Search

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the dietary addition of calcium anacardate as a source of phenolic compounds on the reproductive performance and blood antioxidant parameters of New Zealand White female rabbits. Twenty-seven New Zealand White female rabbits were distributed in a randomized complete block design with three treatments and nine replicates, considering one animal as the experimental unit. The treatments consisted of pelleted diets with different inclusion levels of calcium anacardate (0, 0.5, and 1.0%). The inclusion of calcium anacardate in the diets increased the concentration of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant capacity in the blood of lactating female rabbits. Calcium anacardate at the level of 1.0% improves the feed conversion ratio during gestation and increases the phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity in the blood serum of female rabbits at 21 days of lactation.

ABSTRACT The use of non-conventional feeds in poultry farming can reduce production costs, mainly because of its low cost, availability and chemical composition. Thus, parboiled whole rice bran (PWRB) appears as a potential use in feeding quails. Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of PWRB in the diet of quails. In each experiment, a total of 288 seven-day-old European quails of both sexes, were distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments and six replicates of eight quails each. The treatments consisted in the inclusion of PWRB in the proportions of 0; 5; 10; 15; 20 and 25% (first) and 0; 8; 16; 24; 32 and 40% (second). In the first experiment, a linear reduction in feed intake and weight gain was observed with the inclusion of PWRB above 5%, with no significant effect on feed conversion and carcass characteristics. However, there was no loss in the performance and carcass characteristics of quails fed with different levels of PWRB in comparison to the control group. In the second, it was observed that the inclusion of PWRB above 8% promoted a linear reduction in feed intake, weight gain and improvement in feed conversion, with no significant effect on carcass characteristics. However, quails fed 40% PWRB showed reduced intake and weight gain when compared to the control group. The use of PWRB provided an improvement in economic viability. Considering the effect on growth, PWRB can be used in the feeding of meat quails up to 32%.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão do feno da folha de leucena em dietas sobre a metabolização de nutrientes, desempenho e características dos ovos de poedeiras comerciais. Foram utilizadas 216 poedeiras com 32 semanas de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 6 tratamentos, 6 repetições de 6 aves cada, durante 12 semanas. Os tratamentos consistiram em uma dieta formulada com milho, uma dieta formulada com sorgo e outras 4 formuladas com sorgo contendo 2, 4, 6 e 8% de feno da folha de leucena. Foi observada redução linear sobre os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade da matéria seca, proteína bruta, energia bruta e nos valores de energia metabolizável aparente e energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio. Observou-se redução linear na produção de ovos e na ingestão de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio com o aumento da leucena nas dietas. Galinhas alimentadas com dietas contendo 8% de leucena apresentaram menor produção de ovos e ingestão de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio em relação as aves alimentadas com o sorgo. A inclusão de 2% de feno da folha da leucena na dieta proporcionou gemas com pigmentação superior às obtidas com as dietas a base de milho. De acordo com os resultados, pode-se incluir até 6% de feno da folha de leucena em dietas de poedeiras comerciais formuladas com sorgo.

ABSTRACT: When applied at growing phase, lighting program aims to obtain quails with body weight and physiological maturity suitable for the beginning of laying. This study evaluated lighting programs at growing phase on performance, sexual maturity and egg quality of meat quail breeders (Coturnixcoturnix) at laying phase. From 7 to 49 days of age, 300 female meat quails were subjected to three lighting programs (natural, intermittent and continuous), with 5 replicates of 20 birds each. At 49 days of age, 240 quails were transferred to a shed, maintaining the same experimental conditions. Meat quails submitted to continuous and intermittent lighting programs had higher weight of reproductive system and lower ages for first egg production and to reach 50% of egg production (P < 0.05). Quails submitted to natural lighting had lower feed intake from 49 to 70 and 71 to 92 days of age and worse feed conversion up to 114 days of age. Continuous and intermittent lighting programs resulted in more precocious quails compared to natural lighting program. Quails submitted to natural lighting at growing phase presented lower egg production during all periods, not differing for birds submitted to continuous and intermittent programs from the second period (71 to 92 days of age). Intermittent and continuous lighting result in better feed conversion of breeding quails up to 114 days and a higher percentage of laying (49 to 136 days), reducing the number of days to produce the first egg and to reach 50% of laying, in relation to natural lighting.

The rapid fetal development and the increased demand for milk result in a catabolic state and oxidative stress in hyperprolific sows. Despite animal defense mechanisms, the dietary supplementation of antioxidants is being evaluated to reduce the impacts of excess free radicals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short- and long-term effects of beta-carotene supplementation for sows on the reproductive response and performance of suckling piglets. A total of 120 sows were distributed in a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement of three supplementation levels (B0–no supplementation, B200–200 mg beta-carotene/day and B400–400 mg beta-carotene/day) and four groups of parity order (1st, 2nd, 3rd, above 4th). Beta-carotene supplementation during lactation resulted in a higher litter weight at weaning. A higher average weight of piglets and litter weight at birth were observed, as well as a greater number of piglets weaned and litter weight at weaning in sows supplemented with 400 mg of beta-carotene during gestation and lactation periods. Supplementation with 200 and 400 mg of beta-carotene resulted in a greater weight at weaning and daily weight gain in piglets. Daily supplementation with 400 mg of beta-carotene in the prepartum and lactation phases provides a greater litter weight at weaning and, when supplemented in the pre-gestation and gestation periods, results in a greater litter weight at birth and at weaning.

ABSTRACT - The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of including annatto seed by-product (ASB) in diets containing sorghum on nutrient utilization, performance and characteristics of the eggs of laying hens. A total of 288 Lohman Brown laying hens, 34 weeks of age, were distributed in completely randomized design with six treatments and six replications of the eight birds each other. The treatments consisted of a diet with corn as an energy source and other with sorghum and inclusion of 0, 25, 45, 65 and 85 g/kg of ASB. Comparing the results, increasing levels of RSU did not affect the metabolizability of nutrients, and utilization the energy of the feed. It was also observed there was no effect on the performance and parameters egg quality, except for yolk color. There was a significant linear increase in yolk colour with inclusion of ASB. We concluded that the annatto seed by-product can be used at levels up to 85 g/kg in laying hen diets containing sorghum as the main source of energy, with the possibility of reducing yolk pigmentation problems, caused by the total substitution of corn by sorghum, with the inclusion of ASB from 25 g/kg.

ABSTRACT The use of alternative foods for rabbits aims to reduce production costs, due to their ability to extracting nutrients from non-conventional feeds. Thus, passion fruit peel (PFP) appears as a potential use in feeding rabbits. This study aimed to determine the chemical and energetic composition of PFP and evaluate the effects of inclusion for growing rabbits. For the digestibility trial, 24 rabbits were distributed between two treatments (reference ration and test ration, composed of 70% reference ration and 30% PFP) with 12 replications of one animal per plot. For the performance trial, 120 rabbits were distributed within a randomized block design, in a 5x2 factorial arrangement, with 5 levels of inclusion of PFP (0, 8, 16, 24, 32%) and 2 sexes (male and female) corresponding to a total of 10 treatments with 12 replications each. PFP had 10.99% CP, 6.25% EE, 47.40% ADF, 54.66% NDF and 4,156.50 kcal DE/kg, on a dry matter. The inclusion of PFP did not influence the final weight and weight gain of rabbits, however it was observed that rabbits fed at the level of 32% inclusion of PFP consumed less amount of feed, with no negative effect on performance. Decreased cholesterol and triglyceride levels were observed in relation to control and an increase of creatinine in rabbit's blood. As there was an improvement in the economic parameters without affecting the performance and carcass characteristics, it’s recommended to include this ingredient up to level of 32% in the feed for growing rabbits.

Two trials were conducted: (1) to determine the chemical composition, digestibility of nutrients and energy of cashew nut meal (CNM); and (2) to evaluate the effects of increasing its levels (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%) in diets for growing rabbits on performance, carcass characteristics and economic evaluation. The digestibility assay utilized 24 rabbits (55 days of age), distributed in a completely randomized design with two treatments and 12 repetitions, with one reference and another test feed composed of 70% basal diet and 30% CNM. The digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy from CNM were, respectively, 76.61, 61.71 and 56.53%. The digestible dry matter, digestible protein and digestible energy were, respectively, 74.28, 16.97 and 3,549 kcal/kg. The performance assay utilized 120 rabbits, with an average of 45 days of age and weight 1090 ± 151g, distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments and 10 repetitions with two rabbits of the same sex per cage. The inclusion of CNM above 5% promoted a linear reduction in feed intake and improved feed conversion, without affecting weight gain and carcass characteristics to the 20% level of inclusion. There was also a linear reduction in feed cost per kilogram of weight gain and linear improvement in rates of economic efficiency and cost index up to 25% CNM inclusion. Based on these findings – and to not hurt performance – it is recommended to include up to 20% CNM in rabbits' diet. Keywords: alternative feedstuff, economic analysis, Oryctolagus cuniculus, productive yield.

Two trials were conducted aiming to determine the chemical composition, the digestibility of nutrients and energy from dehydrated cashew apple meal, as well as to evaluate the effects generated by including increasing levels (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%) of this ingredient in growing rabbit feed, on performance, carcass characteristics and economic evaluation. In the digestibility trial, were used 24 rabbits with 55 days of age, distributed in a completely randomized design with two treatments and twelve repetitions, being one reference feed and the other test feed, composed by 70% of the reference feed and 30% DCAM. The coefficients of the dry matter digestibility, crude protein and gross energy of the DCAM were, respectively, 67.79; 30.03 and 48.61%. The digestible dry matter, digestible protein and digestible energy, based on dry matter, were, respectively, 59.55%; 4.76% and 2,119.66 kcal/kg. In the second trial, 120 mixed breed rabbits were used, with an average of 45 days of age and weight 1143 ± 153g. The animals were distributed in a completely randomized design, with six treatments and ten repetitions with two rabbits of the same sex per cage. It was observed that the inclusion of DCAM did not affect (P > 0.05) the feed intake, but reduced (P < 0.05) the feed conversion efficiency, as well as a linear reduction in carcass yield. A quadratic effect on daily weight gain and the ratio meat/bone was observed, with better inclusion level estimated at 25.31 and 24.65%, respectively. The inclusion of DCAM linearly improved economic viability to the level of 50%, however not to harm the weight gain and the ratio meat/bone, it is recommended to include up to 25%.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the dietary inclusion of calcium anacardate on the performance, diarrhea incidence, blood parameters, intestinal morphometry, and pH of gastrointestinal contents in piglets from 21 to 42 days of age. Sixty weaned Topigs piglets, with initial weight of 6.049±0.311 kg, were distributed in the following treatments: diet with or without antibiotic growth promoter (zinc bacitracin) and diets supplemented with increasing levels of calcium anacardate (0.4, 0.8, and 1.2%), with six replicates and two animals per experimental unit. No differences in performance (21 to 42 days of age), blood parameters, and villus height:crypt depth ratio were found between piglets fed diets containing calcium anacardate or antibiotic growth promoter. The replacement of the antibiotic growth promoter zinc bacitracin by calcium anacardate results in similar performance in piglets from 21 to 42 days of age, without changes in blood parameters and in the villus height:crypt depth ratio. The dietary inclusion of calcium anacardate does not decrease diarrhea incidence compared with the antibiotic zinc bacitracin.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to determine the nutrient digestibility and metabolizable energy (ME) of fish silage, as well as to evaluate the effect of the dietary inclusion of fish silage meal (FSM) in diets on the performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, sensory analysis of meat and mortadella, and economic viability of growing and finishing pigs. In the digestibility assay, 16 barrows (33.20±4.93 kg) received diets with and without FSM. The fish silage had 39.01% crude protein and 4,032 kcal kg-1 ME. In the performance assay, 32 barrows (26.00±1.68 kg) were fed diets containing different inclusion levels of FSM (0, 25, 50, and 75%). FSM, obtained from the mixture (1:1) of fish silage with corn, showed a quadratic effect on average daily gain, and the best result was obtained with the inclusion level of 25.83%. The results for feed conversion and economic viability indicate that up to 25% FSM, corresponding to 5.87% of fish silage based on dry matter, can be used in the pig growing and finishing phases.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão de betaína na ração de fêmeas suínas no terço final de gestação e na lactação, quanto ao desempenho reprodutivo, composição do leite e avaliação econômica. Foram utilizadas 72 matrizes suínas, sendo 36 de primeiro ciclo (171,77 ± 7,54 kg) e 36 de segundo ciclo reprodutivo (203,17 ± 13,31 kg), distribuídas em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3, sendo dois ciclos reprodutivos e três rações (R0: ração controle; R1: ração com inclusão de 0,2% de betaína e redução de 50% da exigência em metionina digestível; R2: ração controle suplementada com 0,2% de betaína). A adição de betaína às dietas não promoveu efeito no peso ao parto, peso ao desmame das porcas, peso médio dos leitões ao nascimento e ao desmame, embora leitões provenientes de porcas de segundo ciclo tenham apresentado maior peso ao nascimento e ao desmame. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre o intervalo desmame-cio das fêmeas suínas. Proteína total e triglicérides do leite não diferiram entre si, porém, houve diferença na composição em função dos dias pós-parto. As rações não influenciaram significativamente os valores médios do perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de porcas, nem as variáveis econômicas avaliadas. A substituição de até 50% da metionina digestível por betaína em dietas de porcas (84º dia de gestação até o 21º dia de lactação) não causou efeitos negativos sobre os parâmetros produtivos.

ABSTRACT The intestinal health of piglets depends on the balance between diet, microflora and mucosal integrity. Disruption of this balance can compromise the digestive functions, leading to diarrhoeal frame and decline in performance of piglets. However, the level and type of fibre can limit digestive disorders. Thirty newly weaned piglets were used to evaluate the levels of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in diets regarding performance, pH, viscosity and concentration of short chain fatty acids of digestive contents, gastrointestinal transit time, morphology of the intestinal mucosa, weights of organs and occurrence of diarrhoea. NDF level had quadratic effect on weight gain and feed conversion ratio of piglets, estimating best results at the level of 10.4%. NDF level had no effect on the pH, viscosity and concentration of short chain fatty acids. NDF levels below 10.2% or above 13.5% reduced the transit time of digesta. There was quadratic effect on villus height in the duodenum and jejunum and in the crypt depth of jejunum. There was linear increase in stomach, caecum and colon weights and linear decrease in the occurrence of diarrhoea according to increasing NDF levels. It is concluded that levels below 10.2% and above 13.5% reduce the transit time of digesta, whereas 12.2% NDF level results in better mucosa structure of the small intestinal, with an increase in the weights of the stomach, caecum and colon and a reduction in the occurrence of diarrhoea with increasing NDF level in diets, resulting in better performance of weaned piglets with 10.4% of NDF.

Two trials were conducted to evaluate phytase addition to diets with corn, rice and soybean meals for swine. In the first trial, the digestibilities of gross energy and crude protein and the availabilities of calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) of diets with or without phytase were evaluated in growing barrows (BW 20.42 ± 2.45 kg), using the total feces and feed collection methods. In the second trial, the parameters evaluated were pig performance, mineral contents in the 3rd and 4th metacarpals, feces production and composition of growing and finishing gilts fed one of the following diets: Positive control (PC), formulated to achieve nutrient and energy requirements of growing and finishing gilts; Negative control (NC), diet PC meeting 84% and 65% of Ca and P levels, respectively; Negative control + phytase (PHY), diet NC + 0.01% phytase (500 FTU/kg). Phytase addition improved P and Ca availabilities in 14.34% and 4.08%, respectively, compared with the diet with no phytase, in trial one. In trial two, the deposition of zinc in the metacarpals was improved by the enzyme and Ca, P and copper fecal excretions of the animals from the PC diet were greater than that observed for the PHY animals. Phytase addition improved the use of phytic phosphorous and calcium by the pigs and is recommended as a way to reduce the potential environmental impact of swine production.

Dietary fiber is an important component, which has a direct effect on intake, digestion, and absorption of nutrients; and also alters intestinal microbiota and morphology according to solubility. One digestibility trial and one performance experiment were performed to evaluate the effects of sources of fiber in diets for 21 day weaned piglets. The experimental diets used in both trials consisted of a control diet and diets with purified cellulose, soybean hulls or citrus pulp as a main source of dietary fiber. To evaluate the digestibility of nutrients (Assay 1), the total feces and urine collection method was used. The fiber sources did not affect nutrient digestibility, except for soluble fiber, which increased with the inclusion of citrus (Citrus sinensisL.) pulp. To evaluate performance, morphophysiology and microbiology of the digestive tract of weaned piglets, a total of 32 castrated male piglets was used. Slaughter of animals was implemented at 35 and 50 days of age. The use of soybean (Glycine max L.) hulls and citrus pulp in diets increased the number of goblet cells and the density of villi in the jejunum. The viscosities of stomach and cecum contents increased due to the addition of citrus pulp. Soybean hulls and the citrus pulp included in diets reduced the occurrence of E. coli in the small intestines of piglets slaughtered at 35 days of age. Among the fiber sources, purified cellulose in piglet diets promotes better performance of animals, due to the modulation of the small intestine microbiota, with lower E. coli occurrence resulting in higher villus density.

Abstract:The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of limestone particle sizes in the diet and of lighting regimes on the egg and bone quality and on the performance of commercial laying hens. Three hundred Hissex White layers, at 18 weeks of age, were distributed in a completely randomized design, in a 5×2 factorial arrangement (coarse limestone in the diet at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%; with or without artificial light), with five replicates of six birds. No significant interaction was observed between particle sizes and lighting regime for the evaluated parameters. There was no significant effect of coarse limestone level in the diet on the performance and egg quality of hens; however, bone deformity (3.23 to 4.01 mm), strength (5.19 to 6.70 kgf cm-2), and mineral matter (51.09 to 59.61%) improved as the proportion of coarse limestone increased. For lighting regime, the treatment with artificial light yielded higher Haugh unit values (87.17 vs. 85.54) than that with natural light only. Greater limestone particles improve bone quality of laying hens, and the use of artificial light can benefit the albumen quality of the eggs.

The aim of this study was to determine and validate prediction equations for digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of corn for growing pigs. The prediction equations were developed based on data on the chemical composition, digestible and metabolizable energy of corn grain (30 samples) evaluated in experiments in Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Brazil. The equations were evaluated using regression analysis, and adjusted R² was the criterion for selection of the best models. Two equations were tested for DE and ME, each. To validate the equations, 1 experiment with 2 assays was performed to determine the values of DE and ME of 5 corn cultivars. In each assay, we used 24 growing pigs with initial average weight of 54.21 ± 1.68 kg in complete randomized block design with 6 treatments and 4 replicates. Treatments consisted of a reference diet and 5 ration tests composed of 60% of the reference diet and 40% of corn (1 of the 5 cultivars). Based on the results of the metabolic experiment and predicted values obtained in the equations, the validation of the equations was conducted using the lowest prediction error (pe) as a criterion for selection. The equations that produced the most accurate estimates of DE and ME of corn were as follows: DE = 11812 – 1015.9CP – 837.9EE – 1641ADF + 2616.3Ash + 47.5(CP2) + 114.7(CF2) + 46(ADF2) – 1.6(NDF2) – 997.1(Ash2) + 151.9EECF + 23.2EENDF – 126.4CPCF + 136.4CPADF – 4.0CPNDF, with R2 = 0.81 and pe = 2.33; ME = 12574 – 1254.9CP – 1140.5EE – 1359.9ADF + 2816.3Ash + 77.6(CP2) + 92.3(CF2) + 54.1(ADF2) – 1.8(NDF2) – 1097.2(Ash2) + 240.6EECF + 26.3EENDF – 157.4CPCF + 96.5CPADF – 4.4CPNDF, with R2 = 0.89 and pe = 2.24. Thus, using the data on chemical composition, it is possible to derive prediction equations for DE and ME of corn for pigs; these equations seem to be valid because of the small prediction errors suggestive of high accuracy of these models.

The use of alternative foods to replace conventional foods is becoming a source of research for many researchers. The cashew nut meal (CNM) has high energy and protein value, may be a partial substitute for corn and soybean meal for poultry feed. In this context, this research was conducted to evaluate the effect of inclusion of CNM on the utilization of nutrients in the ration for laying hens, as well as the performance and characteristics of the eggs. The study used 180 Dekalb Brown laying hens 27 weeks of age, distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments and five replicates of six birds. Treatments consisted of a control diet without CNM and others with the inclusion of this food at levels of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%. Upon regression analysis, a linear increase in nitrogen metabolism, crude energy and apparently metabolizable energy was seen. The dry matter digestibility and metabolizable energy corrected for rations were not affected by the inclusion of the CNM. Feed intake and egg weight were not affected by the inclusion of the CNM; however, egg production, egg mass, feed conversion, and yolk color worsened linearly with inclusion of CNM. Compared to control diet, the inclusion of CNM worsened the egg mass and feed conversion from 15%, and yolk color from 20%. As a result, it is recommended the inclusion of the CNM in the diet of laying hens at a maximum level of 10%.

A trial was conducted to evaluate quality of quail eggs from two companies (A and B) at two storage times (5 and 15 days after packing). A total of 480 eggs were kept at room temperature and distributed in a completely randomized design in 2x2factorial arrangement (companies and storage time). The results indicated that trays from company B presented higher weight, as well as mean egg weight. However, the eggs in trays from company A showed greater uniformity. Evaluating the external quality, we found that above 90% of eggshell were considered with total integrity, and no difference for this characteristic between companies was found. The eggs from company A presented lower average weight in comparison to those from company B, regarding storage time. No differences were observed between eggs from companies A and B for Haugh unit value. Storage time of 15 days after packing promoted reduction in Haugh unit value in comparison to those stored for 5 days. Quail eggs from company A presented lower variation in weight, although heavier eggs are produced by company B. Internal quality of quail eggs from both companies was similar. Storage time affected eggs quality.

Two assays were accomplished being, both using a randomized block design: Assay 1 the aimed was to evaluate the blood parameters of weaned recently pigs and receiving rations with and without probiotic. Twenty pigs with body weight of 6.99 ± 0.42 kg were used and were collected samples of blood to the 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after wean, for determinations of the bool parameters. Assay 2 the objective was to determine the rations digestibility for growth swine supplemented or not with probiotic in the rations. The rations and the ages of the animals influenced most of the variables of the blood parameters. The probiotic didn’t alter the ration digestibility to exception for mineral matter. It is ended that the blood parameters were altered for the use of the probiotic and the age of the animals, both emphasized to challenges happened after wean and the mineral matter was better taken advantage with the use of the probiotic.

Feeding management of laying hens has been focused on the direct influence of nutrient intake on weight gain, especially at growing phase. This study evaluates nutrient digestibility, performance, development of the digestive tract, body composition, and bone quality of two strains of laying hens fed with different levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) during the growing phase from the 7th to the 12th week of age. A total of 1,296 birds were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement (two strains x three levels of NDF) with four replicates of 54 birds per treatment. Semi-heavy (Hy Line Brown) and light-strain (Lohman LSL) pullets were allotted to dietary treatments consisting of 14.50, 16.50, and 18.50% NDF. An interaction between strains and NDF levels was observed only for feed/gain ratio and light-strain pullets had lower performance with 18.50% NDF. The increasing levels of NDF in the diet reduced the coefficients of digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen and gross energy, and the values of metabolizable energy. Higher levels of NDF in the diet increased the relative weight of liver and intestines and reduced gizzard weight. It was also observed differences between bone quality and composition of the femur and tibia of light and semi-heavy hens. The increase in NDF level in ration for growing phase laying hens above 14.50% decreases the nutrient digestibility and the metabolizable energy of the diet; however, it does not affect the carcass composition, bone quality, feed intake, and weight gain, although it may impair feed conversion of light-strain pullets.

Rice is the second largest cereal crop in the world and the by-products resulting from rice processing for human consumption are potential feedstuffs to compose poultry diets. In this sense, it was evaluated the influence of parboiled rice bran (PRB) in diets for Japanese quails in growing phase on the performance and digestibility, besides of residual effects and characteristics of egg quality in laying phase. A total of 324 Japanese quails with 7 days of age were distributed in a completely randomized design, with 6 treatments and 6 replicates of 9 birds. The treatments consisted of 6 isonutritives diets, being a control diet without PRB and the others containing 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%. At the end of growing phase the birds were allotted in cages and fed the same diet without PRB at laying phase. At growing phase, the inclusion of PRB up to 5% promoted linear reduction in dry matter and gross energy digestibilities of diet; however a linear increase in metabolizable energy was noted. Feed intake, weight gain and final weight were reduced but not altering feed:gain ratio and body composition. At laying phase, the inclusion of PRB increased the age at first egg production but no influence was verified at age to reach 50% of egg production. No effect was verified at laying percentage, feed intake, weight and egg mass and feed:gain ratio. In economical evaluation, the inclusion of up to 25% of parboiled rice bran provided best economical indexes. The inclusion of PRB Japanese quails diets at growing phase can be recommended in levels up to 25%, without incurring future losses at laying phase.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de extratos etanólicos do caroço e da casca de manga, sobre o desempenho de poedeiras e sobre a qualidade e estabilidade lipídica dos ovos. Um total de 180 poedeiras comerciais Hisex White foi distribuído ao acaso em seis tratamentos, com cinco repetições de seis aves. Os tratamentos consistiram de: ração sem adição de antioxidante; ração com 200 ppm do antioxidante butilato de hidroxitolueno (BHT); ração com 200 ou 400 ppm de extrato da casca de manga (Ecas); ração com 200 ou 400 ppm de extrato de caroço de manga (Ecar). Foram avaliados: o consumo de ração, a produção de ovos, o peso do ovo, a massa de ovo produzida (grama por ave por dia), a conversão alimentar e características de qualidade dos ovos. A oxidação lipídica da gema durante o armazenamento foi determinada pela quantificação das substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico. As aves alimentadas com a ração sem adição de antioxidantes produziram ovos com os piores valores de unidade Haugh e maior oxidação lipídica da gema. Os teores de 400 ppm de Ecas e 200 ou 400 ppm de Ecar foram efetivos na prevenção de danos oxidativos aos ovos durante o armazenamento e podem ser utilizados na alimentação das poedeiras como substituto ao antioxidante sintético.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of parboiled rice whole bran (PRWB) inclusion in laying diets for Japanese quails, on their performance, egg quality, and economic viability. A total of 448 17-week-old quails were weighed and distributed in a completely randomized design with seven treatments and eight replicates of eight birds each. A control diet (no PRWB) and six diets, containing 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30% of PRWB, were tested. The increasing levels of PRWB did not affected nutrient digestibility coefficient, dietary energy use, feed intake, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, and the economic viability indices. However, there was a linear decrease in egg shell percentage, specific weight, and yolk color. The inclusion of up to 30% PRWB in the diet allows nutrient utilization and performance similar to those obtained by the control group, and it is economically viable.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de extratos etanólicos na ração, obtidos do caroço e da casca da manga, sobre o desempenho de frangos e a oxidação lipídica da carne. Foram utilizados 360 pintos machos da linhagem Ross 308, de um dia de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos e seis repetições de dez aves. Os tratamentos consistiram de: ração sem adição de antioxidante (controle); ração com adição de 200 ppm do antioxidante butilato de hidroxitolueno (BHT); ração com 200 ou 400 ppm de extrato da casca da manga (ECAS); e ração com 200 ou 400 ppm de extrato do caroço da manga (ECAR). A adição de BHT ou dos extratos da manga não influenciou significativamente o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar. A adição de BHT e a de 400 ppm de ECAR proporcionaram maior estabilidade lipídica da carne fresca, mensurada pelas substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico antes do armazenamento. O extrato etanólico do caroço da manga, na dosagem de 200 e 400 ppm, retarda a oxidação lipídica da carne de frangos armazenada por 15 dias.

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of purified cellulose, soybean hulls and citrus pulp in the diet of weaned piglets. A total of 72 piglets (36 castrated males and 36 females) weaned at 21 days of age (BW 6.45±0.66 kg) was distributed according to a randomized block design, for evaluation of performance, transit time, diarrhea incidence and blood parameters of piglets which received diets containing different sources of fiber. The experimental diets were: control diet - diet composed of corn, soybean meal and a source of lactose; control + 1.5% purified cellulose; control + 3% soybean hull and control + 9% citrus pulp. The inclusion of purified cellulose, soybean hulls and citrus pulp in diets of weaned piglets did not affect the performance or transit time of diets in the gastrointestinal tract. However, the use of purified cellulose reduced incidence of diarrhea. The use of purified cellulose, soybean hull and citrus pulp in the diet of weaned piglets does not affect performance or gastrointestinal transit time. The addition of purified cellulose promotes a beneficial effect to control the diarrhea in weaned piglets.

The aim of this work was to study the effect of inclusion of citrus pulp in the diet of finishing pigs. In the first trial, 16 Topigs barrows with 80.5±4.7 kg of initial BW were used to evaluate the digestibility of citrus pulp. Having 18.85% of neutral detergent fiber and 41.18% of neutral detergent soluble fiber, citrus pulp showed as a feasible alternative ingredient to be added in the diets of feed restricted finishing pigs. Second trial tested the use of 0, 10, 20, 30% of citrus pulp in the diets of 36-feed-restricted barrows with initial BW of 83.7±5.1 kg. A quadratic trend (P0.05), but a quadratic trend existed on cholesterol serological content.No primeiro ensaio foram utilizados 16 suínos machos castrados da linhagem Topigs, com peso inicial de 80,5±4,7 kg, para a avaliação biológica da polpa cítrica. Por apresentar 18,85% de fibra em detergente neutro e 41,18% de fibra solúvel em detergente neutro, a polpa cítrica mostrou-se como um ingrediente viável a ser utilizado em programas de restrição alimentar qualitativa. No segundo ensaio foram utilizados 36 suínos machos castrados, com peso inicial de 83,7±5,1 kg, recebendo rações com níveis de 0, 10, 20 e 30% de polpa cítrica. Os animais foram abatidos com peso próximo de 130 kg, sendo avaliados quanto ao desempenho e parâmetros séricos. Houve resposta quadrática (P0,05) dos níveis de polpa cítrica sobre a uréia e triacilgliceróis, porém houve resposta quadrática (P

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adição do prebiótico mananoligossacarídeo (MOS) nas dietas de leitões sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, o desempenho e as características morfofisiológicas do trato digestório. No primeiro experimento, foram utilizados 16 leitões com peso de 24,8±2,79 kg. Utilizou-se o método de coleta total de fezes para determinar a digestibilidade das rações controle e com 0,5% de prebiótico. No segundo experimento, avaliaram-se o desempenho e a incidência de diarreia em 30 leitoas com idade entre 22 e 63 dias e peso inicial de 6,28±1,40 kg. No terceiro experimento, foram avaliados a morfometria intestinal, os pesos relativos do fígado e do pâncreas e o pH dos conteúdos do estômago, intestino delgado e ceco em 15 leitoas com idade entre 22 e 63 dias e peso inicial de 5,74±0,93 kg. No segundo e terceiro experimentos, os tratamentos foram: controle positivo (dieta basal + sulfato de neomicina); controle negativo (dieta basal) e os tratamentos dieta basal acrescida de 0,25, 0,50 ou 0,75% de MOS. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso. A utilização de diferentes níveis de mananoligassacarídeo nas dietas dos leitões não promove melhorias na digestibilidade dos nutrientes, no desempenho ou nas características morfofisiológicas do trato digestório.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of adding mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) to piglet diets on digestibility of nutrients, performance and morphophysiological characteristics of the digestive tract. In the first experiment, 16 piglets with a weight of 24.8±2.79 kg were used. Total feces were collected to determine the digestibility of the control feed and feed with 0.5% prebiotic. In the second experiment, 30 gilts with ages ranging from 22 to 63 days and a mean weight of 6.28±1.40 kg were used to evaluate diarrhea performance and incidence. In the third experiment, 15 gilts ranging from 22 to 63 days in age and a mean weight of 5.74±0.93 kg were used to evaluate intestinal morphology, relative weight of the liver and pancreas, and pH of the stomach, small intestine and cecum contents. In the second and third experiments, the treatments used were: positive control (basal diet + neomycin sulfate), negative control (basal diet) and basal diet with 0.25, 0.50 or 0.75% of MOS added. The experimental design was in randomized blocks. The use of different levels of MOS in piglet diets does not promote better digestibility of the nutrients, performance and morphophysiological characteristics of digestive tract.

O experimento foi realizado para avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de inclusão do farelo de babaçu (0, 3, 6 e 9 e 12%) em dietas à base de milho e farelo de soja para frangos de corte de 21 a 42 dias de idade sobre o desempenho produtivo, rendimento de carcaça e avaliação econômica. Alojaram-se trezentos frangos (machos e fêmeas), linhagem Hubbard, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos (0, 3, 6 e 9 e 12%) e cinco repetições de doze aves (seis de cada sexo) por unidade experimental. As rações experimentais foram isonutritivas. A inclusão de até 12% de farelo de babaçu nas dietas não prejudicou as variáveis de desempenho (consumo de ração, ganho diário de peso e conversão alimentar) e não influenciou no peso aos 42 dias e no rendimento de carcaça (P>0,05). Entretanto, os resultados de receitas bruta e líquida refletem que o uso de farelo de babaçu pode ser vantajoso em períodos de entressafra do milho e da soja, permitindo-se incluir em até 6% nas dietas para frangos de corte dos 21 aos 42 dias de idade.PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Babaçu, economia, frangos, produção. The experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of different levels of babassu meal inclusion (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12%) in diets with corn and soybean meal for broilers of 21 to 42 days of age on the productive performance, carcass yield and economic evaluation. 300 Hubbard lineage broilers (both genders) were accommodate and distributed in completely randomized design with five treatments (0, 3, 6 and 9 and 12%) and five replicates of 12 animals (6 of each gender) for experimental unit. The inclusion of up to 12% of babassu meal in the diets did not decrease the performance variables (ration consumption, weight daily gain and feed conversion), neither affecting the weight at 42 days of age and the carcass yield (P>0.05). However, the gross and net incomes reflect the use of babassu meal can be advantageous in periods when corn and soybean meal prices were high, including in up to 6% in broilers’ diets of the 21 to 42 days of age. KEY WORDS: Babassu, broiler, economy, production.

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos para avaliar a suplementação enzimática (amilase, pentosanase, celulase, protease e a-galactosidase) em rações à base de milho e farelo de soja para suínos. No Exp 1, foram determinadas as digestibilidades aparentes da energia, matéria seca, proteína e das fibras das rações, com ou sem o complexo enzimático, para suínos machos castrados, com 19,96 ± 2,90 kg de peso vivo. Foi utilizado o método da coleta total de fezes e as rações foram formuladas com níveis reduzidos de energia, proteína e aminoácidos. No Exp 2, foram mensurados o desempenho, a excreção de sólidos totais e voláteis, matéria mineral, nitrogênio, macro e microminerais nas fezes, em relação ao desempenho, de suínos machos castrados dos 50 aos 151 dias de idade, com peso médio inicial de 18,34 ± 1,35 kg. Foram utilizadas três dietas, sendo uma ração formulada para atender ou exceder as exigências nutricionais dos animais, de acordo com o NRC (1998), e outras duas com níveis reduzidos de energia, proteína e aminoácidos, suplementadas ou não com o complexo enzimático. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados. A suplementação enzimática em rações contendo milho e farelo de soja não promoveu incrementos na digestibilidade de nutrientes, não melhorou o desempenho dos animais e também não reduziu a excreção de resíduos pelas fezes. Mais estudos são necessários para testar novas matrizes e diferentes níveis do complexo enzimático.Two experiments were conducted to evaluate dietary enzyme supplementation (amylase, pentosanase, celulase and a-galactosidase) in corn-soy diets for swine. In the Exp 1, the apparent digestibilities of energy, dry matter, protein and fibers of the feeds were determined, using a nutritional matrix with or without enzyme supplementation for barrows with 19.96 ± 2.90 kg body weight. The total feces collection method was used and the diets were formulated with reduced energy, protein and amino acids levels. In the Exp 2, growth performance, production and composition of feces in total solids, volatile solids, nitrogen, macro and micro minerals, in relation to growth performance, were measured in barrows from 50 to 151 days of age and 18.34 ± 1.35 kg initial body weight. Three experimental diets were used, one formulated to meet or exceed the nutritional requirements of swine according to NRC (1998) and the others with reduced energy, protein and amino acids levels, with or without the enzyme complex. It was used a complete randomized block design. Dietary enzyme supplementation in feeds based mainly on corn and soybean meal did not improve nutrient digestibilities and growth performance neither reduced nutrient excretion in feces. More research is necessary to test new nutritional matrix and different levels of the enzyme complex.

Foram realizados dois ensaios de metabolismo, utilizando-se oito suínos, machos castrados, em fase de crescimento, em cada ensaio. No ensaio 1, foram comparados os teores de MS, PB, EB, EE, MM e FDN das fezes colhidas por meio de dois métodos: diretamente do reto do animal ou da caixa coletora da gaiola, realizados simultaneamenteem cada suíno. No ensaio 2, foi estudado o balanço de minerais, sendo os animais submetidos a dois tratamentos: T1 - ração basal e T2 - ração basal + 200 ppm de probiótico. Os teores dos nutrientes mensurados foram similares nas fezes colhidas em ambos os métodos, com exceção da MS. Para o balanço de minerais, não houve diferença (p > 0,05) entre os animais alimentados com rações, contendo ou não probiótico. Ambos os métodos de colheita de fezes poderiam ser realizados, simultaneamente, em ensaios de balanço de minerais.Two metabolism assays were conducted, with eight growing castrated male crossbred pigs in each assay. In the first assay, the levels ofDM, CP, GE, EE, MM and NDF were compared in feces, collected through two different methods: directly from the animal’s rectum or from a collection tray, collected simultaneously from each pig. The second assay evaluated the animals’ mineral balance. For this study, the animals were submitted to two treatments: T1 - basal feed and T2 - basal feed + 200ppm of probiotic. The nutrients levels were similar in the feces collected through both methods, with the exception of DM. There was no observable difference (p > 0.05) in mineral balance between the animals fed diets containing or not probiotic. Both collection methods can be undertaken simultaneously in mineral balance assays.

Objetivou-se obter equações de regressão linear simples para estimativa da composição química corporal de novilhos Nelore a partir da composição química do corte da 9-10-11ª costelas. Foram utilizados 27 bovinos em confinamento, com 21 a 31 meses de idade e 338,0 a 503,6 kg de peso corporal. Do total, foram abatidos seis animais (referência) ao início do experimento para estimativa da composição química corporal. A composição química em água, proteína, EE e cinzas foi determinada no corte da 9-10-11ª costelas e nos tecidos corporais. As equações de regressão para estimativa do peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ) a partir dos pesos de jejum (PV) e carcaça quente (PCQ) foram PCVZ = 0,8726 PV - 2,7399 e PCVZ = 1,5350 PCQ + 13,598 (R² = 0,98). O ganho de 1 kg de PCVZ correspondeu a aproximadamente 1,15 kg de PV. A porcentagem de água no corpo vazio (CVz) esteve altamente correlacionada às porcentagens de água (R² = 0,98) e EE (R² = 0,91) no corte das costelas. A equação mais indicada foi a desenvolvida a partir da porcentagem de água no corte das costelas (Sx, y = 0,46). Verificou-se alta correlação entre a porcentagem de EE no CVz e a porcentagem de EE (R² = 0,95) no corte das costelas, portanto, a equação %EE CVz = 0,9662%EE costelas + 1,5294 pode ser utilizada para estimativa da composição do CVz em EE. O mesmo ocorreu para a porcentagem de cinzas, sendo recomendada a equação %MM CVz = 0,5915%MM costelas + 0,7619 (R² = 0,88). A composição química percentual em água, EE e minerais no corte das 9-10-11ª costelas permitiu estimar com acuidade a composição do corpo vazio.The objective of this trial was to develop simple regression equations for estimating the chemical body composition of Nellore steers by using the chemical composition of the 9-10-11th ribs cut. Twenty-seven feedlot Nellore steers varying from 338.0 to 503.6 kg of BW and from 21 to 31 months of age were used. Six reference animals were slaughtered at the beginning of the trial to estimate the initial chemical body composition. Contents of water, protein, EE, and ash of the 9-10-11th ribs cut and body tissues were determined. Regression equations for estimating empty body weight (EBW) through measurements of BW and hot carcass weight (HCW) were: EBW = 0.8726 LW - 2.7399 and EBW = 1.5350 HCW + 13.598. The high R² values (0.98) in both equations indicated that the EBW of Nellore steers can be predicted by using BW and HCW. The gain of 1.0 kg of EBW corresponded to approximately 1.15 kg of BW. Water content of empty body (EB) was highly correlated with water (R² = 0.98) and EE (R² = 0.91) contents of the ribs cut; the equation based on the percentage of water in the ribs cut had the best fit (Sx, y = 0.46). Because the percentage of EB EE was highly correlated (R² = 0.95) with that of the ribs cut, the equation %EB EE = 0.9662% ribs EE + 1.5294 may be used for estimating EE content of EB. The same was true for ash, which can be estimated by the equation %EB ash = 0.5915% ribs ash + 0.7619 (R² = 0.88). It was concluded that the percentage of water, EE, and ash in the 9-10-11th ribs cut accurately estimated the EB composition of feedlot Nellore steers.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho estudar a substituição parcial (70%) do milho moído pela casca de soja ou pelo farelo de gérmen de milho em dietas contendo farelo de girassol e uréia (fontes nitrogenadas) e silagem de milho (volumoso) para novilhos Nelore em confinamento. Avaliaram-se o consumo, o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar e o rendimento de carcaça de 21 animais (25 meses de idade e peso inicial de 343 kg) alimentados com as dietas-teste, fornecidas na proporção 60:40 volumoso:concentrado. O período de avaliação do consumo e do ganho de peso foi de 97 dias. Os consumos de MS (10,78; 9,73 e 10,62 kg/dia), PB (1,40; 1,22 e 1,41 kg/dia) e FDN (3,41; 3,89 e 3,60 kg/dia) não foram influenciados pelas dietas com milho moído, casca de soja e farelo de gérmen de milho, respectivamente. O consumo de FDA (0,56; 0,71 e 0,55% PV) apresentou efeito significativo, observando-se maior valor quando a casca de soja substituiu 70% do milho moído. O ganho de peso não foi influenciado pelas dietas, registrando-se valores de 1,35; 1,29 e 1,32 kg/dia para as dietas contendo milho moído, casca de soja e farelo de gérmen de milho, respectivamente. Não houve efeito, também, sobre a conversão alimentar (7,88 kg de MS ingerida/kg ganho), a eficiência alimentar (0,12 kg ganho/kg MS ingerida) e o rendimento de carcaça (54,52%). A substituição parcial do milho moído pela casca de soja e pelo farelo de gérmen de milho em dietas para novilhos em confinamento não afeta o desempenho e o rendimento de carcaça.The objective of this trial was to study the partial replacement of ground corn with soybean hulls or corn germ meal in diets containing sunflower meal and urea as nitrogen sources and corn silage as forage for confined Nellore steers. Twenty-one steers averaging 25 months of age and 343 kg of initial body weight were assigned to diets containing a forage:concentrate ratio of 60:40. The period for measurements of intake and weight gain lasted 97 days. No significant differences were observed for intakes of dry matter (10.78, 9.73, and 10.62 kg/day), crude protein (1.40, 1.22, and 1.41 kg/day), and neutral detergent fiber (3.41, 3.89, and 3.60 kg/day), respectively, for diets containing ground corn, soybean hulls, and corn germ meal. However, intake of acid detergent fiber was highest (0.71% BW) for steers consuming the diet that soybean hulls replaced 70% of ground corn. Weight gain did not differ averaging 1.35, 1.29, and 1.32 kg/day feeding ground corn, soybean seed hulls, and corn germ meal, respectively. In addition, no significant differences were observed for feed conversion (7.88 kg of DMI/kg of weight gain), feed efficiency (0.12 weight gain/kg of DMI), and carcass dressing (54.52%) across treatments. It can be concluded that soybean hulls and corn germ meal can partially replace ground corn in diets for confined steers because both production and carcass dressing were maintained.

A trial was conducted to evaluate quality of quail eggs from two companies (A and B) at two storage times (5 and 15 days after packing). A total of 480 eggs were kept at room temperature and distributed in a completely randomized design in 2x2factorial arrangement (companies and storage time). The results indicated that trays from company B presented higher weight, as well as mean egg weight. However, the eggs in trays from company A showed greater uniformity. Evaluating the external quality, we found that above 90% of eggshell were considered with total integrity, and no difference for this characteristic between companies was found. The eggs from company A presented lower average weight in comparison to those from company B, regarding storage time. No differences were observed between eggs from companies A and B for Haugh unit value. Storage time of 15 days after packing promoted reduction in Haugh unit value in comparison to those stored for 5 days. Quail eggs from company A presented lower variation in weight, although heavier eggs are produced by company B. Internal quality of quail eggs from both companies was similar. Storage time affected eggs quality. KEYWORDS: eggs standardization; Haugh unit value; shell integrity.

A study was conducted to evaluate the feces+urine produced per animal (FUPA), dry matter, mineral matter, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur in feces of gilts fed diets with increasing levels of ractopamine (0, 5, 10 and 15 mg kg-1 of diet). A total of 468 finishing gilts were allotted into 36 pens. In two days of each week, feces and urine were daily sampled in four pens per treatment, quantifying the feces+urine. To determine the characterization of feces, two samples per week were taken daily, in nine pens per treatment. It was used a split plot design, considering the ractopamine level as the plot and the weeks as the subplots. There was no reduction in nitrogen amount in feces. An interaction was detected between ractopamine concentrations and weeks for FUPA and phosphorus, potassium and sulfur in feces. Ractopamine addition in diets for gilts has reduced the feces+urine production and nitrogen and phosphorus excretion. Higher values estimated for potassium content in feces of animals fed diets with 10 and 15 mg of ractopamine kg-1 were found between the second and third week. Increasing levels of ractopamine from 5 to 15 mg kg-1 promoted higher excretion of sulfur over the weeks of supply.

Foi realizado um ensaio com o objetivo de avaliar o uso de mananoligossacarídeo (MOS) em dietas para leitões na fase de creche, quanto ao desempenho, incidência de diarreia e parâmetros sanguíneos. Foram comparados diferentes níveis de MOS (0, 0,1 e 0,2%) em dietas para leitões desmamados aos 21 dias de idade com peso de 5,28 ± 0,90 kg, sendo utilizados 72 animais da linhagem comercial Topigs (36 machos castrados e 36 fêmeas). Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso para controlar diferenças iniciais de peso. Os resultados demonstraram que a inclusão de MOS nas dietas de leitões recém desmamados não promoveu melhoras no ganho diário de peso, no consumo diário de ração e na conversão alimentar. Embora tenha sido observada redução na incidência de diarreia nos animais alimentados com dieta contendo 0,2% de MOS, a adição deste prebiótico não proporcionou melhores desempenho e resposta imunológica dos leitões. Com estes resultados, não é possível recomendar a adição de nenhum nível do produto avaliado.

Objetivou-se comparar a utilização da fibra em detergente neutro indigestível (FDNi) e da fibra em detergente ácido indigestível (FDAi) como indicadores internos na estimativa das digestibilidades em dietas de bovinos confinados à base de milho grão moído, casca de soja ou farelo de gérmen de milho. Foram utilizados 27 novilhos Nelore, distribuídos em três tratamentos diferenciados pelas presenças de milho, casca de soja ou farelo de gérmen de milho. A porcentagem de FDNi e FDAi foi quantificada após 144 horas de incubação in vitro das amostras de alimentos, sobras e fezes. A introdução dos coprodutos casca de soja e farelo de gérmen de milho, em substituição parcial ao milho grão moído não proporcionou diferença no consumo dos indicadores indigestíveis, provavelmente, em virtude da semelhança digestiva entre os ingredientes. As médias das digestibilidades da matéria seca (59,9 vs 59,8%), proteína bruta (54,4 vs 54,3%), fibra em detergente neutro (52,2 vs 51,8%) e fibra em detergente ácido (40,4 vs 40,9%) estimadas pela FDNi e pela FDAi foram semelhantes, respectivamente, sem que houvesse relação com os ingredientes utilizados. Conclui-se que os indicadores internos FDNi e FDAi possibilitaram estimativas semelhantes dos coeficientes de digestibilidade em dietas com 40% de concentrado, independentemente da introdução dos coprodutos ricos em fibra que substituíram parcialmente o milho grão moído.The aim was to evaluate the indigestible neutral detergent fiber (NDFi) and indigestible acid detergent fiber (ADFi) as internal markers to estimate the digestibilities of feedlot beef cattle diets with grounded corn, soybean hulls or corn germ meal. Twenty seven Nellore steers were confined and distributed in three different treatments with grounded corn, soybean hulls or corn germ meal. The NDFi and ADFi percent were quantified after 144h of in vitro incubation of ingredients, earts and faecal samples. The markers intake did not differ when the byproducts soybean hulls and corn germ meal replace partially the grounded corn, probably due to the digestive similarity between that feeds. The means of dry matter (59.9 vs 59.8%), crude protein (54.4 vs 54.3%), neutral detergent fiber (52.2 vs 51.8%) and acid detergent fiber (40.4 vs 40.9%) digestibilities estimated by NDFi and ADFi were similar, respectively, without any relation with the ingredients used. It was concluded that the NDFi and ADFi provided similar digestibility coefficients in diets with 40% of concentrate, even though the introduction of ingredients rich in fiber in partial substitution of grounded corn.

Realizou-se este trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho produtivo, rendimento de carcaça e filé, composição química da carcaça, peso dos órgãos do sistema digestório, comprimento relativo de intestino, bem como os índices hepato-somático e de gordura víscero-somática de 120 juvenis de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), alimentados com dietas contendo 0, 6 ou 12% de farelo de babaçu. Não foi observada influência da inclusão do farelo de babaçu nas dietas sobre o desempenho produtivo, rendimento de carcaça e filé dos juvenis de tambaqui, bem como para a composição da carcaça. Para as variáveis do trato digestório, não foram observadas diferenças para o peso das vísceras, para o índice de gordura viscero-somática e para o comprimento relativo do intestino. Houve redução no índice hepato-somático à medida que ocorreu aumento da inclusão do farelo de babaçu nas dietas, possivelmente em resposta à ação de algum fator antinutricional presente no ingrediente. Conclui-se que o farelo de babaçu pode ser considerado na composição das dietas de juvenis de tambaqui até 12% de inclusão.The aim of this work was to evaluate the performance, dressing and fillet percentage, carcass composition, weight of organs of digestive tract, relative intestine length and hepatica-somatica and viscera-somatica fat indexes of 120 tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) fingerlings fed with diets with 0, 6 or 12% of babassu meal. Babassu meal inclusion did not affect the performance, dressing and fillet percentage and carcass composition. Gastrointestinal tract weight, viscera-somatic fat index and relative intestinal length were not affected, although hepatica-somatic index was reduced with increasing levels of babassu meal, possibly due to an antinutritional factor in the feed. In conclusion, babassu meal might be added in fingerlings tambaqui diets at level of 12% of inclusion.

To evaluate the productive and economic viability of coconut meal (FC) and enzymatic complex (E) inclusion in diets for growing pigs, it were used 20 homogenous barrows with average weight of 31.15 ± 5.59kg. The animals were distributed in a randomized block design with four treatments, and five replicates each, with an animal as experimental unit. The experimental treatments were: 0%FC – control diet, a corn-soy diet; 20%FC- control diet added of 20% of coconut meal (FC); 20%FC+0,05E – control diet added of 20% of coconut meal, plus 0,05% of enzymatic complex, and 20%FC+0,10E – control diet added of 20% of coconut meal, plus 0,10% of enzymatic complex. Experimental diets had the same level of nutrients. At the end of experimental period, blood samples were taken from each animal. Results demonstrated that coconut meal and enzymatic complex inclusion did not affect the performance and serum parameters of animals, except HDL fraction of cholesterol. In conclusion, the addition of 20% of coconut meal, added or not by enzymatic complex, did not affect the performance of the animals, but the inclusion of 20% of coconut meal without enzymatic complex resulted in economical efficiency.Com o objetivo de avaliar a viabilidade produtiva e econômica da inclusão do farelo de coco (FC) e complexo enzimático (E) em dietas para suínos na fase de crescimento, utilizaram-se 20 suínos machos castrados de mesma linhagem, com peso médio de 31,15 ± 5,59kg. Os animais foram distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos, de cinco repetições cada, com um animal por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos foram: 0%FC - dieta constituída principalmente por milho, farelo de soja; 20%FC- dieta com inclusão de 20% de farelo de coco (FC); 20%FC+0,05E - dieta com inclusão de 20% FC e adição de 0,05% do complexo enzimático e 20%FC+0,10E - dieta com inclusão de 20% FC e adição de 0,10% do complexo enzimático. As dietas experimentais foram isonutritivas. Ao final do período experimental, foram colhidas amostras de sangue. Os resultados demonstraram que a inclusão do farelo de coco, e as enzimas não influenciaram o desempenho produtivo e os parâmetros séricos, com exceção da fração HDL do colesterol. Conclui-se que a inclusão de 20% farelo de coco, com ou sem complexo enzimático, não influenciou o desempenho dos animais, porém a inclusão de 20% do farelo de coco sem adição de enzimas proporcionou uma melhor eficiência econômica.

O experimento foi realizado para avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de inclusão do farelo de babaçu (0, 3, 6 e 9 e 12%) em dietas à base de milho e farelo de soja para frangos de corte de 21 a 42 dias de idade sobre o desempenho produtivo, rendimento de carcaça e avaliação econômica. Alojaram-se trezentos frangos (machos e fê­meas), linhagem Hubbard, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos (0, 3, 6 e 9 e 12%) e cinco repetições de doze aves (seis de cada sexo) por unidade experimental. As rações experimentais foram isonutritivas. A inclusão de até 12% de farelo de babaçu nas dietas não prejudicou as variáveis de desempenho (consumo de ração, ganho diário de peso e conversão alimentar) e não influenciou no peso aos 42 dias e no rendimento de carcaça (P>0,05). Entretanto, os resultados de receitas bruta e líquida refletem que o uso de farelo de babaçu pode ser vantajoso em períodos de entressafra do milho e da soja, permitindo-se incluir em até 6% nas dietas para frangos de corte dos 21 aos 42 dias de idade. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Babaçu, economia, frangos, produção.

Foram realizados dois ensaios de metabolismo, utilizando-se oito suínos, machos castrados, em fase de crescimento, em cada ensaio. No ensaio 1, foram comparados os teores de MS, PB, EB, EE, MM e FDN das fezes colhidas por meio de dois métodos: diretamente do reto do animal ou da caixa coletora da gaiola, realizados simultaneamente em cada suíno. No ensaio 2, foi estudado o balanço de minerais, sendo os animais submetidos a dois tratamentos: T1 - ração basal e T2 - ração basal + 200 ppm de probiótico. Os teores dos nutrientes mensurados foram similares nas fezes colhidas em ambos os métodos, com exceção da MS. Para o balanço de minerais, não houve diferença (p > 0,05) entre os animais alimentados com rações, contendo ou não probiótico. Ambos os métodos de colheita de fezes poderiam ser realizados, simultaneamente, em ensaios de balanço de minerais.

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to determine and validate prediction equations for digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of soybean meal for growing pigs. The prediction equations were developed using data from chemical composition, digestibility and metabolizability of soybean meal samples (n = 25) evaluated in essays at Embrapa Suínos e Aves. The equations were estimated through regression analysis, using the REG procedure of SAS and adjusted R² was the criterion of choice to select the best models. Two equations were estimated for DE and two for ME. To validate the equations, one experiment with two essays was performed to determine the values of DE and ME of five samples of soybean meal. In each essay, 24 growing pigs with an initial weight of 54.20 ± 1.28 kg at first and 54.60 ± 2.26 kg at second essay, were sorted in a complete randomized block design with 6 treatments (1 reference diet and 5 test diets) and 4 replicates. Considering the lowest prediction error (ep), the equations to predict the DE and ME of soybean meal were: DE = 48153 - 1586.1(PB) + 744.5(EE) + 363.6(FB) - 1398.3(MM) + 15.5(PB2) - 170.8(EE2) - 29.3(FB2) + 5.4(FDA2) - 2.5(FDN2) + 90.6(MM2) - 8.2(EEFDA) + 33(EEFDN), with R² = 0.88 and ep = 2.32 and ME = 12692 - 2397.7(MM) - 56.8(EE2) + 164.9(MM2) - 102.2(EEFB) - 12.25(EEFDA) + 67.6(EEFDN) + 5.5(PBFB) - 2.9(PBFDN) with R2= 0.65 and ep= 1.69. Based on the chemical composition data and correlations, it was possible to establish prediction equations for the values of digestible and metabolizable energy of soybean meal for pigs, being necessary validation for greater accuracy of the models.

ABSTRACT This research aimed to evaluate enzyme supplementation in diets with different nutritional levels for pigs in their feces excretion and anaerobic digestion. Fifty four gilts were placed on diets formulated to achieve 100 or 95 or 90 % of a pig's nutrient requirements, with the addition of an enzyme complex containing amylase, β-glucanase, cellulase, pectinase, xylanase, protease and phytase (diets 100E, 95E and 90E) or without the enzymes (diets 100, 95 and 90). The trial was divided into three periods (1, 1-2 and 1-3) based on the animal weight. The enzyme complex reduced (p < 0.05) excretions per period and per unit of weight gain (residue coefficients) of organic matter (OM) in Period 1, of N, Ca, Zn and Na in Period 1-2, and of Na excretions and residue coefficients in Period 1-3. Animals fed diet 95E had lower excretions (p < 0.05) of dry (DM), organic and mineral matters, N, Ca, Fe, Mn and Cu, and lower residue coefficients (p < 0.05) of DM, OM, P, Fe, Mn and Cu compared with the animals fed diet 95, in Period 1-3. Numerically, the enzyme complex improved biogas and methane production potentials in anaerobic digestion of the feces. The use of an enzyme complex in a diet formulated to provide 95 % of the gilts' nutrient requirements reduced fecal excretion and positively affected the anaerobic digestion of feces. These data show that pig nutrition and feeding are important tools for reducing the potential environmental impact of pig production.