauty, GG, Killeen, T, Licona, JC, Lleigue, J, Mendoza, C, Murakami, S, Gutierrez, AP, Pardo, G, Peña-Claros, M, Poorter, L, Toledo, M, Cayo, JV, Viscarra, LJ, Vos, V, Ahumada, J, Almeida, E, Almeida, J, de Oliveira, EA, da Cruz, WA, de Oliveira, AA, Carvalho, FA, Obermuller, FA, Andrade, A, Vieira, SA, Aquino, AC, Aragão, L, Araújo, AC, Assis, MA, Gomes, JAMA, Baccaro, F, de Camargo, PB, Barni, P, Barroso, J, Bernacci, LC, Bordin, K, de Medeiros, MB, Broggio, I, Camargo, JL, Cardoso, D, Carniello, MA, Rochelle, ALC, Castilho, C, Castro, AAJF, Castro, W, Ribeiro, SC, Costa, F, de Oliveira, RC, Coutinho, I, Cunha, J, da Costa, L, da Costa Ferreira, L, da Costa Silva, R, da Graça Zacarias Simbine, M, de Andrade Kamimura, V, de Lima, HC, de Oliveira Melo, L, de Queiroz, L, de Sousa Lima, JR, and do Espírito Santo, M

Abstract

Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest sc

Published
2021

19. Multidimensional tropical forest recovery

Author

Environmental Sciences, Poorter, L., Craven, D., Jakovac, C.C., van der Sande, M.T., Amissah, L., Bongers, F., Chazdon, R.L., Farrior, C.E., Kambach, S., Meave, J.A., Muñoz, R., Norden, N., Rüger, N., van Breugel, M., Zambrano, A.M.A., Amani, B., Andrade, J.L., Brancalion, P.H.S., Broadbent, E.N., de Foresta, H., Dent, D.H., Derroire, G., DeWalt, S.J., Dupuy, J.M., Durán, S.M., Fantini, A.C., Finegan, B., Hernández-Jaramillo, A., Hernández-Stefanoni, J.L., Hietz, P., Junqueira, A.B., N’dja, J.K., Letcher, S.G., Lohbeck, M., López-Camacho, R., Martínez-Ramos, M., Melo, F.P.L., Mora, F., Müller, S.C., N’Guessan, A.E., Oberleitner, F., Ortiz-Malavassi, E., Pérez-García, E.A., Pinho, B.X., Piotto, D., Powers, J.S., Rodríguez-Buriticá, S., Rozendaal, D.M.A., Ruíz, J., Tabarelli, M., Teixeira, H.M., de Sá Barretto Sampaio, E.V., van der Wal, H., Villa, P.M., Fernandes, G.W., Santos, B.A., Aguilar-Cano, J., de Almeida-Cortez, J.S., Alvarez-Davila, E., Arreola-Villa, F., Balvanera, P., Becknell, J.M., Cabral, G.A.L., Castellanos-Castro, C., de Jong, B.H.J., Nieto, J.E., Espírito-Santo, M.M., Fandino, M.C., García, H., García-Villalobos, D., Hall, J.S., Idárraga, A., Jiménez-Montoya, J., Kennard, D., Marín-Spiotta, E., Mesquita, R., Nunes, Y.R.F., Ochoa-Gaona, S., Peña-Claros, M., Pérez-Cárdenas, N., Rodríguez-Velázquez, J., Villanueva, L.S., Schwartz, N.B., Steininger, M.K., Veloso, M.D.M., Vester, H.F.M., Vieira, I.C.G., Williamson, G.B., Zanini, K., Hérault, B., Environmental Sciences, Poorter, L., Craven, D., Jakovac, C.C., van der Sande, M.T., Amissah, L., Bongers, F., Chazdon, R.L., Farrior, C.E., Kambach, S., Meave, J.A., Muñoz, R., Norden, N., Rüger, N., van Breugel, M., Zambrano, A.M.A., Amani, B., Andrade, J.L., Brancalion, P.H.S., Broadbent, E.N., de Foresta, H., Dent, D.H., Derroire, G., DeWalt, S.J., Dupuy, J.M., Durán, S.M., Fantini, A.C., Finegan, B., Hernández-Jaramillo, A., Hernández-Stefanoni, J.L., Hietz, P., Junqueira, A.B., N’dja, J.K., Letcher, S.G., Lohbeck, M., López-Camacho, R., Martínez-Ramos, M., Melo, F.P.L., Mora, F., Müller, S.C., N’Guessan, A.E., Oberleitner, F., Ortiz-Malavassi, E., Pérez-García, E.A., Pinho, B.X., Piotto, D., Powers, J.S., Rodríguez-Buriticá, S., Rozendaal, D.M.A., Ruíz, J., Tabarelli, M., Teixeira, H.M., de Sá Barretto Sampaio, E.V., van der Wal, H., Villa, P.M., Fernandes, G.W., Santos, B.A., Aguilar-Cano, J., de Almeida-Cortez, J.S., Alvarez-Davila, E., Arreola-Villa, F., Balvanera, P., Becknell, J.M., Cabral, G.A.L., Castellanos-Castro, C., de Jong, B.H.J., Nieto, J.E., Espírito-Santo, M.M., Fandino, M.C., García, H., García-Villalobos, D., Hall, J.S., Idárraga, A., Jiménez-Montoya, J., Kennard, D., Marín-Spiotta, E., Mesquita, R., Nunes, Y.R.F., Ochoa-Gaona, S., Peña-Claros, M., Pérez-Cárdenas, N., Rodríguez-Velázquez, J., Villanueva, L.S., Schwartz, N.B., Steininger, M.K., Veloso, M.D.M., Vester, H.F.M., Vieira, I.C.G., Williamson, G.B., Zanini, K., and Hérault, B.

Published
2021

20. Linking biodiversity, ecosystem services and social actors to promote agroecological transitions

Author

Peña-Claros, M., Cardoso, I.M., Bianchi, F.J.J.A., Mancini Teixeira, Heitor, Peña-Claros, M., Cardoso, I.M., Bianchi, F.J.J.A., and Mancini Teixeira, Heitor

Abstract

The landscape in Zona da Mata region (Brazil) can be understood as a dynamic mosaic of land uses, including secondary forest, pastures and coffee. Spatial patterns of such mosaics are determined by heterogeneous physical landscape features and shaped by the diversity in management practices and decisions made by individual farmers. Thus, a gradient of more biodiverse to overly simplified farms can be found in the region. These farming systems contribute differently to local livelihoods and to the provision of ecosystem services (ES). Currently, we lack understanding of the incentives that farmers have to manage agrobiodiversity and the consequences of management for functional diversity and the provision of multiple ES. Therefore, I used a combination of social and ecological methods to link biodiversity, ecosystem services and social actors for informing the development of sustainable agroecological systems. First, a farm typology was conducted in the region to explore implications of farm diversity for promoting agroecology and agrobiodiversity. Second, fuzzy cognitive maps were used to unravel and contrast farmers` perceptions on ecosystem services and their management. Third, coffee and pastures were selected on different farm types to evaluate the direct and indirect impact of management on biodiversity and ecosystem services. A variety of indicators were measured in each system and grouped in three components: soil-based ecosystem services; plant diversity (taxonomical, functional and structural); and management practices. Fourth, the effects of forest regeneration on biodiversity and soil functions was assessed along a successional gradient in the Atlantic forest biome. The results show that changes in the cognitive perception of farmers on ES led to changes in management strategies, that in turn, influenced biodiversity and the provision of ES. Agroecological farmers had a more complex perception on ES than other farm types, which was associated to greater a

Published
2020

21. Exploring Linkages between Supporting, Regulating, and Provisioning Ecosystem Services in Rangelands in a Tropical Agro-Forest Frontier

Author

Aguilar-Fernandez, R., Gavito, Mayra E., Peña-Claros, M., Pulleman, M.M., Kuijper, T.W.M., Aguilar-Fernandez, R., Gavito, Mayra E., Peña-Claros, M., Pulleman, M.M., and Kuijper, T.W.M.

Abstract

Rangeland management in former tropical rainforest areas may affect ecosystem services. We hypothesized that management practices like burning and overgrazing reduce supporting (soil quality) and consequently also provisioning (forage productivity and quality) and regulating (nutrient cycling) ecosystem services. We established 31 exclosures in two landscape categories (alluvial soils, low-hills), documented management practices, and assessed 18 soil quality indicators, litter decomposition as a proxy for nutrient cycling, and forage quantity and quality during one year in grasslands of the Lacandon region, southeast Mexico. Path analysis was used to explore direct and indirect effects of livestock management practices on soil-based ecosystem services. Landscape position had direct effects on management practices, and direct and indirect effects on soil properties. Altitude (a proxy for the soil catena, ranging from alluvial soils along the Lacantún river to Cambisols and Acrisols in the low-hills) was the variable showing most significant negative relations with soil quality and forage production. Decomposition rate was site-specific and had no relation with landscape position and management. Our study suggests that position on the landscape, which relates to nutrient and water availability, had stronger effects than management practices on forage productivity and quality and drives farmers management practices. View Full-Text

Published
2020

22. Compositional response of Amazon forests to climate change

Author

Esquivel-Muelbert, A, Baker, TR, Dexter, KG, Lewis, SL, Brienen, RJW, Feldpausch, TR, Lloyd, J, Monteagudo-Mendoza, A, Arroyo, L, Álvarez-Dávila, E, Higuchi, N, Marimon, BS, Marimon-Junior, BH, Silveira, M, Vilanova, E, Gloor, E, Malhi, Y, Chave, J, Barlow, J, Bonal, D, Davila Cardozo, N, Erwin, T, Fauset, S, Hérault, B, Laurance, S, Poorter, L, Qie, L, Stahl, C, Sullivan, MJP, ter Steege, H, Vos, VA, Zuidema, PA, Almeida, E, Almeida de Oliveira, E, Andrade, A, Vieira, SA, Aragão, L, Araujo-Murakami, A, Arets, E, Aymard C, GA, Baraloto, C, Camargo, PB, Barroso, JG, Bongers, F, Boot, R, Camargo, JL, Castro, W, Chama Moscoso, V, Comiskey, J, Cornejo Valverde, F, Lola da Costa, AC, del Aguila Pasquel, J, Di Fiore, A, Fernanda Duque, L, Elias, F, Engel, J, Flores Llampazo, G, Galbraith, D, Herrera Fernández, R, Honorio Coronado, E, Hubau, W, Jimenez-Rojas, E, Lima, AJN, Umetsu, RK, Laurance, W, Lopez-Gonzalez, G, Lovejoy, T, Aurelio Melo Cruz, O, Morandi, PS, Neill, D, Núñez Vargas, P, Pallqui Camacho, NC, Parada Gutierrez, A, Pardo, G, Peacock, J, Peña-Claros, M, Peñuela-Mora, MC, Petronelli, P, Pickavance, GC, Pitman, N, Prieto, A, Quesada, C, Ramírez-Angulo, H, Réjou-Méchain, M, Restrepo Correa, Z, Roopsind, A, Rudas, A, Salomão, R, Silva, N, Silva Espejo, J, Singh, J, Stropp, J, Terborgh, J, Thomas, R, Toledo, M, Torres-Lezama, A, Valenzuela Gamarra, L, van de Meer, PJ, van der Heijden, G, van der Hout, P, Esquivel-Muelbert, A, Baker, TR, Dexter, KG, Lewis, SL, Brienen, RJW, Feldpausch, TR, Lloyd, J, Monteagudo-Mendoza, A, Arroyo, L, Álvarez-Dávila, E, Higuchi, N, Marimon, BS, Marimon-Junior, BH, Silveira, M, Vilanova, E, Gloor, E, Malhi, Y, Chave, J, Barlow, J, Bonal, D, Davila Cardozo, N, Erwin, T, Fauset, S, Hérault, B, Laurance, S, Poorter, L, Qie, L, Stahl, C, Sullivan, MJP, ter Steege, H, Vos, VA, Zuidema, PA, Almeida, E, Almeida de Oliveira, E, Andrade, A, Vieira, SA, Aragão, L, Araujo-Murakami, A, Arets, E, Aymard C, GA, Baraloto, C, Camargo, PB, Barroso, JG, Bongers, F, Boot, R, Camargo, JL, Castro, W, Chama Moscoso, V, Comiskey, J, Cornejo Valverde, F, Lola da Costa, AC, del Aguila Pasquel, J, Di Fiore, A, Fernanda Duque, L, Elias, F, Engel, J, Flores Llampazo, G, Galbraith, D, Herrera Fernández, R, Honorio Coronado, E, Hubau, W, Jimenez-Rojas, E, Lima, AJN, Umetsu, RK, Laurance, W, Lopez-Gonzalez, G, Lovejoy, T, Aurelio Melo Cruz, O, Morandi, PS, Neill, D, Núñez Vargas, P, Pallqui Camacho, NC, Parada Gutierrez, A, Pardo, G, Peacock, J, Peña-Claros, M, Peñuela-Mora, MC, Petronelli, P, Pickavance, GC, Pitman, N, Prieto, A, Quesada, C, Ramírez-Angulo, H, Réjou-Méchain, M, Restrepo Correa, Z, Roopsind, A, Rudas, A, Salomão, R, Silva, N, Silva Espejo, J, Singh, J, Stropp, J, Terborgh, J, Thomas, R, Toledo, M, Torres-Lezama, A, Valenzuela Gamarra, L, van de Meer, PJ, van der Heijden, G, and van der Hout, P

Abstract

© 2018 The Authors. Global Change Biology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Most of the planet's diversity is concentrated in the tropics, which includes many regions undergoing rapid climate change. Yet, while climate-induced biodiversity changes are widely documented elsewhere, few studies have addressed this issue for lowland tropical ecosystems. Here we investigate whether the floristic and functional composition of intact lowland Amazonian forests have been changing by evaluating records from 106 long-term inventory plots spanning 30 years. We analyse three traits that have been hypothesized to respond to different environmental drivers (increase in moisture stress and atmospheric CO 2 concentrations): maximum tree size, biogeographic water-deficit affiliation and wood density. Tree communities have become increasingly dominated by large-statured taxa, but to date there has been no detectable change in mean wood density or water deficit affiliation at the community level, despite most forest plots having experienced an intensification of the dry season. However, among newly recruited trees, dry-affiliated genera have become more abundant, while the mortality of wet-affiliated genera has increased in those plots where the dry season has intensified most. Thus, a slow shift to a more dry-affiliated Amazonia is underway, with changes in compositional dynamics (recruits and mortality) consistent with climate-change drivers, but yet to significantly impact whole-community composition. The Amazon observational record suggests that the increase in atmospheric CO 2 is driving a shift within tree communities to large-statured species and that climate changes to date will impact forest composition, but long generation times of tropical trees mean that biodiversity change is lagging behind climate change.

Published
2019

23. Compositional response of Amazon forests to climate change

Author

Esquivel-Muelbert, A., Baker, T.R., Dexter, K.G., Lewis, S.L., Brienen, R.J.W., Feldpausch, T.R., Lloyd, J., Monteagudo-Mendoza, A., Arroyo, L., Álvarez-Dávila, E., Higuchi, N., Marimon, B.S., Marimon-Junior, B.H., Silveira, M., Vilanova, E., Gloor, E., Malhi, Y., Chave, J., Barlow, J., Bonal, D., Davila Cardozo, N., Erwin, T., Fauset, S., Hérault, B., Laurance, S., Poorter, L., Qie, L., Stahl, C., Sullivan, M.J.P., ter Steege, H., Vos, V.A., Zuidema, P.A., Almeida, E., Almeida de Oliveira, E., Andrade, A., Vieira, S.A., Aragão, L., Araujo-Murakami, A., Arets, E., Aymard C, G.A., Baraloto, C., Camargo, P.B., Barroso, J.G., Bongers, F., Boot, R., Camargo, J.L., Castro, W., Chama Moscoso, V., Comiskey, J., Cornejo Valverde, F., Lola da Costa, A.C., del Aguila Pasquel, J., Di Fiore, A., Fernanda Duque, L., Elias, F., Engel, J., Flores Llampazo, G., Galbraith, D., Herrera Fernández, R., Honorio Coronado, E., Hubau, W., Jimenez-Rojas, E., Lima, A.J.N., Umetsu, R.K., Laurance, W., Lopez-Gonzalez, G., Lovejoy, T., Aurelio Melo Cruz, O., Morandi, P.S., Neill, D., Núñez Vargas, P., Pallqui Camacho, N.C., Parada Gutierrez, A., Pardo, G., Peacock, J., Peña-Claros, M., Peñuela-Mora, M.C., Petronelli, P., Pickavance, G.C., Pitman, N., Prieto, A., Quesada, C., Ramírez-Angulo, H., Réjou-Méchain, M., Restrepo Correa, Z., Roopsind, A., Rudas, A., Salomão, R., Silva, N., Silva Espejo, J., Singh, J., Stropp, J., Terborgh, J., Thomas, R., Toledo, M., Torres-Lezama, A., Valenzuela Gamarra, L., van de Meer, P.J., van der Heijden, G., van der Hout, P., Vasquez Martinez, R., Vela, C., Vieira, I.C.G., Phillips, O.L., Esquivel-Muelbert, A., Baker, T.R., Dexter, K.G., Lewis, S.L., Brienen, R.J.W., Feldpausch, T.R., Lloyd, J., Monteagudo-Mendoza, A., Arroyo, L., Álvarez-Dávila, E., Higuchi, N., Marimon, B.S., Marimon-Junior, B.H., Silveira, M., Vilanova, E., Gloor, E., Malhi, Y., Chave, J., Barlow, J., Bonal, D., Davila Cardozo, N., Erwin, T., Fauset, S., Hérault, B., Laurance, S., Poorter, L., Qie, L., Stahl, C., Sullivan, M.J.P., ter Steege, H., Vos, V.A., Zuidema, P.A., Almeida, E., Almeida de Oliveira, E., Andrade, A., Vieira, S.A., Aragão, L., Araujo-Murakami, A., Arets, E., Aymard C, G.A., Baraloto, C., Camargo, P.B., Barroso, J.G., Bongers, F., Boot, R., Camargo, J.L., Castro, W., Chama Moscoso, V., Comiskey, J., Cornejo Valverde, F., Lola da Costa, A.C., del Aguila Pasquel, J., Di Fiore, A., Fernanda Duque, L., Elias, F., Engel, J., Flores Llampazo, G., Galbraith, D., Herrera Fernández, R., Honorio Coronado, E., Hubau, W., Jimenez-Rojas, E., Lima, A.J.N., Umetsu, R.K., Laurance, W., Lopez-Gonzalez, G., Lovejoy, T., Aurelio Melo Cruz, O., Morandi, P.S., Neill, D., Núñez Vargas, P., Pallqui Camacho, N.C., Parada Gutierrez, A., Pardo, G., Peacock, J., Peña-Claros, M., Peñuela-Mora, M.C., Petronelli, P., Pickavance, G.C., Pitman, N., Prieto, A., Quesada, C., Ramírez-Angulo, H., Réjou-Méchain, M., Restrepo Correa, Z., Roopsind, A., Rudas, A., Salomão, R., Silva, N., Silva Espejo, J., Singh, J., Stropp, J., Terborgh, J., Thomas, R., Toledo, M., Torres-Lezama, A., Valenzuela Gamarra, L., van de Meer, P.J., van der Heijden, G., van der Hout, P., Vasquez Martinez, R., Vela, C., Vieira, I.C.G., and Phillips, O.L.

Abstract

Most of the planet's diversity is concentrated in the tropics, which includes many regions undergoing rapid climate change. Yet, while climate-induced biodiversity changes are widely documented elsewhere, few studies have addressed this issue for lowland tropical ecosystems. Here we investigate whether the floristic and functional composition of intact lowland Amazonian forests have been changing by evaluating records from 106 long-term inventory plots spanning 30 years. We analyse three traits that have been hypothesized to respond to different environmental drivers (increase in moisture stress and atmospheric CO 2 concentrations): maximum tree size, biogeographic water-deficit affiliation and wood density. Tree communities have become increasingly dominated by large-statured taxa, but to date there has been no detectable change in mean wood density or water deficit affiliation at the community level, despite most forest plots having experienced an intensification of the dry season. However, among newly recruited trees, dry-affiliated genera have become more abundant, while the mortality of wet-affiliated genera has increased in those plots where the dry season has intensified most. Thus, a slow shift to a more dry-affiliated Amazonia is underway, with changes in compositional dynamics (recruits and mortality) consistent with climate-change drivers, but yet to significantly impact whole-community composition. The Amazon observational record suggests that the increase in atmospheric CO 2 is driving a shift within tree communities to large-statured species and that climate changes to date will impact forest composition, but long generation times of tropical trees mean that biodiversity change is lagging behind climate change.

Published
2019

24. Can timber provision from Amazonian production forests be sustainable?

Author

Piponiot, C., Rödig, Edna, Putz, F.E., Rutishauser, E., Sist, P., Ascarrunz, N., Blanc, L., Derroire, G., Descroix, L., Carneiro Guedes, M., Coronado, E.H., Huth, Andreas, Kanashiro, M., Licona, J.C., Mazzei, L., Neves d'Oliveira, M.V., Peña-Claros, M., Rodney, K., Shenkin, A., Rodrigues de Souza, C., Vidal, E., West, T.A.P., Wortel, V., Hérault, B., Piponiot, C., Rödig, Edna, Putz, F.E., Rutishauser, E., Sist, P., Ascarrunz, N., Blanc, L., Derroire, G., Descroix, L., Carneiro Guedes, M., Coronado, E.H., Huth, Andreas, Kanashiro, M., Licona, J.C., Mazzei, L., Neves d'Oliveira, M.V., Peña-Claros, M., Rodney, K., Shenkin, A., Rodrigues de Souza, C., Vidal, E., West, T.A.P., Wortel, V., and Hérault, B.

Abstract

Around 30 Mm3 of sawlogs are extracted annually by selective logging of natural production forests in Amazonia, Earth's most extensive tropical forest. Decisions concerning the management of these production forests will be of major importance for Amazonian forests' fate. To date, no regional assessment of selective logging sustainability supports decision-making. Based on data from 3500 ha of forest inventory plots, our modelling results show that the average periodic harvests of 20 m3 ha−1 will not recover by the end of a standard 30 year cutting cycle. Timber recovery within a cutting cycle is enhanced by commercial acceptance of more species and with the adoption of longer cutting cycles and lower logging intensities. Recovery rates are faster in Western Amazonia than on the Guiana Shield. Our simulations suggest that regardless of cutting cycle duration and logging intensities, selectively logged forests are unlikely to meet timber demands over the long term as timber stocks are predicted to steadily decline. There is thus an urgent need to develop an integrated forest resource management policy that combines active management of production forests with the restoration of degraded and secondary forests for timber production. Without better management, reduced timber harvests and continued timber production declines are unavoidable.

Published
2019

25. Wet and dry tropical forests show opposite successional pathways in wood density but converge over time

Author

Poorter, L., Rozendaal, D.M.A., Bongers, F., de Almeida-Cortez, J.S., Almeyda Zambrano, A.M., Álvarez, F.S., Andrade, J.L., Arreola Villa, L.F., Balvanera, P., Becknell, J.M., Bentos, T.V., Bhaskar, R., Boukili, V., Brancalion, P.H.S., Broadbent, E.N., César, R.G., Chave, J., Chazdon, R.L., Dalla Colletta, G., Craven, D., de Jong, B.H.J., Denslow, J.S., Dent, D.H., DeWalt, S.J., Díaz García, E., Dupuy, J.M., Durán, S.M., Espírito Santo, M.M., Fandiño, M.C., Fernandes, G.W., Finegan, B., Granda Moser, V., Hall, J.S., Hernández-Stefanoni, J.L., Jakovac, C.C., Junqueira, A.B., Kennard, D., Lebrija-Trejos, E., Letcher, S.G., Lohbeck, M., Lopez, O.R., Marín-Spiotta, E., Martínez-Ramos, M., Martins, S.V., Massoca, P.E.S., Meave, J.A., Mesquita, R., Mora, F., de Souza Moreno, V., Müller, S.C., Muñoz, R., Muscarella, R., de Oliveira Neto, S.N., Nunes, Y.R.F., Ochoa-Gaona, S., Paz, H., Peña-Claros, M., Piotto, D., Ruíz, J., Sanaphre-Villanueva, L., Sanchez-Azofeifa, A., Schwartz, N.B., Steininger, M.K., Thomas, W.W., Toledo, M., Uriarte, M., Utrera, L.P., van Breugel, M., van der Sande, Masha Tamara, van der Wal, H., Veloso, M.D.M., Vester, H.F.M., Vieira, I.C.G., Villa, P.M., Williamson, G.B., Wright, S.J., Zanini, K.J., Zimmerman, J.K., Westoby, M., Poorter, L., Rozendaal, D.M.A., Bongers, F., de Almeida-Cortez, J.S., Almeyda Zambrano, A.M., Álvarez, F.S., Andrade, J.L., Arreola Villa, L.F., Balvanera, P., Becknell, J.M., Bentos, T.V., Bhaskar, R., Boukili, V., Brancalion, P.H.S., Broadbent, E.N., César, R.G., Chave, J., Chazdon, R.L., Dalla Colletta, G., Craven, D., de Jong, B.H.J., Denslow, J.S., Dent, D.H., DeWalt, S.J., Díaz García, E., Dupuy, J.M., Durán, S.M., Espírito Santo, M.M., Fandiño, M.C., Fernandes, G.W., Finegan, B., Granda Moser, V., Hall, J.S., Hernández-Stefanoni, J.L., Jakovac, C.C., Junqueira, A.B., Kennard, D., Lebrija-Trejos, E., Letcher, S.G., Lohbeck, M., Lopez, O.R., Marín-Spiotta, E., Martínez-Ramos, M., Martins, S.V., Massoca, P.E.S., Meave, J.A., Mesquita, R., Mora, F., de Souza Moreno, V., Müller, S.C., Muñoz, R., Muscarella, R., de Oliveira Neto, S.N., Nunes, Y.R.F., Ochoa-Gaona, S., Paz, H., Peña-Claros, M., Piotto, D., Ruíz, J., Sanaphre-Villanueva, L., Sanchez-Azofeifa, A., Schwartz, N.B., Steininger, M.K., Thomas, W.W., Toledo, M., Uriarte, M., Utrera, L.P., van Breugel, M., van der Sande, Masha Tamara, van der Wal, H., Veloso, M.D.M., Vester, H.F.M., Vieira, I.C.G., Villa, P.M., Williamson, G.B., Wright, S.J., Zanini, K.J., Zimmerman, J.K., and Westoby, M.

Abstract

Tropical forests are converted at an alarming rate for agricultural use and pastureland, but also regrow naturally through secondary succession. For successful forest restoration, it is essential to understand the mechanisms of secondary succession. These mechanisms may vary across forest types, but analyses across broad spatial scales are lacking. Here, we analyse forest recovery using 1,403 plots that differ in age since agricultural abandonment from 50 sites across the Neotropics. We analyse changes in community composition using species-specific stem wood density (WD), which is a key trait for plant growth, survival and forest carbon storage. In wet forest, succession proceeds from low towards high community WD (acquisitive towards conservative trait values), in line with standard successional theory. However, in dry forest, succession proceeds from high towards low community WD (conservative towards acquisitive trait values), probably because high WD reflects drought tolerance in harsh early successional environments. Dry season intensity drives WD recovery by influencing the start and trajectory of succession, resulting in convergence of the community WD over time as vegetation cover builds up. These ecological insights can be used to improve species selection for reforestation. Reforestation species selected to establish a first protective canopy layer should, among other criteria, ideally have a similar WD to the early successional communities that dominate under the prevailing macroclimatic conditions.

Published
2019

26. Does functional trait diversity predict aboveground biomass and productivity of tropical forests? Testing three alternative hypotheses

Author

Finegan, B., Peña Claros, M., de Oliviera, A., Alarcón, A., Ascarrunz, N., Bret-Harte, M.S., Carreño-Rocabado, G., Casanoves, F., Díaz, S., Eguiguren Velepucha, P., Fernandez, F., Licona, J.C., Lorenzo, L., Salgado Negret, B., Vaz, M., and Poorter, L.

Subjects
PLANT POPULATION AND COMMUNITY DYNAMICS, Specific leaf area, rican rain-forest, Plant Science, Biology, Carbon sequestration, growth-rates, complex mixtures, Ciencias Biológicas, amazon forest, Ecosystem, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, ECOSYSTEM PRECESSES, species richness, Cwm, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, basin-wide variations, Bodembiologie, GREEN SOUP HYPOTHESIS, Biomass (ecology), nutrient limitation, BIOMASS RATIO, Ecology, Primary production, food and beverages, net primary production, Soil Biology, Ecología, PE&RC, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, economics spectrum, plant diversity, tree, NICHE COMPLEMENTARITY, Productivity (ecology), Species evenness, BIODIVERSITY, BIOMASSA, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS
Abstract

Tropical forests are globally important, but it is not clear whether biodiversity enhances carbon storage and sequestration in them. We tested this relationship focusing on components of functional trait biodiversity as predictors. Data are presented for three rain forests in Bolivia, Brazil and Costa Rica. Initial above-ground biomass and biomass increments of survivors, recruits and survivors + recruits (total) were estimated for trees ≥10 cm d.b.h. in 62 and 21 1.0-ha plots, respectively. We determined relationships of biomass increments to initial standing biomass (AGBi), biomass-weighted community mean values (CWM) of eight functional traits and four functional trait variety indices (functional richness, functional evenness, functional diversity and functional dispersion). The forest continuum sampled ranged from ‘slow’ stands dominated by trees with tough tissues and high AGBi, to ‘fast’ stands dominated by trees with soft, nutrient-rich leaves, lighter woods and lower AGBi. We tested whether AGBi and biomass increments were related to the CWM trait values of the dominant species in the system (the biomass ratio hypothesis), to the variety of functional trait values (the niche complementarity hypothesis), or in the case of biomass increments, simply to initial standing biomass (the green soup hypothesis). CWMs were reasonable bivariate predictors of AGBi and biomass increments, with CWM specific leaf area SLA, CWM leaf nitrogen content, CWM force to tear the leaf, CWM maximum adult height Hmax and CWM wood specific gravity the most important. AGBi was also a reasonable predictor of the three measures of biomass increment. In best-fit multiple regression models, CWMHmax was the most important predictor of initial standing biomass AGBi. Only leaf traits were selected in the best models for biomass increment; CWM SLA was the most important predictor, with the expected positive relationship. There were no relationships of functional variety indices to biomass increments, and AGBi was the only predictor for biomass increments from recruits. Synthesis. We found no support for the niche complementarity hypothesis and support for the green soup hypothesis only for biomass increments of recruits. We have strong support for the biomass ratio hypothesis. CWMHmax is a strong driver of ecosystem biomass and carbon storage and CWM SLA, and other CWM leaf traits are especially important for biomass increments and carbon sequestration. Fil: Finegan, B.. Production and Conservation in Forests Programme; Costa Rica Fil: Peña Claros, Marielos. Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas. Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal; Bolivia. Wageningen University. Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group; Países Bajos Fil: de Oliveira, Alexandre. Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Ecologia; Brasil Fil: Ascarrunz, Nataly. Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas. Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal; Bolivia Fil: Bret Harte, M. Syndonia. University of Alaska. Institute of Arctic Biology; Estados Unidos Fil: Carreno Rocabado, Geovana. Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas. Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal; Bolivia. Wageningen University. Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group; Países Bajos Fil: Casanoves, Fernando. Biostatistics Unit; Costa Rica Fil: Diaz, Sandra Myrna. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina Fil: Eguiguren Velepucha, Paul. Production and Conservation in Forests Programme; Costa Rica Fil: Fernandez, Fernando. Production and Conservation in Forests Programme; Costa Rica Fil: Licona, Juan Carlos. Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas. Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal; Bolivia Fil: Lorenzo, Leda. Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Ecologia; Brasil Fil: Salgado Negret, Beatriz. Production and Conservation in Forests Programme; Costa Rica. Instituto Alexander von Humboldt; Colombia Fil: Vaz, Marcel. Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Ecologia; Brasil Fil: Poorter, Lourens. Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas. Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal; Bolivia. Wageningen University. Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group; Países Bajos

Published
2015
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27. Domestication of Amazonian forests

Author

Bongers, F.J.J.M., Peña-Claros, M., Costa, F.R.C., Clement, C.R., Levis, Carolina, Bongers, F.J.J.M., Peña-Claros, M., Costa, F.R.C., Clement, C.R., and Levis, Carolina

Abstract

The idea that Amazonian forests have been largely untouched by humans has fascinated naturalists, policy makers, the media, and natural and social scientists worldwide. For many decades, ecological studies overlooked the influence of past peoples in modern forests. However, humans arrived in the Amazon basin at least 13,000 years Before Present (BP) and populations expanded strongly around 2,500 years BP. Evidence of past human activities has been found in extensive areas previously considered pristine. Anthropogenic soils (Amazonian Dark Earths - ADE) and human-made earthworks found across the basin are examples of the landscapes domesticated by pre-Columbian peoples and evidence of large societies with considerable capacity for modifying the environment. Cultivation and management of Amazonian fora by past societies may have significantly contributed to the ecological patterns we see today. These findings stimulated an academic debate about the pristineness versus domestication of Amazonian forests. Although most scientists agree that human impacts were spatially heterogeneous across the basin, the scale of past human influences in Amazonian forests remains controversial. A more realistic and broad- scale view is required (Chapter 1). In my thesis, I integrated data from different disciplines in the social and natural sciences to generate the first broad-scale assessment of the effects of long-term human influences in modern Amazonian forests and how these legacies are maintained by local management practices. I studied the Amazon forest as a mosaic of patches domesticated to different degrees by human-nature interactions. To estimate the influence of past people on modern forests, I first compared the density of sedentary pre-Columbian occupation sites with ADE along some stretches of major white-water rivers and their black or clear-water tributaries that have been sampled by archaeologists. I counted the number of archaeological sites along 12-km sections for b

Published
2018

28. Diversity and carbon storage across the tropical forest biome

Author

Sullivan, MJP, Talbot, J, Lewis, SL, Phillips, OL, Qie, L, Begne, SK, Chave, J, Cuni-Sanchez, A, Hubau, W, Lopez-Gonzalez, G, Miles, L, Monteagudo-Mendoza, A, Sonké, B, Sunderland, T, Ter Steege, H, White, LJT, Affum-Baffoe, K, Aiba, SI, De Almeida, EC, De Oliveira, EA, Alvarez-Loayza, P, Dávila, EÁ, Andrade, A, Aragão, LEOC, Ashton, P, Aymard, GA, Baker, TR, Balinga, M, Banin, LF, Baraloto, C, Bastin, JF, Berry, N, Bogaert, J, Bonal, D, Bongers, F, Brienen, R, Camargo, JLC, Cerón, C, Moscoso, VC, Chezeaux, E, Clark, CJ, Pacheco, ÁC, Comiskey, JA, Valverde, FC, Coronado, ENH, Dargie, G, Davies, SJ, De Canniere, C, Djuikouo, MN, Doucet, JL, Erwin, TL, Espejo, JS, Ewango, CEN, Fauset, S, Feldpausch, TR, Herrera, R, Gilpin, M, Gloor, E, Hall, JS, Harris, DJ, Hart, TB, Kartawinata, K, Kho, LK, Kitayama, K, Laurance, SGW, Laurance, WF, Leal, ME, Lovejoy, T, Lovett, JC, Lukasu, FM, Makana, JR, Malhi, Y, Maracahipes, L, Marimon, BS, Junior, BHM, Marshall, AR, Morandi, PS, Mukendi, JT, Mukinzi, J, Nilus, R, Vargas, PN, Camacho, NCP, Pardo, G, Peña-Claros, M, Pétronelli, P, Pickavance, GC, Poulsen, AD, Poulsen, JR, Primack, RB, Priyadi, H, Quesada, CA, Reitsma, J, Réjou-Méchain, M, Restrepo, Z, Rutishauser, E, Salim, KA, Salomão, RP, Samsoedin, I, Sheil, D, Sierra, R, Sullivan, MJP, Talbot, J, Lewis, SL, Phillips, OL, Qie, L, Begne, SK, Chave, J, Cuni-Sanchez, A, Hubau, W, Lopez-Gonzalez, G, Miles, L, Monteagudo-Mendoza, A, Sonké, B, Sunderland, T, Ter Steege, H, White, LJT, Affum-Baffoe, K, Aiba, SI, De Almeida, EC, De Oliveira, EA, Alvarez-Loayza, P, Dávila, EÁ, Andrade, A, Aragão, LEOC, Ashton, P, Aymard, GA, Baker, TR, Balinga, M, Banin, LF, Baraloto, C, Bastin, JF, Berry, N, Bogaert, J, Bonal, D, Bongers, F, Brienen, R, Camargo, JLC, Cerón, C, Moscoso, VC, Chezeaux, E, Clark, CJ, Pacheco, ÁC, Comiskey, JA, Valverde, FC, Coronado, ENH, Dargie, G, Davies, SJ, De Canniere, C, Djuikouo, MN, Doucet, JL, Erwin, TL, Espejo, JS, Ewango, CEN, Fauset, S, Feldpausch, TR, Herrera, R, Gilpin, M, Gloor, E, Hall, JS, Harris, DJ, Hart, TB, Kartawinata, K, Kho, LK, Kitayama, K, Laurance, SGW, Laurance, WF, Leal, ME, Lovejoy, T, Lovett, JC, Lukasu, FM, Makana, JR, Malhi, Y, Maracahipes, L, Marimon, BS, Junior, BHM, Marshall, AR, Morandi, PS, Mukendi, JT, Mukinzi, J, Nilus, R, Vargas, PN, Camacho, NCP, Pardo, G, Peña-Claros, M, Pétronelli, P, Pickavance, GC, Poulsen, AD, Poulsen, JR, Primack, RB, Priyadi, H, Quesada, CA, Reitsma, J, Réjou-Méchain, M, Restrepo, Z, Rutishauser, E, Salim, KA, Salomão, RP, Samsoedin, I, Sheil, D, and Sierra, R

Abstract

© The Author(s) 2017. Tropical forests are global centres of biodiversity and carbon storage. Many tropical countries aspire to protect forest to fulfil biodiversity and climate mitigation policy targets, but the conservation strategies needed to achieve these two functions depend critically on the tropical forest tree diversity-carbon storage relationship. Assessing this relationship is challenging due to the scarcity of inventories where carbon stocks in aboveground biomass and species identifications have been simultaneously and robustly quantified. Here, we compile a unique pan-Tropical dataset of 360 plots located in structurally intact old-growth closed-canopy forest, surveyed using standardised methods, allowing a multi-scale evaluation of diversity-carbon relationships in tropical forests. Diversity-carbon relationships among all plots at 1 ha scale across the tropics are absent, and within continents are either weak (Asia) or absent (Amazonia, Africa). A weak positive relationship is detectable within 1 ha plots, indicating that diversity effects in tropical forests may be scale dependent. The absence of clear diversity-carbon relationships at scales relevant to conservation planning means that carbon-centred conservation strategies will inevitably miss many high diversity ecosystems. As tropical forests can have any combination of tree diversity and carbon stocks both require explicit consideration when optimising policies to manage tropical carbon and biodiversity.

Published
2017

29. Biodiversity in species, traits, and structure determines carbon stocks and uptake in tropical forests

Author

van der Sande, Masha Tamara, Poorter, L., Kooistra, L., Balvanera, P., Thonicke, K., Thompson, J., Arets, E.J.M.M, Alaniz, N.G., Jones, L., Mora, F., Mwampamba, T.H., Parr, T., Peña-Claros, M., van der Sande, Masha Tamara, Poorter, L., Kooistra, L., Balvanera, P., Thonicke, K., Thompson, J., Arets, E.J.M.M, Alaniz, N.G., Jones, L., Mora, F., Mwampamba, T.H., Parr, T., and Peña-Claros, M.

Abstract

Impacts of climate change require that society urgently develops ways to reduce amounts of carbon in the atmosphere. Tropical forests present an important opportunity, as they take up and store large amounts of carbon. It is often suggested that forests with high biodiversity have large stocks and high rates of carbon uptake. Evidence is, however, scattered across geographic areas and scales, and it remains unclear whether biodiversity is just a co-benefit or also a requirement for the maintenance of carbon stocks and uptake. Here, we perform a quantitative review of empirical studies that analyzed the relationships between plant biodiversity attributes and carbon stocks and carbon uptake in tropical forests. Our results show that biodiversity attributes related to species, traits or structure significantly affect carbon stocks or uptake in 64% of the evaluated relationships. Average vegetation attributes (community-mean traits and structural attributes) are more important for carbon stocks, whereas variability in vegetation attributes (i.e., taxonomic diversity) is important for both carbon stocks and uptake. Thus, different attributes of biodiversity have complementary effects on carbon stocks and uptake. These biodiversity effects tend to be more often significant in mature forests at broad spatial scales than in disturbed forests at local spatial scales. Biodiversity effects are also more often significant when confounding variables are not included in the analyses, highlighting the importance of performing a comprehensive analysis that adequately accounts for environmental drivers. In summary, biodiversity is not only a co-benefit, but also a requirement for short- and long-term maintenance of carbon stocks and enhancement of uptake. Climate change policies should therefore include the maintenance of multiple attributes of biodiversity as an essential requirement to achieve long-term climate change mitigation goals.

Published
2017

30. Soil fertility and species traits, but not diversity, drive productivity and biomass stocks in a Guyanese tropical rainforest

Author

van der Sande, Masha Tamara, Arets, E.J.M.M, Peña-Claros, M., Hoosbeek, M.R., Cáceres-Siani, Y., van der Hout, P., Poorter, L., van der Sande, Masha Tamara, Arets, E.J.M.M, Peña-Claros, M., Hoosbeek, M.R., Cáceres-Siani, Y., van der Hout, P., and Poorter, L.

Abstract

Tropical forests store and sequester large amounts of carbon in above- and below-ground plant biomass and soil organic matter (SOM), but how these are driven by abiotic and biotic factors remains poorly understood.Here, we test the effects of abiotic factors (light variation, caused by logging disturbance, and soil fertility) and biotic factors (species richness and functional trait composition) on biomass stocks (above-ground biomass, fine root biomass), SOM and productivity in a relatively monodominant Guyanese tropical rainforest. This forest grows on nutrient-poor soils and has few species that contribute most to total abundance. We, therefore, expected strong effects of soil fertility and species’ traits that determine resource acquisition and conservation, but not of diversity. We evaluated 6 years of data for 30 0.4-ha plots and tested hypotheses using structural equation models.Disturbance increased productivity but decreased above-ground biomass stocks. Soil phosphorus (P) enhanced above-ground biomass and productivity, whereas soil nitrogen reduced fine root biomass. In contrast to expectations, trait values representing acquisitive strategies (e.g. high leaf nutrient concentration) increased biomass stocks, possibly because they indicate higher nutrient absorption and thus higher biomass build-up. However, under harsh conditions where biomass increase is slow, acquisitive trait values may increase respiration and vulnerability to hazards and therefore increase biomass loss. As expected, species richness did not affect productivity.We conclude that light availability (through disturbance) and soil fertility—especially P—strongly limit forest biomass productivity and stocks in this Guyanese forest. Low P availability may cause strong environmental filtering, which in turn results in a small set of dominant species. As a result, community trait composition but not species richness determines productivity and stocks of biomass and SOM in tropical for

Published
2017

31. Socio-ecological analysis of multiple-use forest management in the Bolivian Amazon

Author

Mohren, G.M.J., Peña Claros, M., Ascarrunz, N., Soriano Candia, Marlene, Mohren, G.M.J., Peña Claros, M., Ascarrunz, N., and Soriano Candia, Marlene

Abstract

Community families throughout tropical regions derive an important share of their income from multiple forest products, with generally positive outcomes on their livelihoods. The production of these products in a multiple-use forest management scheme (MFM, the production of multiple forest products within a single management unit) encompasses many (yet) unknown socioeconomic and ecological feedbacks. In particular, MFM entailing timber and non-timber production may be affecting the future availability of valuable timber and non-timber tree species due to the extraction of vital plant components, which may have undesired outcomes on the income that community families derive from forests. In this thesis, I evaluated the social, economic, and ecological viability of an important MFM scheme widely practiced by community households in the Bolivian Amazon: the production of Amazon or Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) and timber from other tree species. Data was obtained from a two-year (2014 and 2015) survey questionnaires of 24 community households in six campesino communities with community forest management plans (CFMPs) and from ecological surveys of 72 2 ha permanent research transects (three transects per household forest) harvested at varying Amazon nut and logging intensities. A CFMP entails the planning and execution of logging activities in compliance with formal rules intended to secure the long-term provision of timber at community-owned forest. Household-level decisions to harvest Amazon nut and to log timber allowed us to account for household forest as our sampling unit. We used multi-model inference and structural equation modelling techniques to determine the impact of socio-ecological factors on the income that community families derived from Amazon nut and timber (chapter 2), and regression and matrix modelling techniques to determine the impact of Amazon nut harvest and logging intensity on Bertholletia (chapter 3) and commercial timber species (chapte

Published
2017

32. Variation in stem mortality rates determines patterns of aboveground biomass in Amazonian forests: implications for dynamic global vegetation models

Author

Johnson, M O, Galbraith, D, Gloor, E, De Deurwaerder, H, Guimberteau, M, Rammig, A, Thonicke, K, Verbeeck, H, von Randow, C, Monteagudo, A, Phillips, O L, Brienen, R J W, Feldpausch, T R, Lopez Gonzalez, G, Fauset, S, Quesada, C A, Christoffersen, B, Ciais, P, Gilvan, S, Kruijt, B, Meir, P, Moorcroft, P, Zhang, K, Alvarez, E A, Alves de Oliveira, A, Amaral, I, Andrade, A, Aragao, L E O C, Araujo-Murakami, A, Arets, E J M M, Arroyo, L, Aymard, G A, Baraloto, C, Barroso, J, Bonal, D, Boot, R, Camargo, J, Chave, J, Cogollo, A, Cornejo, F Valverde, Costa, L da, di Fiore, A, Ferreira, L, Higuchi, N, Honorio, E, Killeen, T J, Laurance, S G, Laurance, W F, Licona, J, Lovejoy, T, Malhi, Y, Marimon, B, Marimon, B H Junior, Matos, D C L, Mendoza, C, Neill, D A, Pardo, G, Peña-Claros, M, Pitman, N C A, Poorter, L, Prieto, A, Ramirez-Angulo, H, Roopsind, A, Rudas, A, Salomao, R P, Silveira, M, Stropp, J, Ter Steege, H, Terborgh, J, Thomas, R, Toledo, M, Torres-Lezama, A, van der Heijden, Geertje, Vasquez, R, Vieira, I, Vilanova, E, Vos, V A, Baker, T R, Johnson, M O, Galbraith, D, Gloor, E, De Deurwaerder, H, Guimberteau, M, Rammig, A, Thonicke, K, Verbeeck, H, von Randow, C, Monteagudo, A, Phillips, O L, Brienen, R J W, Feldpausch, T R, Lopez Gonzalez, G, Fauset, S, Quesada, C A, Christoffersen, B, Ciais, P, Gilvan, S, Kruijt, B, Meir, P, Moorcroft, P, Zhang, K, Alvarez, E A, Alves de Oliveira, A, Amaral, I, Andrade, A, Aragao, L E O C, Araujo-Murakami, A, Arets, E J M M, Arroyo, L, Aymard, G A, Baraloto, C, Barroso, J, Bonal, D, Boot, R, Camargo, J, Chave, J, Cogollo, A, Cornejo, F Valverde, Costa, L da, di Fiore, A, Ferreira, L, Higuchi, N, Honorio, E, Killeen, T J, Laurance, S G, Laurance, W F, Licona, J, Lovejoy, T, Malhi, Y, Marimon, B, Marimon, B H Junior, Matos, D C L, Mendoza, C, Neill, D A, Pardo, G, Peña-Claros, M, Pitman, N C A, Poorter, L, Prieto, A, Ramirez-Angulo, H, Roopsind, A, Rudas, A, Salomao, R P, Silveira, M, Stropp, J, Ter Steege, H, Terborgh, J, Thomas, R, Toledo, M, Torres-Lezama, A, van der Heijden, Geertje, Vasquez, R, Vieira, I, Vilanova, E, Vos, V A, and Baker, T R

Abstract

Understanding the processes that determine aboveground biomass (AGB) in Amazonian forests is important for predicting the sensitivity of these ecosystems to environmental change and for designing and evaluating dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs). AGB is determined by inputs from woody productivity (woody NPP) and the rate at which carbon is lost through tree mortality. Here, we test whether two direct metrics of tree mortality (the absolute rate of woody biomass loss and the rate of stem mortality) and/or woody NPP, control variation in AGB among 167 plots in intact forest across Amazonia. We then compare these relationships and the observed variation in AGB and woody NPP with the predictions of four DGVMs. The observations show that stem mortality rates, rather than absolute rates of woody biomass loss, are the most important predictor of AGB, which is consistent with the importance of stand size-structure for determining spatial variation in AGB. The relationship between stem mortality rates and AGB varies among different regions of Amazonia, indicating that variation in wood density and height/diameter relationships also influence AGB. In contrast to previous findings, we find that woody NPP is not correlated with stem mortality rates, and is weakly positively correlated with AGB. Across the four models, basin-wide average AGB is similar to the mean of the observations. However, the models consistently overestimate woody NPP, and poorly represent the spatial patterns of both AGB and woody NPP estimated using plot data. In marked contrast to the observations, DGVMs typically show strong positive relationships between woody NPP and AGB. Resolving these differences will require incorporating forest size structure, mechanistic models of stem mortality and variation in functional composition in DGVMs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Published
2016

33. Framework for multi-scale integrated impact analyses of climate change mitigation options

Author

Perez-Soba, M., Parr, T., Roupioz, L.F.S., Winograd, M., Peña-Claros, M., Varela Ortega, C., Ascarrunz, N., Balvanera, P., Bholanath, P., Equihua, M., Guerreiro, L., Jones, L., Maass, M., and Thonicke, K.

Subjects
Earth Observation and Environmental Informatics, Aardobservatie en omgevingsinformatica, Life Science, Soil Biology, Bodembiologie
Abstract

Tropical forest ecosystems are hotspots for biodiversity and represent one of the largest terrestrial carbon stocks, making their role in climate change mitigation (CCM) programmes increasingly important (e.g. REDD+). In Latin America these ecosystems suffer from high land use pressures that have resulted in a dramatic biodiversity loss. Little is known about how CCM options may impact on biodiversity and how this in turn may affect ecosystem carbon storage. Within this context, the FP7 ROBIN (Role Of Biodiversity In climate change mitigatioN) project developed a framework for multi-scale integrated analysis of the impacts that land use change may have on the ecological and social-economic processes of these ecosystems. The framework represents a continuous feedback loop in which changes in CCM options modify land use, that results in biodiversity change, affecting ecosystem functions, leading to changes in ecosystem services that affect human outcomes and societal behaviour, and which then affect the main drivers and pressures on biodiversity and ecosystems, and so on. We have constructed an indicator framework that allows to quantify, link and assess these interactions at three spatial scales: regional (Central and South America), national (Bolivia, Brazil, Guyana and Mexico) and sub-national (study sites representing multifunctional landscapes). Indicators are selected through a demand-driven approach, by directing modelling and assessment efforts towards end-user relevant issues using stakeholder participatory processes. Indicator values are grounded on field data, statistics and model outputs. The framework provides a basis for understanding potential tipping points and unexpected consequences that may arise from the implementation of climate change mitigation policies, or management options (e.g. reducing deforestation and burning, or expansion of areas of biofuel crops in illegal areas). An illustrative example, showing how the framework helps to identify the appropriate indicators to synthesise the impacts of afforestation (one of the CCM options) across the ecological and socio-ecological processes and regions is presented

Published
2013

34. Determining the annual periodicity of growth rings in seven tree species of a tropical moist forest in Santa Cruz, Bolivia

Author

López, L., Villalba, R., Peña-Claros, M., and IANIGLA

Abstract

To determine the annual periodicity of growth rings in seven tree species from a tropical moist forest in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, a fire scar was used as a marker point to verify the annual nature of tree rings. The number of tree rings formed between the 1995 fire scar and the collection of the cross sections in 2002 was visually identified. The seven species showed annual growth rings. In most cases, boundaries between rings were marked by the presence of marginal parenchyma and wall-thicked fibers formed at the end of the growing season. Growth lenses and false rings were recorded in some species. Tree rings can be carefully used in Santa Cruz forests to determine rates of growth. This information is crucial for defining forest management practices in tropical regions., Se establece el carácter anual de las bandas de crecimiento presentes en el leño de siete especies forestales de un bosque tropical húmedo. Se usó como indicador para la verificación del carácter anual de los anillos la cicatriz dejada por un incendio ocurrido en el año 1995. Los anillos presentes en el leño de estas especies desde la ocurrencia del incendio en 1995 hasta el año de muestreo en 2002 fueron determinados visualmente. Las siete especies estudiadas poseen bandas anuales de crecimiento cuyos límites están generalmente demarcados por la presencia de parénquima marginal y el engrosamiento de fibras al final del período de crecimiento. En algunas especies se observó la presencia de lentes de crecimiento y falsos anillos. Los anillos de crecimiento en especies tropicales, aunque presenta algunas dificultades para su datación, pueden ser usados para determinar tasas de crecimiento en los bosques de Santa Cruz. Esta información es crucial para definir planes de manejo forestal sostenibles.

Published
2012

35. Distribution patterns of tropical woody species in response to climatic and edaphic gradients

Author

Toledo, M., Peña-Claros, M., Bongers, F., Alarcón, A., Balcázar, J., Chubiña, J., Leaño, C., Licona, J.C., and Poorter, L.

Subjects
curves, abundance, rain-forest, drought, PE&RC, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, tree, continuum theory, moist forest, soil factors, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, environmental gradients, logistic-regression
Abstract

1. The analysis of species distribution patterns along environmental gradients is important for understanding the diversity and ecology of plants and species responses to climate change, but detailed data are surprisingly scarce for the tropics. 2. Here, we analyse the distribution of 100 woody species over 220 1-ha forest plots distributed over an area of c. 160 000 km2, across large environmental gradients in lowland Bolivia and evaluate the relative importance of climate and soils in shaping species distribution addressing four multivariate environmental axes (rainfall amount and distribution, temperature, soil fertility and soil texture). 3. Although species abundance was positively related to species frequency (the number of plots in which the species is found), this relationship was rather weak, which challenges the view that most tropical forests are dominated at large scales by a few common species. 4. Species responded clearly to environmental gradients, and for most of the species (65%), climatic and soil conditions could explain most of the variation in occurrence (R2 > 0.50), which challenges the idea that most tropical tree species are habitat generalists. 5. Climate was a stronger driver of species distribution than soils; 91% of the species were affected by rainfall (distribution), 72% by temperature, 47% by soil fertility and 44% by soil texture. In contrast to our expectation, few species showed a typical unimodal response to the environmental gradients.6. Synthesis. Tropical tree species specialize for different parts of the environmental gradients, and climate is a stronger driver of species distribution than soils. Because climate change scenarios predict increases in annual temperature and a stronger dry season for tropical forests, we may expect potentially large shifts in the distribution of tropical trees

Published
2012

36. Ritmos de crecimiento diamétrico en los bosques secos tropicales: aportes al manejo sostenible de los bosques de la provincia biogeográfica del Cerrado Boliviano

Author

Lopez, L., Villalba, R., and Peña-Claros, M.

Subjects
incremento corriente anual, forest management, Soil Biology, current annual increment, anillos de crecimiento, PE&RC, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, manejo forestal, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, tasas de crecimiento diamétrico, diameter growth rates, rings of growth, Bodembiologie, tree-ring analysis
Abstract

Growth ring variations were used to provide the rates in diameter growth for seven tree species in the Bolivian Cerrado biogeographical province. Ten to 50 trees were measured per species. Ring width measurements provided accurate data on the rates of tree growth. Variations in growth rates were determined among species and among sites for the same species over a common period of 100 years. Diametric increases range from 0.43 to 0.56 cm year-1 in Chiquitano biogeographical district. For species in Guarayos district, diametric increments range from 0.51 to 1.06 cm year-1. For Centrolobium microchaete growing in both districts, the annual diametric increments oscillate between 0.35 to 0.40 cm year-1 and 0.55 to 0.65 cm year-1 in Chiquitano and Guarayos districts, respectively. Diametric increases in Chiquitano district were not significantly different among sites, whereas in Guarayos district, annual increases differ among species and from the same species growing in Chiquitano district. Observed diameter growth rates indicate that diametrical increments are generally slower than commonly assumed, with considerable variation among species and between districts. Therefore, the idea of applying similar rules for the management of different species across different sites without considering actual growth rates is not recommended, with long-term consequences for the sustainability of forests at the tropical dry Bolivian Cerrado., La información obtenida a partir de los anillos de crecimiento fue utilizada para proveer los ritmos de crecimiento diamétrico de siete especies forestales de la provincia biogeográfica del Cerrado Boliviano. En este análisis dendrocronológico se emplearon 10 a 50 árboles por especies. La medición del ancho de los anillos de crecimiento brindó datos precisos, con los cuales se determinó la variabilidad del incremento entre especies y entre sitios para un periodo común de 100 años. Los incrementos diamétricos variaron de 0,43 a 0,56 cm año-1 en especies correspondientes al distrito Chiquitano. Para especies del distrito de Guarayos, los valores fueron de 0,51 a 1,06 cm año-1. Para Centrolobium microchaete que crece en ambos distritos, los valores medios de crecimiento por rodal oscilaron entre 0,35 y 0,40 cm año-1 en el distrito Chiquitano y de 0,55 a 0,65 cm año-1 en el de Guarayos. Los incrementos diamétricos en sitios del distrito Chiquitano no presentaron diferencias significativas, en cambio en Guarayos los incrementos fueron diferentes entre especies y, a su vez, diferentes a los del distrito Chiquitano. Las tasas de crecimiento diamétrico indican que el crecimiento diamétrico, en general, es más lento de lo comúnmente asumido, con variaciones importantes entre especies y entre sitios de crecimiento. Por ello, la idea de establecer pautas fijas de manejo similares para todas las especies y sitios, sin considerar las tasas reales de crecimiento, no sería la recomendada, poniendo en algunos casos en riesgo la sostenibilidad de los bosques "manejados" del cerrado boliviano.

Published
2012

37. Soil Effects on Forest Structure and Diversity in a Moist and a Dry Tropical Forest

Author

Peña-Claros, M., Poorter, L., Alarcon, A., Blate, G., Choque, U., Fredericksen, T.S., Justiniano, J., Leaño, C., Licona, J.C., Pariona, W., Putz, F.E., Quevedo, L., and Toledo, M.

Subjects
beta-diversity, national-park, floristic variation, habitat associations, PE&RC, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, amazonian rain-forest, ecuadorian amazonia, patterns, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, terra-firme forests, edaphic factors, tree species richness
Abstract

Soil characteristics are important drivers of variation in wet tropical forest structure and diversity, but few studies have evaluated these relationships in drier forest types. Using tree and soil data from 48 and 32 1 ha plots, respectively, in a Bolivian moist and dry forest, we asked how soil conditions affect forest structure and diversity within each of the two forest types. After correcting for spatial effects, soil-vegetation relationships differed between the dry and the moist forest, being strongest in the dry forest. Furthermore, we hypothesized that soil nutrients would play a more important role in the moist forest than in the dry forest because vegetation in the moist forest is less constrained by water availability and thus can show its full potential response to soil fertility. However, contrary to our expectations, we found that soil fertility explained a larger number of forest variables in the dry forest (50 percent) than in the moist forest (17 percent). Shannon diversity declined with soil fertility at both sites, probably because the most dominant, shade-tolerant species strongly increased in abundance as soil fertility increased.

Published
2012

38. Editorial: Interdisciplinary perspectives on REDD+

Author

Visseren-Hamakers, I.J., Gupta, A., Herold, M., Peña Claros, M., and Vijge, M.J.

Subjects
Milieubeleid, Laboratory of Geo-information Science and Remote Sensing, Life Science, Bos- en Natuurbeleid, WASS, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Laboratorium voor Geo-informatiekunde en Remote Sensing, PE&RC, Forest and Nature Conservation Policy, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Environmental Policy
Published
2012

39. Driving factors of forest growth: a reply to Ferry et al. (2012)

Author

Toledo, M., Poorter, L., Peña-Claros, M., Alarcón, A., Balcázar, J., Leaño, C., Licona, J.C., Llanque, O., Vroomans, V., Zuidema, P.A., and Bongers, F.

Subjects
silvicultural treatments, rates, Soil Biology, dynamics, PE&RC, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, soil, tree, tropical rain-forest, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, patterns, climate, Bodembiologie, amazonia
Abstract

1. In a recent paper, we analysed the effects of climate, soil and logging disturbance on tree and forest growth (Toledo et al. 2011a). We took advantage of one of the largest data sets in the Neotropics, consisting of 165 1-ha plots and over 62 000 trees distributed over an area of c. 160 000 km2, across large environmental gradients in lowland Bolivia. The main findings were that climate was the strongest driver of spatial variation in tree growth, whereas soils had only a modest effect on growth and that the effect of logging disappeared after a few years. 2. Ferry (2012) suggest that we underestimated the disturbance effects on growth because of a supposedly wrong coding of Time After Logging (TAL) for unlogged plots. Although we have good biological reasons why we coded TAL like we did, we checked Ferry et al.s suggestions for recoding and found no differences in variables that significantly explained tree and forest growth. We agree, however, that for future research, it is important to go beyond simple descriptors such as time after logging and basal area logged, to better describe the variation in logging impact found in areas under forest management. 3. Ferry et al. claim that we did not define basal area growth properly. We believe this is a semantic issue, as we clearly defined basal area growth as the net change in basal area. This net basal area change in Bolivian forests is indeed relatively high compared to other studies, which may be attributed to the higher soil fertility and biogeographic differences in species composition and their traits. 4. Synthesis. Many apparent discrepancies in the ecological literature arise because tropical forest ecologists tend to see the world from the perspective of their own forest (despite clear biogeographic differences) and try to capture the same ecological processes using different variables and measurement protocols. To advance our understanding and go beyond single-case studies, we need to assemble large databases, quantify forest dynamics and disturbances in similar ways, be aware of differences among forests and analyse environmental doseresponse curves.

Published
2012

40. Patterns and determinants of floristic variation across lowland forests of Bolivia. Biotropica

Author

Toledo, M., Poorter, L., Peña-Claros, M., Alarcón, A., Balcázar, J., Chuviña, J., Leaño, C., Licona, J.C., ter Steege, H., and Bongers, F.

Subjects
national-park, latitudinal gradients, PE&RC, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, diversity, tree, amazonian rain-forests, species distributions, soil factors, south-america, climate-change, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, terra-firme forests
Abstract

Floristic variation is high in the Neotropics, but little is known about the factors shaping this variation at the mesoscale. We examined floristic composition and its relationship with environmental factors across 220 1-ha permanent plots in tropical lowland Bolivia. For each plot, abundance of 100 species (93 tree and 7 palm species =10 cm diam) was obtained. Climatic data, related to rainfall seasonality and temperature, were interpolated from all available weather stations in the region, and soil properties, related to texture and fertility, were obtained for each plot. Floristic variation was strongly associated with differences in water availability and temperature, and therefore the climatic gradient shaped floristic variation more strongly than the edaphic gradient. Detrended correspondence analysis ordination divided lowland Bolivia primarily into two major groups (Southern Chiquitano region vs. the Amazon region) and a multiple response permutation procedure distinguished five floristic regions. Overall, the tested environmental variables differed significantly among the five regions. Using indicator species analysis, we distinguished 82 strong indicator species, which had significant environmental preferences for one floristic region. These species can be used as indicators of environmental conditions or to determine which floristic region a certain forest belongs. Given the predicted decreases in rainfall and increases in temperature for tropical lowland forests, our gradient approach suggests that species composition may shift drastically with climate change

Published
2011

41. Bolivia (Part II: Management for sustainable forestry in other tropical countries)

Author

Peña-Claros, M., Guzman, R., and Dockry, M.

Subjects
Life Science, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, PE&RC, Forest Ecology and Forest Management
Abstract

Bolivia started to implement the Forestry Law (# 1700) in 1996. Since then the Bolivian forestry sector has changed significantly from an unplanned and exploitative logging regime to an organized system based on reduced impact logging techniques and management plans elaborated by trained forestry technicians and professionals. It has also expanded access to forest harvesting by allowing rural and indigenous communities the right to manage forest resources along with private companies. The law also provided a suite of technical tools to ensure the sustainable use of the forest resource. The 1996 forestry law and its implementation has resulted in a diversification of species being used for timber production, an increase in the amount of finished forest product exports, and improvements towards forest sustainability. This latter aspect is most evident in the approximately two million hectares of tropical forests that have been certified as sustainably managed under the Principles and Criteria defined by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) (Certificación Forestal Voluntaria 2008). Despite Bolivia’s status as a sustainable forestry leader, there are political, socioeconomic, and ecological challenges to sustainable forest management. Most of these challenges have their origins outside the forestry sector and are related to the development vision being used in the country. These limitations are of concern to the sustainability of Bolivia’s forestry sector and their recognition is important in order to be able to mitigate their effects in the future. The rest of this chapter will expand upon the successes and challenges to sustainable forest management in Bolivia.

Published
2011

42. Patrones floristicos en las tierras bajas de Bolivia

Author

Toledo, M., Poorter, L., Peña-Claros, M., Alarcón, A., Balcázar, J., Chuviña, J., Licona, J.C., Leaño, C., ter Steege, H., and Bongers, F.

Subjects
Life Science, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, PE&RC, Forest Ecology and Forest Management
Published
2011

44. The international year of biodiversity: a celebration and cogitation

Author

Ghazoul, J. and Peña-Claros, M.

Subjects
Environmental management, Biodiversity loss, Ecosystem services, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Conservation, Values, PE&RC, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Nature
Abstract

To both celebrate and reflect upon this International Year of Biodiversity, Biotropica has invited opinion articles from a number of scientists across the globe. As lightly edited personal opinions, the commentaries reflect the diversity of passionate and often controversial views expressed across the scientific community. Thus, these commentaries should provide much food for thought, and hopefully some inspiration, on how we perceive biodiversity on our currently human-dominated planet and how we should respond to its loss

Published
2010

45. Beyond Tropical Forests Adoption: Contextualizing Conservation Strategies

Author

Romero, C.C. and Peña-Claros, M.

Subjects
responses, community, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, PE&RC, Forest Ecology and Forest Management
Abstract

The complexity of factors driving tropical deforestation demand integrated approaches from concerned researchers and policy makers. Strict protection is sometimes the most appropriate mode of conservation, but conservation through management is often the better option. In either case, this essay highlights the importance of considering the social/cultural, economic, and political contexts in which these forests are threatened. By attempting to understand the cultural settings, institutional architectures and dynamics, and local expectations, and then by combining the concepts and tools of a range of disciplines, researchers will be more likely to forge lasting partnerships and increase their potential for sustained improvement in resource management and overall forest conservation

Published
2009

50. Amazonia revealed: a perspective from the Amazon

Author

Peña-Claros, M., Villegas, Z., and Poorter, L.

Subjects
guyana, Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, PE&RC, Forest Ecology and Forest Management
Published
2007

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