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Introduction: The application of agricultural film mulching technology has significantly contributed to increasing crop yield and income, but the pollution caused by residual film has seriously affected agricultural production and the natural environment. Agricultural film is commonly employed to enhance the yield of peanuts; its use may lead to excessive dibutyl phthalate (DBP) residues in peanut kernels. But, limited investigations have been conducted on the regulatory mechanism of peanut leaves in response to DBP exposure throughout the entire growth period. Methods: To bridge this knowledge gap, we investigated the differences in transcriptome and metabolome of peanut leaves under DBP stress. Results: According to visual observations, the results of morphological response showed that the growth of peanut plants was significantly inhibited from seedling to pod stage under DBP treatment. Transcriptomic analysis results showed that the genes AH19G05510 (LRR receptor-like serine threonine-protein kinase) and AH20G31870 (disease resistance), belonging to the FAR1 family and bZIP family respectively, may be key genes involved in the resistance to DBP stress throughout its growth stages. Metabolomic analysis results showed that during the initial stage of DBP stress, the key metabolites in peanut leaves response to stress were carboxylic acids and derivatives, as well as fatty acyls. As peanut growth progressed, flavonoids gradually became more prominent in the resistance to DBP stress. By integrating metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis, we have identified that purine metabolism during seedling and flowering stages, as well as the flavone and flavonol biosynthesis pathways during pod and maturity stages, played a crucial role in response to DBP stress. Discussion: These findings not only provide valuable key gene and metabolic information for studying anti-plasticizer pollution throughout the entire growth period of peanuts, but also offer reference for enhancing crop resistance to plasticizer pollution through genetic modification and metabolic regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Roasted peanuts (OPs) are more often used in daily life than boiled peanuts (BPs); the main reason may be related to the pleasurable flavor in OPs. This study comparatively investigated the effects of boiling and roasting on nutritional components contents, taste, and aroma to reveal the advantages of roasting in terms of the nutrition and flavor of peanuts. Results showed that boiling increased fat content to 54.47% of peanuts, diluted or reduced sugar content to an undetectable level, noticeably changed the contents of poly/monounsaturated fatty acids, and significantly decreased the content of free amino acid (FAA, 1.05 mg/g peanuts) in peanuts. Roasting simply decreased the contents of sugar and FAA to 2.78 and 1.82 mg/g peanuts, respectively. Compared with roasting, boiling had more discernible effects on fatty acids and FAAs. Both BPs and OPs have good dietary lipid quality. In terms of flavor, OPs had more FAAs (2 types) that contributed remarkably to the taste of peanuts than BPs (0 types), more volatile substances (40 types) than BPs (12 types), and a higher number of key volatile aroma components (8 types) than BPs (3 types). That is, roasting induced a relatively small effect on nutritional components and gave peanuts a richer taste and stronger aroma than boiling; therefore, roasting is an ideal peanut processing method. This study proved the different changes in peanuts caused by boiling and roasting on a material basis and corroborated the irreplaceability of roasting in peanut processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the effects of particle size, temperature and ethanol–water solvent ratio on the extraction of total phenolic compounds (TPC) from peanut, coconut, and macadamia nutshells. Using an I-optimal design, the maximum TPC extraction obtained from the shells ranged from 63.5 ± 1.6 to 76.2 ± 3.1 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per 100 g dry weight (dw) of nutshell. Next, a response surface model (RSM) was developed to describe the relationship between the process parameters and the extracted TPC concentration, in order to predict the optimal extraction conditions. For all of the examined biomasses, the optimal conditions for extraction were predicted at a particle size of 1 mm, temperature of 75 °C and ethanol/water mixture of 54, 53 and 65% ethanol, for peanut, coconut and macadamia nutshells respectively. Particle size seems to be the most important parameter, while temperature appears to be of lesser importance. Besides, the extraction kinetics were assessed by fitting kinetic models on the experimental data. The combined second-order diffusional model provided the best goodness of fit. This model revealed that, at the boundary layer, the effect of washing mechanism of extraction is more important than extraction due to diffusion kinetics. This study provides an understanding of the mass transfer mechanism involved in the TPC extraction process from nutshells, which yields valuable insights that could facilitate the industrial biorefinery of nutshells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food allergy (FA) affects approximately 6–8% of young children, with a peak prevalence at approximately one year of age. Tree nut and peanut allergies are among the main causes of anaphylaxis in the world. The gold standard for the diagnosis of FAs is the oral food challenge (OFC). Other diagnostic tests used in the clinical practice are skin prick tests (SPTs) and laboratory tests to measure out the presence of serum specific IgE (sIgE). In this narrative review, we collect the current evidence of the predictive value (PV) of SPTs and sIgE for the outcome of the OFCs. In literature, data are conflicting as to whether increasing sIgE concentration and wheal size in SPTs correlate with OFC outcomes. Most studies included in our review have shown that in vivo and in vitro tests may predict OFC outcomes with variable PV, but data are not conclusive; therefore, the OFC currently remains the gold standard for FA diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing pod yield and plant phosphorus demand can provide theoretical guidance for fertilization management of high yielding peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. ). Following this rationale, a large dataset was collected from field experiments (n = 265) across the main peanut planting regions of China for a period spanning from 1990 to 2021 to evaluate nutrient uptake behavior of peanut under current optimum fertilization management. Across the entire dataset, the results showed that average peanut pod yield and harvest index (HI) were 4 642 kg / hm² and 0. 54. The average peanut phosphorus (P) requirement was 6. 45 kg / t. Across five ranges of pod yields (<3, 3-<4, 4-<5, 5-6, and >6 t/ hm² ), both nutrient uptake and HI increased with increasing pod yield. The P requirement increased with yield, attributed to an increase in straw P concentration as P luxury uptake occurs under high pod yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut optimal planting density is necessary to obtain the maximum yield. Also, peanut as heavy feeder of nutrients needs to be supplemented through foliar application and bio-fertilizer (BF) plays an important role in food safety and sustainable production. This experiment was done in Rasht, Iran, during the 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 cropping seasons and carried out as split-factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Three planting densities including 83,333 (PD1), 100000 (PD2) and 125,000 (PD3) plants ha−1 in main plot, four levels of BF including no application of BF as control (Z0) as check, Rhizobium spp. (RB), Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and the combined application of RB + AMF and three treatments of magnesium (Mg), molybdenum (Mo) and Mg + Mo as factorial 4 × 3 in sub plot, comprised experimental treatments. The tripartite interaction of PD2 × (RB+AMF) × (Mg+ Mo) produced the greatest seed yield (3515 kg ha−1), pod yield (4472 kg ha−1), biological yield (9380 kg ha−1), oil yield (1515 kg ha−1) and protein yield (793 kg ha−1). Also, the application of AMF along with Mo fertilizer increased the content of OA (58.51%) and SA (4.43%) in PD1 treatment. According to the results of this experiment, the inoculation of RB + AMF along with foliar application of Mg + Mo in PD2 treatment enhanced the SY of peanut and combined application of AMF and Mo improved oil quality in PD1 treatment and be recommended to enhance quantitative and qualitative yield of peanut under similar climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) solubilization is one of the major traits for plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria since P is easily rendered insoluble in soil. Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms can be harnessed as an environment-friendly strategy to enhance the mobilization and acquisition of P by crops. Utilization of such microorganisms as microbial inoculants in agriculture serves as an alternative to chemical fertilizers and an approach for more efficient P fertilization. Hence, this study aims to characterize a phosphate-solubilizing isolate and evaluate its potential as a microbial inoculant. Morphological, biochemical, and genetic characterization of the isolate were performed. Then, the mineral phosphate solubilization ability of the isolate was evaluated. Lastly, this study evaluated the plant growth promotion of the isolate as a single inoculant in rice or as a co-inoculant with rhizobia in peanuts. On the basis of biochemical and 16S rRNA analysis, the isolate was identified as Enterobacter sp. Also, it can solubilize P from tricalcium phosphate or aluminum phosphate. Simultaneous with P solubilization, medium acidification, and gluconic acid secretion were observed. Lastly, the Enterobacter sp. isolate could potentially be developed as a biofertilizer in reducing P resource input or to enhance the performance of a rhizobia inoculant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil properties, including soil compaction and the nutrient content, influence the composition and functions of rhizosphere microbial communities. There is limited information on how soil compaction and phosphorus application affect phosphate-solubilizing (PSB) and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (NFB). This study aimed to examine the responses of PSB and NFB in the rhizosphere of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants under varying soil compaction and phosphorus application levels. To address this, pot experiments were conducted to assess the composition and assembly processes of rhizosphere PSB and NFB in peanut cultivar Hua Yu 22 under two soil compaction levels (T1, 1.25 g/cm3 compaction, and T2, 1.00 g/cm3 compaction) and two phosphorus (P) levels (P0, no P applied, and P1, 1.2 mM P/kg soil applied). The results showed that PSB community shifts were closely correlated with the content of soil available phosphorus, soil acid phosphatase activity, soil nitrogenase activity, and soil compaction. Additionally, the content of soil available phosphorus and soil compaction were correlated with changes in operational taxonomic units of NFB. A network analysis revealed that the complexities of PSB were significantly higher than those of NFB. A stronger negative relationship was identified among NFB communities. The assembly of PSB communities was primarily driven by drift processes, whereas NFB communities were influenced by a combination of homogenizing selection and drift. Both PSB and NFB community compositions were significantly affected by phosphorus limitations and soil compaction. These findings enhance our understanding of the impacts of soil compaction and phosphorus application on PSB and NFB communities, with implications for optimizing peanut crop production. Our results will provide reference for crop cultivation in compacted and low-phosphorus soils. The important phosphate-solubilizing and nitrogen-fixing bacteria screened in the interaction network in this study will become candidate microbial agents for alleviating soil compaction and low phosphorus levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut, as an oilseed, have high nutritional value for humans and livestock and poultry. The seed yield (SY) of peanut decreases under drought stress conditions, and the zinc (Zn) nano-fertilizer can reduce the negative impacts of water deficiency on peanut plants and improves its SY. This experiment carried out as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Astara, Iran, during the 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. Three irrigation regimes at 50 mm (IR50), 75 mm (IR75) and 100 mm (IR100) evaporation from class A evaporation pan in main plot and three levels of Zn nano-chelate, including 0.5 g. l−1; (Zn0.5), 1 g. l−1; (Zn1) and 1.5 g. l−1; (Zn1.5) in sub plot, comprised experimental treatments. The results indicated that the highest pod yield (PY), SY, oil yield (OY) and protein yield (PRY) of peanut (3633, 2900, 1582 and 826 kg. ha−1, respectively) were obtained in response to Zn nano-chelate with a dose of 1.0 g. l−1 in IR50 treatment. Nonetheless, under foliar spraying of Zn1 and severe drought stress conditions (IR100) were observed the highest proline (14.84 µmol g−1 FW), superoxide dismutase (53.42 Unit mg−1proteinmin−1), catalase (72.87 nmol mg−1proteinmin−1), peroxidase (64.17 nmol mg−1protein min−1), soluble sugar content (172.04 mg g−1 FW), soluble protein content (114.16 mg g−1 DW) and anthocyanin pigments (11.20 µmol g−1 FW). Generally, application of Zn1 treatment, through increasing antioxidant enzymes activity and non-enzymatic antioxidants, improved peanut SY. Hence, foliar application of Zn nano-chelate could be recommended to enhance peanut yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a great plant protein source for human diet since it has high protein content in the kernel. Therefore, seed protein content (SPC) is considered a major agronomic and quality trait in peanut breeding. However, few genetic loci underlying SPC have been identified in peanuts, and the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unknown, limiting the effectiveness of breeding for high-SPC peanut varieties. In this study, a major QTL (qSPCB10.1) controlling peanut SPC was identified within a 2.3 Mb interval in chromosome B10 by QTL-seq using a recombinant inbred line population derived from parental lines with high and low SPCs, respectively. Sequence comparison, transcriptomic analysis, and annotation analysis of the qSPCB10.1 locus were performed. Six differentially expressed genes with sequence variations between two parents were identified as candidate genes underlying qSPCB10.1. Further locus interaction analysis revealed that qSPCB10.1 could not affect the seed oil accumulation unless qOCA08.1XH13 was present, a high seed oil content (SOC) allele for a major QTL underlying SOC. In summary, our study provides a basis for future investigation of the genetic basis of seed protein accumulation and facilitates marker-assisted selection for developing high-SPC peanut genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine, develop mathematical models, and optimize the in-row seed distribution uniformity performance of a vacuum-type seed metering unit in peanut seeding under different operating conditions. The greased belt stand trials based on the Central Composite Design (CCD) were. Quality of feed index, multiple index, miss index, precision, and coefficient of precision were examined as dependent variables, while the peripheral speed of the seed plate, hole diameter of the seed plate, and vacuum pressure were selected as independent variables. Based on the analysis of experimental data from five different levels of each independent variable, performed using the CCD, a meaningful mathematical model was developed in cubic form for the quality of feed index for peanut seeding, and the model was optimized. The ideal conditions were determined from the model as 0.079 ms−1, 6.94 mm, and 7.07 kPa for peripheral speed of the seed plate, hole diameter, and vacuum pressure, respectively. Based on the findings, quality in seeding by selecting the parameters that affect the performance of precision peanut seeding can be enhanced, resulting in valuable information that can be used as a useful guide to farmers, machine manufacturers, and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Effective utilization of plant protection UAVs in peanut cultivation management necessitates a comprehensive grasp of how application volume rates and pesticides influence peanut leaf spot and rust control. This study aimed to compare the effects of application volume rates and pesticides on droplet deposition, disease, leaf retention rate and peanut yield. A T20 plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayer was used to apply four various pesticide doses. In comparison, a knapsack sprayer was used to spray with an application volume rate of 450 L ha−1. RESULTS: The results showed a significant difference in droplet deposition between the plant protection UAVs and the electric knapsack sprayer. In the pesticide treatment with an application volume rate of 15.0 L ha−1, there was no significant difference in the deposition on the peanut canopy of each pesticide treatment, but there was a significant difference in the deposition on the ground in the treatment with adding vegetable oil adjuvant. The treatment with added vegetable oil additives showed the worst performance. The treatment with an application volume rate of 22.5 L ha−1 showed the best performance, with the leaf spot control effect being only 0.3% lower than that of the electric knapsack sprayer. CONCLUSION: Plant protection UAV spraying is feasible to control peanut diseases. Considering the operational effectiveness of the plant protection UAV and application volume rate, it is recommended to use an application volume rate of 22.5 L ha−1 without adding vegetable oil adjuvants for field operations. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Investigating the inheritance and genetic variation of luteolin content in peanut shells is pivotal for developing improved cultivars with high luteolin content. In this study, we developed a genetic map spanning 976.8 cM using 115 highly advanced recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and the Axiom_Arachis array containing 58K single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was then performed using phenotype data from 2‐year field trials. From these analyses, we identified three significant QTLs with 4.1%–11.7% phenotypic variation explained (PVE) for luteolin content in peanut shells. We further identified five candidate genes with putative functions suggesting possible involvement in plant flavonoid and terpenoid biosynthetic pathways in peanut luteolin biosynthesis. Additionally, two new peanut inbreeding lines with high luteolin and oleic acid levels were selected and are expected to be used as multifunctional genomic backgrounds for future breeding and research programs. The information on the QTL regions and candidate genes from the present study could be very useful for developing new peanut cultivars with high luteolin content and for identifying the genetic/genomic determinants of luteolin content in peanut shells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging persistent pollutants, and heavy metals are typical environmental pollutants, with their coexistence potentially compounding pollution and ecological risks. However, the interactive impacts and the relevant mechanisms of heavy metal and different types of MPs in plant-soil systems are still unclear. This study investigated the differential impacts of polyethylene MPs (PE MPs) and biodegradable polybutylene adipate MPs (PBAT MPs) on chromium (Cr) uptake in peanuts, focusing on plant performance and rhizosphere soil microenvironment. Compared with nondegradable PE-MPs, biodegradable PBAT MPs produced less significant influences on plant phytotoxicity, soil Cr bioavailability, and soil properties such as pH, CEC, DOC, and MBC, with the exception of MBN in Cr-contaminated soils. Compared to the control, soil pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC) decreased by MPs, while soil-soluble carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon, and nitrogen (MBC and MBN) increased by MPs. Compared to the control, soil-bioavailable Cr increased by 11.8–177.8% under PE MPs treatments, while increased by 5.1–156.9% under PBAT MPs treatments. The highest Cr content in shoots and roots was observed at 500.0 mg·kg−1 Cr level, which increased by 53.1% and 79.2% under 5% PE MPs treatments, respectively, as well as increased by 38.3% and 60.4% under 5% PBAT MPs treatments, respectively, compared with the control. The regression path analysis indicated that pH, MBC, MBN, and soil-bioavailable Cr played a vital role in the changes of soil properties and Cr uptake by peanuts induced by MPs. Soil bacterial community analysis revealed that Nocardioides, Proteobacteria, and Sphingomonas were reduced by the inhibition of MPs, which affected Cr uptake by peanuts. These results indicated that the peanut soil microenvironment was affected by PBAT and PE MPs, altering the Cr bioavailability and plant Cr uptake in Cr-contaminated soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nitrogen (N) is a crucial element for increasing photosynthesis and crop yields. The study aims to evaluate the photosynthetic regulation and yield formation mechanisms of different nodulating peanut varieties with N fertilizer application. Method: The present work explored the effect of N fertilizer application rates (N0, N45, N105, and N165) on the photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, dry matter, N accumulation, and yield of four peanut varieties. Results: The results showed that N application increased the photosynthetic capacity, dry matter, N accumulation, and yield of peanuts. The measurement of chlorophyll a fluorescence revealed that the K-phase, J-phase, and I-phase from the OJIP curve decreased under N105 treatment compared with N0, and WOI, ET0/CSM, RE0/CSM, ET0/RC, RE0/RC, φPo, φEo, φRo, and Ψ0 increased, whereas VJ, VI, WK, ABS/RC, TR0/RC, DI0/RC, and φDo decreased. Meanwhile, the photosystem activity and electron transfer efficiency of nodulating peanut varieties decreased with an increase in N (N165). However, the photosynthetic capacity and yield of the non-nodulating peanut variety, which highly depended on N fertilizer, increased with an increase in N. Conclusion: Optimized N application (N105) increased the activity of the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center, improved the electron and energy transfer performance in the photosynthetic electron transport chain, and reduced the energy dissipation of leaves in nodulating peanut varieties, which is conducive to improving the yield. Nevertheless, high N (N165) had a positive effect on the photosystem and yield of non-nodulating peanut. The results provide highly valuable guidance for optimizing peanut N management and cultivation measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-temperature stress is one of the factors affecting the growth and development of peanuts. Currently, biochemical detection technologies for crop freeze damage are well established. In the context of rapid development in optical sensing technology and smart agriculture, non-destructive crop freeze damage detection based on such technologies has gained increasing attention. The accurate detection, early warning, and targeted control of crop cold damage are particularly important. In this study, 70 peanut germplasm resources were collected and used for the research objectives. Indoor low-temperature seedling identification was conducted at 25 °C (the control group) and 5 °C (low-temperature stress group) for 7 days. Photosynthetic fluorescence values in leaves, as well as 13 indicators (Fo, Fm, Fv, Fv/Fm, Fv'/Fm', ΦPSII, NPQ, qP, Rfd, Pn, Gs, Ci, and Tr), were analyzed for their responses to low-temperature stress. The results showed that under low-temperature stress, the Pn and Ci of peanut seedlings exhibited an ascending trend, while Tr and other indicators showed a decreasing trend compared to the control group. Based on the relative coefficients of resistance to low temperature for each individual indicator, a comprehensive non-destructive evaluation of cold resistance was conducted using methods such as principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and stepwise regression. Through principal component analysis, the 13 individual physiological indicators were transformed into 3 comprehensive indicators. The 70 peanut varieties were divided into 4 categories based on their resistance to low temperature: sensitive materials, moderately sensitive materials, moderately cold-tolerant materials, and cold-tolerant materials. Additionally, a mathematical model for evaluating cold resistance in peanuts was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water deficit priming through regulated deficit irrigation has been shown to be beneficial for peanut cultivation, leading to improved water‐use efficiency during the crop cycle and enhanced stress acclimation. The effects of priming using water deficit can be heritable, but little is known about stress priming effects on the physiology and growth of successive generations undergoing water stress. Two experiments were conducted to assess cross‐generational priming by determining physiological and growth responses of offspring of primed and non‐primed peanut plants of two genotypes, COC‐041 and New Mexico Valencia C (NMV‐C), both previously found to be strongly responsive to priming. Seeds were collected from parental plants subjected to mild water stress by regulated deficit irrigation (primed) or adequate irrigation (non‐primed). These seeds were then planted, and the offspring were monitored for physiological and growth responses to water stress, including on a whole‐plant basis using a high‐throughput physiological phenotyping platform and on individual leaves by periodic single‐leaf measurements. Measurements included whole‐plant transpiration (plant‐Tr), root water uptake, leaf transpiration, stomatal conductance and net CO2 assimilation (leaf‐Tr, leaf‐gs, and leaf‐A), leaf water and osmotic potential (leaf‐Ψw and leaf‐Ψo), leaf osmotic adjustment, leaf relative water content (leaf‐RWC) and cumulative plant‐Tr. Offspring of both genotypes from primed parent plants had faster early establishment, with more uniform germination, and more rapid initial seedling growth compared to offspring from non‐primed parent plants. Although offspring of both non‐primed and primed plants of both genotypes exhibited a significant reduction of plant‐Tr, gas exchange, leaf‐Ψw, leaf‐Ψo, and leaf‐RWC when exposed to water stress, offspring of primed plants showed increased water use efficiency through reduced leaf‐gs, leaf‐Tr and plant‐Tr while maintaining leaf‐A under water stress. Despite offspring of both primed and non‐primed plants being susceptible to severe water stress, offspring of primed plants exhibited overall enhanced water use efficiency, leading to greater dry biomass production per gram of transpired water and a trend of less growth reduction due to water stress compared to offspring of non‐primed plants, especially for the genotype COC‐041. This study shows the potential of water deficit priming to promote cross‐generational changes in physiological function under limited water availability, by enhancing crop stress acclimation in the next plant generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food allergy (FA) is a potentially life‐threatening chronic condition that is becoming an increasing public health problem worldwide. This systematic review (SR) was carried out to inform the development of clinical recommendations on the treatment of IgE‐mediated FA with biologics and/or IT for the update of the EAACI guidelines. A SR of randomized‐controlled trials or quasi‐controlled trials was carried out. Studies were identified via comprehensive search strategies in Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library, up to April 2022. Population: Human adults, children, and adolescents with IgE‐mediated FA. Intervention: IT and/or biologics. Comparator: Placebo or standard‐of‐care (allergen avoidance). Outcome: Efficacy (desensitization, sustained unresponsiveness (SU), remission), quality of life, and safety (systemic and local adverse reactions (AR)). The Cochrane RoB tool was used to assess the risk of bias. It was reported according to PRISMA and registered in PROSPERO CRD4202229828. After screening, 121 studies were included (111 for IT and 10 for biologics). Most studies had a high risk of bias and showed high heterogeneity in design and results. Metanalysis showed a positive effect of biologics and IT in terms of relative risk (RR) for achieving tolerance to the culprit food compared to avoidance or placebo. Omalizumab for any FA showed a RR of 2.17 [95% confidence interval: 1.22, 3.85]. For peanut allergy, oral IT (OIT) had a RR of 11.94 [1.76, 80.84] versus avoidance or placebo, sublingual IT (SLIT) had a RR of 3.00 [1.04, 8.66], and epicutaneous IT (EPIT) of 2.16 [1.56, 3.00]. OIT had a RR of 5.88 [2.27, 15.18] for cow's milk allergy, and of 3.43 [2.24, 5.27] for egg allergy. There was insufficient data on SLIT or EPIT for the treatment of egg and milk allergies. Most ARs reported were mild. For OIT the most common AR involved the gastrointestinal system and for EPIT, AR's most commonly affected the skin. There was limited data on severe or life‐threatening ARs. There was limited evidence for long term efficacy and quality of life. In conclusion, biologics and IT, alone or in combination, are effective in achieving desensitization while on active treatment but more evidence is needed on long‐term tolerance as current evidence is not of high quality. Adverse events while on therapy are generally mild to moderate but a long‐term comprehensive safety profile is missing. There is a critical need to optimize and standardize desensitization protocols and outcome measures to facilitate our understanding of the efficacy and safety as well as to allow for comparison between interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the emergence of lupin as a potential hidden food allergen. The true prevalence of lupin allergy is currently unknown, but the Allergy-Vigilance Network® (AVN) reported 62 cases of lupin-induced anaphylaxis out of 2,708 cases of food-induced anaphylaxis from 2002 to 2020. The study found that lupin-induced anaphylaxis was more common in females, adults, individuals with a peanut allergy, and after consuming prepacked food products. The research also revealed a significant degree of cross-reactivity between lupin and other legumes, particularly peanut. The authors recommend that allergists be aware of lupin cross-reactivity and that patients with a history of food anaphylaxis be tested for lupin. [Extracted from the article]

Seed vigor significantly affects peanut breeding and agricultural yield by influencing seed germination and seedling growth and development. Traditional vigor testing methods are inadequate for modern high-throughput assays. Although hyperspectral technology shows potential for monitoring various crop traits, its application in predicting peanut seed vigor is still limited. This study developed and validated a method that combines hyperspectral technology with genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to achieve high-throughput detection of seed vigor and identify related functional genes. Hyperspectral phenotyping data and physiological indices from different peanut seed populations were used as input data to construct models using machine learning regression algorithms to accurately monitor changes in vigor. Model-predicted phenotypic data from 191 peanut varieties were used in GWAS, gene-based association studies, and haplotype analyses to screen for functional genes. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to analyze the expression of functional genes in three high-vigor and three low-vigor germplasms. The results indicated that the random forest and support vector machine models provided effective phenotypic data. We identified Arahy.VMLN7L and Arahy.7XWF6F, with Arahy.VMLN7L negatively regulating seed vigor and Arahy.7XWF6F positively regulating it, suggesting distinct regulatory mechanisms. This study confirms that GWAS based on hyperspectral phenotyping reveals genetic relationships in seed vigor levels, offering novel insights and directions for future peanut breeding, accelerating genetic improvements, and boosting agricultural yields. This approach can be extended to monitor and explore germplasms and other key variables in various crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A major QTL for aflatoxin production resistance was identified in a 1.98 Mbp genomic region by both NGS-based QTL-seq approach and genetic linkage analysis. • A gene namely AhAftr1 , annotated as "NB-LRRs protein gene" with structural variation (SV) in the LRRs domain between parental lines was identified by fine-mapping using a secondary segregation mapping population. • Transgenic experiments confirmed that the SV of AhAftr1 confers aflatoxin production resistance. • RNA-Seq and differential gene expression analysis indicated that AhAftr1 might be involved in disease resistance via the ETI pathway. • Thirty-six lines were identified from a special panel of germplasm accessions and breeding lines by using AFTR.Del.A07, which was developed based on the SV, and their aflatoxin content were decreased by over 77.67% compared to the susceptible control Zhonghua12. Peanut is susceptible to infection of Aspergillus fungi and conducive to aflatoxin contamination, hence developing aflatoxin-resistant variety is highly meaningful. Identifying functional genes or loci conferring aflatoxin resistance and molecular diagnostic marker are crucial for peanut breeding. This work aims to (1) identify candidate gene for aflatoxin production resistance, (2) reveal the related resistance mechanism, and (3) develop diagnostic marker for resistance breeding program. Resistance to aflatoxin production in a recombined inbred line (RIL) population derived from a high-yielding variety Xuhua13 crossed with an aflatoxin-resistant genotype Zhonghua 6 was evaluated under artificial inoculation for three consecutive years. Both genetic linkage analysis and QTL-seq were conducted for QTL mapping. The candidate gene was further fine-mapped using a secondary segregation mapping population and validated by transgenic experiments. RNA-Seq analysis among resistant and susceptible RILs was used to reveal the resistance pathway for the candidate genes. The major effect QTL qAFTRA07.1 for aflatoxin production resistance was mapped to a 1.98 Mbp interval. A gene, AhAftr1 (Arachis hypogaea Aflatoxin resistance 1), was detected structure variation (SV) in leucine rich repeat (LRR) domain of its production, and involved in disease resistance response through the effector-triggered immunity (ETI) pathway. Transgenic plants with overexpression of AhAftr1 (ZH6) exhibited 57.3% aflatoxin reduction compared to that of AhAftr1 (XH13). A molecular diagnostic marker AFTR.Del.A07 was developed based on the SV. Thirty-six lines, with aflatoxin content decrease by over 77.67% compared to the susceptible control Zhonghua12 (ZH12), were identified from a panel of peanut germplasm accessions and breeding lines through using AFTR.Del.A07. Our findings would provide insights of aflatoxin production resistance mechanisms and laid meaningful foundation for further breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study tested the impact of priming peanut seeds from the VD01-2 cultivar with either 6 mg/L of abscisic acid or 20 mg/L of sodium nitroprusside to prevent damage from drought stress. Throughout the development of peanuts under drought-stress conditions, various morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes were analyzed. According to the study, it was determined that priming with SNP had a more significant effect than priming with ABA. The use of sodium nitroprusside priming resulted in an improvement in both the yield and quality of peanuts when grown under drought conditions. Furthermore, the findings indicate that the use of sodium nitroprusside priming showed an increase in chlorophyll content, gas exchange capacity, and antioxidant activities while reducing lipid peroxidation.

旨在为挖掘油料作物增产潜力、提升油料产能、保障国内食用植物油供给安全等政策制定提供参考，通过集中度和比较优势分析，研究了1979—2019年我国5种主要油料作物（花生、油菜、向日葵、芝麻和胡麻）的时空分布变化。结果显示：1979—2019年花生种植集中度呈减小趋势，油菜和胡麻集中度升高，向日葵和芝麻集中度则先降低后升高；2019年河南、山东、广东、辽宁、河北 5省花生综合优势指数大于1，其中河南为我国花生第一生产大省，综合优势指数从0.80增加至1.93；湖南、四川、湖北、贵州、安徽5省具有稳定的油菜生产综合优势，2019年川渝地区（四川和重庆）、湖北、湖南油菜籽产量居前三位；1979—2019年内蒙古和新疆向日葵综合优势指数分别为214~3.38和1.64~3.06，且在2019年它们分别是我国葵花籽生产第一、第二大主产地；河南、湖北两省一直是我国芝麻生产核心区域，综合优势指数分别为1.50~2.13和2.17~2.39；甘肃、宁夏、山西、内蒙古具有胡麻生产综合优势，2019年甘肃、内蒙古和宁夏胡麻籽产量居前三位。综上，当前河南、川渝地区、内蒙古、甘肃分别是我国花生（和芝麻）、油菜籽、葵花籽、胡麻籽等核心油料生产区域。To provide reference for exploring the potential for increasing oil crops yield, improving oil production, and ensuring the safety of domestic food and vegetable oil supply, the temporal and spatial changes of five major oil crops (peanut, rape, sunflower, sesame and flax) from 1979 to 2019 were studied through analysis of distribution concentration and comparative advantage. The results showed that from 1979 to 2019, the distribution concentration had a decreasing trend in peanut production, but an increase trend in rape and flax, while for sunflower and sesame the distribution concentration firstly decreased and then increased. In 2019, the comprehensive advantage indexes of peanut in Henan, Shandong, Guangdong, Liaoning, Hebei exceeded 1. Among them, Henan Province was the first producer of peanut in China, with the gradually increasing comprehensive advantage indexes from 0.80 to 193. Hunan, Sichuan, Hubei, Guizhou and Anhui had stable comprehensive advantages in rape production, and of them the Sichuan-Chongqing region, Hubei and Hunan ranked in the top three in rapeseed production. In 1979-2019, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang displayed the comprehensive advantage in sunflower production with the index of 2.14-3.38 and 1.64-3.06, respectively. In 2019, they were the first and the second major sunflower seed production regions. Henan and Hubei were the two core regions of sesame production in China, with comprehensive advantage indexes ranging from 1.50 to 2.13 and 2.17 to 239, respectively. Gansu, Ningxia, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia showed comprehensive advantages in flax production, among which Gansu, Inner Mongolia and Ningxia ranked in the top three in flaxseed production in 2019. In summary, Henan, Sichuan-Chongqing, Inner Mongolia, and Gansu are currently the core oilseed production areas for peanut (and sesame seed), rapeseed, sunflower seed and flaxseed, respectively in China.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of salicylic acid and harvest date on the yield and biochemical and physiological characteristics of peanuts in different humidity conditions, which is the novelty of this research. For this purpose, a split-plot factorial design during the 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the experimental field of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Guilan Province, Astara, Iran. Humidity regimes included rain-fed conditions (no irrigation), irrigation at the 10% flowering stage, 10% pod formation stage, and 10% flowering stage +10% pod formation stage in the main plots, and three salicylic acid levels (100, 200, and 300 µmol/l), and harvest dates (August 22, September 6, and September 21), were placed in subplots. Drought stress reduced the Chlorophyll Index, relative water content, seed, and pod yield but increased proline, Antioxidant enzyme activity, soluble sugar content, and H2O2 content. Conversely, Supplementary irrigation decreased proline, antioxidant enzyme activity, soluble sugar content, and H2O2 content, which increased the Chlorophyll Index, relative water content, seed, and pod yield. Also, salicylic acid foliar application enhanced guaiacol peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase antioxidant enzyme activity, mitigating the undesirable impacts of water deficiency. The maximum pod and seed production was obtained in all humidity conditions with 300 µmol/l salicylic acid. Under Humidity stress conditions, if water resources are available, two supplementary irrigations at 10% flowering and 10% pod formation stage are recommended. Also, for humid climates such as Astara and similar regions, in terms of climate, with limited rainfall in June and July (rainfall less than 10 mm during flowering and podding stages), one supplementary irrigation at 10% pod formation stage is recommended.

Nothopassalora personata, the causal agent of late leaf spot, is an economically important fungus that poses a significant threat to peanut production worldwide. Currently, studies on N. personata are focused on epidemiology, host resistance, early environmental detection, and molecular studies based on a limited number of genes for classification. A high-quality whole-genome sequence can be a valuable tool for studying complex species and identifying molecular mechanisms in pathogenicity and adaptation. This study reports a high-quality, chromosome-scale genome assembly for N. personata with a total length of 54.6 Mb, an N50 of 2.54 Mb, a longest contig length of 4.47 Mb, and a BUSCO genome completeness score of 99.5% with mostly single-copy genes. Genome annotation revealed 11,295 protein-encoding genes and 12,121 transcripts in which 411 of the 995 predicted proteins were putative effectors. Genome comparison with the closely related fungi Dothistroma septosporum NZE10 and Fulvia fulva (syn. Passalora fulva, Cladosporium fulvum) isolate Race 5 revealed 13 chromosomes. This genome sequence resource can be used as a reference for aligning sequences of multiple isolates to provide relevant information on the diversity and population genetic structure of N. personata to further inform peanut resistance breeding programs and devise the best disease management strategies. [Figure: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.

Abstract Background Nitrogen (N) is a crucial element for increasing photosynthesis and crop yields. The study aims to evaluate the photosynthetic regulation and yield formation mechanisms of different nodulating peanut varieties with N fertilizer application. Method The present work explored the effect of N fertilizer application rates (N0, N45, N105, and N165) on the photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, dry matter, N accumulation, and yield of four peanut varieties. Results The results showed that N application increased the photosynthetic capacity, dry matter, N accumulation, and yield of peanuts. The measurement of chlorophyll a fluorescence revealed that the K-phase, J-phase, and I-phase from the OJIP curve decreased under N105 treatment compared with N0, and WOI, ET0/CSM, RE0/CSM, ET0/RC, RE0/RC, φPo, φEo, φRo, and Ψ0 increased, whereas VJ, VI, WK, ABS/RC, TR0/RC, DI0/RC, and φDo decreased. Meanwhile, the photosystem activity and electron transfer efficiency of nodulating peanut varieties decreased with an increase in N (N165). However, the photosynthetic capacity and yield of the non-nodulating peanut variety, which highly depended on N fertilizer, increased with an increase in N. Conclusion Optimized N application (N105) increased the activity of the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center, improved the electron and energy transfer performance in the photosynthetic electron transport chain, and reduced the energy dissipation of leaves in nodulating peanut varieties, which is conducive to improving the yield. Nevertheless, high N (N165) had a positive effect on the photosystem and yield of non-nodulating peanut. The results provide highly valuable guidance for optimizing peanut N management and cultivation measures.

Introduction: Peanut is susceptible to infection of Aspergillus fungi and conducive to aflatoxin contamination, hence developing aflatoxin-resistant variety is highly meaningful. Identifying functional genes or loci conferring aflatoxin resistance and molecular diagnostic marker are crucial for peanut breeding. Objectives: This work aims to (1) identify candidate gene for aflatoxin production resistance, (2) reveal the related resistance mechanism, and (3) develop diagnostic marker for resistance breeding program. Methods: Resistance to aflatoxin production in a recombined inbred line (RIL) population derived from a high-yielding variety Xuhua13 crossed with an aflatoxin-resistant genotype Zhonghua 6 was evaluated under artificial inoculation for three consecutive years. Both genetic linkage analysis and QTL-seq were conducted for QTL mapping. The candidate gene was further fine-mapped using a secondary segregation mapping population and validated by transgenic experiments. RNA-Seq analysis among resistant and susceptible RILs was used to reveal the resistance pathway for the candidate genes. Results: The major effect QTL qAFTRA07.1 for aflatoxin production resistance was mapped to a 1.98 Mbp interval. A gene, AhAftr1 (Arachis hypogaea Aflatoxin resistance 1), was detected structure variation (SV) in leucine rich repeat (LRR) domain of its production, and involved in disease resistance response through the effector-triggered immunity (ETI) pathway. Transgenic plants with overexpression of AhAftr1(ZH6) exhibited 57.3% aflatoxin reduction compared to that of AhAftr1(XH13). A molecular diagnostic marker AFTR.Del.A07 was developed based on the SV. Thirty-six lines, with aflatoxin content decrease by over 77.67% compared to the susceptible control Zhonghua12 (ZH12), were identified from a panel of peanut germplasm accessions and breeding lines through using AFTR.Del.A07. Conclusion: Our findings would provide insights of aflatoxin production resistance mechanisms and laid meaningful foundation for further breeding programs.

Salinity stress is a major concern in regions where irrigation relies on saline water. This study aimed to investigate the relative water content (RWC), electrolytic leakage (EL), total chlorophyll content, free amino acid content, and total soluble sugar content were analyzed in different groundnut species subjected to various salinity treatments. The results showed that salinity stress significantly reduced the RWC in groundnut leaves, with A. duranensis (wild type) exhibiting higher RWC values compared to the Arachis hypogaea species. RNA sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during salt stress. A total of 9079 DEGs were identified, with 1372 genes upregulated and 2509 genes downregulated. Genes belonging to transcription factor families, such as WRKY, MYB, bHLH, E2F, and Auxin efflux carrier proteins, were induced under salt stress in the tolerant genotype. Conversely, genes encoding NADH dehydrogenase, glutathione S-transferase, protein kinases, UDP-glycosyltransferase, and peroxidase were downregulated. Gene ontology and pathway analyses revealed several enriched categories and metabolic pathways associated with salt stress response, including catalytic activity, response to salt stress, ATP-dependent activity, and oxidative phosphorylation. The findings of this study provide insights into the physiological and molecular responses of groundnut to salinity stress. A. duranensis exhibited better salinity tolerance than Arachis hypogaea , as indicated by higher RWC values, lower electrolytic leakage, and differential gene expression patterns. These results contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying salt stress tolerance in groundnut and may guide future efforts to develop salinity-tolerant groundnut species, ultimately improving crop yield in saline-affected regions. • Salinity stress decreases crop yield by affecting water content and leaf damage in groundnut plants. • A. duranensis variety shows higher tolerance to salinity stress compared to GG20. • Salinity stress reduces chlorophyll levels in groundnut leaves, with A. duranensis being more resilient. • Salinity stress triggers the accumulation of free amino acids and soluble sugars, especially in A. duranensis. • RNA-seq analysis reveals key genes involved in groundnut's response to salt stress, providing valuable insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) solubilization is one of the major traits for plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria since P is easily rendered insoluble in soil. Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms can be harnessed as an environment-friendly strategy to enhance the mobilization and acquisition of P by crops. Utilization of such microorganisms as microbial inoculants in agriculture serves as an alternative to chemical fertilizers and an approach for more efficient P fertilization. Hence, this study aims to characterize a phosphate-solubilizing isolate and evaluate its potential as a microbial inoculant. Morphological, biochemical, and genetic characterization of the isolate were performed. Then, the mineral phosphate solubilization ability of the isolate was evaluated. Lastly, this study evaluated the plant growth promotion of the isolate as a single inoculant in rice or as a co-inoculant with rhizobia in peanuts. On the basis of biochemical and 16S rRNA analysis, the isolate was identified as Enterobacter sp. Also, it can solubilize P from tricalcium phosphate or aluminum phosphate. Simultaneous with P solubilization, medium acidification, and gluconic acid secretion were observed. Lastly, the Enterobacter sp. isolate could potentially be developed as a biofertilizer in reducing P resource input or to enhance the performance of a rhizobia inoculant.

The excessive use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers has led to farmland degradation and reduced crop yields. To address this drawback, reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and Bacillus sp. NTLG2-20 inoculant are the optimal cultivation method. The impact of different N rates (0, 20, and 40 kg ha-1) combined with the Bacillus sp. NTLG2-20 inoculant on soil chemical properties, growth, development, and peanut yield was designed in the field in Phuoc Hung commune, An Phu district from May to August 2023. The field experiment was designed with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The research results showed that different N rates adequately augmented soil chemical traits such as pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil organic matter (SOM), total N, available phosphorous (AP), and exchangeable potassium (EK). Furthermore, different N fertilizers rates combined with Bacillus sp. NTLG2-20 inoculant adequately augmented plant height, number of leaves, total chlorophyll, nodulous number and weight per groundnut plant. Reducing N fertilizer application by 50% (20 kg N ha-1) was the optimal N reduction rate when combined with the Bacillus sp. NTLG2-20, which resulted in 17.6% higher peanut yield compared to no N application and no difference compared to 100% of recommended N application (P

In an effort to provide a theoretical basis and data reference for the efficient processing and utilization of peanuts, changes in the moisture content, browning degree, particle texture parameters, water state and distribution, and protein denaturation degree of peanuts before and after microwave pretreatment were investigated, as well as the effect of microwave pretreatment on the yield of screw-pressed peanut oil. The results were compared with those obtained using vacuum oven drying. Meanwhile, for each pretreatment, the Pearson correlation between oil yield and moisture content, browning index (BI), particle texture parameters, water state, and protein denaturation degree was determined. The results showed that after microwave treatment for 7 min at 900 W or vacuum oven treatment at 85 ℃ for 89 min, the moisture content of peanuts decreased from 5.25% to 2.27%, with the highest oil yields of 45.85% and 45.76% being obtained, respectively. Under these conditions, the shear stress formed between peanuts and the oil press was moderate, peanuts were fully squeezed and deformed, with a large amount of oil flowing out, and peanuts had the best plasticity, the most ideal moisture state and a moderate degree of protein denaturation, so that not only a large amount of oil flowed out, but also peanuts were not easily broken, thus not affecting the formation of peanut cake.

This study investigated the effect of magnesium application on peanut growth and yield under two nitrogen (N) application rates in acidic soil in southern China. The chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate and dry matter accumulation of the N-sensitive cultivar decreased under reduced N treatments, whereas no effect was observed on the relevant indicators in the N-insensitive variety GH1026. Mg application increased the net photosynthetic rate by increasing the expression of genes involved in chlorophyll synthesis and Rubisco activity in the leaves during the pegging stage under 50%N treatment, while no effect on the net photosynthetic rate was observed under the 100%N treatment. The rate of dry matter accumulation at the early growth stage, total dry matter accumulation and pod yield at harvest increased after Mg application under 50%N treatment by increasing the transportation of assimilates from stems and leaves to pods in both peanut varieties, whereas no effect was found under 100%N treatment. Moreover, Mg application increased the NUE under 50%N treatment. No improvement of NUE in either peanut variety was found under 100%N treatment, while Mg application under the 50%N treatment can obtain a higher economic benefit than the 100%N treatment. In acidic soil, application of 307.5 kg ha−1 of Mg sulfate fertilizer under 50% reduced nitrogen application is a suitable fertilizer management measure for improving carbon assimilation, NUE and achieve high peanut yields in southern China.

Abstract Background Peanut (Arachis hypogaea), a vital oil and food crop globally, is susceptible to web blotch which is a significant foliar disease caused by Phoma arachidicola Marasas Pauer&Boerema leading to substantial yield losses in peanut production. Calcium treatment has been found to enhance plant resistance against pathogens. Results This study investigates the impact of exogenous calcium on peanut resistance to web blotch and explores its mechanisms. Greenhouse experiments revealed that exogenous calcium treatment effectively enhanced resistance to peanut web blotch. Specifically, amino acid calcium and sugar alcohol calcium solutions demonstrated the best induced resistance effects, achieving reduction rates of 61.54% and 60% in Baisha1016, and 53.94% and 50% in Luhua11, respectively. All exogenous calcium treatments reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and relative electrical conductivity (REC) levels in peanut leaves, mitigating pathogen-induced cell membrane damage. Exogenous calcium supplementation led to elevated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and superoxide anion (O2 ∙-) production in peanut leaves, facilitating the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) crucial for plant defense responses. Amino acid calcium and sugar alcohol calcium treatments significantly boosted activities of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in peanut leaves. Activation of these antioxidant enzymes effectively scavenged excess ROS, maintaining ROS balance and mitigating cellular damage. Conclusions In summary, exogenous calcium treatment triggered ROS production, which was subsequently eliminated by the activation of antioxidant enzymes, thereby reducing cell membrane damage and inducing defense responses against peanut web blotch.

This study examined using peanut shells, rice husks, and cocoa husks as soil conditioners to boost yields in Allium cepa var. Alvara onions. Three types of biochar and four application rates (1%, 1.5%, 3%, and 5%) were compared to a control with no biochar. The biochars had different nutrient makeups, with cocoa husk biochar (CHB) containing the most essential elements. While overall plant growth (height, leaves, and roots) was not significantly affected (p > 0.05) by any biochar type compared to the control, some plant parts responded differently. CHB (5%) and peanut husk biochar (PHB) (1%) yielded the tallest onion plants (71 and 65 cm), while 1% rice and cocoa biochar resulted in the shortest (below 42 cm). PHB (3% and 5%) produced the longest roots (9 cm), while 1.5% rice husk biochar (RHB) had the shortest. Biochar application had no significant effect on leaf count. However, specific application rates of RHB and PHB increased the harvest index (HI), indicating more efficient yield allocation. HI values > 0.85 were obtained with specific biochar rates (e.g., 1.0–1.5% PHB, 1.5–5% RHB, or 5.0% CHB).

Abstract Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oilseed crop worldwide. However, soil salinization becomes one of the main limiting factors of peanut production. Therefore, developing salt-tolerant varieties and understanding the molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance is important to protect peanut yield in saline areas. In this study, we selected four peanut varieties with contrasting response to salt challenges with T1 and T2 being tolerance and S1 and S2 being susceptible. High-throughput RNA sequencing resulted in more than 314.63 Gb of clean data from 48 samples. We identified 12,057 new genes, 7,971of which have functional annotations. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of uniquely expressed genes in salt-tolerant peanut revealed that upregulated genes in the root are involved in the MAPK signaling pathway, fatty acid degradation, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and upregulated genes in the shoot were involved in plant hormone signal transduction and the MAPK signaling pathway. Na+ content, K+ content, K+/ Na+, and dry mass were measured in root and shoot tissues, and two gene co-expression networks were constructed based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) in root and shoot. In this study, four key modules that are highly related to peanut salt tolerance in root and shoot were identified, plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, carbon metabolism were identified as the key biological processes and metabolic pathways for improving peanut salt tolerance. The hub genes include genes encoding ion transport (such as HAK8, CNGCs, NHX, NCL1) protein, aquaporin protein, CIPK11 (CBL-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 11), LEA5 (late embryogenesis abundant protein), POD3 (peroxidase 3), transcription factor, and MAPKKK3. There were some new salt-tolerant genes identified in peanut, including cytochrome P450, vinorine synthase, sugar transport protein 13, NPF 4.5, IAA14, zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 62, beta-amylase, fatty acyl-CoA reductase 3, MLO-like protein 6, G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase, and kinesin-like protein KIN-7B. The identification of key modules, biological pathways, and hub genes in this study enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance in peanuts. This knowledge lays a theoretical foundation for improving and innovating salt-tolerant peanut germplasm.

Abstract Carotenoid cleavage oxygenases (CCOs) enzymes play a vital role in plant growth and development through the synthesis of apocarotenoids and their derivative. These chemicals are necessary for flower and fruit coloration, as well as the manufacture of plant hormones such as abscisic acid (ABA) and strigolactones, which control a variety of physiological processes. The CCOs gene family has not been characterized in Arachis hypogaea. Genome mining of A. hypogaea identifies 24 AhCCO gene members. The AhCCO gene family was divided into two subgroups based on the recent study of the Arabidopsis thaliana CCO gene family classification system. Twenty-three AhCCO genes, constituting 95.8% of the total, were regulated by 29 miRNAs, underscoring the significance of microRNAs (miRNAs) in governing gene expression in peanuts. AhCCD19 is the only gene that lacks a miRNA target site. The physicochemical characteristics of CCO genes and their molecular weights and isoelectric points were studied further. The genes were then characterized regarding chromosomal distribution, structure, and promoter cis-elements. Light, stress development, drought stress, and hormone responsiveness were discovered to be associated with AhCCO genes, which can be utilized in developing more resilient crops. The investigation also showed the cellular location of the encoded proteins and discovered that the peanut carotenoid oxygenase gene family’s expansion was most likely the result of tandem, segmental, and whole-genome duplication events. The localization expresses the abundance of genes mostly in the cytoplasm and chloroplast. Expression analysis shows that AhCCD7 and AhCCD14 genes show the maximum expression in the apical meristem, lateral leaf, and pentafoliate leaf development, while AhNCED9 and AhNCED13 express in response to Aspergillus flavus resistance. This knowledge throws light on the evolutionary history of the AhCCO gene family and may help researchers better understand the molecular processes behind gene duplication occurrences in plants. An integrated synteny study was used to find orthologous carotenoid oxygenase genes in A. hypogaea, whereas Arabidopsis thaliana and Beta vulgaris were used as references for the functional characterization of peanut CCO genes. These studies provide a foundation for future research on the regulation and functions of this gene family. This information provides valuable insights into the genetic regulation of AhCCO genes. This technology could create molecular markers for breeding programs to develop new peanut lines.

Peanut is not only an important economic crop but also considered to be as a kind of functional food. However, the presence of calycosin, a bioactive isoflavonoid, in peanuts is still unknown. In this study, calycosin was firstly identified in leaves, needles and pods of four peanut cultivars examined including Yuanza 9102 (P1), Kainong 176 (P2), Zhuhua 2 (P3) and Yuhua 23 (P4). Moreover, the effects of three nitrogen fertilization levels (N0: 0 kg/ha, N1: 75 kg/ha, N2: 150 kg/ha) on calycosin accumulation in leaves, needles and pods of four different peanut cultivars at DAF30, DAF60 and DAF90 were investigated. The results showed that calycosin content varied from 0.87 to 718.83 μg/g FW in peanut and the relatively higher calycosin content was found in leaves, followed by needles and pods. Furthermore, calycosin contents in leaves of all four peanut cultivars at DAF60 were higher than that at DAF30 and DAF90, respectively. Calycosin accumulation in needles and pods at DAF90 was more than that at DAF30 and DAF60. In addition, the optimal combination for the highest calycosin yields in the leaves, needles and pods were P1 under N1 (75 kg/ha) at DAF60, P2 under N2 (150 kg/ha) at DAF60 and P2 under N1 at DAF90, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aiming at the problem of the difficult segmentation of adherent images due to the not fully convex shape of peanut pods, their complex surface texture, and their diverse structures, a multimodal fusion algorithm is proposed to achieve a 2D segmentation of adherent peanut images with the assistance of 3D point clouds. Firstly, the point cloud of a running peanut is captured line by line using a line structured light imaging system, and its three-dimensional shape is obtained through splicing and combining it with a local surface-fitting algorithm to calculate a normal vector and curvature. Seed points are selected based on the principle of minimum curvature, and neighboring points are searched using the KD-Tree algorithm. The point cloud is filtered and segmented according to the normal angle and the curvature threshold until achieving the completion of the point cloud segmentation of the individual peanut, and then the two-dimensional contour of the individual peanut model is extracted by using the rolling method. The search template is established, multiscale feature matching is implemented on the adherent image to achieve the region localization, and finally, the segmentation region is optimized by an opening operation. The experimental results show that the algorithm improves the segmentation accuracy, and the segmentation accuracy reaches 96.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High sugar content in peanut seeds is one of the major breeding objectives for peanut flavor improvement. In order to explore the genetic control of sugar accumulation in peanut kernels, we constructed a recombinant inbred line population of 256 F2:6-7 lines derived from the Luhua11 × 06B16 cross. A highresolution genetic map was constructed with 3692 bin markers through whole genome re-sequencing. The total map distance was 981.65 cM and the average bin marker distance was 0.27cM. A major stable QTL region (qSCB09/qSSCB09) was identified on linkage group (LG) B09 associated with both sucrose content (SC) and soluble sugar content (SSC) explaining 21.51-33.58% phenotypic variations. This major QTL region was consistently detected in three environments and mapped within a physical interval of 1.56 Mb on chromosome B09, and six candidate genes were identified. These results provide valuable information for further map-based cloning of favorable allele for sugar content in peanut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This experiment mainly used in-shell fresh peanuts as the main raw material and adopted heat pump drying technology to dry peanuts. The effects of different material temperatures, loading masses, and air velocities on drying characteristics and peanut kernel nutritional quality were compared. Results showed that during drying, the drying moisture ratio decreased exponentially with increasing drying time, and the drying rate decreased with time. With the increase in material temperature, the drying time decreases, and the unit energy consumption first decreases and then increases. With the increase in loading mass, the drying time increases, and the unit energy consumption first decreases and then increases. Air velocity had no significant effect on drying time and unit energy consumption. The material loading had no significant effect on the protein, fat, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and amino acid contents in peanut kernels. The material temperature and air velocity had a significant effect on the nutritional quality of peanut kernels. The acid value and peroxide value of the dried peanut kernels met the national standard. When the hot air temperature was 45 °C, the germination potential and rate of peanut kernels were the highest, and the material loading and air velocity had no significant effect on the germination rate. In conclusion, setting the drying conditions to a hot air temperature of 45 °C, a single loading amount of 1 000 g, and an air velocity of 1.2 m/s resulted in better drying characteristics and quality of peanut kernels, with a shorter drying time (10.0 h) and the lowest unit energy consumption (11.01 kW·h/kg). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oleic acid is an important quality index that determines the oxidation stability and nutritional value of peanut oil. In recent years, scholars at home and abroad have taken increasing oleic acid content and reducing linoleic acid content as an important direction of quality improvement. Optimizing the composition and content of peanut fatty acids through molecular marker-assisted selection and traditional breeding techniques, and cultivating high oleic acid peanut varieties with high yield, strong disease resistance, and specialized properties is of great significance for promoting the development of the peanut industry and improving people's health. This paper reviewed the molecular mechanism of high oleic acid traits, the application of molecular marker-assisted selection in high oleic acid peanut breeding, and the identification technology of high oleic acid peanuts. It analyzed the current status of high oleic acid variety breeding, and pointed out the problems in high oleic acid peanut breeding in China to provide a reference for expanding the breeding objectives of high oleic acid peanut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the two successive summer seasons of 2022 and 2023, two field experiments were performed in the experimental farm of the faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Egypt, to investigate the effectiveness of phosphoric fertilizer levels and zinc foliar application timeon yield, yield attributes and quality of peanut/ groundnut seeds. Split plot design was used laying out P levels in main plots and allocating Znapplication timein the sub plots.Results exhibited the operative effects of Plevels on pod and seed numbers and weights. The uppermost pod number and weight/plant were the resultant of supplying 23.25 kg P2O5/fad. Zn application at pegging was conjoint with noteworthy increase for both seed number and weight/plant. Early application of Zn(35 days after sowing, 35 DAS) increased pigged flowers, while late application (65 DAS) promoted seed weight/plant. Yields of pods, seeds and the biological one besides the harvest index were sensibly affected ascribed to the treatments of P levels and Zn supply. Phosphorus levels affected vegetative growth efficiency, while the moderate P level (32.25 kg P2O5/fad.) has intrinsically influenced on peanut yield attributes and enhanced pod number and weight/plant, seed weight/plant as well as 100 seed weight. Zinc application time affected pod and seed yields. The interaction between P levels and and time of Zn application was significant, with seed yield being the decisive factor. Oil percentage is a varietal property, with Zn application time and P levels not significantly affecting seed content. Seed protein content was significantly different, with Zn being the substantial factor affecting protein content.P-uptake (PU) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in peanut plants were significantly inverse affected by P levels and Zn application time. It is recommended to supply phosphorusat 23.25 P2O5 kg/fad., and apply Zinc 50 DAS at pegging face for affluence yields and high quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut stem rot, also known as white mold, poses a significant threat to peanut production. It is typically managed using fungicides and moderately resistant cultivars. Cultivars with higher resistance can reduce fungicide dependency and increase sustainability. This study explores the potential of wild peanut species in stem rot resistance breeding programs by enhancing genetic diversity in cultivated peanut. Through greenhouse and field evaluations, 13 allotetraploid hybrids with Arachis stenosperma as one of the parents showed superior resistance compared to other wild genotypes. The genomic regions that confer the stem rot resistance were further identified by genotyping and phenotyping an F2 population derived from the allotetraploid ValSten1 (A. valida × A. stenosperma)4× and A. hypogaea cv. TifGP-2. A linkage map was constructed from 1926 SNP markers. QTL analysis revealed both beneficial and deleterious loci, with two resistance-associated QTLs derived from A. stenosperma and four susceptibility loci, two from A. stenosperma and two from A. valida. This is the first study that evaluated peanut-compatible wild-derived allotetraploids for stem rot resistance and that identified wild-derived QTLs for resistance to this pathogen. The allotetraploid hybrid ValSten1, that has A. stenosperma as one of the parents, offers a resource for resistance breeding. Markers associated with resistance QTLs can facilitate introgression from ValSten1 into cultivated peanut varieties in future breeding efforts, potentially reducing reliance on chemical control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil salinity greatly impacts the planting area of cultivated peanut. It is necessary to breed salt-tolerant cultivars. However, few salt-resistant genes have been identified in peanut. Here, we reported the cloning of a peanut NAC transcription factor gene, AhNAPa, which was expressed ubiquitously and significantly upregulated after salt treatment. Furthermore, an AhNAPa-GFP fusion protein was found to be located in the nucleus, which indicated that AhNAPa might perform functions as a transcriptional activator in peanut. Under NaCl treatment, the root length of Arabidopsis plants overexpressing AhNAPa (AhNAPa-OX) were dramatically inhibited compared with the wild type (WT) lines, and the AhNAPa-OX adult plants became sensitive to salt stress. The expression levels of abiotic stress-responsive genes, SnRK2.2, NAC016, RD20, RD29B, and AREB1, significantly decreased in AhNAPa-OX plants, suggesting AhNAPa inhibited the ABA signaling pathway in response to salt stress. Taken together, these results suggest that the salt-inducible peanut transcription factor AhNAPa negatively regulated salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are no studies of longitudinal immunoglobulin measurements in a population‐based cohort alongside challenge‐confirmed peanut allergy outcomes. Little is known about biomarkers for identifying naturally resolving peanut allergy during childhood. Objectives: To measure longitudinal trends in whole peanut and component Ara h 2 sIgE and sIgG4 in the first 10 years of life, in a population cohort of children with challenge‐confirmed peanut allergy, and to determine whether peanut‐specific immunoglobulin levels or trends are associated with peanut allergy persistence or resolution by 10 years of age. Methods: One‐year‐old infants with challenge‐confirmed peanut allergy (n = 156) from the HealthNuts study (n = 5276) were prospectively followed at ages 4, 6, and 10 years with questionnaires, skin prick tests, oral food challenges, and plasma total‐IgE, sIgE and sIgG4 to peanut and Ara h 2. Results: Peanut allergy resolved in 33.9% (95% CI = 25.3%, 43.3%) of children by 10 years old with most resolving (97.4%, 95% CI = 86.5%, 99.9%) by 6 years old. Decreasing Ara h 2 sIgE (p =.01) and increasing peanut sIgG4 (p <.001), Ara h 2 sIgG4 (p =.01), peanut sIgG4/sIgE (p <.001) and Ara h 2 sIgG4/sIgE (p <.001) from 1 to 10 years of age were associated with peanut allergy resolution. Peanut sIgE measured at 1 year old had the greatest prognostic value (AUC = 0.75 [95% CI = 0.66, 0.82]); however, no single threshold produced both high sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion: One third of infant peanut allergy resolved by 10 years of age. Decreasing sIgE and sIgG4 to peanut and Ara h 2 over time were associated with natural resolution of peanut allergy. However, biomarker levels at diagnosis were not strongly associated with the natural history of peanut allergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is a destructive abiotic stress that affects all critical stages of peanut growth such as emergence, flowering, pegging, and pod filling. The development of a drought-tolerant variety is a sustainable strategy for long-term peanut production. The U.S. mini-core peanut germplasm collection was evaluated for drought tolerance to the middle-season drought treatment phenotyping for pod weight, pod count, relative water content (RWC), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), and drought rating. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed to identify minor and major QTLs. A total of 144 QTLs were identified, including 18 significant QTLs in proximity to 317 candidate genes. Ten significant QTLs on linkage groups (LGs) A03, A05, A06, A07, A08, B04, B05, B06, B09, and B10 were associated with pod weight and pod count. RWC stages 1 and 2 were correlated with pod weight, pod count, and drought rating. Six significant QTLs on LGs A04, A07, B03, and B04 were associated with RWC stages 1 and 2. Drought rating was negatively correlated with pod yield and pod count and was associated with a significant QTL on LG A06. Many QTLs identified in this research are novel for the evaluated traits, with verification that the pod weight shared a significant QTL on chromosome B06 identified in other research. Identified SNP markers and the associated candidate genes provide a resource for molecular marker development. Verification of candidate genes surrounding significant QTLs will facilitate the application of marker-assisted peanut breeding for drought tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]