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BACKGROUND Long-distance running can be a form of stress to the heart. Technological improvements combined with the public’s gradual turn toward mobile health (mHealth), self-health, and exercise effectiveness have resulted in the widespread use of wearable exercise products. The monitoring of dynamic cardiac function changes during running and running performance should be further studied. OBJECTIVE We investigated the relationship between dynamic cardiac function changes and finish time for 3000-meter runs. Using a wearable device based on a novel cardiac force index (CFI), we explored potential correlations among 3000-meter runners with stronger and weaker cardiac functions during running. METHODS This study used the American product BioHarness 3.0 (Zephyr Technology Corporation), which can measure basic physiological parameters including heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, maximum oxygen consumption, and activity. We investigated the correlations among new physiological parameters, including CFI = weight * activity / heart rate, cardiac force ratio (CFR) = CFI of running / CFI of walking, and finish times for 3000-meter runs. RESULTS The results showed that waist circumference, smoking, and CFI were the significant factors for qualifying in the 3000-meter run. The prediction model was as follows: ln (3000 meters running performance pass probability / fail results probability) = –2.702 – 0.096 × [waist circumference] – 1.827 × [smoke] + 0.020 × [ACi7]. If smoking and the ACi7 were controlled, contestants with a larger waist circumference tended to fail the qualification based on the formula above. If waist circumference and ACi7 were controlled, smokers tended to fail more often than nonsmokers. Finally, we investigated a new calculation method for monitoring cardiac status during exercise that uses the CFI of walking for the runner as a reference to obtain the ratio between the cardiac force of exercise and that of walking (CFR) to provide a standard for determining if the heart is capable of exercise. A relationship is documented between the CFR and the performance of 3000-meter runs in a healthy 22-year-old person. During the running period, data are obtained while participant slowly runs 3000 meters, and the relationship between the CFR and time is plotted. The runner’s CFR varies with changes in activity. Since the runner’s acceleration increases, the CFR quickly increases to an explosive peak, indicating the runner’s explosive power. At this period, the CFI revealed a 3-fold increase (CFR=3) in a strong heart. After a time lapse, the CFR is approximately 2.5 during an endurance period until finishing the 3000-meter run. Similar correlation is found in a runner with a weak heart, with the CFR at the beginning period being 4 and approximately 2.5 thereafter. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the study results suggested that measuring the real-time CFR changes could be used in a prediction model for 3000-meter running performance.

Backgrounds: Marathons and road running have become popular in recent years, sudden cardiac death may occur even in young populations. Early detection the cardiac function changes during running is imperative. Methods: This study used the American Zephyr™ product BioHarness 3.0. It can measure basic physiological parameters, including heart-rate, respiratory rate, temperature, maximum oxygen consumption and activity. Interpretation: We investigated the correlations among the 2 new physiological parameters, including cardiac force index (CFI) = weight * activity / heart rate, cardiac force ratio (CFR) = CFI of running / CFI of walking, and finish times for 3000 meters of running. After analysis of multi-variates logistic regression model, accumulation of heart activities during running was statistically significant with the qualification of the 3000-meter running test (p = 0.04). Finally, we compared the correlations of CFR(s) between runners with stronger and weaker cardiac force during 3000-meter running. In conclusion, this study results suggested that real-time CFR changes could be a predication model for the 3000-meter running performance. Funding Statement: This study was supported from the grants of AFTYGH-10752 and AFTYGH-10812, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taiwan, ROC. Declaration of Interests: The authors state: "None declared." Ethics Approval Statement: This was a cross-sectional study which was approved by the human trial committee of the Tri-Service General Hospital, Taiwan. Approval for this study was provided by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Tri-Service General Hospital, Taiwan (Approval No: TSGH- IRB-1-104-05-147).

Background Long-distance running can be a form of stress to the heart. Technological improvements combined with the public’s gradual turn toward mobile health (mHealth), self-health, and exercise effectiveness have resulted in the widespread use of wearable exercise products. The monitoring of dynamic cardiac function changes during running and running performance should be further studied. Objective We investigated the relationship between dynamic cardiac function changes and finish time for 3000-meter runs. Using a wearable device based on a novel cardiac force index (CFI), we explored potential correlations among 3000-meter runners with stronger and weaker cardiac functions during running. Methods This study used the American product BioHarness 3.0 (Zephyr Technology Corporation), which can measure basic physiological parameters including heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, maximum oxygen consumption, and activity. We investigated the correlations among new physiological parameters, including CFI = weight * activity / heart rate, cardiac force ratio (CFR) = CFI of running / CFI of walking, and finish times for 3000-meter runs. Results The results showed that waist circumference, smoking, and CFI were the significant factors for qualifying in the 3000-meter run. The prediction model was as follows: ln (3000 meters running performance pass probability / fail results probability) = –2.702 – 0.096 × [waist circumference] – 1.827 × [smoke] + 0.020 × [ACi7]. If smoking and the ACi7 were controlled, contestants with a larger waist circumference tended to fail the qualification based on the formula above. If waist circumference and ACi7 were controlled, smokers tended to fail more often than nonsmokers. Finally, we investigated a new calculation method for monitoring cardiac status during exercise that uses the CFI of walking for the runner as a reference to obtain the ratio between the cardiac force of exercise and that of walking (CFR) to provide a standard for determining if the heart is capable of exercise. A relationship is documented between the CFR and the performance of 3000-meter runs in a healthy 22-year-old person. During the running period, data are obtained while participant slowly runs 3000 meters, and the relationship between the CFR and time is plotted. The runner’s CFR varies with changes in activity. Since the runner’s acceleration increases, the CFR quickly increases to an explosive peak, indicating the runner’s explosive power. At this period, the CFI revealed a 3-fold increase (CFR=3) in a strong heart. After a time lapse, the CFR is approximately 2.5 during an endurance period until finishing the 3000-meter run. Similar correlation is found in a runner with a weak heart, with the CFR at the beginning period being 4 and approximately 2.5 thereafter. Conclusions In conclusion, the study results suggested that measuring the real-time CFR changes could be used in a prediction model for 3000-meter running performance.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the possible factors for preserving the eyes after late or suboptimally treated endogenous endophthalmitis secondary to Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) liver abscess. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted for patients admitted with KP liver abscess from January 1991 to June 2012. Results: Six hundred and ninety-three patients with KP liver abscess were recorded, in which endophthalmitis was identified in 53 cases (65 eyes, 8.29%). Diabetes was significantly associated with the development of endophthalmitis (p = 0.014). Eleven eyes received their last ocular treatment ≥10 days and final vision ≥ counting fingers, and were defined as benign type KP endophthalmitis. The absence of diabetes was the only consistent candidate factor for benign type KP endophthalmitis. Conclusion: A lack of ongoing diabetes is an important factor in preserving eyes with late or suboptimally treated endogenous endophthalmitis second to KP liver abscess.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify the possible factors for preserving the eyes after late or suboptimally treated endogenous endophthalmitis secondary to Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) liver abscess. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted for patients admitted with KP liver abscess from January 1991 to June 2012. Results Six hundred and ninety-three patients with KP liver abscess were recorded, in which endophthalmitis was identified in 53 cases (65 eyes, 8.29%). Diabetes was significantly associated with the development of endophthalmitis (p = 0.014). Eleven eyes received their last ocular treatment ≥10 days and final vision ≥ counting fingers, and were defined as benign type KP endophthalmitis. The absence of diabetes was the only consistent candidate factor for benign type KP endophthalmitis. Conclusion A lack of ongoing diabetes is an important factor in preserving eyes with late or suboptimally treated endogenous endophthalmitis second to KP liver abscess.