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Uveitis is among the leading causes of visual loss in the working age population. In noninfectious uveitis, corticosteroids are the first line therapy. We sought to review systematically the evidence regarding the regional corticosteroid delivery modalities in the treatment of noninfectious uveitis. A 5-database search (Pubmed, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Scopus) was performed from inception to February, 2021. Nineteen studies with a total of 1,935 eyes of 1,753 patients were selected from 8,922 abstracts retrieved by the initial search. The most frequently compared regimens were intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection and orbital floor triamcinolone acetonide injection (2 studies), intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection and posterior sub-Tenon triamcinolone acetonide injection (2 studies), and posterior sub-Tenon triamcinolone acetonide injection with the intravitreal dexamethasone implant (2 studies). Our results show that the intravitreal injection of corticosteroids is more effective, but is associated with more adverse events, than periocular injection. Some evidence supports the use of subconjunctival triamcinolone acetonide over intravitreal/periocular triamcinolone acetonide. Moreover, the overall results of 0.59 mg dosage of the intravitreal fluocinolone acetonide implant were superior to those from the 2.1 mg dose. The evidence, however, is not robust, and further studies with standardized outcomes are warranted.

Nisa Silva,1,* Catarina Castro,1,* Filipa Caiado,1 Sofia Maia,1 Vasco Miranda,1,2 Ricardo Parreira,1 Pedro Menéres1,2 1Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal; 2Department of Ophthalmology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Nisa Silva, Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Largo do Prof. Abel Salazar, Porto, 4099-001, Portugal, Tel +35 1918367661, Fax +35 1222077500, Email nisapinhosilva@gmail.comBackground: Understanding how strabismus impacts a child’s quality of life, as well as their families, should be an important key to guide treatment, not only from the ophthalmological point of view but also regarding psychological and social aspects, which are fundamental for a healthy and harmonious development.Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the functional vision and eye-related quality of life (ER-QOL) in a population of children with strabismus submitted or not to corrective surgery, using the recently developed Pediatric Eye Questionnaire (PedEyeQ) and to compare with age and gender-matched visually normal children. The PedEyeQ was applied to non-operated children with strabismus (n = 18), operated children with strabismus (n = 24), and visually normal children (n = 21). This instrument is composed of 3 components (Child, Proxy, and Parent) and has different versions according to the child’s age (0– 4, 5– 11, or 12– 17 years-old versions). Clinical data such as age, type of strabismus, angle of deviation, amblyopia, occlusion treatment, and surgical outcome were also recorded.Results: All PedEyeQ domain scores were significantly lower in children with strabismus compared with visually normal children, except the Child “functional vision” domain. Children with strabismus with successful corrective surgery had significantly lower scores in many domains of the Child, Proxy, and Parent components, compared with visually normal children.Conclusion: This study showed that strabismus has an important impact on affected children and their families, as assessed by PedEyeQ. Interestingly, children with prior successful corrective strabismus surgery had worse PedEyeQ scores compared to visually normal children. Educational programs and psychosocial rehabilitation interventions should be implemented in children with strabismus and their families.Keywords: strabismus, PedEyeQ, pediatric, parents, quality of life

Introduction: Accommodative esotropia (AET) is characterized by an esodeviation of the eyes due to uncorrected hyperopia, deficient fusional divergence, or high accommodative convergence. Decreasing hyperopia would reduce accommodative convergence and strabismus. We sought to review the existing evidence regarding the outcomes of refractive surgery in patients with AET. Methods: A four-database search (Pubmed, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus) was performed from inception to March 2021 using the following MeSH terms: (“Refractive Surgical Procedures” OR “Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ” OR “Photorefractive Keratectomy” OR “Lens Implantation, Intraocular”) AND (“Esotropia” OR “Accommodative Esotropia” OR “Refractive Esotropia” OR “Accommodative Strabismus”). No meta-analysis was performed due to studies’ heterogeneity. Results: Twenty-eight studies including 22 case series enrolling 378 patients and 6 case reports enrolling 8 patients were selected among 185 original abstracts. In the case series, a total of 378 patients (726 eyes) were recruited with an age range of 8–52 years. All studies reported mean follow-up periods of at least 12 months. Photorefractive keratectomy was performed in 7 studies, laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis in 9 studies, laser-assisted sub-epithelial keratectomy was reported in 1 study, and 3 studies implanted intraocular lenses, including iris-fixated and collamer. Considering the adult patients with a preoperative corrected esodeviation ≤10 prism diopters (PD) (n = 129), all but 5 (3.9%) presented orthophoria or ≤10PD after refractive surgery. All children but 4 (4.5%) ended up with an esodeviation ≤10PD after surgery with those exceptions being in the range of 11–15PD. Six case reports were included in this review, comprising a total of 8 patients (16 eyes) with an age range of 7–34 years and a follow-up range of 4–48 months. Six case reports were included in this review, comprising a total of 8 patients (16 eyes) with an age range of 7–34 years and a follow-up range of 4–48 months. Conclusion: Evidence produced so far points out that refractive surgery may be an alternative for spectacle correction for adults with AET ≤10PD. There is not enough evidence to recommend its use for patients under 18 years of age. The safety and predictability of these procedures for this purpose remains unclear as the selection criteria used for these patients are much different than the usual indications and there are no studies with long-term follow-up.

Introduction: Intravitreal injections are currently the most common intraocular surgical procedure worldwide. Some studies have reported a higher risk of intraoperative complications, namely posterior capsular rupture (PCR), during cataract surgery. The aim of this retrospective and observational study, conducted at Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, was to assess the risk of posterior capsular rupture (PCR) during cataract surgery in eyes previously treated with intravitreal injections (IVI) with antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) and/or corticosteroids. Methods: Eyes undergoing cataract surgery between June 2019 and May 2021. Combined surgeries, such as glaucoma surgery and pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) were excluded. The occurrence of PCR during cataract surgery in treated and previously untreated eyes with IVI was analyzed. Results: A total of 5813 cataract surgeries were analyzed; 4.1% of the cases had previously undergone IVI. The PCR rate in cataract surgery was 1.8%: 6.7% in eyes previously treated with IVI and 1.6% without previous IVI (OR=4.5, 95% CI: 2.6-7.7, p

Ana Marta,1,2 João Coelho,1 Rita Vieira,1 Ana Figueiredo,1 Rita Reis,1 Isabel Sampaio,1 Maria João Menéres,1,2 Pedro Menéres1,2 1Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Porto, Oporto, Portugal; 2Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Oporto, PortugalCorrespondence: Ana MartaDepartment of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Porto, Largo do Prof. Abel Salazar, Porto, 4099-001, PortugalEmail analuisamarta2@gmail.comPurpose: To compare the predictability of biometric results in patients undergoing cataract surgery combined with Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) implantation according to tube position.Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed in patients who underwent phacoemulsification surgery combined with AGV implantation with the tube in posterior (group PC) and anterior (group AC) chamber, between November 2012 and April 2020. The main outcome was the mean biometric prediction error, according to tube position, using different formulas.Results: The study included 49 eyes of 36 patients, 23 eyes in group PC and 26 eyes in group AC. Gender (p=0.774), age (p=0.822), type of glaucoma (p=0.168), preoperative correct distance visual acuity (p=0.139), axial length (p=0.765), anterior chamber depth (p=0.351), keratometry (p=0.577) and intraocular lens power (p=0.608) were similar between groups. Only preoperative intraocular pressure was higher in group PC (p=0.005). The mean prediction errors using Haigis, SRK/T, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, Barrett Universal II, Kane and Hill RBF formulas were all positive in group PC (hyperopic) and all negative (myopic) in group AC. In group PC, there was no significant difference in prediction error between these formulas (p> 0.05). In group AC, the formula with the worst prediction error was Haigis (p=0.001), and the best was Barrett Universal II (p=0.043).Conclusion: The biometric predictability and expected final refraction in phacoemulsification surgery combined with AGV implantation are modified by the position of the tube.Keywords: glaucoma, Ahmed valve, cataract, phacoemulsification, biometry

Purpose Amblyopia is a leading cause of preventable and treatable vision loss in the pediatric population. Instrument-based screening of amblyopia-risk factors is being widely adopted but the audit of its results is still lacking. We sought to review the existing evidence regarding the outcomes of photoscreening applied to children under the age of three years. Methods A three-database search (Pubmed, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus) was performed from inception to March 2021. A meta-analysis of proportions was conducted to summarize the referral rate, untestable rate and positive predictive value (PPV). Results Thirteen studies were selected among 705 original abstracts. The quantitative analysis included twelve studies enrolling 64,041 children. Of these, 13% (95%CI: 7–19%) were referred for further confirmation of the screening result. Astigmatism was the most common diagnosis both after screening and after ophthalmologic assessment of referred children. The pooled untestable rate and PPV were 8% (95%CI: 3–15%) and 56% (95%CI: 40–71%), respectively. Conclusion There is no global consensus on the optimal age, frequency or what magnitude of refractive error must be considered an amblyopia-risk factor. Optimization of referral criteria is therefore warranted.

PURPOSE To compare the retinal vasculature characteristics between eyes of patients with and without phacomatosis. METHODS Case-control observational study with retinal vasculature evaluation by optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography of the macula and disk. RESULTS The study included 80 eyes. Neurofibromatosis Type 1 patients presented with a higher central macular thickness (P = 0.007), a lower optical disk nervous fiber layer (P = 0.006), a lower perimeter, area, and circularity of the foveal avascular zone (P < 0.05), a higher vascular density of macular avascular layer (AMVD) (P = 0.004), and a lower papillary vascular density of superficial capillary plexus (SPVD) (P = 0.048). Patients with tuberous sclerosis presented with an increase in central macular thickness (P = 0.024) and in vascular densities (P < 0.05) [except for macular vascular density of deep capillary plexus (PMVD), AMVD, and SPVD]. Patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome showed a decrease in optical disk nervous fiber layer (P < 0.001), subfoveal choroid thickness (P = 0.011), macular vascular density of superficial capillary plexus (SMVD) (P = 0.036), and SPVD (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Phacomatosis patients showed statistically significant differences of retinal vasculature characteristics, compared to eyes without pathology. Further studies are needed to determine when and if these parameters change with the course of the disease and if they can be used as biomarkers for disease severity or progression.

Nisa Silva,1 André Ferreira,1,2 Pedro Manuel Baptista,1 Ana Figueiredo,1 Rita Reis,1 Isabel Sampaio,1 João Beirão,1,3 Riccardo Vinciguerra,4,5 Pedro Menéres,1,3 Maria João Menéres1,3 1Ophthalmology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, 4099-001, Portugal; 2Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto, Porto, 4200-319, Portugal; 3Department of Ophthalmology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal; 4Ophthalmology Department, Humanitas San Pio X Hospital, Milan, Italy; 5The School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UKCorrespondence: Nisa SilvaOphthalmology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Portugal Largo do Prof. Abel Salazar, Porto, 4099-001, PortugalTel +351918367661Fax +351222077500Email nisapinhosilva@gmail.comBackground: To evaluate biomechanical parameters of the cornea provided by Corvis ST in patients with ocular hypertension, primary open-angle glaucoma, and amyloidotic glaucoma and to compare with healthy controls.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of patients with ocular hypertension, primary open-angle glaucoma, and amyloidotic glaucoma that underwent Corvis ST imaging. Primary outcome was the comparison of corneal biomechanical parameters between study groups after adjusting for age, gender, Goldmann intraocular pressure (GAT-IOP), and prostaglandin analogues medication. Secondary outcome was the comparison of different IOP measurements in each group.Results: One hundred and eighty-three eyes from 115 patients were included: 61 with primary open-angle glaucoma, 32 with amyloidotic glaucoma, 37 with ocular hypertension and 53 were healthy controls. Amyloidotic glaucoma group had smaller radius (p=0.025), lower deflection amplitude at highest concavity (p=0.019), and higher integrated radius (p=0.014) than controls. Ocular hypertension group had higher stiffness parameter at first applanation (p=0.043) than those with primary open-angle glaucoma, and higher stress–strain index (p=0.049) than those with amyloidotic glaucoma. Biomechanically corrected intraocular pressure was significantly lower than Goldmann intraocular pressure in group with primary open-angle glaucoma (p=0.005) and control group (p=0.013), and Goldmann intraocular pressure adjusted for pachymetry in group with primary open-angle glaucoma (p=0.01).Conclusion: Eyes with amyloidotic glaucoma have more deformable corneas, while eyes with ocular hypertension have less deformable corneas. These findings may be linked to the susceptibility to glaucomatous damage and progression. There were significant differences between Goldmann applanation tonometry and biomechanically corrected intraocular ocular pressure provided by Corvis ST.Keywords: corneal biomechanics, ocular hypertension, glaucoma, amyloidosis, Goldmann tonometry

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare clinical/demographic functional testing and multimodal imaging features between genetically solved and genetically unsolved nonsyndromic retinitis pigmentosa (nsRP) patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at an inherited retinal dystrophies reference center. Consecutive patients with nsRP and available genetic testing results performed between 2018 and 2020 were included. Genetic testing was clinically oriented, and variants were classified according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. Only class IV or V variants were considered disease-causing. Clinical/demographic, functional, and imaging features were compared between genetically unsolved (G1) and genetically solved (G2) patients. Results: A total of 175 patients (146 families) were included: 68 patients (59 families) in G1 and 107 patients (87 families) in G2. First symptoms Conclusion: Individual clinical/demographic functional testing and multimodal imaging features should be considered when counseling patients about the probability of identifying disease-causing variants.

Introduction: The objective of this study is to compare changes in ganglion cell layer (GCL) between vitrectomized and nonvitrectomized eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME) over a 2-year period following treatment with 0.2 µg/day fluocinolone acetonide (FAc) implant. Methods: Eighteen vitrectomized (group 1) and 8 nonvitrectomized (group 2) eyes were included in this cohort study. Changes in central macula GCL thickness were measured using the Spectralis spectral domain-optical coherence tomography at baseline and 6, 12, and 24 months of follow-up. Other parameters analyzed included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central foveal thickness (CFT), and intraocular pressure (IOP). Results: Treatment with the FAc implant led to small reductions in mean global GCL thickness versus baseline and contrasts with the control group that was stable or slightly increased versus baseline. FAc therapy also led to improvements in mean BCVA and CFT that were observed at Month 6 and maintained to Month 24. For vitrectomized and nonvitrectomized eyes, no differences were observed between mean global GCL, BCVA, and CFT values during follow-up. Linear correlations revealed that in all groups mean BCVA at Month 24 positively correlated with mean GCL thickness at baseline and at Month 24. IOP remained stable throughout the 24 months. Conclusion: There was no evident retinal neurodegeneration in the 2-year period following treatment with FAc in both groups. GCL thickness may be a useful biomarker for assessing safety and effectiveness in patients with DME.

Pedro Manuel Baptista,1,2 Ana Ambrósio Marta,1 João Heitor Marques,1 Ana Carolina Abreu,1 Sílvia Monteiro,1 Pedro Menéres,1,2 Maria do Céu Pinto1 1Ophthalmology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal; 2Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Porto, PortugalCorrespondence: Pedro Manuel BaptistaCentro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar, Porto, 4099-001, PortugalTel + 35-1917868372Email pedroyybaptista@gmail.comPurpose: To describe the tomographic and corneal biomechanical status of a sample of eyes excluded from LVC and to present the differences in biomechanical behavior in relation to cutoffs of clinical- and tomography-based screening methods used in clinical practice.Patients and Methods: Observational cross-sectional study including 61 eyes from 32 consecutive patients who were excluded from LVC in our department. Clinical and demographic data were collected from the patients’ clinical records. Tomographic data was assessed with a Scheimpflug camera (Pentacam, OCULUS®). Ablation depth (μm) and residual stromal bed (μm) were calculated by the WaveLight® EX500 laser system software (Alcon, EUA). The corneal biomechanical assessment was made through ultra-high speed Scheimpflug imaging during noncontact tonometry (Corvis ST, OCULUS®). Several ectasia risk scores were analyzed.Results: Mean age was 31.0± 6 years old and mean manifest spherical equivalent was − 2.01 ± 2.3D. Belin–Ambrósio deviation index was the tomographic parameter with higher proportion of eyes within the ectasia high risk interval. In the biomechanical assessment, more than 95% of eyes met the criteria for ectasia susceptibility in four of the first generation and in two of the second generation parameters. In a cutoff based comparative analysis, eyes with Kmax ≥ 45.5 D, eyes with VCOMA < 0 and eyes with ARTmax ≤ 350 presented significantly softer corneal biomechanical behavior.Conclusion: The majority of eyes excluded from LVC in the present study met the criteria for ectasia susceptibility in several biomechanical parameters, validating the clinical and tomographic based screening prior to LVC in our center. Differences found in the biomechanical assessment regarding cutoffs used in clinical practice highlight its differential role in characterizing risk profile of these patients. Tomography should not be overlooked and the integration of all data, including treatment-related parameters, can be the future of risk ectasia screening prior LVC.Keywords: keratorefractive surgery, ectasia, ultra-high speed Scheimpflug camera, Corvis, tomography, corneal biomechanics

PURPOSE To present a protocol of priority criteria for phacoemulsification after the backlog due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 pandemic status. SETTING Ophthalmology department of Centro Hospitalar e Universitario do Porto (CHUP), Oporto, Portugal. DESIGN Cross-sectional, nonrandomized, retrospective study. METHODOLOGY Data of all patients waiting for cataract surgery were analyzed at the beginning of May 2020, after 2 months without performing elective surgery. The waiting time since surgical inscription was considered an independent and overriding factor. In addition, higher priority was given to patients with white or brunescent cataracts and patients with low visual acuity: corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) of 20/200 or less in binocular patients or CDVA of 20/63 or less in monocular patients. Criteria of medium priority included patients who remained with anisometropia and patients with glaucoma or low to moderate risk for chronic angle closure. Data of scheduled surgeries in the following months were then analyzed. RESULTS A total of 717 patients were waiting for phacoemulsification. One hundred ninety-one patients (26.64%) were on the waiting list more than 4.5 months; the medium waiting time was 3.51 ± 1.57 months. According to both priority criteria and waiting time, 348 (48.6%) were categorized as priority cases. A total of 158 patients (22.0%) met the highest priority; 61 patients (8.5%) met the medium priority criteria. In 129 patients (18.0%), priority was considered based solely on higher waiting time. This algorithm allowed surgeons to operate on all priority cases within the first 3 months. CONCLUSIONS The presented protocol showed to be effective, providing a timely surgical opportunity for priority cases.

Bernardete Pessoa,1,2 João Melo-Beirão,1,2 Angelina Meireles,1,2 Pedro Menéres1,2 1Ophtalmology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal; 2Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, PortugalCorrespondence: Bernardete Pessoa Departamento de OftalmologiaHospital de Santo António, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, PortugalEmail bbtpessoa@gmail.comPurpose: There are limited published data regarding the use of supplemental intravitreal therapies in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) following treatment with the 0.19 mg fluocinolone acetonide (FAc; ILUVIEN®) intravitreal implant. The aim of this report was to analyze five challenging eyes that required supplemental therapies after treatment with the FAc implant.Methods: This is a retrospective case series conducted at the Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto in Porto, Portugal, between 2015 and 2019. It aimed to assess the patient background, treatment history and patient outcomes in challenging clinical cases in which intravitreal injections (IVI) of ranibizumab had been given pro re nata following treatment with the FAc implant (with a minimum follow-up of 33 months). Parameters measured included best-corrected visual acuity in early treatment diabetic retinopathy scale, central macular thickness and intraocular pressure.Patients: Five eyes (three patients) diagnosed with persistent or recurrent DME and suitable for treatment with the FAc implant according to its licensed indication in Europe.Results: In the first 2 patients, one bilateral, DME was refractory to IVI of short-acting corticosteroids and anti-VEGF. Following FAc therapy, there was a favorable evolution and a clear regression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) severity. Supplemental treatments were adopted, but a reduced number of treatments were needed beyond three years in these cases. The third case had bilateral DME. One eye had been vitrectomized and FAc therapy led to resolution of DME within 6 months. In the contralateral eye, the control of DME was dependent on anti-VEGF supplemental treatments until a pars plana vitrectomy was performed.Conclusion: The multifactorial nature of DME means there is a need for an individualized treatment approach to the management of DME. It also explains why some patients need a combined or a more aggressive approach to therapy in order to achieve successful outcomes for the patient.Keywords: anti-VEGF, diabetic macular edema, fluocinolone acetonide implant, ranibizumab, supplemental therapy

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a sensibilidade e especificidade do algoritmo WINROP na deteção de retinopatia de prematuridade (ROP) numa amostra de prematuros portugueses. Métodos: Estudo retrospetivo que incluiu todos os recém-nascidos prematuros (RN) submetidos a rastreio de ROP no Centro Hospital Universitário do Porto entre Janeiro de 2010 a Maio de 2016. A idade gestacional (IG), peso à nascença e os pesos semanais dos RN, até uma idade pós-menstrual de 35-36 semanas, foram introduzidos na aplicação online do WINROP, que sinaliza com uma mensagem de alarme os RN em risco de desenvolver ROP tipo 1, que requer tratamento. Resultados: De um total de 496 RN submetidos a rastreio de ROP, 20 foram excluídos do estudo por registos incompletos e 101 por IG≥32 semanas. Dos RN com uma IG≥ 32 semanas, um desenvolveu ROP tipo 1 e foi submetido a tratamento. Dos 375 RN introduzidos no modelo WINROP, 231 (62%) registaram um sinal de alarme. Todos os RN com ROP tipo 1 foram identificados pelo sinal de alarme. O tempo médio entre o sinal de alarme e o tratamento foi de 11 semanas. O algoritmo WINROP apresentou uma sensibilidade e um valor preditivo negativo de 100% e uma especificidade de 42%. Conclusão: O modelo WINROP demonstrou ser sensível na deteção de prematuros com necessidade de tratamento. Embora com um valor de especificidade menor, a aplicação do algoritmo pode ajudar a reduzir substancialmente o número de exames realizados. Uma das limitações do modelo consiste na exclusão de RN com IG≥32 semanas.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a sensibilidade e especificidade do algoritmo WINROP na detecao de retinopatia de prematuridade (ROP) numa amostra de prematuros portugueses. Metodos: Estudo retrospetivo que incluiu todos os recem-nascidos prematuros (RN) submetidos a rastreio de ROP no Centro Hospital Universitario do Porto entre Janeiro de 2010 a Maio de 2016. A idade gestacional (IG), peso a nascenca e os pesos semanais dos RN, ate uma idade pos-menstrual de 35-36 semanas, foram introduzidos na aplicacao online do WINROP, que sinaliza com uma mensagem de alarme os RN em risco de desenvolver ROP tipo 1, que requer tratamento. Resultados: De um total de 496 RN submetidos a rastreio de ROP, 20 foram excluidos do estudo por registos incompletos e 101 por IG≥32 semanas. Dos RN com uma IG≥ 32 semanas, um desenvolveu ROP tipo 1 e foi submetido a tratamento. Dos 375 RN introduzidos no modelo WINROP, 231 (62%) registaram um sinal de alarme. Todos os RN com ROP tipo 1 foram identificados pelo sinal de alarme. O tempo medio entre o sinal de alarme e o tratamento foi de 11 semanas. O algoritmo WINROP apresentou uma sensibilidade e um valor preditivo negativo de 100% e uma especificidade de 42%. Conclusao: O modelo WINROP demonstrou ser sensivel na detecao de prematuros com necessidade de tratamento. Embora com um valor de especificidade menor, a aplicacao do algoritmo pode ajudar a reduzir substancialmente o numero de exames realizados. Uma das limitacoes do modelo consiste na exclusao de RN com IG≥32 semanas.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o estado da referenciação de crianças à especialidade hospitalar de oftalmologia, no Centro Hospitalar do Porto, analisando os motivos de referenciação, patologias diagnosticadas, eficácia dessa referenciação e o impacto visual nas crianças. Método: Estudo retrospetivo e descritivo dos processos clínicos das crianças com idade menor ou igual a 10 anos, referenciadas à consulta de oftalmologia pediátrica entre julho de 2011 e julho de 2012. Resultados: Um total de 649 crianças foi referenciado, tendo sido os motivos mais frequentes a suspeita de estrabismo em 41,9% dos casos, rastreio de patologia oftalmológica em 22,6% e suspeita de baixa acuidade visual (AV) em 15,2%. Das crianças referenciadas por suspeita de estrabismo confirmou-se o diagnóstico em 40,8% dos casos (média das idades 4,5±2,2 anos), sendo que 16,8% das crianças referenciadas por outros motivos apresentavam também estrabismo. No total, 62,3% foram classificados como endotropias e 32,3% como exotropias. Das crianças referenciadas por suspeita de baixa AV, confirmou-se o diagnóstico em 39% dos casos e a principal causa de diminuição da AV foram as ametropias (52% dos casos). Das crianças referenciadas por outros motivos, 13,3% apresentavam diminuição mensurável da AV e 20% tinham ametropias potencialmente ambliogénicas. Apenas 40% das crianças referenciadas por suspeita de baixa AV apresentavam registo de AV no pedido de referenciação. Foi diagnosticada ambliopia em 20,1% de todas as crianças observadas. Discussão: Os problemas que mais frequentemente motivaram a referenciação para oftalmologia pediátrica foram a suspeita de estrabismo e de diminuição da AV. No entanto, confirmou-se o diagnóstico em menos de metade das crianças referenciadas e uma percentagem significativa dos casos diagnosticados foi referenciado por outro motivo. A média das idades de diagnóstico de estrabismo foi tardia e a percentagem de ambliopia elevada. Este estudo reforça a importância da realização do exame oftalmológico de rastreio nos cuidados de saúde primários e o seu impacto na referenciação, diagnóstico e tratamento atempado destas patologias em idade pediátrica The aim of this study was to evaluate the current state of the referral of children to the specialty of Ophthalmology at our Hospital-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, analyzing the reasons for referral, diagnosed diseases, effectiveness of referral and the visual impact on children. Methods: Retrospective and descriptive study of medical records of children aged ≤10 years-old referred to the Pediatric Ophthalmology Clinic, between July 2011 and July 2012. Results: A total of 649 children were referred and the most frequent reasons included suspected strabismus in 41.9%, screening for ocular pathology in 22.6%, and suspected low visual acuity (VA) in 15.2% of the cases. Amongst children referred for suspected strabismus, the diagnosis was confirmed in 40.8% of the cases (mean age of 4.5±2.2 years); 16.8% of children referred for other reasons also had strabismus. 62.3% were classified as esotropias and 32.3% as exotropias. Amongst the children referred for suspected low VA, the diagnosis was confirmed in 39% of the cases, and the main cause were ametropias (52% of cases). Of the children referred for other reasons, 13.3% had a measurable decrease in AV and 20% had potentially amblyogenic ametropias. Only 40% of the children referred by suspected low VA had a VA evaluation in the referral request. Amblyopia was diagnosed in 20.1% of all children observed. Discussion: The problems that most frequently motivated referral for pediatric ophthalmology were the suspicion of strabismus and of decreased VA. However, the diagnosis was confirmed in less than half of the referred children, and a significant percentage of diagnosed cases was referred for another reason. The mean age of diagnosis of strabismus was late, and the percentage of amblyopia was high. This study reinforces the importance of conducting ophthalmologic screening in primary health care, and its impact on a timely referral, diagnosis and treatment of these pediatric diseases

Ana Carolina Abreu,1 Luisa Malheiro,1 João Coelho,1 Miguel Mesquita Neves,1 Miguel Gomes,1,2 Luis Oliveira,1,2 Pedro Menéres1,2 1Ophthalmology Department of Hospital de Santo António – Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal; 2Ophthalmology Department, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS) – Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal Purpose: To analyze the long-term outcomes of intracorneal ring segments (ICRS) implantation for keratoconus management in pediatric patients. Methods: Retrospective case series review of the long-term (>5 years) outcomes of Intacs® ICRS implantation for keratoconus in pediatric patients (age

Purpose: To present the design and implementation of an amblyopia risk factors screening project, in a large based Portuguese population. Methods: Two referral centers have been enrolled to assess all children aged 2 under their direct referral area. The photoscreener used was PlusOptix ® A09. At this age, the cut-off defined for referral was: ≥1 Diopter (D) of anisometropia, ≥1.5D of astigmatism, ≥2D of myopia and ≥1.5D of hyperopia. The results were reported to a reading platform that allowed the ophthalmologist to see all exams, and provide timely appointment with a complete ophthalmologic assessment for those who needed. Results: A total of 2867 photo screens were made to the population eligible to both referral centers, which comprises a coverage rate of 55%. Out of 2611 children under one of the referral area, 53% (n=1395) adhered to the screening. Within these children, 17.5% (n=245) were referred and 15.3 % (n=214) appointments were performed. The comparison of refraction between PlusOptix ® and cycloplegic refraction showed a strong correlation regarding the sphere and cylinder values. From the 214 children observed in consultation, glasses were prescribed in 25.7% (n=55), corresponding to 3.9% of all screened children under one of the referral area. This screening method showed a positive predictive value of 58.4%. Conclusion: This screening program may be highly relevant to eradicate untreated amblyopia from our population. The results may lead to the implementation of this project to the whole country. Resumo Objetivo: Apresentação da implementação de um projeto de rastreio de fatores de risco de ambliopia, numa população alargada portuguesa. Métodos: dois centros de referência foram selecionados para avaliar todas as crianças de 2 anos, na sua área de referenciação direta. Para o foto rastreio foi utilizado o PlusOptix ® A09. Nesta idade, os valores definidos para referenciação foram: ≥1 Dioptria (D) de anosimetropia, ≥1.5 D de astigmatismo, ≥2 D de miopia e ≥1.5 D de hipermetropia. Os resultados foram reportados a uma plataforma de leitura que permitiu ao oftalmologista ver todos os exames e providenciar uma consulta oportuna com uma avaliação oftalmológica completa para aqueles que precisavam. Resultados: Foram realizados 2867 foto rastreios na população elegível para ambos os centros de referência, perfazendo uma taxa de cobertura de 55%. Das 2611 crianças sob uma área de referência, 53% (n = 1395) aderiram ao rastreio. Dentro desse grupo, 17,5% (n = 245) foram referenciadas e 15,3% (n = 214) consultas foram realizadas. Verificou-se uma forte correlação entre a refração do PlusOptix® e a refração cicloplégica. Das 214 crianças observadas em consulta, foram prescritos óculos em 25,7% (n = 55), correspondendo a 3,9% de todas as crianças sob uma área de referência. Este método de triagem mostrou um valor preditivo positivo de 58,4%. Conclusão: Este programa de rastreio pode ser altamente relevante para erradicar a ambliopia não tratada na nossa população. Os resultados podem levar à implementação deste projeto em todo o país.

Pregnancy is needed for the perpetuation of the human species, and it leads to physiological adaptations of the various maternal organs and systems. The eye, although a closed space, also undergoes some modifications, most of which are relatively innocuous, but they may occasionally become pathological. For women, pregnancy is a susceptibility period; however, for many obstetricians, their knowledge of the ocular changes that occur during pregnancy tends to be limited. For this reason, this is a important area of study as is necessary the development of guidelines to approach those changes. Of equal importance are the knowledge of the possible therapies for ophthalmological problems in this period and the evaluation of the mode of delivery in particular conditions. For this article, an extensive review of the literature was performed, and a summary of the findings is presented. A gravidez é necessária à perpetuação da espécie humana, levando a adaptações fisiológicas dos diversos órgãos e sistemas maternos. O olho, apesar de uma cavidade fechada, sofre também algumas modificações, a maioria relativamente inócuas, que pontualmente poderão se tornar patológicas. A gravidez assume-se como um período particular de suscetibilidade para a mulher; no entanto, muitos obstetras têm conhecimento limitado sobre as alterações oftalmológicas na gravidez. Por conseguinte, impõe-se o seu estudo, bem como a elaboração de diretrizes para lidar com essas mudanças. De igual importância são o conhecimento da eventual terapêutica para problemas oftalmológicos neste período e a avaliação do tipo do parto em condições particulares. Desta forma, foi efetuada uma revisão bibliográfica extensa e apresentada uma síntese do tema. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Carolina Vale,1 Carlos Menezes,2 J Firmino-Machado,3 Pedro Rodrigues,2 Miguel Lume,1 Paula Tenedório,2 Pedro Menéres,1Maria do Céu Brochado1 1Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Geral de Santo António– Centro Hospitalar do Porto, EPE, Porto, 2Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital de Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos, 3Public Health Unit, ACES – Porto Ocidental, Porto, Portugal Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the visual and refractive outcomes and rotational stability of the new aspheric Precizon® toric intraocular lens (IOL) for the correction of corneal astigmatism in cataract surgery.Setting: Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Geral de Santo António – Centro Hospitalar do Porto, EPE and Hospital de Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos, Portugal.Design: This was a prospective clinical study.Patients and methods: A total of 40 eyes of 27 patients with corneal astigmatism greater than 1.0 diopter (D) underwent cataract surgery with implantation of Precizon® toric IOL. IOL power calculation was performed using optical coherence biometry (IOLMaster®). Outcomes of uncorrected (UDVA) and best-spectacle corrected distance visual acuities (BCDVA), refraction, and IOL rotation were analyzed at the 1st week, 1st, 3rd, and 6th month’s evaluations.Results: The median postoperative UDVA was better than preoperative best-spectacle corrected distance visual acuity (0.02 [0.06] logMAR vs 0.19 [0.20] logMAR, P

Resumo Objetivo: Caracterizar a população de diabéticos referenciados à consulta de Oftalmologia do Centro Hospitalar do Porto (CHP) através do programa de rastreio da ARS Norte, avaliar este tipo de método de rastreio e perceber o impacto do mesmo na dinâmica de um Serviço de Oftalmologia. Métodos: Avaliação retrospectiva dos processos clínicos dos utentes diabéticos referenciados à consulta de Rastreio de Retinopatia Diabética (RD) do CHP através do programa de rastreio da ARS Norte, entre Janeiro de 2012 e Dezembro de 2016. As variáveis analisadas foram: dados demográficos, duração e tipo de Diabetes Mellitus (DM), seguimento prévio em consulta de oftalmologia, tipo de retinopatia diabética e orientação subsequente. Resultados: Dos 613 doentes diabéticos observados nesta consulta 2.6% tinham DM tipo 1 e 97.4% tinham DM tipo 2, com duração média da doença de 15.8 anos e 6.6% não apresentava lesões de RD em qualquer um dos olhos; lesões de RD não proliferativa estavam presentes em 90.7% dos doentes, sendo bilaterais em 83.7% dos casos e 2.7% apresentava lesões de RD proliferativa em ambos os olhos. No momento da consulta, 31.9% apresentava maculopatia, em pelo menos um dos olhos. 51,1% dos doentes tinha no momento da consulta indicação para tratamento; 15.2% integraram a consulta de diabetes ocular do CHP por necessidade de vigilância e 33.7% tiveram alta para reintegrarem este programa de rastreio. Conclusões: O programa de rastreio de RD apresenta-se como uma ferramenta útil e necessária no diagnóstico precoce e tratamento atempado das lesões de RD.

Introdução: A obstrução do canal nasolacrimal (OCNL) está presente em cerca de 6% dos recém nascidos, sendo a causa mais frequente de epífora e conjuntivite neste grupo. Quando o desenvolvimento da criança, a terapêutica médica e a massagem do sistema nasola- crimal não permitem a resolução do quadro clínico, torna-se necessário proceder à sondagem nasolacrimal (SNL). Objectivo: Avaliar os resultados da SNL em crianças com OCNL, 14 anos ou mais após a primeira intervenção. Material e métodos: Estudo retrospetivo de 128 crianças (total de 181 olhos) com OCNL sub- metidas a SNL no Serviço de Oftalmologia do Hospital de Santo António – Centro Hospitalar do Porto, durante um período de 5 anos (1993 a 1997) (excluídos os que não cumpriram follow-up em 2011). O diagnóstico de OCNL foi feito com base na presença de epífora e/ou secreções, e o sucesso foi definido como resolução completa dos sintomas pré-operatórios. São apresentados os resultados relativos ao sucesso da primeira SNL por grupo etário, bem como o sucesso das reintervenções. Resultados: Dos 115 olhos incluídos, 52,2% crianças eram do sexo masculino, e 42% apresen- tavam um atingimento bilateral. A idade da primeira sondagem variou entre os 3 e 60 meses (média de 20,9 meses). Epífora (56,5%) foi o sintoma de apresentação mais comum. A taxa de sucesso global com a primeira SNL foi de 85,2%. Se considerarmos as crianças que foram submetidas a duas ou mais intervenções o sucesso atingiu os 96,5%. No grupo etário que realizou SNL antes dos 12 meses de idade, a taxa de sucesso foi de 87,9%. O grupo etário, o sexo, a lateralidade e o tipo de sintoma à apresentação não apresentaram um impacto significativo na taxa de sucesso (p>0,05). Conclusão: A SNL demonstrou ser um tratamento eficaz, seguro e repetível, com excelentes resultados a longo prazo, permitindo boas taxas de sucesso terapêutico mesmo quando realizada após os 2 anos de idade. Perante os resultados obtidos, os autores recomendam a sua realização em crianças até aos 5 anos, bem como a reintervenção após um insucesso., Revista Sociedade Portuguesa de Oftalmologia, Vol. 37 N.º 4 (2013)

Revista Sociedade Portuguesa de Oftalmologia, Vol. 39 N.º 2 (2015)