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Additional file 3: Table S2. The VCP-interacting proteins that were identified by co-immunoprecipitation combined with the mass spectrometry technology (CoIP/MS).

Additional file 7: Figure S4. VCP directly regulated the protein expressed level of HMGB1 instead of transcriptional expression. A, B The transcriptional expression of HMGB1 in Huh7 cells treated with VCP-siRNA and MHCC-LM3 cells transfected by ectopic VCP. C, D The protein expression of HMGB1 was decreased in Huh7 cells when VCP expression was inhibited via siRNA or small molecule NMS873 (10 μΜ, 12 h). E, F the protein expression of HMGB1 was upregulated in MHCC-LM3 cells with ectopic overexpressing VCP. All *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.0001, and ns: no significance.

Additional file 8: Figure S5. The efficacy verification of HMGB1-siRNA in HCC cells. A The protein expression of HMGB1 was determined by western blot. B the relative gray density of HMGB1 protein was analyzed by Image J software. ***P < 0.001.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. The increased expression of VCP gene in various cancer types from TCGA database. A The mRNA expression of VCP is significantly elevated in various cancers including HCC. B The up-regulated mRNA expressed level of VCP in HCC than normal tissues was observed in different races. All **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.

Additional file 9: Figure S6. HMGB1 is critical for VCP enhancing epithelial mesenchymal transformation (EMT) in HCC cells. A, B Huh7 cells were transfected by VCP-siRNA and exogenous HMGB1. Meanwhile, MHCC-LM3 cells were treated with exogenous VCP and HMGB1-siRNA. Western blot was operated to determine the protein expression of biomarkers relevant to EMT, and the gray density was further analyzed. All *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 , and ****P < 0.0001.

Additional file 6: Figure S3. The protein expression of HMGB1 in various HCC cells. All **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.

Additional file 4: Figure S2. The enrichment analysis of GO and pathway for potential proteins that interacted with VCP identified by Co-IP/MS. A–C Top 20 GO terms of biological process, cell component, and molecular function, respectively, with all P values < 0.05. D, E Top 20 enriched pathways through KEGG and DisGeNET database, respectively. BP: biological process. CC: cell component. MF: molecular function. GO: gene ontology. KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes.

Additional file 2: Table S1. The correlation of VCP expression and clinicopathologic features in HCC patients in GSE14520 dataset from GEO database.