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1. Ipsilateral lower limb motor performance and its association with gait after stroke.

Author

Pei-Yun Lee, Chih-Hung Chen, Hui-Yu Tseng, and Sang-I Lin

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Background and purposeMotor deficits of the ipsilateral lower limb could occur after stroke and may be associated with walking performance. This study aimed to determine whether the accuracy and movement path of targeted movement in the ipsilateral lower limb would be impaired in the chronic stage of stroke and whether this impairment would contribution to gait.MethodsTwenty adults with chronic stroke and 20 age-matched controls went through Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE), and a series of sensorimotor tests. The targeted movement tasks were to place the big toe ipsilateral to the lesion at an external visual target (EXT) or a proprioceptive target (PRO, contralateral big toe) with eyes open (EO) or closed (EC) in a seated position. A motion analysis system was used to obtain the data for the calculation of error distance, deviation from a straight path, and peak toe-height during the targeted movement tasks and gait velocity, step length, step width and step length symmetry of the lower limb ipsilateral to the brain lesion during walking.ResultsThe stroke group had significantly lower MMSE and poorer visual acuity on the ipsilateral side, but did not differ in age or other sensorimotor functions when compared to the controls. For the targeted movement performance, only the deviation in PRO-EC showed significant between-group differences (p = 0.02). Toe-height in both EXT-EO and in PRO-EO was a significant predictor of step length (R2 = 0.294, p = 0.026) and step length symmetry (R2 = 0.359, p = 0.014), respectively.Discussion and conclusionsThe performance of ipsilateral lower limb targeted movement could be impaired after stroke and was associated with step length and its symmetry. The training of ipsilateral targeted movement with unseen proprioceptive target may be considered in stroke rehabilitation.

Published
2024
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2. Walking performance of persons with chronic stroke changed when looking down but not in dimly lit environment

Author

Pei-Yun Lee, Yu-Chu Hseuh, Chih-Hung Chen, and Sang-I Lin

Subjects
walking, vision, gait, stroke, environment, Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, RC346-429
Abstract

Background and purposeIt is common to walk under different conditions, such as looking straight head, looking down at the feet or in dimly lit environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of these different conditions on walking performance in persons with and without stroke.MethodsThis was a case-control study. Persons with chronic unilateral stroke and age-matched control (n = 29 each) underwent visual acuity test, Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) and joint position sense test of the knee and ankle. The participants walked at their preferred speed under three walking conditions, looking ahead (AHD), looking down (DWN), and in dimly lit environment (DIM). A motion analysis system was used for the recording of the limb matching test and walking tasks.ResultsStroke participants differed from the control group in MMSE, but not in age, visual acuity or joint position sense. For the control group, the differences between the three walking conditions were nonsignificant. For the stroke group, DWN had significantly slower walking speed, greater step width and shorter single leg support phase, but not different symmetry index or COM location, compared to AHD. The differences between AHD and DIM were nonsignificant.ConclusionHealthy adults did not change their gait patterns under the different walking conditions. Persons with chronic stroke walked more cautiously but not more symmetrically when looking down at the feet, but not in dimly lit environment. Ambulatory persons with stroke may need to be advised that looking down at the feet while walking could be more challenging.

Published
2023
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3. Landing Kinematics, Sports Performance, and Isokinetic Strength in Adolescent Male Volleyball Athletes: Influence of Core Training.

Author

Yi-Ju Tsai, Chieh-Chie Chia, Pei-Yun Lee, Li-Chuan Lin, and Yi-Liang Kuo

Subjects
LEG physiology, JOINT physiology, HIP joint physiology, TORSO physiology, ABDOMINAL exercises, ATHLETIC ability, EXERCISE physiology, HIGH school students, JUMPING, KINEMATICS, MUSCLE strength, VOLLEYBALL, BACK exercises, TASK performance, PRE-tests & post-tests, DATA analysis software, DESCRIPTIVE statistics
Abstract

Context: Core control and strength are important for reducing the risk of lower-extremity injury. Current evidence on the effect of core training in male adolescent athletes is limited, and other investigations into the effects of core training often emphasized core strength only. Objective: To examine whether core training emphasizing both control and strength of the trunk and hip would improve joint kinematics during landing, sports performance, and lower-extremity muscle strength in adolescent male volleyball athletes. Design: Single group pretest and posttest design. Setting: University laboratory. Participants: Sixteen male participants (age: 13.4 [1] y, height: 167.8 [8.6] cm, mass: 58.6 [13.9] kg, and volleyball experience: 3.8 [1.5] y) from a Division I volleyball team at a junior high school. Main Outcome Measurements: Kinematics of the trunk and lower-extremity during box landing and spike jump landing tasks, volleyball-related sports performance, and isokinetic strength of hip and knee muscles were assessed before and after a 6-week core training program. Results: After training, the participants demonstrated decreased trunk flexion angle (P = .01, Cohen's d = 0.78) during the box landing task and reduced the maximum knee internal rotation angle (P = .04, Cohen's d = 0.56) during the spike jump landing task. The average isokinetic strength of hip flexors and external rotators, and knee flexors and extensors also significantly increased (P = .001, Cohen's d = 0.98; P = .04, Cohen's d = 0.57; P = .02, Cohen's d = 0.66; P = .003, Cohen's d = 0.87, respectively); however, sports performance did not show significant changes. Conclusions: A more erect landing posture following training suggests that the core training program may be beneficial for improving core stability. The long-term effect of core training for knee injury prevention needs further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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4. Functional Balance and Its Determinants in Older People with Diabetes.

Author

Yi-Ju Tsai, Yi-Ching Yang, Feng-Hwa Lu, Pei-Yun Lee, I-Ting Lee, and Sang-I Lin

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

To determine functional balance abilities of older adults with diabetes, and identify determinants of these abilities.Eighty diabetic and 67 healthy non-diabetic community-dwelling older adults completed the Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) and questionnaires about their medical and fall histories. Participants were also assessed for vision, plantar sensitivity, muscle strength, and functional balance, including Functional Reach (FR), Five Times Sit-to-Stand (FTSTS), and 180° turn (TURN). In addition to between-group comparisons, hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to identify the independent determinants for each of the individual balance tasks for the diabetes and control group separately.The diabetes group had significantly greater body mass index, higher rate of cardiac disease, and poorer plantar sensitivity, mental status, grip and lower limb strength. The diabetes group performed significantly poorer in FTSTS and TURN (both p

Published
2016
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5. Postural Responses to a Suddenly Released Pulling Force in Older Adults with Chronic Low Back Pain: An Experimental Study.

Author

Pei-Yun Lee, Sang-I Lin, Yu-Ting Liao, Ruey-Mo Lin, Che-Chia Hsu, Kuo-Yuan Huang, Yi-Ting Chen, and Yi-Ju Tsai

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Chronic low back pain (CLBP), one of the most common musculoskeletal conditions in older adults, might affect balance and functional independence. The purpose of this study was to investigate the postural responses to a suddenly released pulling force in older adults with and without CLBP. Thirty community-dwelling older adults with CLBP and 26 voluntary controls without CLBP were enrolled. Participants were required to stand on a force platform while, with one hand, they pulled a string that was fastened at the other end to a 2-kg or to a 4-kg force in the opposite direction at a random order. The number of times the participants lost their balance and motions of center of pressure (COP) when the string was suddenly released were recorded. The results demonstrated that although the loss of balance rates for each pulling force condition did not differ between groups, older adults with CLBP had poorer postural responses: delayed reaction, larger displacement, higher velocity, longer path length, and greater COP sway area compared to the older controls. Furthermore, both groups showed larger postural responses in the 4-kg pulling force condition. Although aging is generally believed to be associated with declining balance and postural control, these findings highlight the effect of CLBP on reactive balance when responding to an externally generated force in an older population. This study also suggests that, for older adults with CLBP, in addition to treating them for pain and disability, reactive balance evaluation and training, such as reaction and movement strategy training should be included in their interventions. Clinicians and older patients with CLBP need to be made aware of the significance of impaired reactive balance and the increased risk of falls when encountering unexpected perturbations.

Published
2016
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6. Steadiness of Spinal Regions during Single-Leg Standing in Older Adults with and without Chronic Low Back Pain.

Author

Yi-Liang Kuo, Kuo-Yuan Huang, Pei-Tzu Chiang, Pei-Yun Lee, and Yi-Ju Tsai

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

The aims of this study were to compare the steadiness index of spinal regions during single-leg standing in older adults with and without chronic low back pain (LBP) and to correlate measurements of steadiness index with the performance of clinical balance tests. Thirteen community-dwelling older adults (aged 55 years or above) with chronic LBP and 13 age- and gender-matched asymptomatic volunteers participated in this study. Data collection was conducted in a university research laboratory. Measurements were steadiness index of spinal regions (trunk, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, and pelvis) during single-leg standing including relative holding time (RHT) and relative standstill time (RST), and clinical balance tests (timed up and go test and 5-repetition sit to stand test). The LBP group had a statistically significantly smaller RHT than the control group, regardless of one leg stance on the painful or non-painful sides. The RSTs on the painful side leg in the LBP group were not statistically significantly different from the average RSTs of both legs in the control group; however, the RSTs on the non-painful side leg in the LBP group were statistically significantly smaller than those in the control group for the trunk, thoracic spine, and lumbar spine. No statistically significant intra-group differences were found in the RHTs and RSTs between the painful and non-painful side legs in the LBP group. Measurements of clinical balance tests also showed insignificant weak to moderate correlations with steadiness index. In conclusion, older adults with chronic LBP demonstrated decreased spinal steadiness not only in the symptomatic lumbar spine but also in the other spinal regions within the kinetic chain of the spine. When treating older adults with chronic LBP, clinicians may also need to examine their balance performance and spinal steadiness during balance challenging tests.

Published
2015
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7. Effects of Trunk Exercise on Unstable Surfaces in Persons with Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Author

Hui Yu Tseng, Jhen Cih Huang, Yi Ching Yang, Sang I. Lin, and Pei Yun Lee

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, medicine.medical_treatment, Population, standing balance, lcsh:Medicine, Sitting, Article, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, walking, 0302 clinical medicine, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Randomized controlled trial, law, medicine, Humans, education, Postural Balance, Stroke, Balance (ability), trunk training, education.field_of_study, Rehabilitation, Hand Strength, business.industry, lcsh:R, Stroke Rehabilitation, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Torso, 030229 sport sciences, medicine.disease, Trunk, stroke, Exercise Therapy, Treatment Outcome, trunk performance, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Foot (unit)
Abstract

Background: Improving balance-related ability is an important goal in stroke rehabilitation. Evidence is needed to demonstrate how this goal could be better achieved. Aim: Determine if trunk exercises on unstable surfaces would improve trunk control and balance for persons in the subacute stage of stroke. Design: An assessor-blind randomized controlled trial. Setting: Inpatients in the department of rehabilitation in a general hospital. Population: Patients who suffered a first-time stroke with onset from one to six months. Methods: Inpatients with stroke were assigned to upper limb exercises (control group, n = 17) or trunk exercises on unstable surfaces (experimental group, n = 18) to receive training twice a week for six weeks, in addition to their daily conventional stroke rehabilitation. Sensorimotor function tests, including hand grip, plantar sensitivity, stroke rehabilitation assessment of movement and Fugl-Meyer lower extremity motor scale, and clinical outcome assessments, including Trunk Impairment Scale and 6 m walk test, were conducted before and after six weeks of training. The center of the pressure area while maintaining static posture and peak displacement while leaning forward, as well as the average speed of raising the unaffected arm, were measured in sitting without foot support, sitting with foot support and standing to reflect trunk control, sitting balance and standing balance, respectively. Results: The between-group differences in the sensorimotor functions were nonsignificant before and after training. Compared with the control group, the experimental group had significantly greater forward leaning and faster arm raising in sitting without foot support, higher Trunk Impairment Scale total score, and shorter 6 m walking time after training, but not before training. Conclusion: Trunk exercises on unstable surfaces could further improve trunk control, the ability to raise the unaffected arm rapidly in sitting, and walking for persons in the subacute stage of stroke. This intervention may be considered to be included in stroke rehabilitation.

Published
2020

8. Focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening to enhance temozolomide delivery for glioblastoma treatment: a preclinical study.

Author

Kuo-Chen Wei, Po-Chun Chu, Hay-Yan Jack Wang, Chiung-Yin Huang, Pin-Yuan Chen, Hong-Chieh Tsai, Yu-Jen Lu, Pei-Yun Lee, I-Chou Tseng, Li-Ying Feng, Peng-Wei Hsu, Tzu-Chen Yen, and Hao-Li Liu

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

The purpose of this study is to assess the preclinical therapeutic efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-monitored focused ultrasound (FUS)-induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption to enhance Temozolomide (TMZ) delivery for improving Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) treatment. MRI-monitored FUS with microbubbles was used to transcranially disrupt the BBB in brains of Fisher rats implanted with 9L glioma cells. FUS-BBB opening was spectrophotometrically determined by leakage of dyes into the brain, and TMZ was quantitated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma by LC-MS\MS. The effects of treatment on tumor progression (by MRI), animal survival and brain tissue histology were investigated. Results demonstrated that FUS-BBB opening increased the local accumulation of dyes in brain parenchyma by 3.8-/2.1-fold in normal/tumor tissues. Compared to TMZ alone, combined FUS treatment increased the TMZ CSF/plasma ratio from 22.7% to 38.6%, reduced the 7-day tumor progression ratio from 24.03 to 5.06, and extended the median survival from 20 to 23 days. In conclusion, this study provided preclinical evidence that FUS BBB-opening increased the local concentration of TMZ to improve the control of tumor progression and animal survival, suggesting its clinical potential for improving current brain tumor treatment.

Published
2013
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9. Balance performance when responding to visual stimuli in patients with Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)

Author

Yi-Ju Tsai, Pei Yun Lee, and Sang I. Lin

Subjects
Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Visual perception, Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, genetic structures, Visual Acuity, Audiology, Affect (psychology), Patient Positioning, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Sensation, otorhinolaryngologic diseases, medicine, Humans, Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo, Young adult, 030223 otorhinolaryngology, Postural Balance, Balance (ability), Aged, Vestibular system, Hand Strength, business.industry, General Neuroscience, Age Factors, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Sensory Systems, Otorhinolaryngology, Coronal plane, Female, sense organs, Neurology (clinical), business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Photic Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Patients with Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) often report a sensation of disequilibrium before treatment with the canalith repositioning maneuvers. Apart from vestibular information, visual input also contributes to balance control. How visual stimuli influence balance control in BPPV patients is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of visual stimuli on balance performance in BPPV patients. METHODS: Three groups of participants, patients with BPPV, and healthy young and older adults, were instructed to stand under three conditions: 1) eyes open (EO); 2) while watching a static picture via a video display; and 3) while watching a rotating visual scene. Antero-posterior (AP), lateral (ML), and total sway path during standing were analyzed. RESULTS: In all conditions, patients with BPPV showed significantly larger AP, ML and total sway path than young, whereas older adults only showed significantly larger AP and total sway path than young adults. During the visual stimuli, all participants exhibited significantly increased AP and total sway while watching a static image and a moving scene as compared with the EO condition. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with BPPV have similar balance control to older adults, but poorer balance control than young adults. The reduced lack of standing balance control in the coronal plane of patients with BPPV, might affect balance strategy after external perturbations.

Published
2020

10. Exploring the sea urchin genome with undergraduates using bioinformatic tools

Author

Laura, Romano, Christine, Byrum, Pei Yun, Lee, and Robert L, Morris

Subjects
Genome, Research, Sea Urchins, Animals, Computational Biology, Humans, Laboratories, Students, Software
Abstract

It is important to provide undergraduate students with research experiences so that they obtain essential problem-solving skills and come to appreciate the process of science whether or not they pursue graduate study. However, such experiences can be difficult to achieve at a primarily undergraduate institution where time and resources are limited. One strategy is to incorporate research into the laboratory component of courses, with students having input into the specific topic being investigated. In this chapter, we present a series of activities that can be brought together as a semester or year-long project after students select a gene with the potential to be analyzed in a novel species of echinoderm. Students become acquainted with important databases, software programs, and online tools as they clone their gene, confirm its identity through alignment with homologous sequences, and characterize its expression through both qPCR and WMISH. We provide streamlined protocols that allow the work to be accomplished in an efficient manner, and conclude with ideas for assignments that can be completed in parallel to improve students' writing and oral communication skills in preparation for any career.

Published
2019

11. Reactive balance control in older adults with diabetes

Author

Yi Ching Yang, Sang I. Lin, Pei Yun Lee, Yu Ting Liao, Fen Hwa Lu, and Yi-Ju Tsai

Subjects
Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Aging, Knee Joint, Biophysics, Balance test, 050105 experimental psychology, Lower limb, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Center of pressure (terrestrial locomotion), Diabetes mellitus, medicine, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Force platform, Muscle Strength, Postural Balance, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Knee extensors, business.industry, Foot, 05 social sciences, Rehabilitation, Muscle weakness, medicine.disease, Lower Extremity, Motor Skills, Muscle strength, Regression Analysis, Female, medicine.symptom, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem for older adults worldwide and could be associated with impaired ability to recover balance after postural disturbances. This study compared reactive balance control in three groups of adults, young (YA), healthy non-diabetes older (nonDM-OA) and diabetes older (DM-OA). Twenty participants in each group completed a series of vision, plantar cutaneous sensitivity, grip power and lower limb strength tests. In the reactive balance test, participants stood on a force platform and used the dominant hand to pull the handle of a cord that could be suddenly released to create an imbalancing force. The anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) motion of the center of pressure (COP) immediately after the sudden release was calculated to represent the level of imbalance experienced by the participants. Regression analysis entering big toe plantar sensitivity and grip power as independent variable was conducted for COP range for the three groups separately. The results showed that, except for the knee extensor, DM-OA had significantly poorer muscle strength and plantar sensitivity, and greater COP ML motion than YA and nonDM-OA. DM-OA also had significantly greater COP AP motion than YA. Grip power alone and together with plantar sensitivity explained a significant amount of variance in the AP and ML COP motion respectively (r2 = 0.334 and 0.582, respectively) for DM-OA. These findings indicated that diabetes in older adults was associated with declines in reactive balance control, and these changes may be related to muscle weakness and plantar insensitivity.

Published
2017

12. Design and Experimental Evaluation of a 256-Channel Dual-Frequency Ultrasound Phased-Array System for Transcranial Blood–Brain Barrier Opening and Brain Drug Delivery

Author

Pin-Yuan Chen, Po-Chun Chu, Jhong-Cing Hong, Pei-Yun Lee, Chen-Kai Jan, Chung-Chih Lin, Kuo-Chen Wei, Jyh-Duen Hsu, Chiung-Ying Huang, and Hao-Li Liu

Subjects
Ultrasonic therapy, Swine, Phased array, Computer science, business.industry, Skull, Ultrasound, Biomedical Engineering, Electromagnetic compatibility, Equipment Design, Neurophysiology, Blood–brain barrier, Echoencephalography, Signal, Focused ultrasound, Drug Delivery Systems, medicine.anatomical_structure, Blood-Brain Barrier, medicine, Microbubbles, Animals, Humans, business, Ultrasonography, Interventional, Biomedical engineering
Abstract

Focused ultrasound (FUS) in the presence of microbubbles can bring about transcranial and local opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for potential noninvasive delivery of drugs to the brain. A phased-array ultrasound system is essential for FUS-BBB opening to enable electronic steering and correction of the focal beam which is distorted by cranial bone. Here, we demonstrate our prototype design of a 256-channel ultrasound phased-array system for large-region transcranial BBB opening in the brains of large animals. One of the unique features of this system is the capability of generating concurrent dual-frequency ultrasound signals from the driving system for potential enhancement of BBB opening. A wide range of signal frequencies can be generated (frequency = 0.2-1.2 MHz) with controllable driving burst patterns. Precise output power can be controlled for individual channels via 8-bit duty-cycle control of transistor-transistor logic signals and the 8-bit microcontroller-controlled buck converter power supply output voltage. The prototype system was found to be in compliance with the electromagnetic compatibility standard. Moreover, large animal experiments confirmed the phase switching effectiveness of this system, and induction of either a precise spot or large region of BBB opening through fast focal-beam switching. We also demonstrated the capability of dual-frequency exposure to potentially enhance the BBB-opening effect. This study contributes to the design of ultrasound phased arrays for future clinical applications, and provides a new direction toward optimizing FUS brain drug delivery.

Published
2014

13. Influence of postural constraints on eye and head latency during voluntary rotations

Author

M.J. Naushahi, Adolfo M. Bronstein, Dimitri Anastasopoulos, Lionel Bringoux, Pei Yun Lee, C. Scotto Di Cesare, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement Etienne Jules Marey (ISM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)

Subjects
Adult, Male, Restraint, Physical, medicine.medical_specialty, Eye Movements, genetic structures, Posture/physiology, Posture, Poison control, Restraint, Sitting, 050105 experimental psychology, Young Adult, [SCCO]Cognitive science, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Physical, medicine, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Latency (engineering), Head Movements/physiology, Gaze shift, Analysis of Variance, 05 social sciences, Eye–head coordination, Eye movement, Eye Movements/physiology, Horizontal plane, Trunk, Gaze, Sensory Systems, Ophthalmology, Head Movements, Saccade, Female, Psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Spatial localization
Abstract

International audience; Redirecting gaze towards new targets often requires not only eye movements, but also synergistic rotations of the head, trunk and feet. This study investigates the influence of postural constraints on eye and head latency during voluntary refixations in the horizontal plane in 14 normal subjects. Three postural conditions were presented, (1) sitting in a chair using only eye and head movements, (2) standing without feet movements and (3) standing with feet movement. Head–eye reorientations towards eccentric un-predictable locations were performed towards ±45° and ±90° targets and back towards a central, spatially predictable target. Results showed that postural constraints affected eye latency but only when subjects knew the future location of the target (recentering “return” trials). Specifically, relatively longer eye latencies were observed when subjects had to turn their feet back towards the predictable central target. These findings suggest that the additional CNS processing required to reduce degrees of freedom during predictive motion introduces delays to the eye movement in order to efficiently assemble the components of a new motor synergy.

Published
2013

14. Transforming laboratory education in the life sciences: A scalable framework for designing authentic undergraduate research experience-based courses benefits both students and faculty

Author

Marc Levis-Fitzgerald, Jordan Moberg-Parker, Erin R. Sanders, Pei Yun Lee, Shannon Toma, Casey Shapiro, and Ann M. Hirsch

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Medical education, Engineering, ComputingMilieux_THECOMPUTINGPROFESSION, business.industry, education, 05 social sciences, 050301 education, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Undergraduate research, Laboratory education, Underrepresented Minority, Active learning, ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION, business, 0503 education
Abstract

© 2016, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved. Course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) and apprentice-based research experiences (AREs) represent inclusive, student-centered instructional strategies that can improve student learning and help to keep them on a scientific career pathway. Using backwards course design ensures that educators and faculty align research activities with the learning outcomes and that selected assessments provide adequate evidence of student achievements, visualized via curriculum mapping. Rubrics are suitable assessment tools for measuring how students perform in these research-based laboratory courses. Faculty benefit from teaching CUREs and mentoring students in AREs in ways that enhance both their teaching portfolios and research productivity.

Published
2016

15. Functional Balance and Its Determinants in Older People with Diabetes

Author

Sang I. Lin, Yi Ching Yang, Feng Hwa Lu, Pei Yun Lee, I-Ting Lee, and Yi-Ju Tsai

Subjects
Knees, Psychological intervention, lcsh:Medicine, Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Endocrinology, Elderly, Mathematical and Statistical Techniques, Surveys and Questionnaires, Medicine and Health Sciences, Medicine, Biomechanics, 030212 general & internal medicine, lcsh:Science, Postural Balance, Musculoskeletal System, Multidisciplinary, Hand Strength, Multilevel model, Neurology, Physical Sciences, Legs, Regression Analysis, Anatomy, Statistics (Mathematics), Research Article, medicine.medical_specialty, Functional balance, Endocrine Disorders, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Research and Analysis Methods, 03 medical and health sciences, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Diabetes mellitus, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, Muscle Strength, Statistical Methods, Balance (ability), Aged, Balance and Falls, business.industry, Limbs (Anatomy), lcsh:R, Ankles, Biology and Life Sciences, medicine.disease, Neuropathy, Age Groups, Geriatrics, Case-Control Studies, Metabolic Disorders, People and Places, Physical therapy, Accidental Falls, Population Groupings, lcsh:Q, business, Older people, Body mass index, Mathematics
Abstract

OBJECTIVE To determine functional balance abilities of older adults with diabetes, and identify determinants of these abilities. METHODS Eighty diabetic and 67 healthy non-diabetic community-dwelling older adults completed the Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) and questionnaires about their medical and fall histories. Participants were also assessed for vision, plantar sensitivity, muscle strength, and functional balance, including Functional Reach (FR), Five Times Sit-to-Stand (FTSTS), and 180° turn (TURN). In addition to between-group comparisons, hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to identify the independent determinants for each of the individual balance tasks for the diabetes and control group separately. RESULTS The diabetes group had significantly greater body mass index, higher rate of cardiac disease, and poorer plantar sensitivity, mental status, grip and lower limb strength. The diabetes group performed significantly poorer in FTSTS and TURN (both p

Published
2016

16. Postural Responses to a Suddenly Released Pulling Force in Older Adults with Chronic Low Back Pain: An Experimental Study

Author

Ruey Mo Lin, Pei Yun Lee, Yi-Ju Tsai, Sang I. Lin, Kuo Yuan Huang, Yu Ting Liao, Yi Ting Chen, and Che Chia Hsu

Subjects
Male, Physiology, Sensory Physiology, lcsh:Medicine, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Elderly, 0302 clinical medicine, Center of pressure (terrestrial locomotion), Medicine and Health Sciences, Postural Balance, Medicine, Public and Occupational Health, 030212 general & internal medicine, lcsh:Science, Musculoskeletal System, Multidisciplinary, Hand Strength, Chronic pain, Middle Aged, Low back pain, Sensory Systems, humanities, Chronic low back pain, Somatosensory System, Legs, Female, Anatomy, Chronic Pain, medicine.symptom, Research Article, medicine.medical_specialty, Cognitive Neuroscience, Movement, Lower Back Pain, Pain, Motor Reactions, 03 medical and health sciences, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnostic Medicine, Hand strength, Reaction Time, Humans, Force platform, Pull force, Aged, Balance and Falls, business.industry, Limbs (Anatomy), lcsh:R, Ankles, Biology and Life Sciences, Pain Sensation, Physical Activity, medicine.disease, Postural Control, Age Groups, Geriatrics, Case-Control Studies, People and Places, Physical therapy, Cognitive Science, Population Groupings, lcsh:Q, Stress, Mechanical, business, Low Back Pain, human activities, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Neuroscience
Abstract

Chronic low back pain (CLBP), one of the most common musculoskeletal conditions in older adults, might affect balance and functional independence. The purpose of this study was to investigate the postural responses to a suddenly released pulling force in older adults with and without CLBP. Thirty community-dwelling older adults with CLBP and 26 voluntary controls without CLBP were enrolled. Participants were required to stand on a force platform while, with one hand, they pulled a string that was fastened at the other end to a 2-kg or to a 4-kg force in the opposite direction at a random order. The number of times the participants lost their balance and motions of center of pressure (COP) when the string was suddenly released were recorded. The results demonstrated that although the loss of balance rates for each pulling force condition did not differ between groups, older adults with CLBP had poorer postural responses: delayed reaction, larger displacement, higher velocity, longer path length, and greater COP sway area compared to the older controls. Furthermore, both groups showed larger postural responses in the 4-kg pulling force condition. Although aging is generally believed to be associated with declining balance and postural control, these findings highlight the effect of CLBP on reactive balance when responding to an externally generated force in an older population. This study also suggests that, for older adults with CLBP, in addition to treating them for pain and disability, reactive balance evaluation and training, such as reaction and movement strategy training should be included in their interventions. Clinicians and older patients with CLBP need to be made aware of the significance of impaired reactive balance and the increased risk of falls when encountering unexpected perturbations.

Published
2016

17. Protective stepping response in Parkinsonian patients and the effect of vibrotactile feedback

Author

Mohammad J. Naushahi, Pei Yun Lee, Adolfo M. Bronstein, Kris Gadareh, and Michael A. Gresty

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Parkinson's disease, medicine.medical_treatment, Motor control, Sensory system, medicine.disease, Biofeedback, Trunk, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Neurology, medicine, Postural Balance, Physical therapy, Neurology (clinical), Psychology, Sensory cue, Balance (ability)
Abstract

The objectives of this study were (1) to characterize protective stepping responses to unpredictable forward/backward postural perturbation in Parkinson's disease (PD) and (2) to assess whether vibrotactile cues of the impending fall improve the stepping response. Twenty mild PD patients, 7 advanced PD patients, and 17 age-matched controls stood on a platform moving unpredictably forward and backward, requiring a protective step to maintain balance. Direction-coded vibrotactile cues, triggered by leg tilt, were provided to prompt step generation. All subjects showed quicker reaction time, shorter steps, and smaller total trunk displacement when stepping backward than when stepping forward. Advanced PD patients took shorter, slower, and an increased number of protective steps. The only abnormality observed in mild PD patients was slightly slower backward steps. Vibrotactile feedback reduced the amount of trunk displacement observed before taking a protective step but did not improve any abnormality in PD patients. Early PD patients had near-normal protective stepping responses to unpredictable perturbations, but advanced patients made slow and short steps both forward and backward. Given that latencies were preserved even in unpredictable conditions, step slowness and hypometria are the primary abnormalities of the stepping response in PD. As voluntary locomotor stepping in PD is reported to improve with sensory feedback, the lack of such improvement in our study implies that additional sensory cues cannot help automatic reflex-like stepping reactions in PD patients.

Published
2012

18. Exclusive developmental functions of gatae cis-regulatory modules in the Strongylocentrorus purpuratus embryo

Author

Pei Yun Lee, Jongmin Nam, and Eric H. Davidson

Subjects
Sea urchin, Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial, Mesoderm, animal structures, GATA factors, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Biology, GATA Transcription Factors, Models, Biological, Article, Animals, Genetically Modified, 03 medical and health sciences, Endomesoderm, gatae, 0302 clinical medicine, Genes, Reporter, Lytechinus, medicine, Animals, cis-Regulatory analysis, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Molecular Biology, Conserved Sequence, DNA Primers, Sequence Deletion, 030304 developmental biology, Cis-regulatory module, Recombination, Genetic, Regulation of gene expression, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, Base Sequence, Genetic Complementation Test, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Embryo, Cell Biology, Blastula, Recombinant Proteins, Gene regulation, Gastrulation, medicine.anatomical_structure, embryonic structures, Endoderm, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Developmental Biology
Abstract

The gatae gene of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is orthologous to vertebrate gata-4,5,6 genes. This gene is expressed in the endomesoderm in the blastula and later the gut of the embryo, and is required for normal development. A gatae BAC containing a GFP reporter knocked into exon one of the gene was able to reproduce all aspects of endogenous gatae expression in the embryo. To identify putative gatae cis-regulatory modules we carried out an interspecific sequence conservation analysis with respect to a Lytechinus variegatus gatae BAC, which revealed 25 conserved non-coding sequence patches. These were individually tested in gene transfer experiments, and two modules capable of driving localized reporter expression in the embryo were identified. Module 10 produces early expression in mesoderm and endoderm cells up to the early gastrula stage, while module 24 generates late endodermal expression at gastrula and pluteus stages. Module 10 was then deleted from the gatae BAC by reciprocal recombination, resulting in total loss of reporter expression in the time frame in which it is normally active. Similar deletion of module 24 led to ubiquitous GFP expression in the gastrula and pluteus. These results show that Module 10 is uniquely necessary and sufficient to account for the early phase of gatae expression during endomesoderm specification. In addition, they imply a functional cis-regulatory module exclusion, whereby only a single module can associate with the basal promoter and drive gene expression at any given time.

Published
2007

19. Steadiness of Spinal Regions during Single-Leg Standing in Older Adults with and without Chronic Low Back Pain

Author

Pei Tzu Chiang, Yi Liang Kuo, Yi-Ju Tsai, Pei Yun Lee, and Kuo Yuan Huang

Subjects
Adult, Male, musculoskeletal diseases, medicine.medical_specialty, Science, Posture, Timed Up and Go test, Asymptomatic, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, medicine, Postural Balance, Humans, Pelvis, Aged, Balance (ability), Multidisciplinary, business.industry, Chronic pain, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Low back pain, Trunk, Spine, body regions, medicine.anatomical_structure, Physical therapy, Medicine, Female, Chronic Pain, medicine.symptom, business, Low Back Pain, Research Article
Abstract

The aims of this study were to compare the steadiness index of spinal regions during single-leg standing in older adults with and without chronic low back pain (LBP) and to correlate measurements of steadiness index with the performance of clinical balance tests. Thirteen community-dwelling older adults (aged 55 years or above) with chronic LBP and 13 age- and gender-matched asymptomatic volunteers participated in this study. Data collection was conducted in a university research laboratory. Measurements were steadiness index of spinal regions (trunk, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, and pelvis) during single-leg standing including relative holding time (RHT) and relative standstill time (RST), and clinical balance tests (timed up and go test and 5-repetition sit to stand test). The LBP group had a statistically significantly smaller RHT than the control group, regardless of one leg stance on the painful or non-painful sides. The RSTs on the painful side leg in the LBP group were not statistically significantly different from the average RSTs of both legs in the control group; however, the RSTs on the non-painful side leg in the LBP group were statistically significantly smaller than those in the control group for the trunk, thoracic spine, and lumbar spine. No statistically significant intra-group differences were found in the RHTs and RSTs between the painful and non-painful side legs in the LBP group. Measurements of clinical balance tests also showed insignificant weak to moderate correlations with steadiness index. In conclusion, older adults with chronic LBP demonstrated decreased spinal steadiness not only in the symptomatic lumbar spine but also in the other spinal regions within the kinetic chain of the spine. When treating older adults with chronic LBP, clinicians may also need to examine their balance performance and spinal steadiness during balance challenging tests.

Published
2015

20. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus transcription factor GATA-E binds to and represses transcription at an Otx-Goosecoid cis-regulatory element within the aboral ectoderm-specific spec2a enhancer

Author

Shuguang Liang, Pei Yun Lee, Jeffrey T. Villinski, Takae Kiyama, Sandeep Dayal, William H. Klein, and Ning Zhang

Subjects
Transcription, Genetic, Ectoderm, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Mesoderm, Luciferases, Glutathione Transferase, Otx Transcription Factors, biology, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Cell Differentiation, Zinc Fingers, Blastula, Recombinant Proteins, medicine.anatomical_structure, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, embryonic structures, Endoderm, Plasmids, Protein Binding, animal structures, Immunoblotting, Molecular Sequence Data, Down-Regulation, medicine, Animals, Amino Acid Sequence, RNA, Messenger, Enhancer, Psychological repression, Transcription factor, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Molecular Biology, Cell Nucleus, Homeodomain Proteins, Models, Genetic, Embryogenesis, Cell Biology, Oligonucleotides, Antisense, biology.organism_classification, Molecular biology, Upstream Enhancer, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Repressor Proteins, Goosecoid Protein, CCAAT-Binding Factor, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Transcription Factors, Developmental Biology
Abstract

During Strongylocentrotus purpuratus embryogenesis, aboral ectoderm-specific expression of spec2a relies on an upstream enhancer that confers its spatial specificity largely through repression. The purpose of this study was to determine how spec2a expression is repressed in endoderm and oral ectoderm territories. A 78-base pair DNA sequence within the enhancer contains five tightly spaced cis-regulatory elements including proximal (TAATCT) and distal (TAATCC) elements that bind to both SpOtx, a broadly distributed transcriptional activator, and SpGoosecoid (SpGsc), an oral ectoderm-restricted transcriptional repressor. We show here that these two seemingly redundant Otx/Gsc elements have distinct functions. The proximal element bound to SpGATA-E, an endomesoderm-specific transcription factor. Treatment with SpGATA-E and SpGsc morpholino antisense oligonucleotides (MASOs) resulted in enhanced transcriptional activity from the proximal element, suggesting that both factors functioned as repressors at this site. SpGATA-E MASO-treated embryos failed to express ectoderm markers, indicating a role for SpGATA-E in ectoderm differentiation. The spec2a proximal element was distinct from the corresponding element in the related spec1 enhancer, and swaps between spec1 and spec2a cis-regulatory elements indicated, that for optimal repression, the proximal element had to interact with a nearby CCAAT-binding factor element. Our results show that the recently evolved proximal element contributes to the repression of spec2a in endomesoderm and oral ectoderm territories.

Published
2005
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21. Expression of Spgatae, the Strongylocentrotus purpuratus ortholog of vertebrate GATA4/5/6 factors

Author

Pei Yun Lee and Eric H. Davidson

Subjects
Mesoderm, animal structures, GATA5 Transcription Factor, Molecular Sequence Data, Biology, GATA6 Transcription Factor, Genetics, medicine, Animals, Amino Acid Sequence, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Molecular Biology, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Embryogenesis, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Foregut, Midgut, Gastrula, Anatomy, Blastula, biology.organism_classification, GATA4 Transcription Factor, Cell biology, Gastrulation, medicine.anatomical_structure, embryonic structures, Archenteron, Transcription Factors, Developmental Biology
Abstract

Spgatae is the sea urchin ortholog of the vertebrate gata4/5/6 genes, as confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. The accumulation of Spgatae transcripts during embryonic development and the spatial pattern of expression are reported here. Expression was first detected in the 15 h blastula. The number of Spgatae RNA molecules increases steadily during blastula stages, with expression peaking during gastrulation. After gastrulation is complete, the level of expression decreases until the end of embryogenesis. Whole mount in situ hybridization showed that Spgatae transcripts were first detected in a ring of prospective mesoderm cells in the vegetal plate. Spgatae expression then expands to include the entire vegetal plate at the mesenchyme blastula stage. During gastrulation Spgatae is expressed at the blastopore, and at prism stage strongly in the hindgut and midgut but not foregut, and also in mesoderm cells at the tip of the archenteron. Towards the end of embryogenesis, expression in the hindgut decreases. The terminal pattern of expression is in midgut plus coelomic pouches.

Published
2004

22. RETRACTED: Gene expression markers for Caenorhabditiselegans vulval cells

Author

Minqin Wang, Martha Kirouac, James Butler, Paul W. Sternberg, Bhagwati P. Gupta, David R. Sherwood, Takao Inoue, Pei-Yun Lee, Thomas R. Bürglin, Ian A. Hope, James M. Kramer, and Gudrun Aspöck

Subjects
Gene expression, Genetics, Biology, Molecular Biology, Developmental Biology, Cell biology
Published
2002

23. A Provisional Regulatory Gene Network for Specification of Endomesoderm in the Sea Urchin Embryo

Author

Pei Yun Lee, Maria Ina Arnone, Gabriele Amore, R. Andrew Cameron, Cesar Arenas-Mena, David R. McClay, Veronica F. Hinman, Andrew Ransick, Eric H. Davidson, Leroy Hood, Ochan Otim, Jonathan P. Rast, Chiou-Hwa Yuh, Hamid Bolouri, Peter J.C. Clarke, Paola Oliveri, Alistair G. Rust, Takuya Minokawa, Lee Rowen, Cristina Calestani, Zhengjun Pan, Roger Revilla, C. Titus Brown, Maria J. Schilstra, and Carolina B. Livi

Subjects
Morpholino, Gene regulatory network, Computational biology, Biology, Models, Biological, Mesoderm, 03 medical and health sciences, Endomesoderm, 0302 clinical medicine, Genes, Regulator, Animals, RNA, Messenger, Gene, Molecular Biology, 030304 developmental biology, Regulator gene, Regulation of gene expression, Genetics, sea urchin embryo, 0303 health sciences, Endoderm, Cell Biology, engrailed, Sea Urchins, FOS: Biological sciences, embryonic structures, gene network, Ectopic expression, gene regulation, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, 69999 Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified, Developmental Biology
Abstract

We present the current form of a provisional DNA sequence-based regulatory gene network that explains in outline how endomesodermal specification in the sea urchin embryo is controlled. The model of the network is in a continuous process of revision and growth as new genes are added and new experimental results become available; see http://www.its.caltech.edu/~mirsky/endomeso.htm (End-mes Gene Network Update) for the latest version. The network contains over 40 genes at present, many newly uncovered in the course of this work, and most encoding DNA-binding transcriptional regulatory factors. The architecture of the network was approached initially by construction of a logic model that integrated the extensive experimental evidence now available on endomesoderm specification. The internal linkages between genes in the network have been determined functionally, by measurement of the effects of regulatory perturbations on the expression of all relevant genes in the network. Five kinds of perturbation have been applied: (1) use of morpholino antisense oligonucleotides targeted to many of the key regulatory genes in the network; (2) transformation of other regulatory factors into dominant repressors by construction of Engrailed repressor domain fusions; (3) ectopic expression of given regulatory factors, from genetic expression constructs and from injected mRNAs; (4) blockade of the beta-catenin/Tcf pathway by introduction of mRNA encoding the intracellular domain of cadherin; and (5) blockade of the Notch signaling pathway by introduction of mRNA encoding the extracellular domain of the Notch receptor. The network model predicts the cis-regulatory inputs that link each gene into the network. Therefore, its architecture is testable by cis-regulatory analysis. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and Lytechinus variegatus genomic BAC recombinants that include a large number of the genes in the network have been sequenced and annotated. Tests of the cis-regulatory predictions of the model are greatly facilitated by interspecific computational sequence comparison, which affords a rapid identification of likely cis-regulatory elements in advance of experimental analysis. The network specifies genomically encoded regulatory processes between early cleavage and gastrula stages. These control the specification of the micromere lineage and of the initial veg(2) endomesodermal domain; the blastula-stage separation of the central veg(2) mesodermal domain (i.e., the secondary mesenchyme progenitor field) from the peripheral veg(2) endodermal domain; the stabilization of specification state within these domains; and activation of some downstream differentiation genes. Each of the temporal-spatial phases of specification is represented in a subelement of the network model, that treats regulatory events within the relevant embryonic nuclei at particular stages.

Published
2002
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24. The Arabidopsis DELAYED DEHISCENCE1 Gene Encodes an Enzyme in the Jasmonic Acid Synthesis Pathway

Author

Paul M. Sanders, Elmar W. Weiler, James D. Boone, Christian Biesgen, Robert B. Goldberg, Thomas P. Beals, and Pei Yun Lee

Subjects
DNA, Bacterial, Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutant, Arabidopsis, Stamen, Cyclopentanes, Plant Science, Reductase, Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic, chemistry.chemical_compound, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Gene expression, Amino Acid Sequence, Oxylipins, RNA, Messenger, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, biology, Jasmonic acid, Allene-oxide cyclase, food and beverages, Cell Biology, Anther dehiscence, biology.organism_classification, Cell biology, Phenotype, chemistry, Biochemistry, Mutation, Oxidoreductases, Research Article
Abstract

delayed dehiscence1 is an Arabidopsis T-DNA mutant in which anthers release pollen grains too late for pollination to occur. The delayed dehiscence1 defect is caused by a delay in the stomium degeneration program. The gene disrupted in delayed dehiscence1 encodes 12-oxophytodienoate reductase, an enzyme in the jasmonic acid biosynthesis pathway. We rescued the mutant phenotype by exogenous application of jasmonic acid and obtained seed set from previously male-sterile plants. In situ hybridization studies showed that during the early stages of floral development, DELAYED DEHISCENCE1 mRNA accumulated within all floral organs. Later, DELAYED DEHISCENCE1 mRNA accumulated specifically within the pistil, petals, and stamen filaments. DELAYED DEHISCENCE1 mRNA was not detected in the stomium and septum cells of the anther that are involved in pollen release. The T-DNA insertion in delayed dehiscence1 eliminated both DELAYED DEHISCENCE1 mRNA accumulation and 12-oxophytodienoate reductase activity. These experiments suggest that jasmonic acid signaling plays a role in controlling the time of anther dehiscence within the flower.

Published
2000

25. Anther developmental defects in Arabidopsis thaliana male-sterile mutants

Author

Anhthu Q. Bui, Koen Weterings, Paul M. Sanders, Pei Yun Lee, Robert B. Goldberg, Mai Thy Truong, Thomas P. Beals, Yung Chao Hsu, and Katherine N. McIntire

Subjects
Genetics, Tapetum, biology, Microspore, Arabidopsis, Mutant, Arabidopsis thaliana, Mutagenesis (molecular biology technique), Cell Biology, Plant Science, Anther dehiscence, biology.organism_classification, Pollen exine formation
Abstract

We identified Arabidopsis thaliana sterility mutants by screening T-DNA and EMS-mutagenized lines and characterized several male-sterile mutants with defects specific for different anther processes. Approximately 44 and 855 sterile mutants were uncovered from the T-DNA and EMS screens, respectively. Several mutants were studied in detail with defects that included the establishment of anther morphology, microspore production, pollen differentiation, and anther dehiscence. Both non-dehiscencing and late-dehiscencing mutants were identified. In addition, pollenless mutants were observed with either apparent meiotic defects and/or abnormalities in cell layers surrounding the locules. Two mutant alleles were identified for the POLLENLESS3 locus which have defects in functional microspore production that lead to the degeneration of cells within the anther locules. pollenless3–1 contains a T-DNA insertion that co-segregates with the mutant phenotype and pollenless3–2 has a large deletion in the POLLENLESS3 gene. The POLLENLESS3 gene has no known counterparts in the GenBank, but encodes a protein containing putative nuclear localization and protein-protein interaction motifs. The POLLENLESS3 gene was shown recently to be the same as MS5, a previously described Arabidopsis thaliana male-sterility mutant. Three genes were identified in the POLLENLESS3 genomic region: GENEY, POLLENLESS3, and β9-TUBULIN. The segment of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome containing the POLLENLESS3 and β9-TUBULIN genes is duplicated and present on a different chromosome. Analysis of the POLLENLESS3 expression pattern determined that the 1.3-kb POLLENLESS3 mRNA is localized specifically within meiotic cells in the anther locules and that POLLENLESS3 mRNA is present only during late meiosis.

Published
1999

28. Forward-backward postural protective stepping responses in young and elderly adults

Author

Adolfo M. Bronstein, Pei Yun Lee, and Kris Gadareh

Subjects
Adult, Male, Volition, medicine.medical_specialty, Aging, Injury control, Acceleration, Biophysics, Poison control, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Forward backward, Walking, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Orientation, Healthy volunteers, medicine, Reaction Time, Humans, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Elderly adults, Postural Balance, Balance (ability), Aged, Age differences, business.industry, Motor control, General Medicine, Anticipation, Psychological, Biomechanical Phenomena, Physical therapy, Accidental Falls, Female, business
Abstract

Protective steps are essential for fall avoidance. Most studies only examined forwards stepping despite considerable bio-mechanical and visual differences between the forwards and backwards directions. We assess forward-backward differences in protective steps in a young and elderly group.Protective stepping responses were elicited by a platform moving unpredictably either forwards or backwards. For control purposes, voluntary steps, in response to vibration cues on the forehead or occiput were also recorded. Reaction time (RT), length and angular velocity of the steps were measured in 13 young (age 19-35years) and 13 elderly (age 58-86years) healthy volunteers.(i) Protective vs voluntary steps: protective steps were earlier, faster and longer than voluntary steps. (ii) Forwards-backwards differences: RT was quicker for backwards than forwards protective steps, in contrast to voluntary steps where RTs were similar in the two directions. (iii) Age difference: the elderly had universally slower steps and they generated shorter backwards than forwards protective steps.Protective steps appear more robust than voluntary steps - they are earlier (shorter RT), longer and faster than voluntary steps, indicating an automatic rather than a volitional reaction. Backwards protective steps occur earlier than forwards; such promptness may have evolved out of bio-mechanical features which make falling backwards easier. Since our elderly subjects had an average age70years, their slower and shorter protective backwards steps may represent the first abnormality in this rescue postural response. The findings in the elderly may partly depend on dysfunction in fronto-basal ganglia postural loops.

Published
2013

29. Agarose Gel Electrophoresis for the Separation of DNA Fragments

Author

Chih Yuan Hsu, John Costumbrado, Pei Yun Lee, and Yong Hoon Kim

Subjects
Electrophoresis, Agar Gel, Gel electrophoresis, Chromatography, Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids, General Immunology and Microbiology, Chemistry, Color marker, Difference gel electrophoresis, General Chemical Engineering, General Neuroscience, DNA, DNA Fragmentation, Molecular biology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, chemistry.chemical_compound, Molecular-weight size marker, DNA separation, Agarose gel electrophoresis, Genetics, Agarose, Issue 62, Ethidium bromide, ethidium bromide, agarose
Abstract

Agarose gel electrophoresis is the most effective way of separating DNA fragments of varying sizes ranging from 100 bp to 25 kb(1). Agarose is isolated from the seaweed genera Gelidium and Gracilaria, and consists of repeated agarobiose (L- and D-galactose) subunits(2). During gelation, agarose polymers associate non-covalently and form a network of bundles whose pore sizes determine a gel's molecular sieving properties. The use of agarose gel electrophoresis revolutionized the separation of DNA. Prior to the adoption of agarose gels, DNA was primarily separated using sucrose density gradient centrifugation, which only provided an approximation of size. To separate DNA using agarose gel electrophoresis, the DNA is loaded into pre-cast wells in the gel and a current applied. The phosphate backbone of the DNA (and RNA) molecule is negatively charged, therefore when placed in an electric field, DNA fragments will migrate to the positively charged anode. Because DNA has a uniform mass/charge ratio, DNA molecules are separated by size within an agarose gel in a pattern such that the distance traveled is inversely proportional to the log of its molecular weight(3). The leading model for DNA movement through an agarose gel is "biased reptation", whereby the leading edge moves forward and pulls the rest of the molecule along(4). The rate of migration of a DNA molecule through a gel is determined by the following: 1) size of DNA molecule; 2) agarose concentration; 3) DNA conformation(5); 4) voltage applied, 5) presence of ethidium bromide, 6) type of agarose and 7) electrophoresis buffer. After separation, the DNA molecules can be visualized under uv light after staining with an appropriate dye. By following this protocol, students should be able to: Understand the mechanism by which DNA fragments are separated within a gel matrix Understand how conformation of the DNA molecule will determine its mobility through a gel matrix Identify an agarose solution of appropriate concentration for their needs Prepare an agarose gel for electrophoresis of DNA samples Set up the gel electrophoresis apparatus and power supply Select an appropriate voltage for the separation of DNA fragments Understand the mechanism by which ethidium bromide allows for the visualization of DNA bands Determine the sizes of separated DNA fragments.

Published
2012

30. Protective stepping response in Parkinsonian patients and the effect of vibrotactile feedback

Author

Pei-Yun, Lee, Kris, Gadareh, Mohammad J, Naushahi, Michael, Gresty, and Adolfo M, Bronstein

Subjects
Aged, 80 and over, Male, Leg, Posture, Reflex, Reaction Time, Humans, Female, Parkinson Disease, Middle Aged, Postural Balance, Gait Disorders, Neurologic, Aged
Abstract

The objectives of this study were (1) to characterize protective stepping responses to unpredictable forward/backward postural perturbation in Parkinson's disease (PD) and (2) to assess whether vibrotactile cues of the impending fall improve the stepping response. Twenty mild PD patients, 7 advanced PD patients, and 17 age-matched controls stood on a platform moving unpredictably forward and backward, requiring a protective step to maintain balance. Direction-coded vibrotactile cues, triggered by leg tilt, were provided to prompt step generation. All subjects showed quicker reaction time, shorter steps, and smaller total trunk displacement when stepping backward than when stepping forward. Advanced PD patients took shorter, slower, and an increased number of protective steps. The only abnormality observed in mild PD patients was slightly slower backward steps. Vibrotactile feedback reduced the amount of trunk displacement observed before taking a protective step but did not improve any abnormality in PD patients. Early PD patients had near-normal protective stepping responses to unpredictable perturbations, but advanced patients made slow and short steps both forward and backward. Given that latencies were preserved even in unpredictable conditions, step slowness and hypometria are the primary abnormalities of the stepping response in PD. As voluntary locomotor stepping in PD is reported to improve with sensory feedback, the lack of such improvement in our study implies that additional sensory cues cannot help automatic reflex-like stepping reactions in PD patients.

Published
2012

31. Effect of supplementary carbon addition in the treatment of low C/N high-technology industrial wastewater by MBR

Author

Toshikazu Fukusihma, Pei Yun Lee, Jih-Gaw Lin, Mathava Kumar, and Liang Ming Whang

Subjects
Environmental Engineering, Chromatography, Denitrification, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Nitrogen, chemistry.chemical_element, Industrial Waste, Bioengineering, Membranes, Artificial, Pilot Projects, General Medicine, Membrane bioreactor, Nitrification, Industrial waste, Carbon, Industrial wastewater treatment, Animal science, Bioreactors, chemistry, Bioreactor, Sewage treatment, Waste Management and Disposal
Abstract

The effect of supplementary carbon addition for the treatment of high-technology industrial wastewater in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) was investigated. The MBR was operated for 302 days under different C/N (BOD(L)/NH(4)(+)-N) ratios, i.e. 0.9-1 to 20 days, 1.6-21 to 42 days, 2.9-43 to 82 days, 3.6-83 to 141 days, 4.8-165 to 233 days and 9.3-240 to 302 days. Irrespective of the C/N ratios investigated, SS and BOD(5) removal efficiencies were above 95% and above 80% COD removal efficiency was observed. In addition, complete nitrification was observed throughout the investigation. However, denitrification and total nitrogen removal efficiencies reached their maximum values at the highest C/N ratio (9.3) investigated. Real-time PCR analysis revealed 10 times higher ammonia oxidizing bacteria to total bacteria ratio under the highest C/N ratio condition (9.3) compared to the low C/N ratio condition (1.6).

Published
2011

32. Cis‐regulatory control of the nodal gene, initiator of the sea urchin oral ectoderm gene network

Author

Pei Yun Lee, Anthony J. Robertson, Eric H. Davidson, James A. Coffman, Yi-Hsien Su, and Jongmin Nam

Subjects
animal structures, Gene regulatory network, Nodal signaling, Ectoderm, SMAD, Biology, Biochemistry, Molecular biology, Cell biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, embryonic structures, Genetics, medicine, Signal transduction, NODAL, Molecular Biology, Gene, Biotechnology, Regulator gene
Abstract

Expression of the nodal gene initiates the gene regulatory network which establishes the transcriptional specification of the oral ectoderm in the sea urchin embryo. This gene encodes a TGFβ ligand, and in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus its transcription is activated in the presumptive oral ectoderm at about the 30-cell stage. Thereafter Nodal signaling occurs among all cells of the oral ectoderm territory, and nodal expression is required for expression of oral ectoderm regulatory genes. The cis-regulatory system of the nodal gene transduces anisotropically distributed cytoplasmic cues that distinguish the future oral and aboral domains of the early embryo. Here we establish the genomic basis for the initiation and maintenance of nodal gene expression in the oral ectoderm. Functional cis-regulatory control modules of the nodal gene were identified by interspecific sequence conservation. A 5′ cis-regulatory module functions both to initiate expression of the nodal gene and to maintain its expression by means of feedback input from the Nodal signal transduction system. These functions are mediated respectively by target sites for bZIP transcription factors, and by SMAD target sites. At least one SMAD site is also needed for the initiation of expression. An intron module also contains SMAD sites which respond to Nodal feedback, and in addition acts to repress vegetal expression. These observations explain the main features of nodal expression in the oral ectoderm: since the activity of bZIP factors is redox sensitive, and the initial polarization of oral vs. aboral fate is manifested in a redox differential, the bZIP sites account for the activation of nodal on the oral side; and since the immediate early signal transduction response factors for Nodal are SMAD factors, the SMAD sites account for the feedback maintenance of nodal gene expression.

Published
2008

34. The Genome of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Author

Amro Hamdoun, Virginia Brockton, Huyen Dinh, Qiang Tu, Richard O. Hynes, Maria Ina Arnone, Wratko Hlavina, L. Courtney Smith, Mariano A. Loza, David R. Burgess, Matthew P. Hoffman, Florian Raible, Qiu Autumn Yuan, Geoffrey Okwuonu, Mark Y. Tong, Jennifer Hume, Donna Maglott, Manisha Goel, Olivier Fedrigo, Manuel L. Gonzalez-Garay, Celina E. Juliano, Judith Hernandez, Gary M. Wessel, William F. Marzluff, Audrey J. Majeske, Christian Gache, Louise Duloquin, Xingzhi Song, François Lapraz, Fowler J, Alexandre Souvorov, Jared V. Goldstone, Georgia Panopoulou, Sandra Hines, Kyle M. Judkins, Clay Davis, Christine G. Elsik, Paul Kitts, Mariano Loza-Coll, Greg Wray, Taku Hibino, Eric Röttinger, Allison M. Churcher, Annamaria Locascio, Arcady Mushegian, Masashi Kinukawa, Anna Reade, Katherine M. Buckley, I. R. Gibbons, Bert Gold, Aleksandar Milosavljevic, David Epel, Victor D. Vacquier, Ling Ling Pu, Vincenzo Cavalieri, Erin L. Allgood, Lan Zhang, Lynne V. Nazareth, Constantin N. Flytzanis, Ian Bosdet, Yi-Hsien Su, Zeev Pancer, Matthew L. Rowe, Robert C. Angerer, David R. McClay, William H. Klein, Rachel F. Gray, Julian L. Wong, Shunsuke Yaguchi, Robert Bellé, Aaron J. Mackey, Herath Jayantha Gunaratne, Karl Frederik Bergeron, Bruce P. Brandhorst, Greg Murray, Avis H. Cohen, Stephanie Bell, Kristin Tessmar-Raible, Ian K. Townley, Bertrand Cosson, Thomas D. Glenn, Jongmin Nam, Cynthia A. Bradham, Michael Dean, Joseph Chacko, Anthony J. Robertson, Margherita Branno, Valeria Matranga, K. James Durbin, Esther Miranda, Lili Chen, Eran Elhaik, Robert D. Burke, Rita A. Wright, Paola Oliveri, Sandra L. Lee, Gary W. Moy, Alexander E Primus, Shawn S. McCafferty, Cristina Calestani, David A. Garfield, Erica Sodergren, Karen Wilson, Joel Smith, Marco A. Marra, Cynthia Messier, Julia Morales, Kim D. Pruitt, Rachel Thorn, Rachel Gill, John S. Taylor, Mark E. Hahn, Victor Sapojnikov, Meredith Howard-Ashby, Lynne M. Angerer, Maurice R. Elphick, Kathy R. Foltz, Anne Marie Genevière, Justin T. Reese, Blanca E. Galindo, Kim C. Worley, Andrew Leone, Glen Humphrey, Kevin Berney, Olga Ermolaeva, George Miner, David P. Terwilliger, Elly Suk Hen Chow, Lora Lewis, Dan Graur, C. Titus Brown, Gerard Manning, Kevin J. Peterson, Angela Jolivet, Michele K. Anderson, Francesca Rizzo, Ekaterina Voronina, Thierry Lepage, Giorgio Matassi, Antonio Fernandez-Guerra, Mamoru Nomura, Charles A. Whittaker, James R.R. Whittle, James A. Coffman, George M. Weinstock, Mohammed M. Idris, Ashlan M. Musante, Sebastian D. Fugmann, Katherine D. Walton, Sorin Istrail, Shu-Yu Wu, Cerrissa Hamilton, Jonah Cool, Jacqueline E. Schein, Stacey M. Curry, Athula Wikramanayke, Seth Carbonneau, Blair J. Rossetti, Christopher E. Killian, Melissa J. Landrum, Amanda P. Rawson, Jenifer C. Croce, Ryan C. Range, Rahul Satija, John J. Stegeman, Yufeng Shen, Cavit Agca, Terry Gaasterland, Rocky Cheung, Takae Kiyama, Nikki Adams, Jonathan P. Rast, Robert Piotr Olinski, Andrew Cree, Mark Scally, Shuguang Liang, David A. Parker, Rebecca Thomason, Gretchen E. Hofmann, Michelle M. Roux, Ronghui Xu, Robert A. Obar, Enrique Arboleda, Odile Mulner-Lorillon, Shannon Dugan-Rocha, David J. Bottjer, Gabriele Amore, Manoj P. Samanta, Waraporn Tongprasit, Véronique Duboc, La Ronda Jackson, Fred H. Wilt, Viktor Stolc, Anna T. Neill, Michael Raisch, Pei Yun Lee, Jia L. Song, Margaret Morgan, Brian T. Livingston, Sofia Hussain, Zheng Wei, Bryan J. Cole, Tonya F. Severson, Victor V. Solovyev, Finn Hallböök, Donna M. Muzny, Christine A. Byrum, Albert J. Poustka, Xiuqian Mu, Andrew R. Jackson, Shin Heesun, Euan R. Brown, Nansheng Chen, Patrick Cormier, Ralph Haygood, Pedro Martinez, R. Andrew Cameron, D. Wang, Wendy S. Beane, Eric H. Davidson, Christie Kovar, Hemant Kelkar, Charles A. Ettensohn, Sham V. Nair, Robert L. Morris, Stefan C. Materna, Michael C. Thorndyke, Richard A. Gibbs, Dan O Mellott, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University [The State University of New York] ( SBU ), Astronomy Unit ( AU ), Queen Mary University of London ( QMUL ), Urban and Industrial Air Quality Group, CSIRO Energy Technology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Energy Technology ( CSIRO Energy Technology ), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Center for Polymer Studies ( CPS ), Boston University [Boston] ( BU ), Physics Department [Boston] ( BU-Physics ), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Max-Planck-Institut, Department of Biology [Norton], Wheaton College [Norton], Mathematical Institute [Oxford] ( MI ), University of Oxford [Oxford], Centre for the Analysis of Time Series ( CATS ), London School of Economics and Political Science ( LSE ), Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility ( Jefferson Lab ), Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Laboratoire d'Energétique et de Mécanique Théorique Appliquée ( LEMTA ), Université de Lorraine ( UL ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation ( LEGS ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Geology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering [Portland] ( ECE ), Portland State University [Portland] ( PSU ), Saint-Gobain Crystals [USA], SAINT-GOBAIN, Institute for Animal Health ( IAH ), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Changchun Branch] ( CAS ), Ipsen Inc. [Milford] ( Ipsen ), IPSEN, Department of Physics [Berkeley], University of California [Berkeley], Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science [Leeds] ( ICAS ), University of Leeds, Chung-Ang University ( CAU ), Chung-Ang University [Seoul], Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Center ( ACE-CRC ), Institute of Aerodynamics and Fluid Mechanics ( AER ), Technische Universität München [München] ( TUM ), Mer et santé ( MS ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Imperial College London, Radio and Atmospheric Sciences Division, National Physical Laboratory [Teddington] ( NPL ), International Research Institute for Climate and Society ( IRI ), Earth Institute at Columbia University, Columbia University [New York]-Columbia University [New York], Soils Group, The Macaulay Institute, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge [UK] ( CAM ), School of Biology and Biochemistry, Queen's University, Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation ( PCU ), University of Cape Town, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems/ Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi ( IMM ), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche ( CNR ), Laboratoire d'acoustique de l'université du Mans ( LAUM ), Le Mans Université ( UM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Interactive Systems Labs ( ISL ), Carnegie Mellon University [Pittsburgh] ( CMU ), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics ( DICP ), Architectures, Languages and Compilers to Harness the End of Moore Years ( ALCHEMY ), Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique ( LRI ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ) -CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ) -CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ), Clean Air Task Force ( CATF ), Clean Air Task Force, Space Physics Laboratory, Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ), Centre d'études et de recherches appliquées à la gestion ( CERAG ), Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 ( UPMF ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences-Sultan Qaboos University, European Molecular Biology Laboratory [Heidelberg] ( EMBL ), Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], Department of Radiation Oncology [Michigan] ( Radonc ), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Leicester], University of Leicester, Informatique, Biologie Intégrative et Systèmes Complexes ( IBISC ), Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne ( UEVE ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung ( IMK ), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie ( KIT ), Physics Department [UNB], University of New Brunswick ( UNB ), Laboratoire Parole et Langage ( LPL ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ), Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes ( ISCR ), Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Biogéosciences [Dijon] ( BGS ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Bioprojet, Laboratoire de Matériaux à Porosité Contrôlée ( LMPC ), Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar ( Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) ) -Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), School of Information Engineering [USTB] ( SIE ), University of Science and Technology Beijing [Beijing] ( USTB ), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] ( LASP ), University of Colorado Boulder [Boulder], Department of Applied Mathematics [Sheffield], University of Sheffield [Sheffield], School of Mathematics and Statistics [Sheffield] ( SoMaS ), Laboratoire de Mécanique de Lille - FRE 3723 ( LML ), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Ecole Centrale de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Computer Science Department [UCLA] ( CSD ), University of California at Los Angeles [Los Angeles] ( UCLA ), Développement et évolution ( DE ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche sur mer ( LBDV ), Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain ( LPA ), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris ( FRDPENS ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Mathematics and Statistics [Mac Gill], McGill University, Departamento de Botánica [Comahue], Universidad nacional del Comahue, Bioénergétique Cellulaire et Pathologique ( BECP ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques ( EPOC ), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers ( OASU ), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -École pratique des hautes études ( EPHE ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut Jacques Monod ( IJM ), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratori Nazionali del Sud ( LNS ), National Institute for Nuclear Physics ( INFN ), Departament de Matemàtiques [Barcelona], Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona [Barcelona] ( UAB ), Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung (coal research), Institute of Oceanology [CAS] ( IOCAS ), National Chiao Tung University ( NCTU ), Department of Hydrology and Water Resources ( HWR ), University of Arizona, Centre for Educational Technology, Environment Department [York], University of York [York, UK], State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology ( SKL-NPT ), Peking University [Beijing], Department of Physics and Astronomy [Iowa City], University of Iowa [Iowa], NASA Ames Research Center ( ARC ), Department of Materials, Digital Language & Knowledge Contents Research Association ( DICORA ), Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Department of Physics [Coventry], University of Warwick [Coventry], Space Science and Technology Department [Didcot] ( RAL Space ), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory ( RAL ), Science and Technology Facilities Council ( STFC ) -Science and Technology Facilities Council ( STFC ), Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] ( IBCP ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), H M Nautical Almanac Office [RAL] ( HMNAO ), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], University College of London [London] ( UCL ), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine [UCLA], University of California at Los Angeles [Los Angeles] ( UCLA ) -School of Medicine, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Seoul] ( SEES ), Seoul National University [Seoul], Department of Chemistry, Seoul Women's University, MicroMachines Centre ( MMC ), Nanyang Technological University [Singapour], Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe ( RQMP ), École Polytechnique de Montréal ( EPM ) -Université de Sherbrooke [Sherbrooke]-McGill University-Université de Montréal-Fonds Québécois de Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies ( FQRNT ), Département de Physique [Montréal], Université de Montréal, School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] ( SEE ), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology ( CEH ), Natural Environment Research Council ( NERC ), Norwegian Institute for Water Research ( NIVA ), Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), Astronomy Unit [London] (AU), Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Energy Technology (CSIRO Energy Technology), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology [Houston], The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Mathematical Institute [Oxford] (MI), University of Oxford, Centre for the Analysis of Time Series (CATS), London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab), Laboratoire Énergies et Mécanique Théorique et Appliquée (LEMTA ), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation (LEGS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering [Portland] (ECE), Portland State University [Portland] (PSU), Saint-Gobain, Institute for Animal Health (IAH), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Changchun Branch] (CAS), Ipsen Inc. [Milford] (Ipsen), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (ICAS), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds-University of Leeds, Chung-Ang University (CAU), Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE-CRC), Institute of Aerodynamics and Fluid Mechanics (AER), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Mer et santé (MS), Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Physical Laboratory [Teddington] (NPL), International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI), Macaulay Institute, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Queen's University [Kingston, Canada], Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation (PCU), Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi [Catania] (IMM), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Université du Mans (LAUM), Le Mans Université (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interactive Systems Labs (ISL), Carnegie Mellon University [Pittsburgh] (CMU), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Architectures, Languages and Compilers to Harness the End of Moore Years (ALCHEMY), Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique (LRI), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Clean Air Task Force (CATF), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Centre d'études et de recherches appliquées à la gestion (CERAG), Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sultan Qaboos University (SQU)-College of Medicine and Health Sciences [Baylor], Baylor University-Baylor University, European Molecular Biology Laboratory [Heidelberg] (EMBL), University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Department of Radiation Oncology [Michigan] (Radonc), Informatique, Biologie Intégrative et Systèmes Complexes (IBISC), Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), University of New Brunswick (UNB), Laboratoire Parole et Langage (LPL), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Matériaux à Porosité Contrôlée (LMPC), Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Information Engineering [USTB] (SIE), University of Science and Technology Beijing [Beijing] (USTB), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], School of Mathematics and Statistics [Sheffield] (SoMaS), Laboratoire de Mécanique de Lille - FRE 3723 (LML), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Centrale Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Computer Science Department [UCLA] (CSD), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), Développement et évolution (DE), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche sur mer (LBDV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain (LPA), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Mathematics and Statistics [Montréal], McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Departamento de Botánica [Bariloche], Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche [Bariloche] (CRUB), Universidad Nacional del Comahue [Neuquén] (UNCOMA)-Universidad Nacional del Comahue [Neuquén] (UNCOMA), Bioénergétique Cellulaire et Pathologique (BECP), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Jacques Monod (IJM (UMR_7592)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (LNS), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Departament de Matemàtiques [Barcelona] (UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung (Coal Research), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, CAS Institute of Oceanology (IOCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), National Chiao Tung University (NCTU), Department of Hydrology and Water Resources (HWR), State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology (SKL-NPT), University of Iowa [Iowa City], NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Digital Language & Knowledge Contents Research Association (DICORA), Space Science and Technology Department [Didcot] (RAL Space), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)-Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] (IBCP), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), H M Nautical Almanac Office [RAL] (HMNAO), University College of London [London] (UCL), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-School of Medicine, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Seoul] (SEES), Seoul National University [Seoul] (SNU), MicroMachines Centre (MMC), Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe (RQMP), École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM)-Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS)-McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]-Université de Montréal (UdeM)-Fonds Québécois de Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies (FQRNT), Université de Montréal (UdeM), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), SEA URCHIN GENOME SEQUENCING CONSORTIUM, SODERGREN E, WEINSTOCK GM, DAVIDSON EH, CAMERON RA, GIBBS RA, ANGERER RC, ANGERER LM, ARNONE MI, BURGESS DR, BURKE RD, COFFMAN JA, DEAN M, ELPHICK MR, ETTENSOHN CA, FOLTZ KR, HAMDOUN A, HYNES RO, KLEIN WH, MARZLUFF W, MCCLAY DR, MORRIS RL, MUSHEGIAN A, RAST JP, SMITH LC, THORNDYKE MC, VACQUIER VD, WESSEL GM, WRAY G, ZHANG L, ELSIK CG, ERMOLAEVA O, HLAVINA W, HOFMANN G, KITTS P, LANDRUM MJ, MACKEY AJ, MAGLOTT D, PANOPOULOU G, POUSTKA AJ, PRUITT K, SAPOJNIKOV V, SONG X, SOUVOROV A, SOLOVYEV V, WEI Z, WHITTAKER CA, WORLEY K, DURBIN KJ, SHEN Y, FEDRIGO O, GARFIELD D, HAYGOOD R, PRIMUS A, SATIJA R, SEVERSON T, GONZALEZ-GARAY ML, JACKSON AR, MILOSAVLJEVIC A, TONG M, KILLIAN CE, LIVINGSTON BT, WILT FH, ADAMS N, BELLE R, CARBONNEAU S, CHEUNG R, CORMIER P, COSSON B, CROCE J, FERNANDEZ-GUERRA A, GENEVIERE AM, GOEL M, KELKAR H, MORALES J, MULNER-LORILLON O, ROBERTSON AJ, GOLDSTONE JV, COLE B, EPEL D, GOLD B, HAHN ME, HOWARD-ASHBY M, SCALLY M, STEGEMAN JJ, ALLGOOD EL, COOL J, JUDKINS KM, MCCAFFERTY SS, MUSANTE AM, OBAR RA, RAWSON AP, ROSSETTI BJ, GIBBONS IR, HOFFMAN MP, LEONE A, ISTRAIL S, MATERNA SC, SAMANTA MP, STOLC V, TONGPRASIT W, TU Q, BERGERON KF, BRANDHORST BP, WHITTLE J, BERNEY K, BOTTJER DJ, CALESTANI C, PETERSON K, CHOW E, YUAN QA, ELHAIK E, GRAUR D, REESE JT, BOSDET I, HEESUN S, MARRA MA, SCHEIN J, ANDERSON MK, BROCKTON V, BUCKLEY KM, COHEN AH, FUGMANN SD, HIBINO T, LOZA-COLL M, MAJESKE AJ, MESSIER C, NAIR SV, PANCER Z, TERWILLIGER DP, AGCA C, ARBOLEDA E, CHEN N, CHURCHER AM, HALLBOOK F, HUMPHREY GW, IDRIS MM, KIYAMA T, LIANG S, MELLOTT D, MU X, MURRAY G, OLINSKI RP, RAIBLE F, ROWE M, TAYLOR JS, TESSMAR-RAIBLE K, WANG D, WILSON KH, YAGUCHI S, GAASTERLAND T, GALINDO BE, GUNARATNE HJ, JULIANO C, KINUKAWA M, MOY GW, NEILL AT, NOMURA M, RAISCH M, READE A, ROUX MM, SONG JL, SU YH, TOWNLEY IK, VORONINA E, WONG JL, AMORE G, BRANNO M, BROWN ER, CAVALIERI, V, DUBOC V, DULOQUIN L, FLYTZANIS C, GACHE C, LAPRAZ F, LEPAGE T, LOCASCIO A, MART, University of California-University of California, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Le Mans Université (UM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), University of California-University of California-School of Medicine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centrale Lille, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory [Upton, NY] (BNL), UT-Battelle, LLC-Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY)-U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE)-UT-Battelle, LLC-Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY)-U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE), Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Baylor University, Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Medicale (LaTIM), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest (CHRU Brest), Laboratoire de Modélisation et Simulation Multi Echelle (MSME), Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Duke University [Durham], Instituto Andaluz de Geofísica y Prevención de Desastres Sísmicos [Granada] (IAGPDS), Universidad de Granada (UGR), Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Matériaux de Bretagne (LIMATB), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Brest (UBO), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Celera Genomics (CRA), Celera Genomics, Paléobiodiversité et paléoenvironnements, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata [Roma], Unité de recherches forestières (BORDX PIERR UR ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Deptartment of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology (NIGPAS-CAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Nanjing Branch]-Chinese Academy of Sciences [Nanjing Branch], Institut Méditerranéen d'Ecologie et de Paléoécologie (IMEP), Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille 3-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1-Avignon Université (AU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences [Toronto], University of Toronto at Scarborough, inconnu temporaire UPEMLV, Inconnu, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Seattle], University of Washington [Seattle], National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Department of Pharmacy, Università degli studi di Genova = University of Genoa (UniGe), Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences Department, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Electrical Engineering (DEE-POSTECH), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique SA [Neuchatel] (CSEM), Centre Suisse d'Electronique et Microtechnique SA (CSEM), Human Genome Sequencing Center [Houston] (HGSC), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Meteorological Service of Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Télécom Bretagne-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest (CHRU Brest)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de Recherches Forestières, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto [Scarborough, Canada], National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), University of Genoa (UNIGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad de Granada = University of Granada (UGR), Laboratoire d'Energétique et de Mécanique Théorique Appliquée (LEMTA ), Technische Universität München [München] (TUM), Queen's University [Kingston], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung (IMK), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Ecole Centrale de Lille-Université de Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona [Barcelona] (UAB), École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM)-Université de Sherbrooke [Sherbrooke]-Université de Montréal [Montréal]-McGill University-Fonds Québécois de Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies (FQRNT), Université de Montréal [Montréal], U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE)-UT-Battelle, LLC-Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Brest (UBO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille 3-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Ecole Centrale de Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Male, MESH: Signal Transduction, MESH: Sequence Analysis, DNA, MESH : Transcription Factors, MESH : Calcification, Physiologic, Genome, MESH : Proteins, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH : Embryonic Development, MESH: Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Innate, MESH: Embryonic Development, Developmental, Nervous System Physiological Phenomena, MESH: Animals, MESH: Proteins, [SDV.BDD]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Development Biology, Complement Activation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, MESH: Evolution, Molecular, MESH : Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Nervous System Physiological Phenomena, Multidisciplinary, biology, Medicine (all), MESH: Immunologic Factors, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Genome project, MESH: Transcription Factors, MESH : Immunity, Innate, MESH : Complement Activation, MESH: Genes, Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)DeuterostomesStrongylocentrotus purpuratusVertebrate innovations, Echinoderm, MESH : Nervous System Physiological Phenomena, embryonic structures, MESH: Cell Adhesion Molecules, MESH : Genes, MESH: Immunity, Innate, Sequence Analysis, Signal Transduction, MESH: Computational Biology, Genome evolution, MESH: Complement Activation, Sequence analysis, Evolution, MESH: Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, MESH : Male, Embryonic Development, MESH : Immunologic Factors, Article, MESH: Calcification, Physiologic, Calcification, MESH : Cell Adhesion Molecules, Evolution, Molecular, 03 medical and health sciences, Calcification, Physiologic, Animals, Immunologic Factors, MESH: Genome, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, MESH : Evolution, Molecular, Physiologic, Gene, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, [ SDV.BBM ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, 030304 developmental biology, MESH : Signal Transduction, Bacterial artificial chromosome, Immunity, Molecular, Computational Biology, Proteins, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Genes, Immunity, Innate, Transcription Factors, Sequence Analysis, DNA, DNA, biology.organism_classification, MESH: Male, Gene Expression Regulation, MESH : Animals, MESH : Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, MESH : Genome, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, MESH : Computational Biology, MESH : Sequence Analysis, DNA
Abstract

We report the sequence and analysis of the 814-megabase genome of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus , a model for developmental and systems biology. The sequencing strategy combined whole-genome shotgun and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) sequences. This use of BAC clones, aided by a pooling strategy, overcame difficulties associated with high heterozygosity of the genome. The genome encodes about 23,300 genes, including many previously thought to be vertebrate innovations or known only outside the deuterostomes. This echinoderm genome provides an evolutionary outgroup for the chordates and yields insights into the evolution of deuterostomes.

Published
2006

35. Gene expression markers for Caenorhabditis elegans vulval cells

Author

Martha Kirouac, Gudrun Aspöck, Bhagwati P. Gupta, James Butler, Ian A. Hope, Pei-Yun Lee, Paul W. Sternberg, Thomas R. Bürglin, Minqin Wang, James M. Kramer, Takao Inoue, and David R. Sherwood

Subjects
Genetic Markers, Cell type, Embryology, animal structures, Organogenesis, Cell, Biology, Cell fate determination, Green fluorescent protein, Vulva, Animals, Genetically Modified, Genes, Reporter, Gene expression, medicine, Humans, Animals, Cell Lineage, Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins, Caenorhabditis elegans, Gene, urogenital system, Gene Expression Profiling, fungi, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, biology.organism_classification, Cell biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Female, Developmental Biology
Abstract

The analysis of cell fate patterning during the vulval development of Caenorhabditis elegans has relied mostly on the direct observation of cell divisions and cell movements (cell lineage analysis). However, reconstruction of the developing vulva from EM serial sections has suggested seven different cell types (vulA, vulB1, vulB2, vulC, vulD, vulE, and vulF), many of which cannot be distinguished based on such observations. Here we report the vulval expression of seven genes, egl-17, cdh-3, ceh-2, zmp-1, B0034.1, T04B2.6 and F47B8.6 based on gfp, cfp and yfp (green fluorescent protein and color variants) reporter fusions. Each gene expresses in a specific subset of vulval cells, and is therefore useful as a marker for vulval cell fates. Together, expressions of markers distinguish six cell types, and reveal a strict temporal control of gene expression in the developing vulva.

Published
2003

37. A genomic regulatory network for development

Author

Roger Revilla, Carolina B. Livi, Andrew Ransick, Maria Ina Arnone, Maria J. Schilstra, Paola Oliveri, R. Andrew Cameron, Veronica F. Hinman, Zheng Jun Pan, Eric H. Davidson, Cesar Arenas-Mena, Chiou-Hwa Yuh, Cristina Calestani, Leroy Hood, Alistair G. Rust, David R. McClay, Gabriele Amore, Hamid Bolouri, Peter J.C. Clarke, Jonathan P. Rast, Pei Yun Lee, Lee Rowen, Takuya Minokawa, Ochan Otim, and C. Titus Brown

Subjects
Mesoderm, animal structures, Embryonic Development, Systems Theory, Computational biology, Biology, Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid, Models, Biological, Genes, Regulator, medicine, Morphogenesis, Animals, Cell Lineage, Gene, Regulator gene, Genetics, Regulation of gene expression, Multidisciplinary, Genome, Models, Genetic, Gene Expression Profiling, Stem Cells, Endoderm, Computational Biology, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Gene expression profiling, medicine.anatomical_structure, Body plan, Regulatory sequence, Sea Urchins, embryonic structures
Abstract

Development of the body plan is controlled by large networks of regulatory genes. A gene regulatory network that controls the specification of endoderm and mesoderm in the sea urchin embryo is summarized here. The network was derived from large-scale perturbation analyses, in combination with computational methodologies, genomic data, cis-regulatory analysis, and molecular embryology. The network contains over 40 genes at present, and each node can be directly verified at the DNA sequence level by cis-regulatory analysis. Its architecture reveals specific and general aspects of development, such as how given cells generate their ordained fates in the embryo and why the process moves inexorably forward in developmental time.

Published
2002

38. Measurement of the vector analyzing power in elastic electron-proton scattering as a probe of the double virtual Compton amplitude

Author

J. Mikell, Bao Yang, R. Hasty, C. Eppstein, Raphael Noel Tieulent, E. J. Beise, B. Mueller, Takeyasu M. Ito, Wolfgang Korsch, J. DelCorso, D. Barkhuff, S. Wells, Elitza Maneva, Pei Yun Lee, G. W. Dodson, B. W. Filippone, R. Carr, M. Sullivan, T. A. Forest, K. McCarty, Evgeni Tsentalovich, P. Naik, Douglas H Beck, R. D. McKeown, T. Zwart, Michael Pitt, S. Kowalski, T. Averett, H. Breuer, M. Farkhondeh, C. Benson, D. T. Spayde, C. E. Jones, S. Covrig, J. Ritter, V. Savu, and P. Frasier

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Photon, Proton, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Scattering, Compton scattering, Virtual particle, Observable, Impulse (physics), 01 natural sciences, Amplitude, Quantum electrodynamics, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics
Abstract

We report the first measurement of the vector analyzing power in inclusive transversely polarized elastic electron-proton scattering at Q^2=0.1(GeV/c)^2 and large scattering angles. This quantity must vanish in the single virtual photon exchange, plane-wave impulse approximation for this reaction, and can therefore provide information on two photon exchange amplitudes for electromagnetic interactions with hadronic systems. The observable we have measured is driven by the imaginary part of the two photon exchange amplitude, the hadronic side of which is simply the Compton amplitude for the proton with two virtual photons. We find a small but nonzero value of A=-15.4±5.4 ppm.

Published
2001

39. Parity Violation in Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering and the Proton's Strange Magnetic Form Factor

Author

Bao Yang, C. Benson, T. Zwart, Elitza Maneva, D.H. Barkhuff, S. P. Wells, R. Hasty, Takeyasu M. Ito, C. Eppstein, H. Breuer, B. Mueller, G. W. Dodson, K. McCarty, R. D. McKeown, B. W. Filippone, Wolfgang Korsch, E. J. Beise, T. Averett, Pei Yun Lee, J. Ritter, P. Naik, C. E. Jones, R. Carr, Evgeni Tsentalovich, K. A. Dow, S. Kowalski, V. Savu, S. Covrig, M. Farkhondeh, Douglas H Beck, Michael Pitt, Matthew James Sullivan, P. Frazier, J. DelCorso, D. T. Spayde, J. Mikell, and Raphael Noel Tieulent

Subjects
Proton, media_common.quotation_subject, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, 01 natural sciences, Asymmetry, Nuclear physics, 0103 physical sciences, Magnetic form factor, Radiative transfer, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, NUCLEON, Nuclear Experiment, media_common, Physics, Elastic scattering, Neutral current, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Scattering, NEUTRAL-CURRENT, MOMENT, Quantum electrodynamics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Nucleon, Caltech Library Services, BREAKING
Abstract

We report a new measurement of the parity-violating asymmetry in elastic electron scattering from the proton at backward scattering angles. This asymmetry is sensitive to the strange magnetic form factor of the proton as well as electroweak axial radiative corrections. The new measurement of A=-4.92 +- 0.61 +- 0.73 ppm provides a significant constraint on these quantities. The implications for the strange magnetic form factor are discussed in the context of theoretical estimates for the axial corrections., 4 pages, 3 figures, submitted to Physical Review Letters, Sept 1999

Published
2000

40. Focused Ultrasound-Induced Blood–Brain Barrier Opening to Enhance Temozolomide Delivery for Glioblastoma Treatment: A Preclinical Study

Author

Chiung-Yin Huang, Pei-Yun Lee, Peng-Wei Hsu, I-Chou Tseng, Li-Ying Feng, Tzu-Chen Yen, Po-Chun Chu, Hong-Chieh Tsai, Yu-Jen Lu, Kuo-Chen Wei, Pin-Yuan Chen, Hay-Yan J. Wang, and Hao-Li Liu

Subjects
Male, Pathology, Medical Physics, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Cancer Treatment, lcsh:Medicine, Diagnostic Radiology, Engineering, Cerebrospinal fluid, lcsh:Science, Multidisciplinary, medicine.diagnostic_test, Brain Neoplasms, Brain, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Dacarbazine, Sound, medicine.anatomical_structure, Oncology, Blood-Brain Barrier, Microbubbles, Medicine, medicine.symptom, Radiology, Research Article, Biotechnology, medicine.drug, Drugs and Devices, medicine.medical_specialty, Brain tumor, Bioengineering, Brain damage, Blood–brain barrier, Medical Devices, Cell Line, Tumor, Temozolomide, medicine, Animals, Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating, Biology, business.industry, lcsh:R, Magnetic resonance imaging, Chemotherapy and Drug Treatment, medicine.disease, Rats, Disease Models, Animal, Tumor progression, lcsh:Q, Glioblastoma, business
Abstract

The purpose of this study is to assess the preclinical therapeutic efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-monitored focused ultrasound (FUS)-induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption to enhance Temozolomide (TMZ) delivery for improving Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) treatment. MRI-monitored FUS with microbubbles was used to transcranially disrupt the BBB in brains of Fisher rats implanted with 9L glioma cells. FUS-BBB opening was spectrophotometrically determined by leakage of dyes into the brain, and TMZ was quantitated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma by LC-MS\MS. The effects of treatment on tumor progression (by MRI), animal survival and brain tissue histology were investigated. Results demonstrated that FUS-BBB opening increased the local accumulation of dyes in brain parenchyma by 3.8-/2.1-fold in normal/tumor tissues. Compared to TMZ alone, combined FUS treatment increased the TMZ CSF/plasma ratio from 22.7% to 38.6%, reduced the 7-day tumor progression ratio from 24.03 to 5.06, and extended the median survival from 20 to 23 days. In conclusion, this study provided preclinical evidence that FUS BBB-opening increased the local concentration of TMZ to improve the control of tumor progression and animal survival, suggesting its clinical potential for improving current brain tumor treatment.

Published
2013

41. 2.327 EFFICACY OF CHRONIC BILATERAL STN-DBS ON ALTERED EYE-TO-FOOT CO-ORDINATION IN STANDING ADVANCED PARKINSONIAN PATIENTS DURING LARGE GAZE AND WHOLE-BODY REORIENTATIONS

Author

D. Nandi, Pei Yun Lee, Peter G. Bain, Dimitri Anastasopoulos, L.A. Ah-Kye, Nicola Pavese, Adolfo M. Bronstein, and M.J. Naushahi

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Neurology, Physical therapy, medicine, Ordination, Neurology (clinical), Geriatrics and Gerontology, Whole body, Psychology, Gaze, Foot (unit)
Published
2012

42. Cis-regulatory control of the nodal gene, initiator of the sea urchin oral ectoderm gene network

Author

Pei Yun Lee, Eric H. Davidson, James A. Coffman, Yi-Hsien Su, Jongmin Nam, and Anthony J. Robertson

Subjects
Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial, Sea urchin, Time Factors, animal structures, Community effect, Nodal Protein, Cis-regulatory analysis, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Gene regulatory network, Nodal signaling, Nodal, Ectoderm, Oral ectoderm, SMAD, Biology, Models, Biological, Article, Positive feedback regulation, Genes, Reporter, Transforming Growth Factor beta, TGF beta signaling pathway, medicine, bZIP, Animals, Gene Regulatory Networks, TGF-beta, Molecular Biology, Regulator gene, Models, Genetic, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Lefty, Cell Biology, Models, Theoretical, Molecular biology, Cell biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Fertilization, Sea Urchins, embryonic structures, NODAL, Developmental Biology
Abstract

Expression of the nodal gene initiates the gene regulatory network which establishes the transcriptional specification of the oral ectoderm in the sea urchin embryo. This gene encodes a TGFβ ligand, and in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus its transcription is activated in the presumptive oral ectoderm at about the 30-cell stage. Thereafter Nodal signaling occurs among all cells of the oral ectoderm territory, and nodal expression is required for expression of oral ectoderm regulatory genes. The cis-regulatory system of the nodal gene transduces anisotropically distributed cytoplasmic cues that distinguish the future oral and aboral domains of the early embryo. Here we establish the genomic basis for the initiation and maintenance of nodal gene expression in the oral ectoderm. Functional cis-regulatory control modules of the nodal gene were identified by interspecific sequence conservation. A 5′ cis-regulatory module functions both to initiate expression of the nodal gene and to maintain its expression by means of feedback input from the Nodal signal transduction system. These functions are mediated respectively by target sites for bZIP transcription factors, and by SMAD target sites. At least one SMAD site is also needed for the initiation of expression. An intron module also contains SMAD sites which respond to Nodal feedback, and in addition acts to repress vegetal expression. These observations explain the main features of nodal expression in the oral ectoderm: since the activity of bZIP factors is redox sensitive, and the initial polarization of oral vs. aboral fate is manifested in a redox differential, the bZIP sites account for the activation of nodal on the oral side; and since the immediate early signal transduction response factors for Nodal are SMAD factors, the SMAD sites account for the feedback maintenance of nodal gene expression.

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47. Strange magnetism and the anapole structure of the proton

Author

M. Farkhondeh, R. Hasty, S. Covrig, S. Kowalski, E. J. Beise, A. Blake, Wolfgang Korsch, J. Ritter, B. W. Filippone, Bao Yang, R. Carr, Evgeni Tsentalovich, S. Wells, Douglas H Beck, C. E. Jones, R. D. McKeown, T. Averett, J. Roche, A. M. Hawthorne-Allen, Areg Danagoulian, K. A. Dow, Raphael Noel Tieulent, M. C. Herda, V. Savu, J. Gao, K. Kramer, H. Breuer, B. Mueller, Pei Yun Lee, Michael Pitt, G. W. Dodson, Takeyasu M. Ito, D. Barkhuff, T. Zwart, and D. T. Spayde

Subjects
Quark, Physics, Strange quark, Particle physics, Multidisciplinary, Proton, Magnetic moment, Proton magnetic moment, Nuclear Theory, Weak interaction, Nuclear physics, MOMENT, Moment (physics), SCATTERING, Physics::Atomic Physics, WEAK, Nucleon, Nuclear Experiment, NUCLEON
Abstract

The violation of mirror symmetry in the weak force provides a powerful tool to study the internal structure of the proton. Experimental results have been obtained that address the role of strange quarks in generating nuclear magnetism. The measurement reported here provides an unambiguous constraint on strange quark contributions to the proton's magnetic moment through the electron-proton weak interaction. We also report evidence for the existence of a parity-violating electromagnetic effect known as the anapole moment of the proton. The proton's anapole moment is not yet well understood theoretically, but it could have important implications for precision weak interaction studies in atomic systems such as cesium.

49. A Genomic Regulatory Network for Development.

Author

Davidson, Eric H., Rast, Jonathan P., Oliveri, Paola, Ransick, Andrew, Calestani, Cristina, Chiou-Hwa Yuh, Minokawa, Takuya, Amore, Gabriele, Hinman, Veronica, Arenas-Mena, César, Otim, Ochan, Brown, C. Titus, Livi, Carolina B., Pei Yun Lee, Revilla, Roger, Rust, Alistair G., Zheng jun Pan, Schilstra, Maria J., Clarke, Peter J.C., and Arnone, Maria I.

Subjects
*SEA urchin embryos, *BIOLOGY, *GENETICS
Abstract

Development of the body plan is controlled by large networks of regulatory genes. A gene regulatory network that controls the specification of endoderm and mesoderm in the sea urchin embryo is summarized here. The network was derived from large-scale perturbation analyses, in combination with computational methodologies, genomic data, cis-regulatory analysis, and molecular embryology. The network contains over 40 genes at present, and each node can be directly verified at the DNA sequence level by cis-regulatory analysis. Its architecture reveals specific and general aspects of development, such as how given cells generate their ordained fates in the embryo and why the process moves inexorably forward in developmental time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2002
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