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This study investigated the effects of adding ferulic acid (FA) on the structural and thermo-mechanical properties of whole wheat dough as well as the texture quality and pore distribution of steamed whole wheat bread. The weakening degree of gluten proteins, starch gelatinization properties and whole wheat doughs incorporated with different proportions (0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%) of FA were measured using a Mixolab apparatus. The microstructure was examined through scanning electron microscope (SEM). The quality changes of steamed whole wheat bread were evaluated by analyzing its textural properties and pore distribution. The results showed that compared with the control group, the addition of FA significantly shortened dough development time and stability time (P < 0.05), which were shortened by 21.02% and 42.41% upon the addition of 0.5% FA, respectively. The addition of 0.5% FA also promoted gluten proteins to form a continuous and uniform network structure, enhanced the water-holding capacity of whole wheat dough, effectively slowed down water loss from the core of steam whole wheat bread, and increased the specific volume of steamed whole wheat bread by 20.26%, thereby markedly improving the texture quality of steamed whole wheat bread in terms of microstructure, elasticity and cohesiveness. However, higher concentrations of FA (1.0%–1.5%) could lead to rupture of the gluten network structure, which negatively affected the rheological properties and texture quality of whole wheat dough. The results of this study will provide a new solution to the key problems of traditional steamed whole wheat bread such as rough taste and hard texture and provide the theoretical basis for improving the rheological properties of whole wheat dough and the texture quality of steamed whole wheat bread.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors for the treatment of metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC). Methods: A literature search was conducted of PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library and was limited to the English literature. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published up to July 2022 were considered for inclusion. The outcomes were progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), and grade ≥ 3 treatment-related AEs (TRAE). Subgroup analysis was performed based on the PD-L1 expression status, and the differences between first- and second-line PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors were estimated. Results: We included five RCTs comprising 3584 patients in the analysis. Compared with chemotherapy alone, the use of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors as monotherapy did not significantly prolong OS [hazard ratios (HR), 0.90; 95% CI, 0.81–1.00] or PFS (HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.95–1.32). However, the PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor combined with chemotherapy significantly improved both OS (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.74–0.96) and PFS (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.71–0.90). Additionally, subgroup analysis showed that in mUC with PD-L1 expression ≥ 5%, treatment with the PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor alone did not reduce the risk of death. Safety analysis showed that the PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor alone did not significantly increase the incidence rates of grade ≥ 3 TRAEs. Conclusions: The results show that use of the PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor alone as first-line treatment is similar to chemotherapy in terms of both survival and response rates. However, the PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor plus chemotherapy has a significant benefit in terms of PFS or OS. Nonetheless, more RCTs are warranted to evaluate efficiency and safety in the combination regimen of chemotherapy and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.

Peanut is an important oilseed crop, susceptible to quality deterioration under harsh storage conditions because of its high oil content. In order to explore the effects of different storage temperatures on peanut quality under normal humidity conditions, in-shell peanuts were stored at 15, 25 or 35 ℃ for up to 30 weeks. Indicators of lipid oxidation: acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), and malondialdehyde (MDA) content; indicators of protein oxidation: carbonyl, sulfhydryl, disulfide bond contents; and the activities of oxidation-related enzymes: lipase (LPS), lipoxygenase (LOX) and peroxidase (POD) were tested. The results showed that the AV increased from (0.48 ± 0.01) to (1.78 ± 0.02) mg/g and the carbonyl content from (3.19 ± 0.24) to (118.61 ± 6.41) μmol/g over the storage period at 25 ℃. Meanwhile, at the end of storage, the highest lipase and lipoxygenase activities were observed in the sample stored at 35 ℃, which were (59.00 ± 1.70) and (1 287.17 ± 98.45) U/g, respectively; the AV increased from (0.48 ± 0.01) to (3.15 ± 0.10) mg/g, the MDA content from 23.03 to 1 039.63 nmol/g, and the carbonyl content from (3.19 ± 0.24) to (124.86 ± 3.07) μmol/g. At 15 ℃, the highest lipase and lipoxygenase activities were only (41.60 ± 1.23) and (1 036.14 ± 34.49) U/g, respectively and the peroxide and carbonyl contents increased by 18.4 and 17.1 times after 30 days of storage, respectively, reaching much lower levels than those at the other temperatures. In conclusion, storage at normal humidity and at 15 ℃ can effectively suppress the oxidase activity at a low level at all time points, resulting in a low degree of oxidation of peanut oil and protein, while high ambient temperature increases the oxidase activity, and the higher the temperature, the higher the enzyme activity, and the higher the contents of primary and secondary oxidation products in oil, indicating a higher degree of peroxidation. Moreover, protein oxidation also occurs due to the oxidation of amino acid side chains and protein structural damage, ultimately leading to a decline in peanut quality.

Abstract Background To assess the efficacy and safety of anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors (ALKIs) for the treatment of advanced‐stage ALK rearrangement‐positive non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that included patients with ALK‐positive NSCLC receiving ALKIs. The outcomes of the study included overall survival (OS), progression‐free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and treatment‐related adverse events (TRAEs) of grade ≥3. Results A total of 12 RCTs consisting of 3169 patients with eight treatment options were included in this study. Our results showed that ALKIs have superior efficacy in OS, PFS, and ORR than chemotherapy or crizotinib (first‐generation ALKI). Our study showed that only alectinib has a significant improvement in OS compared to chemotherapy (hazard ratio [HR], 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40–0.94). Alectinib appeared to have better OS than crizotinib (HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.45–0.95). Ensartinib has a significant PFS advantage over alectinib (HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40–0.96). The surface under the ranking curve indicated that ensartinib (99.0%) was the highest rank regarding PFS. Moreover, both ensartinib and ceritinib showed significantly higher TRAEs of grade ≥3 compared with chemotherapy (risk ratios [RR], 2.74; 95% CI, 1.45–5.18; RR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.26–2.57, respectively). Conclusions These results indicated that alectinib could be associated with the best therapeutic efficacy and well‐tolerance AEs in the treatment of ALK‐positive NSCLC.