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Artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted technologies are here to stay and cannot be ignored. These tools are able to generate highly-realistic human-like text and perform a wide range of useful language tasks with a wide range of applications. They have the potential to expedite innovation in health care and can aid in promoting equity and diversity in research by overcoming language barriers. When using these AI tools, authors must take responsibility for the output and originality of their work, as publishers expect all content to be generated by human authors unless there is a declaration to the contrary. Authors must disclose how AI tools have been used, and ensure appropriate attribution of all the text, images, and audio-visual material. The responsible use of AI language models and transparent reporting of how these tools were used in the creation of information and publication are vital to promote and protect the credibility and integrity of medical research, and trust in medical knowledge. Educating postgraduate and undergraduate students, researchers and authors on the applications and best usage of AI-assisted technologies, together with the importance of critical thinking, integrity and strict adherence to ethical principles, are key steps that need to be undertaken.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is highly infectious, with the current pandemic causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. As large numbers of frontline healthcare workers (HCWs) have also been infected and several have died, there is much global concern about protective measures for them, particularly those performing surgery or other procedures with close patient contact. Since the beginning of the pandemic, there has been and there remains a shortage in the supply of personal protective equipment (PPE), including the N95 filtering facepiece (FFP) respirator, for HCWs. N95 respirators have filtration efficiency of 95% of aerosol particles. Surgical N95 respirators are used where fluid resistance is also required together with respiratory protection, e.g. during surgery or interventional procedures. The shortage of N95 respirators may be overcome by extended use and reuse - comprising rotation and decontamination by approved techniques. The additional role of powered air-purifying respirators (PAPR) is also discussed.

A 58-year-old man presented to the emergency department with sudden pain and odynophagia after drinking water. The patient thought that part of his lower denture may have fallen into his throat. There was moderate tenderness over the lower anterior neck. Radiographs of the neck were normal. Computed tomography showed an impacted partial denture in the upper oesophagus, which was removed by rigid endoscopy. Recheck endoscopy showed a superficial mucosal laceration at 18 cm. Ingestion of dental prostheses is common among the elderly population. The role of imaging in the early detection of ingested foreign bodies, particularly nonradio-opaque ones, is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 38-year-old man presented with right knee pain and swelling following a football injury. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging showed a complete anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear and lateral meniscal tears. The torn ACL was repaired with a graft obtained from the semitendinosus muscle, and the menisci were debrided. The mechanisms of injury to the ACL are varied and may be due to direct or indirect contact with the knee as well as with twisting injuries. Knowledge of the ACL's normal anatomy, together with MR imaging technique and understanding of the appearance of the lesion on MR examination, is crucial to aid in the identification of an ACL tear. Diagnosis of an ACL tear should be based on direct MR imaging signs, although indirect signs may be helpful, particularly in chronic tears. Other associated injuries to be aware of include meniscal and other ligamentous injuries. Normal ACL graft and post-ACL graft reconstruction complications are also briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chung et al’s report of two patients who developed delayed post-operative spinal epidural haematoma after posterior spinal surgery. In both cases, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was utilised to accurately diagnose the haematoma compressing the spinal cord. They correctly emphasised the importance of having a high index of clinical suspicion and reported successful outcomes following surgical evacuation of haematoma.

Tuberculosis (TB) typically affects the lungs, but may involve many extra-pulmonary sites; with the latter especially prone in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. The clinical features of extra-pulmonary TB are often non-specific, mimicking many different disease entities. Application of the most appropriate imaging modality and knowing the imaging findings with clinical context awareness help initiation of further investigations, diagnosis and early treatment. This pictorial essay highlights the imaging spectrum of extra-pulmonary TB affecting the supra-thoracic region, i.e. brain, neck, and ear, nose and throat., (© 2024 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists.)

Benign bone lesions may occasionally be incidentally detected on radiographs and are also increasingly found on CT or MRI performed for other clinical indications. Although mostly asymptomatic or associated with minor symptoms, these lesions may simulate true pathological lesions, causing problems in diagnosis. For instance, asymptomatic benign bone lesions can be misinterpreted as metastasis when incidentally encountered in a patient with known cancer. Recognising these entities as "do-not-touch" lesions helps avoid unnecessary further investigation or harmful intervention. In this review, we highlight three groups of bone incidentalomas found in adults, namely: osteolytic lesions, osteoblastic lesions, and bone protuberances. We aim to review the key imaging features of selected common and less common conditions in these three groups, so as to help radiologists confidently identify these benign do-not-touch lesions and to distinguish them from more sinister pathological lesions.

The clinical diagnosis of musculoskeletal infections can be challenging due to non-specific signs and symptoms on presentation. These infections include infectious myositis, necrotising fasciitis, septic arthritis, septic bursitis, suppurative tenosynovitis, osteomyelitis, spondylodiscitis and periprosthetic infections. Diagnostic imaging is routinely employed as part of the investigative pathway to characterise the underlying infectious disease pattern, allowing expedited and customised patient management plans to optimise outcomes. This article provides an update on the various imaging modalities comprising of radiography, computed tomography, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging and radionuclide procedures, and incorporates representative images of key findings in the different forms of musculoskeletal infections., (© 2021 Delhi Orthopedic Association. All rights reserved.)

Acromioclavicular joint injuries are commonly encountered in the setting of shoulder trauma. Knowledge of the anatomy and biomechanics of the joint, grading of joint injuries, and understanding the capabilities and limitations of different radiological modalities will help in selecting the best management option and outcomes for affected patients., (© 2020 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists.)

Cervical spine trauma accounts for majority of spinal injuries, and approximately one-third involve the craniocervical junction (CCJ). Due to its high sensitivity, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become the standard tool for imaging suspected ligamentous injuries in an unstable spine and in patients with neurological deficits having a normal CT. The ligamentous anatomy of the CCJ is complex, and thorough knowledge is a prerequisite for accurate interpretation of the MRI findings. This pictorial essay aims to familiarise radiologists with the ligamentous anatomy, mechanisms of injury and MRI appearances of injuries in the cervical spine, with emphasis on the CCJ., (© 2020 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists.)

Patients presenting with a painful swollen leg are not infrequently encountered at the emergency department and can pose a diagnostic dilemma for attending physicians. The potential causes of leg pain and swelling include trauma, infection, inflammation, and neurogenic, vascular, and iatrogenic conditions; with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) being an important tool in evaluation. We describe the MRI features of various conditions causing painful swollen legs. We also discuss the differential diagnosis and the useful clinical and laboratory findings that radiologists should be aware of, in order to arrive at an accurate diagnosis.

Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) is a relatively recent development in the imaging of gouty arthritis. Its availability and usage have become increasingly widespread in recent years. DECT is a non-invasive method for the visualisation, characterisation and quantification of monosodium urate crystal deposits which aids the clinician in the early diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of this condition. This article aims to give an up to date review and summary of existing literature on the role and accuracy of DECT in the imaging of gout. Techniques in image acquisition, processing and interpretation will be discussed along with pitfalls, artefacts and clinical applications., (© 2017 The Authors. Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Australian Society of Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy and New Zealand Institute of Medical Radiation Technology.)

Acute aortic syndrome is a group of life-threatening diseases of the thoracic aorta that usually present to the emergency department. It includes aortic dissection, aortic intramural hematoma, and penetrating aortic ulcer. Rare aortic pathologies of aorto-esophageal fistula and mycotic aneurysm may also be included in this list. All these conditions require urgent treatment with complex clinical care and management. Most patients who present with chest pain are evaluated with a chest radiograph in the emergency department. It is important that maximum diagnostic information is extracted from the chest radiograph as certain signs on the chest radiograph are extremely useful in pointing towards the diagnosis of acute aortic syndrome.

Osteoporosis, a systemic metabolic disease of bone, is characterized by low bone mass and altered trabecular pattern, leading to increased risk of fractures. It increases in prevalence with age, especially in postmenopausal women, and can have other secondary causes. Radiologic evaluation of osteoporosis has historically used conventional radiography, which demonstrates cortical thinning, increased radiolucency, and altered trabecular patterns, and also aids in assessing vertebral fractures. Many indexes have been devised, such as the Saville index for the degree of radiolucency, and the Genant grading system for vertebral fractures. Other grading systems have been produced to assess the change in trabecular patterns in the proximal femur and the calcaneus. Differentiating osteoporosis from other bone disorders, such as malignancy, endocrinologic or metabolic diseases, and other causes is also important. Bone scintigraphy, although useful in excluding other metabolic bone diseases and determining the age of vertebral fractures, is less useful for diagnosis of osteoporosis. More recently, the measurement of Hounsfield units on multidetector computed tomography has emerged as a possible modality for opportunistic screening of osteoporosis when being performed for other indications., (Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.)

The scapula is a flat, triangular bone overlying the posterior chest wall and forming the posterior aspect of the shoulder girdle. To the best of our knowledge, there is no previous description of a notch of the medial aspect of the superior border of the scapula in the literature. The imaging findings of a supero-medial scapula border notch mimicking a bone tumour are presented in this case report.

Foot and ankle injuries are very common, particularly among young active athletic individuals. MR imaging has become one of the modalities of choice in the assessment of foot and ankle injuries. Accurate interpretation of MR images and diagnosis of pathology requires familiarity with normal anatomical variants and common diagnostic pitfalls. This article describes the common anatomical variants and technical pitfalls in MR imaging of the foot and ankle., (Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.)

MR imaging is a valuable tool in investigating the spine and is the diagnostic modality of choice in an increasing number of conditions. Advent of newer 3-T machines has taken MR imaging to a different level, with increased image resolution. Higher field strength magnets have also resulted in an increased number of artifacts. A sound knowledge of human anatomy and awareness of the common anatomical variants is an essential prerequisite in MR imaging of the spine because a variety of normal variants and benign conditions may potentially be confused with serious pathologies. This can significantly affect patient management, and it is essential to avoid such misdiagnoses. Identifying and eliminating the common artifacts on MR imaging can result in a significantly improved image quality. Awareness and knowledge of the common variants, common artifacts, and important distinguishing features among similar-appearing pathologies are important in avoiding the various potential pitfalls in spine imaging., (Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.)

MR imaging is an established tool for the detection and diagnosis of various injuries and internal derangements of the knee, enabling excellent anatomical visualization and producing good soft tissue contrast and characterization. However, numerous normal variants and potential pitfalls may lead to diagnostic errors. Understanding the basic MR imaging principles, applying the correct technique, knowing the normal anatomy and variants, recognizing artifacts, and assuring good clinical and radiographic correlation helps avoid these potential pitfalls., (Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.)

Shoulder MR imaging and MR arthrography are frequently used to evaluate shoulder pain and instability and to assess different types of shoulder injuries. We review different normal variants that can mimic pathologic conditions and some pitfalls that may be encountered in image interpretation. A proper knowledge of normal anatomy is necessary to prevent or minimize errors in diagnosing shoulder injuries., (Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.)

MR imaging has become an important diagnostic tool in the evaluation of a vast number of pathologies and is of foremost importance in the evaluation of spine, joints, and soft tissue structures of the musculoskeletal system. MR imaging is susceptible to various artifacts that may affect the image quality or even simulate pathologies. Some of these artifacts have gained special importance with the use of higher field strength magnets and with the increasing need for MR imaging in postoperative patients, especially those with previous joint replacements or metallic implants. Artifacts may arise from patient motion or could be due to periodic motion, such as vascular and cardiac pulsation. Artifacts could also arise from various protocol errors including saturation, wraparound, truncation, shading, partial volume averaging, and radiofrequency interference artifacts. Susceptibility artifact occurs at interfaces with different magnetic susceptibilities and is of special importance with increasing use of metallic joint replacement prostheses. Magic angle phenomenon is a special type of artifact that occurs in musculoskeletal MR imaging. It is essential to recognize these artifacts and to correct them because they may produce pitfalls in image interpretation., (Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.)

Necrotizing fasciitis is a life-threatening soft-tissue infection of bacterial origin, which involves mainly the deep fascia. Early recognition of this condition may be hampered by the uncommon nature of the disease and non-specificity of initial clinical signs and symptoms in less fulminant cases, making the role of imaging important. MRI is the most useful imaging modality in the diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis. The presence of thick (>3 mm) hyperintense signal in the deep fascia (particularly intermuscular fascia) on fat-suppressed T2 weighted or short tau inversion-recovery images is an important marker for necrotizing fasciitis. Contrast enhancement of the thickened necrotic fascia can be variable, with a mixed-pattern of enhancement being more commonly encountered. Involvement of multiple musculofascial compartments increases the likelihood of necrotizing fasciitis. It is important to remember that T2-hyperintense signal in the deep fascia is not specific to necrotizing fasciitis and can also be seen in cases such as non-infective inflammatory fasciitis or muscle tear. In this pictorial essay, we aim to review the MRI findings in necrotizing fasciitis, discuss its limitations and pitfalls and identify differentiating features from non-necrotizing soft-tissue infections, such as cellulitis and infective myositis/pyomyositis, conditions which may clinically mimic necrotizing fasciitis.