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Abstract Background Exercise has been identified as a promising non-pharmacological therapy for the management of depression, but there is still controversy over which type is most effective. We aimed to compare and rank the types of exercise that improve depression in postmenopausal women by quantifying information from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods The PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, CNKI, The Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and CINAHL Plus databases were searched to identify articles published from inception to 1 March 2024 reporting RCTs that examined the effectiveness of exercise on depression in postmenopausal women. The risk of bias was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for RCTs. The quality of the evidence for each comparison was graded using the online confidence in network meta-analysis tool (CINeMA). Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated using the mean and standard deviation of pre-to-post intervention changes and then pooled using a random effects model in a pairwise meta-analysis using Review Manager 5.4. Then, a frequentist network meta-analysis was conducted using a random effects model was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different exercise types using the network package of Stata 15. Results This study included 26 studies involving 2,170 participants. The pairwise meta-analysis revealed that exercise had a significant positive effect on depression in postmenopausal women (SMD = -0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.94 to -0.48; I 2 = 78%). The network meta-analysis revealed that mind-body exercise (SMD = -0.97, 95% CI = -1.28 to -0.67), aerobic exercise (SMD = -0.58, 95% CI = -0.88 to -0.27) and multicomponent exercise (SMD = -0.57, 95% CI = -1.15 to -0.002) significantly reduced depression compared to the control intervention. Mind-body exercise had the highest probability of being the most effective intervention. Exercise interventions also showed positive effects on anxiety. Most studies were judged to have some concerns regarding their risk of bias, and the confidence in evidence was often very low according to CINeMA. Conclusion For postmenopausal women, there is very low to moderate quality evidence that exercise interventions are an effective antidepressant therapy, with mind-body exercise most likely being the optimal type. Trial registration This meta-analysis was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42024505425).

Abstract Background Although pregnancy complicated by liver cirrhosis is rare, women with cirrhosis experience increased adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate pregnancy outcomes in women with liver cirrhosis and develop a predictive model using maternal factors for preterm birth in such pregnancies. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on pregnancy outcomes of a cirrhosis group (n = 43) and a non-cirrhosis group (n = 172) in a university hospital between 2010 and 2022. Logistic regression evaluated pregnancy outcomes, and a forward stepwise logistic regression model was designed to predict preterm birth in pregnant women with cirrhosis. The model's predictive performance was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under the ROC curve (AUC). Results The incidence of cirrhosis during pregnancy was 0.06% (50/81,554). Pregnant women with cirrhosis faced increased risks of cesarean section, preterm birth, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, thrombocytopenia, and postpartum hemorrhage. In pregnant women with cirrhosis, preterm birth risk significantly increased at an incidence rate of 46.51% (20/43). According to the prediction model, the key predictors of preterm birth in pregnant women with cirrhosis were intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and total bilirubin. The model demonstrated accurate prediction, with an AUC of 0.847, yielding a model accuracy of 81.4%. Conclusions Pregnant women with cirrhosis face a heightened risk of adverse obstetric outcomes, particularly an increased incidence of preterm birth. The preliminary evidence shows that the regression model established in our study can use the identified key predictors to predict preterm birth in pregnant women with cirrhosis, with high accuracy.

ObjectiveFor elective cesarean section patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), there is a lack of evidence-based research on the use of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS). This study aims to compare the ERAS after-surgery protocol and traditional perioperative management.Research design and methodsIn this retrospective cohort study, singleton pregnancies with good glucose control GDM, delivered by elective cesarean sections under intravertebral anesthesia at least 37 weeks from January 1 to December 31, 2022, were collected at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. We divided all enrolled pregnant women and newborns into an ERAS group and a control group (the traditional perioperative management group) based on their adherence to the ERAS protocol. The primary outcome was the preoperative blood glucose level, with an increase of more than 1 mmol/L indicating clinical significance when compared to the control group. The secondary outcome was centered around an adverse composite outcome that affected both mothers and newborns.ResultsWe collected a total of 161 cases, with 82 in the ERAS group and 79 in the control group. Although the mean preoperative blood glucose level in the ERAS group was significantly higher than in the control group (5.01 ± 1.06 mmol/L vs. 4.45 ± 0.90 mmol/L, p

Summary: Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a promising obesity management strategy, but weight-loss efficacy varies among participants, and the underlying mechanism is unclear. The study aimed to investigate the role of gut microbiota in weight-loss response during long-term TRE intervention. We analyzed data from 51 obese adults in a 12-month TRE program, categorizing them into distinct weight loss groups (DG) and moderate weight loss groups (MG) based on their TRE responses. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing analysis revealed a significant increase in species closely associated with weight loss effectiveness and metabolic parameter changes in the DG group. Pathways related to fatty acid biosynthesis, glycogen biosynthesis, and nucleotide metabolism were reduced in the DG group and enhanced in the MG group. Next, we identified nine specific species at baseline that contributed better responses to TRE intervention and significant weight loss. Collectively, gut microbiota contributes to responsiveness heterogeneity in TRE and can predict weight-loss effectiveness.

Abstract The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) has great potential in deciphering weakly deformed fabrics that may be related to tectonic stress. Previous studies have suggested that magnetic lineation is a good indicator of paleostrain direction. It is unclear whether the magnetic fabric can also be used to indicate the present‐day strain field. To verify this idea, we measured the AMS of freshly consolidated lacustrine fine‐grained sediments at 11 locations in the Qaidam and Chaka‐Gonghe basins of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau and compared it with the present‐day strain field deduced from the global position system (GPS) velocity field. The magnetic lineations of both room‐temperature and low‐temperature AMS are roughly perpendicular to the GPS‐derived tectonic shortening direction within the error range, suggesting that the AMS of freshly consolidated muds is an effective indicator of the present‐day strain field, even if the sediments appear undeformed at the outcrop scale.

Abstract The modern high topography of the eastern Tibetan Plateau is drained by several of the largest rivers on Earth, and exerts a prominent influence on the Asian monsoon pattern. However, when the high terrain was formed remains highly debated. Here, we present detrital zircon U‐Pb ages that indicate a south‐flowing drainage system with distal headwaters passed through the Ninglang Basin at ca. 45 Ma. We advocate for early–middle Eocene surface uplift in the Gonjo Basin and areas to the west creating a southeast tilted topography across eastern Tibet. The termination of sedimentation at ca. 40 Ma implies that the river system had deviated from the Ninglang Basin, which we interpret as a result of rise of the Yalong‐Yulong thrust belt. Combined with other lines of evidence from previous studies, we support the establishment of moderate‐high elevation topography of eastern Tibet by late Eocene time.

Towards addressing the issues of poor image quality and limited sample quantity in underwater sonar images. A genetic encoding method for the fusion of image spot and local binary pattern texture features is employed in this study. By encoding the fusion features using genetic algorithms, the dimensionality of the fused features is reduced, thereby enhancing the efficiency of neural network operations while ensuring data transmission confidentiality. Additionally, a deep multi-classifier is introduced, which combines residual units with CNN-BiGRU-Attention. This classifier takes the genetically encoded fused features as input and outputs four predicted probabilities. Through an ensemble learning strategy that evenly assigns weights to the predicted probabilities, the final prediction result is obtained, achieving underwater target recognition. Results demonstrate that the proposed fusion features effectively enlarge inter-class differences among various types of sonar images and improve classifier accuracy. The deep multi-classifier model exhibits stable improvement in prediction accuracy compared to the original model, converging after only 15 training iterations with an average recognition accuracy of 99.1%. The research findings offer an effective approach for target sonar image recognition and classification, with potential applicability to a wider range of underwater target categorization.

The construction of wind farm pilings, submarine pipelines, and underwater submarines involves multiple cylinders. However, there is currently a lack of economic research on predicting the mechanism and characteristics of mutual coupling of acoustic scattering from multiple cylindrical targets. This study investigates the mechanism and prediction method of acoustic scattering for the structural distribution characteristics of underwater multi-cylindrical targets. A model of a multi-cylindrical target’s two-dimensional acoustic field was established using the finite element method. Numerical calculations were then carried out to elucidate the scattering characteristics of the frequency–angle spectrum in far-field omnidirectional scattering. The simulation of echoes in the time domain explains how echoes propagate and interact with each other, and provides formulas for calculating interference and resonance frequencies. The frequency calculation formula extracts key features from the spectrum, providing a basis for predicting the characteristics of multi-cylindrical targets in terms of scale and spatial position. Measurement experiments were conducted on a double-cylindrical target in a water tank, and the theoretical calculations and experimental data were used to estimate the target’s radius and distance. The actual layout confirms the accuracy of the interference and resonance frequency prediction formulas. This study offers a valuable solution for refined feature extraction and spatial estimation of underwater targets.

Background The associations of oral contraceptive (OC) use with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all‐cause death remains unclear. We aimed to determine the associations of OC use with incident CVD and all‐cause death. Methods and Results This cohort study included 161 017 women who had no CVD at baseline and reported their OC use. We divided OC use into ever use and never use. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% CIs for cardiovascular outcomes and death. Overall, 131 131 (81.4%) of 161 017 participants reported OC use at baseline. The multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios for OC ever users versus never users were 0.92 (95% CI, 0.86–0.99) for all‐cause death, 0.91 (95% CI, 0.87–0.96) for incident CVD events, 0.88 (95% CI, 0.81–0.95) for coronary heart disease, 0.87 (95% CI, 0.76–0.99) for heart failure, and 0.92 (95% CI, 0.84–0.99) for atrial fibrillation. However, no significant associations of OC use with CVD death, myocardial infarction, or stroke were observed. Furthermore, the associations of OC use with CVD events were stronger among participants with longer durations of use (P for trend

Abstract We investigate the present‐day strike‐slip faulting and intracontinental deformation of North China using horizontal GPS velocities and a block modeling strategy. The data demonstrate that the fault slip rates and block rotations in North China can be better constrained using GPS velocities where the influence of groundwater extraction has been reduced by applying median spatial filtering of the velocity field. The modeled senses of motion and slip rates on active faults are generally in good agreement with the geological estimates. The left‐lateral slip rate along the boundary fault of Weihe Graben is apparently lower than the differential motion between the South China Block and Ordos Block. The missing left‐lateral slip is accommodated by the counterclockwise rotation of the Ordos Block. The sinistral slip rate along the eastern segment of the Altyn Tagh‐Haiyuan‐Qinling fault system decreases eastward from ∼1.0 to ∼0 mm/yr, much slower than that expected in the fast eastward extrusion hypothesis. We interpret the systematic counterclockwise rotation of blocks and left/right‐lateral faulting in North China to be driven both by the left‐lateral shear between the South China Block to the south and Yinshan‐Yanshan Block to the north and a push from the Tibetan Plateau on the southwestern margin of the Ordos Block.

Purpose: To determine the effects of weight reduction schemes using the exercise intensities corresponding to maximal fat oxidation (FATmax) and crossover point (COP). The effects of different intervention protocols on blood lipid metabolism were compared to explore how fat can be consumed and used more efficiently and provide a theoretical basis for weight loss through exercise.Methods: This study included 30 young overweight women randomly divided into the COP, FATmax, and control groups. Participants in the COP and FATmax groups exercised for 45 min four times a week for 8 weeks after the individual treadmill exercise test. The control group did not perform any exercise.Results: After 8 weeks of training, participants in the COP group significantly decreased weight (2.6 ± 3.3 kg), body mass index (0.91 ± 1.26 kg/m2), body fat percentage (1.21% ± 1.50%), and fat mass (1.90 ± 2.30 kg) (p < 0.05). They also had significantly decreased hip circumference (4.8 ± 3.3 cm), serum apolipoprotein B (ApoB) levels (15.48 ± 14.19 mg/dL), and ApoB/apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI) ratios (0.23 ± 0.17) (p < 0.01). However, their serum ApoAI levels were significantly increased (14.18 ± 10.24 mg/dL; p < 0.01). Participants in the FATmax group had significantly decreased hip circumference (2.4 ± 2.0 cm), serum ApoB levels (14.49 ± 11.00 mg/ dL), and ApoB/ApoAI ratios (0.35 ± 0.15) (p < 0.01) but significantly increased serum ApoAI levels (29.53 ± 13.29 mg/dL; p < 0.01). No significant changes in physiological indexes were observed in participants in the control group.Conclusion: Personalised exercise intervention positively affected central obesity, effectively improving blood lipid metabolism and fat oxidation, reducing cardiovascular disease risk in young overweight women. COP training improved weight and body composition better than the FATmax exercise, while the latter provided greater improvements in serum ApoAI levels.

Background The association between menstrual cycle characteristics and cardiovascular outcomes remains unclear. This study was undertaken to evaluate whether menstrual cycle regularity and length throughout the life course are associated with cardiovascular outcomes. Methods and Results This cohort study included 58 056 women who had no cardiovascular disease (CVD) at baseline and reported their menstrual cycle regularity and length. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for CVD events were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. During the median 11.8 years of follow‐up, 1623 incident CVD cases were documented, including 827 incident cases of coronary heart disease, 199 myocardial infarctions, 271 strokes, 174 cases of heart failure, and 393 cases of atrial fibrillations. Compared with women with regular menstrual cycles, the HRs for women with irregular menstrual cycles were 1.19 (95% CI, 1.07–1.31) for CVD events and 1.40 (95% CI, 1.14–1.72) for atrial fibrillation. The multivariable‐adjusted HRs for short (≤21 days) or long (35 days) menstrual cycles during follow‐up were 1.29 (95% CI, 1.11–1.50) and 1.11 (95% CI, 0.98–1.56) for CVD events, respectively. Similarly, long or short cycle length were more likely to be associated with increased risk of atrial fibrillation (HR, 1.30 [95% CI, 1.01–1.66]; and HR, 1.38 [95% CI, 1.02–1.87]), and short cycle length was more likely to be associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction. However, these associations for stroke and heart failure were not significant. Conclusions Long or short menstrual cycle length was associated with increased risks of CVD and atrial fibrillation but not myocardial infarction, heart failure, or stroke. Short cycle length was associated with a greater risk of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction.

AbstractBackground The association between excessive serum total bile acid (TBA) and adverse perinatal outcomes in individuals with non-intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (non-ICP) hypercholanemia has not been determined, and it is unclear if this link is similar to that observed in patients with ICP.Objective To examine the adverse perinatal outcomes in two specific subcategories: those with ICP and those with non-ICP, including individuals with liver disease and asymptomatic hypercholanemia of pregnancy (AHP), at different levels of TBA. Investigate the correlation between TBA levels and adverse perinatal outcomes of ICP, liver disease, and AHP.Methods From 2013 to 2021, pregnant women with excessive TBA levels were taken from the electronic medical record database of our hospital and categorized into three groups: ICP (n = 160), liver disease (n = 164), and AHP (n = 650). This was done as part of a retrospective cohort research project. Multivariable regression and subgroup analyses were performed to examine the association between TBA levels and adverse perinatal outcomes in each group.Results The study found no significant differences in adverse perinatal outcomes between the ICP and liver disease groups at different TBA levels. However, at moderate TBA levels, both groups had a higher risk of adverse perinatal outcomes than the AHP group (p

BackgroundThis study aimed to observe the effects of six different types of AI rehabilitation techniques (RR, IR, RT, RT + VR, VR and BCI) on upper limb shoulder-elbow and wrist motor function, overall upper limb function (grip, grasp, pinch and gross motor) and daily living ability in subjects with stroke. Direct and indirect comparisons were drawn to conclude which AI rehabilitation techniques were most effective in improving the above functions.MethodsFrom establishment to 5 September 2022, we systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, VIP and Wanfang. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that met the inclusion criteria were included. The risk of bias in studies was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaborative Risk of Bias Assessment Tool. A cumulative ranking analysis by SUCRA was performed to compare the effectiveness of different AI rehabilitation techniques for patients with stroke and upper limb dysfunction.ResultsWe included 101 publications involving 4,702 subjects. According to the results of the SUCRA curves, RT + VR (SUCRA = 84.8%, 74.1%, 99.6%) was most effective in improving FMA-UE-Distal, FMA-UE-Proximal and ARAT function for subjects with upper limb dysfunction and stroke, respectively. IR (SUCRA = 70.5%) ranked highest in improving FMA-UE-Total with upper limb motor function amongst subjects with stroke. The BCI (SUCRA = 73.6%) also had the most significant advantage in improving their MBI daily living ability.ConclusionsThe network meta-analysis (NMA) results and SUCRA rankings suggest RT + VR appears to have a greater advantage compared with other interventions in improving upper limb motor function amongst subjects with stroke in FMA-UE-Proximal and FMA-UE-Distal and ARAT. Similarly, IR had shown the most significant advantage over other interventions in improving the FMA-UE-Total upper limb motor function score of subjects with stroke. The BCI also had the most significant advantage in improving their MBI daily living ability. Future studies should consider and report on key patient characteristics, such as stroke severity, degree of upper limb impairment, and treatment intensity/frequency and duration.Systematic review registrationwww.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#recordDetail, identifier: CRD42022337776.

The coupling mechanism between natural and anthropogenic noise in shallow marine areas is of great significance for maintaining the ecological safety of these regions. In this study, a section of Zhanjiang Bay’s entrance was selected as a typical research area, and environmental noise data at different depths were collected during the spring and autumn seasons. The spectral characteristics, sound pressure levels, and underwater noise frequency correlation matrices of environmental noise were analyzed to reveal the underwater noise characteristics of tidal channels in Zhanjiang Bay and their main influencing factors. The results show that underwater noise in this study area had a stable frequency band distribution. In the low-frequency range of 20–50 Hz, the main source of noise was the flow noise influenced by tides and topography, with a peak sound pressure level of approximately 97 dB. In the frequency range of 50 Hz to 500 Hz, the main noise sources were ships at sea, followed by wind-generated noise. At frequencies above 500 Hz, the noise intensity decreased. In addition, it was found that the sound pressure level in the low-frequency range had a significant correlation with the tidal level, increasing with the rise of the tide and decreasing during low tides. This study provides a research case on the impact that human noise activity has on environmental noise in shallow marine bays. These research findings can support the selection of sites and reduce construction noise from offshore wind farms, as well as ensure the acoustic ecological environment in the vicinity of marine ranches.

Multiple autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) have gradually become the trend in underwater operations. Identifying and detecting these new underwater multi-targets is difficult when studying underwater moving targets. A 28-element transducer is used to test the echo of multiple AUVs with different layouts in a lake. The characteristics of the wideband echo signals are studied. Under the condition that the direction of arrival (DOA) is not known, an autofocus coherent signal subspace (ACCSM) method is proposed. The focusing matrix is constructed based on the received data. The spatial spectrum of the array signal of multiple AUVs at different attitudes is calculated. The algorithm estimates the DOA of the echo signals to overcome the shortcomings of traditional wideband DOA estimation and improve its accuracy. The results show that the highlights are not only related to the number of AUVs, but are also modified by scale and attitude. The contribution of the microstructure of the target in the overall echo cannot be ignored. Different parts of the target affect the number of highlights, thus resulting in varying numbers of highlights at different attitude angle intervals. The results have significant implications for underwater multi-target recognition.

Abstract The 1,900‐km‐long Sumatran fault plays an important role in accommodating oblique plate motion between the Indo‐Australian and Sunda plates. Although fault geometry, kinematics, and seismic activity are well‐studied, the onset of dextral motion on the Sumatran fault and uplift of adjacent Barisan Mountains is unclear; this hinders an understanding of the late Cenozoic evolution of Sumatra and the forearc region. In this study, we use low‐temperature thermochronology to measure cooling histories of rocks within and outside of the Sumatran fault. An accelerated exhumation within the fault zone began at ∼2 Ma. The Barisan Mountains may have experienced uplift and associated river incision in the late Miocene to Pliocene. The fault systems in the forearc region were inferred to be kinematically linked to the Andaman Sea and Sunda Strait and accommodated early relative plate convergence, then relocated the strike‐slip component of deformation to the Sumatran fault at ∼2 Ma.

While understanding the long-term slip rate of active normal faults is essential for the comprehensive assessment of seismic activity, it is difficult due to the absence of age control in the erosional bedrock region. The preserved sequence of wave-cut platforms in granite allows exploration of the long-term slip rate in the footwall of some normal faults. We investigated wave-cut platforms in the southern Pearl River Delta (PRD), a coastal delta transected by the seismically active Littoral Fault Zone (LFZ) in the northern South China Sea, to derive slip rates and their impacts on the seismic hazard potential. We mapped a flight of four wave-cut platforms (T1–T4), dated the T2 and T4 platforms by 10Be cosmogenic nuclide dating, and used the absolute age to correlate the un-dated platform to global sea-level highstands. Our results allocate the ages of 128 ka, 197 ka, and 239 ka to the upper three wave-cut platforms and yield temporally various uplift rates ranging from 0.30 to 0.38 mm/a during 239–128 ka to 0.09 mm/a since 128 ka. A decrease in the uplift rate, which coincided with a decreased subsidence rate within the PRD in previous work, implied a weakened differential uplift onshore of the LFZ system. Our findings infer that the transgression event occurred as early as marine isotope stage (MIS) 7 in the PRD, consistent with the view that Pleistocene sedimentation began in MIS 5 or earlier in the PRD.

This study provides evidence for a continental-scale river system that existed in eastern Tibet before the India-Asia collision. The river system developed an extensive low-relief landscape, which was uplifted and dissected during the late Cenozoic.

Background: Valvular heart disease (VHD) is a type of cardiovascular disease with abnormal heart valve structure and/or function and a rapidly growing cause of global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Physical inactivity is a problem for patients with VHD, especially after surgery. However, there is no data on the effects of exercise on VHD from large multicentre randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide a comprehensive analysis of small RCTs to evaluate the effects of exercise on cardiopulmonary function in patients with VHD and provide an evidence-based medicine basis for developing and guiding the clinical application of exercise in patients with VHD. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. We systematically searched electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, China National Knowledge Infrastructure [CNKI], China Science and Technology Journal Database [VIP], WanFang Database, and SinoMed [CBM]) for all studies on exercise and VHD from their inception to January 2023. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. The primary outcomes were the six-minute walk test distance (6MWD), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and short-form 36-item health survey (SF-36). Results: This systematic review included 22 RCTs with 1520 subjects (869 men and 651 women). The meta-analysis results showed that exercise significantly improved exercise capacity measured by the 6MWD (mean difference [MD] = 25.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 19.98–31.11, I2 = 0%, p < 0.00001), LVEF (MD = 6.20, 95% CI = 4.76–7.65, I2 = 66%, p < 0.00001), and quality of life measured by the SF-36 (physical function: MD = 3.42, 95% CI = 2.12–4.72, I2 = 12%, p < 0.00001; mental health: MD = 3.86, 95% CI = 0.52–7.20, I2 = 68%, p = 0.020; social function: MD = 2.30, 95% CI = 0.64–3.97, I2 = 45%, p = 0.007; bodily pain: MD = 2.60, 95% CI = 0.83–4.37, I2 = 22%, p = 0.004) in patients with VHD compared to healthy controls. Conclusions: This study suggests that exercise can significantly improve cardiopulmonary function, enhance physical and social function, reduce bodily pain, and potentially improve mental health in patients with VHD, providing an evidence-based basis for better recovery in patients with VHD.

The elastic thickness of the lithosphere (Te) is a key parameter used to describe the strength of the lithosphere. It is usually estimated by a spectral analysis between gravity and topography. In previous research on the estimation of Te, altimetry data were used on both the gravity data and topography data, which could lead to deviations. The study described in this paper analyzed the effects of using gravity anomalies derived from different data sources on the estimation of Te. Taking the western Pacific region as an example, this study analyzed the impact of the repeated presence of altimetry satellite data on the calculation of the effective elastic thickness and found that if gravity anomalies and topography model both contain altimetry satellite data, they systematically overestimate effective elasticity. For a uniform area, the difference in Te can reach up to 30%. For a Te distribution, the difference can reach up to about 16%. After eliminating this effect, the effective elastic thickness of the western Pacific region was found to be 10 km, and the statistical results of the effective elastic thickness distribution showed that the effective elastic thickness of the lithosphere in most areas of the western Pacific is about 12 km. The paper shows the importance of choosing the appropriate gravity model in evaluating the elastic thickness of lithosphere in the oceans. A figure of Te at seamounts with loading ages demonstrates that Te in the western Pacific is generally distributed within the 100–300 °C isotherm depth and does not increase with loading age.

BackgroundAlthough numerous studies have investigated the association of dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids with cognitive function and the risks of dementia, the relationship between fish oil supplementation and incident dementia in a large population-based cohort study has not yet well studied.Materials and methodsA total of 211,094 community-dwelling older persons over 60 years from the UK Biobank cohorts enrolled between 2006 and 2010 that reported regularly taking fish oil and had no dementia at baseline, was included in the present study. All participants completed an electronic questionnaire regarding habitual use of supplements including fish oil.ResultsOverall, 83,283 (39.5%) participants reported regularly taking fish oil at baseline. Of 211,094 participants with the median age was 64.1 years, 5,274 participants developed dementia events during a median follow-up of 11.7 years, with 3,290 individuals derived from fish oil non-users. In the multivariable adjusted models, the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) associated with fish oil supplementation for all-cause dementia, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and other dementia were 0.91 [CI = 0.84–0.97], 0.83 [CI = 0.71–0.97], 0.43 [CI = 0.26–0.72], 0.90 [CI = 0.82–0.98], respectively (all P < 0.05). However, no significant association between fish oil supplementation and Alzheimer’s disease was found (HR = 1.00 [CI = 0.89–1.12], P = 0.977). In the subgroup analyses, the associations between use of fish oil and the risk of all-cause dementia (P for interaction = 0.007) and vascular dementia were stronger among men (P for interaction = 0.026).ConclusionAmong older adults, regular fish oil supplementation was significantly associated with a lower risks of incident all-cause dementia, as well as vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia and other dementia but not Alzheimer’s disease. These findings support that habitual use of fish oils may be beneficial for the prevention of dementia in clinical practice.

Abstract The tumor microenvironment (TME) is related to extracellular matrix (ECM) dynamics and has a broad fundamental and mechanistic role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. We hypothesized that ECM regulators might play an essential role in pan‐cancer attribution by causing a generic effect through its regulation of the dynamics of ECM alteration. By analyzing data from TCGA using GSEA and univariate Cox regression analysis, we found that ECM regulator genes were significantly enriched and contributed to mortality in various cancer types. Notably, UMAP analysis revealed that ECM regulator genes dominated the differences between tumor and adjacent normal tissues based on 59 or 31 pan‐survival‐related ECM gene sets. Subsequently, a five‐gene signature consisting of the predominant ECM regulators ADAM12, MMP1, SERPINE1, PLOD3, and P4HA3 was identified. We found that this five‐gene signature was pro‐mortality in 18 types of cancer in TCGA, and validated eleven other cancer types in TCGA and seven types in the TARGET and CoMMpass databases using overall survival analysis. KEGG pathway enrichment and Pearson correlation analysis indicated that these five component genes that were correlated with specific ECM proteins involved in tumorigenesis from the ECM receptor interaction gene set. Additionally, the fitted results of a linear model were applied to strengthen the discovery, demonstrating that the five genes were correlated with immune infiltration score and especially associated with typically immunologically “cold” tumors. We thus conclude that the ADAM12, MMP1, SERPINE1, PLOD3, and P4HA3 signature showed a close association with a pan‐cancer effect on prognosis and is related to ECM proteins in the TME which corresponding with immunologically “cold” cancer types.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of amnioreduction in patients who underwent emergency cervical cerclage (ECC) with bulging membranes during the second trimester. This retrospective comparative study included 46 singleton pregnant women who had cervical dilation at least 1 cm with bulging membranes beyond the external cervical os and underwent ECC at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University between December 2016 and December 2021. Cases were categorized as amnioreduction group (n = 16) and non-amnioreduction group (n = 30) according to whether amnioreduction was performed prior to ECC. The gestational age and cervical dilation at cerclage, operative time, prolongation of pregnancy, and outcomes of pregnancy were compared between the two groups. All 46 patients underwent successful ECC excepted one case with intraoperative rupture of membrane in non-amnioreduction group. In the amnioreduction group, the cervical dilation at cerclage was larger than that in the non-amnioreduction group (4.5 ± 2.2 vs. 2.2 ± 1.2 cm, P 0.05). The rates of delivery ≥28 weeks, ≥32 weeks, and live birth were 20.0% vs. 80.0%, 12.5% vs. 26.7%, 56.3% vs. 66.7% (P > 0.05) in amnioreduction group and non-amnioreduction group, respectively. In conclusion, even in cases with larger cervical dilation, the application of amnioreduction with ECC is possible to get the acceptable pregnancy outcomes. These findings suggested that amnioreduction may be a safe and feasible option to be applied before ECC, especially for those with advanced cervical dilation and bulging membranes.

The quantity and quality of remote sensing measurements of tectonic deformation have increased dramatically over the past two decades, improving our ability to observe active geomorphological tectonic processes. High-precision and high-resolution topography is the basis for the quantitative study of active geomorphological and tectonic processes. Recently, with the rapid development of computer visual science and the growing application of light detection and ranging (LiDAR), small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry have shown great potential in providing high-resolution and high-precision topographic information. In this Special Issue, we focus on the tectonic activity of active faults and the geomorphic processes in various global tectonic regimes that are related to remote sensing measurements. This Special Issue covers major earthquake hazards and seismogenic structures, new methods in seismological studies using high-resolution data sets, and the tectonic and geomorphic application of high-resolution data sets worldwide and, in particular, in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau and Tian Shan. These contributions will provide new insights into the remote sensing perspectives of geomorphological and tectonic processes.

The Tian Shan is one of the most active intracontinental orogenic belts in the world. It has undergone complex deformation that has resulted in the formation of several fold-and-thrust belts (FTBs) in the piedmonts and intermontane basins. Investigating the deformation histories of these FTBs is important for understanding the tectonic propagation processes of the Tian Shan. Here, we gain insight into these crustal shortening processes by deciphering the Houyanshan structure, a typical fold-thrust belt in the eastern Chinese Tian Shan. We first describe a curved thrust ramp and related fold pairs of the structure using high-resolution remote sensing photography, deformation of fluvial terraces, and field-based geological cross-section. Combined with deformed terrace records and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating results, the kinematic style allows us to yield a geologic shortening rate of 1.6 ± 0.2 mm/a since ~52 ka. Second, to reduce uncertainty in the seismic interpretation and quantify the amount and time of crustal shortening, we interpret three seismic reflection profiles by using the theory of quantitative fault-related fold, area-depth-strain (ADS), and reverse modeling analyses. These profiles provide direct evidence that this structure connects by means of a listric thrust ramp to a shallow detachment level. ADS analysis reveals that the maximum shortening of the Huoyanshan structure is ~4.5 km, which is consistent with the result of quantitative inverse modeling. Each of the structural analysis methods gives similar parameters, and the high consistency of results greatly improves the soundness of a given geologic interpretation. Finally, the shortening rate and total shortening amount suggest that the structure may have formed at 1.8–3.7 Ma, which is nearly synchronous around the Tibetan Plateau. Together, these results indicate that this combined geological and geomorphological analysis provides greater insight into deformation information than can be achieved by any individual technique in studying fold-and-thrust belts worldwide.

Abstract Background As a secreted adipokine, adipsin has been recently shown to play a pivotal role in metabolic disorders. However, information regarding the association of circulating adipsin with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in humans is scant. Methods We recruited 1163 obese adult subjects with waist circumference at least 90 cm in men and 80 cm in women from the community. Circulating adipsin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Circulating adipsin levels of NAFLD subjects was decreased compared to those in non-NAFLD (p

The frequency of earthquakes on active faults is usually revealed by palaeoseismic trenching and geological dating. Nonetheless, field trenching and sampling are sometimes limited by difficulties in logistics, therefore impeding palaeoseismological studies. As surface rupture earthquakes create fault scarps that evolve with time, they may also provide important information about the timing of earthquakes. In this study, we provide a new approach to determine earthquake history based on the morphology of fault scarps. We select the Muztagh Ata and Tahman normal faults in the Chinese Pamir as a test area, on which fault scarps are well preserved but the earthquake history has not been quantified yet. We first simulate fault scarp degradation using a nonlinear transport model to obtain the empirical relationship between scarp width and its evolution time. We then measure 68 fault scarps from high-resolution topographic data derived from WorldView-2 stereo imagery. The measured fault scarps are clustered in four groups, each group possibly representing one earthquake event. Combining the time-width relationship and scarp width measurements, we infer that four earthquakes occurred at 0.1±0.4 kyrs before the present (BP), 2.1±0.5 kyrs BP, 2.9±0.4 kyrs BP and 4.9±0.5 kyrs BP, respectively. The first event is likely to be the most recent earthquake occurred on the faults, i.e., the 1895 Tashkurgan earthquake ( ∼0.13 kyrs BP). Based on the estimated earthquake recurrence intervals and vertical offsets, we obtain a vertical slip rate of 2.2±0.3 mm/yr on the Muztagh Ata and Tahman faults, conforming to previous geological rate estimates.

Background: Glycoprotein non-metastatic protein B (Gpnmb) has been identifi ed as a new cytokine secreted by hepatocyte that plays an important role in balancing lipid homeostasis and development of obesity and metabolic disorders. However, information is not available regarding the association between circulating Gpnmb and hyperthyroid in humans. Methods: We measured serum Gpnmb in 180 hyperthyroid patients and 82 healthy subjects that were recruited from the clinic. Of them, 46 hyperthyroid patients received thionamide treatment for 3 months. Results: Hyperthyroid subjects had higher levels of circulating Gpnmb than healthy controls (47.8 ± 10.1 ng/mL vs 31.0 ± 4.9 ng/mL, P < 0.001). Subjects with higher levels of serum free triiodothyronine (T3) and free thyroxine (T4) had higher levels of circulating Gpnmb. After thionamide treatment, levels of circulating Gpnmb in hyperthyroid subjects remarkably declined with significant improvement of thy roid function (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the change of circulating Gpnmb levels was significantly associated with basal metabolic rate (BMR) and thyroid hormones, including free T3 and free T4, adjusting for age, gender, smoking and BMI before thionamide treatment. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, circulating Gpnmb was significantly associated with risks of hyperthyroidism (OR (95% CI): 1.44 (1.20–1.74), P < 0.001), adjusted for age, gender, BMI, fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, LDL-cholesterol, ALT and AST. Conclusions: These findings indicate that circulating Gpnmb concentrations a re independently associated with hyperthyroid, suggesting that circulating Gpnmb may be a predictor of risk for hyperthyroidism and can be used for therapeutic monitoring.

BackgroundDiabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease worldwide. Epidemiological evidence of the association between urinary sodium excretion and the presence of DKD in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has not yet been well established.MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional study of 1545 patients with T2DM over aged 20 years old from January 2018 to December 2020. Urinary sodium excretion was measured by 24-hour urine samples in inpatients and morning fasting urine samples in outpatients. The associations between urinary sodium excretion and the risks of DKD were examined using stepwise regression analysis, logistic regression analysis and multivariable-adjusted restricted cubic splines (RCS).ResultsRegression analysis showed that urinary sodium was independently associated with urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) level (P = 0.006) and the risks of DKD (P = 0.042). In multivariable-adjusted RCS analysis, urinary sodium excretion was significantly associated with UACR in all patients (P = 0.008), and exhibited a J-shaped relationship. Logistic regression analysis showed that increased urinary sodium excretion was significantly associated with increased risks of DKD [OR (95% CI); 1.56 (1.07-2.27); P = 0.020]. However, the relationships between urinary sodium excretion and the risks of DKD and albuminuria showed no significance, after further adjustment for HOMA-IR and ba-PWV (brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity) (Both P > 0.05).ConclusionsHigher urinary sodium excretion level was associated with increased risks of DKD among patients with T2DM, dependent of vascular sclerosis and insulin resistance.

BackgroundIt has been well documented that left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is highly associated with the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Evidence indicated that high sodium intake was closely related with LVH in general population. However, information is not available regarding the association between urinary sodium excretion and LVH in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to explore the association between urinary sodium excretion and LVH in patients with T2DM.MethodsThis cross-sectional analysis included baseline data from 1,556 individuals with T2DM enrolled in the NanFang Prospective Diabetes Study (NFPDS). Urinary sodium excretion levels were measured from 24-hour urine samples of inpatients and morning fasting urine samples of outpatients. Left ventricular dimensions were assessed by echocardiography. The associations between urinary sodium excretion and the risks of cardiovascular events, LVH and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) were examined using linear regression analysis, logistic regression and restricted cubic splines (RCS).ResultsUrinary sodium excretion levels were positively associated with cardiometabolic risk factors, including systolic blood pressure, body mass index, waist circumference and LVMI (All P

Based on the target scattering model and the normal mode theory in a shallow water waveguide, a mathematical model of the acoustic intensity under the coupling condition of the target and the environment was deduced, and the interference striations in the monostatic and bistatic configuration were obtained by simulations. Further, a field experiment was carried out in a lake, and the data were collected for a spherical target in two frequency bands, i.e., 20−40 kHz and 40−80 kHz. The experiment results showed good agreement with the simulations. The results of the simulation and the experiment showed that the existence of the target made the interference phenomenon in shallow water waveguides more complex, and the range-frequency interference characteristics were closely related to the configuration of the sonar system, the target scattering function, the frequency range, and the target movement trajectory. These interference phenomena were found and theoretically analyzed in the paper. The research results can be applied to target detection and recognition, signal parameter estimation, target tracking, and other fields.

BackgroundAdiposity and adipokines are associated with metabolic disorders, but little is known regarding that whether adiposity measurements link metabolic syndrome (MetS) through circulating neuregulin 4 (Nrg4) and adipsin levels.Materials and MethodsA total of 1212 subjects with a waist circumference greater than 90 cm for men or 80 cm for women were enrolled from a Chinese community. Circulating Nrg4 and adipsin levels were measured using commercial kits. Mediation analyses of circulating Nrg4 and adipsin were performed in the study using linear and logistic regression.ResultsSubjects with MetS had higher waist circumference, visceral fat level, and circulating adipsin level, and lower levels of circulating Nrg4 and muscle mass to visceral fat (MVF) ratio (all P < 0.05). In multivariable logistic regression analyses, after adjusting for confounding variables, per standard deviation (SD) increase in waist circumference and visceral fat level were significantly associated with increased odds of MetS [OR (95% CI), 1.42 (1.22–1.64); 2.20 (1.62–2.99); respectively]; and per SD reduction in MVF ratio was significantly associated with reduced odds of MetS [OR (95% CI), 0.65 (0.55–0.77)]. In the mediation analyses, both circulating Nrg4 and adipsin levels mediated the association between waist circumference (8.31% and 18.35%, respectively), visceral fat level (7.50% and 9.98%, respectively), and MVF ratio (5.80% and 9.86%, respectively) and MetS after adjustments.ConclusionThese findings indicate that adiposity measurements and MetS are linked through circulating Nrg4 and adipsin levels in obese adults, suggesting that circulating Nrg4 and adipsin levels might be potential predictors for management of MetS.

The height of a thrust-fault scarp on a fluvial terrace would be modified due to erosion and deposition, and these surface processes can also influence the dating of terraces. Under such circumstances, the vertical slip rate of a fault can be misestimated due to the inaccurate displacement and/or abandonment age of the terrace. In this contribution, considering the effect of erosion and deposition on fault scarps, we re-constrained the vertical slip rate of the west end of the Minle–Damaying Fault (MDF), one of the thrusts in the north margin of the Qilian Shan that marks the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. In addition, we tried to explore a more reliable method for obtaining the vertical fault displacement and the abandonment age of terraces with AMS 14C dating. The heights of the surface scarps and the displacements of the fluvial gravel layers exposed on the Yudai River terraces were precisely measured with the Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry and the real-time kinematic (RTK) GPS. The Monte Carlo simulation method was used to estimate the uncertainties of fault displacements and vertical slip rates. Based on comparative analysis, the dating sample from the fluvial sand layer underlying the thickest loess in the footwall was suggested to best represent the abandonment age of the terrace, and the fluvial gravel layer could better preserve the original vertical fault displacement compared with the surface layer. Using the most reliable ages and vertical offsets, the vertical slip rate of the MDF was estimated to be 0.25–0.28 mm/a since 42.3 ± 0.5 ka (T10) and 0.14–0.24 mm/a since 16.1 ± 0.2 ka (T7). The difference between the wrong vertical slip rate and the right one can even reach an order of magnitude. We also suggest that if the built measuring profile is long enough, the uncertainties in the height of a surface scarp would be better constrained and the result can also be taken as the vertical fault displacement. Furthermore, the consistency of chronology with stratigraphic sequence or with terrace sequence are also key to constraining the abandonment ages of terraces. The fault activity at the study site is weaker than that in the middle and east segments of the MDF, which is likely due to its end position.

Background: Tsukushi (TSK) is a secreted hepatokine recently identified as playing an important role in modulating glucose and lipid metabolism, and systemic energy homeostasis. However, information is not available regarding the association between circulating TSK and hyperthyroidism in humans.Methods: We measured serum TSK levels in 180 patients with hyperthyroidism and 82 healthy controls recruited from the clinic. Of them, 46 hyperthyroid patients received thionamide treatment for 3 months.Results: Hyperthyroid patients had higher levels of circulating TSK than healthy controls [186.67 (133.63–280.59) ng/ml vs. 97.27 (77.87–146.96) ng/ml, P < 0.001]. Subjects with higher level of serum free triiodothyronine (T3) and free thyroxine (T4) had higher levels of circulating TSK. In addition, serum TSK levels markedly declined with the improvement of thyroid function after thionamide treatment. In multivariable linear regression analyses, circulating TSK concentrations were significantly associated with serum free T3, free T4, thyroid stimulating hormone, thyrotropin receptor antibody, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol), and basal metabolic rate (all P < 0.01), adjusting for age, gender, smoking, and body mass index (BMI). Importantly, circulating TSK was significantly associated with risks of hyperthyroidism in multivariable logistic regression analyses, adjusting for age, gender, smoking, BMI, fasting glucose, LDL-cholesterol, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) [OR (95% CI), 1.012(1.005–1.019), P = 0.001].Conclusion: These findings indicate that circulating TSK concentrations are independently associated with hyperthyroidism, suggesting that circulating TSK may be a predictive factor of hyperthyroidism and can be used for therapeutic monitoring.

Characteristic slip and characteristic earthquake models have been proposed for several decades. Such models have been supported recently by high-resolution offset measurements. These models suggest that slip along a fault recurs via similarly sized, large earthquakes. The inter-event strain accumulation rate (ratio of earthquake slip and preceding interseismic time period) is used here to test the characteristic earthquake model by linking the slip and timing of past earthquakes on the Haiyuan Fault. We address how the inter-event strain accumulation rate varies over multiple seismic cycles by combining paleoearthquake studies with high-resolution airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data to document the timing and size of paleoearthquake displacements along the western and middle segments of the Haiyuan Fault. Our observations encompass 5 earthquake cycles. We find significant variations over time and space along the Haiyuan Fault. We observe that on the middle segment of the Haiyuan Fault the rates slow down or increase as an anti-correlated function of the rates of preceding earthquakes. Here, we propose that the inter-event strain accumulation rates on the middle segment of the Haiyuan Fault are oscillating both spatially and temporally. However, along the western segment, the inter-event strain accumulation rate is both spatially and temporally steady, which is in agreement with quasi-periodic and slip-predictable models. Finally, we propose that different fault segments within a single fault zone may behave according to different earthquake models.

Co-seismic landslide volume information is critical to understanding the role of strong earthquakes in topographic and geological evolution. The availability of both pre- and post-earthquake high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) provides us with the opportunity to develop a new approach to obtain robust landslide volume information. Here, we propose a method for landslide volume estimation and test it in the Chuetsu region, where a Mw 6.6 earthquake occurred in 2004. First, we align the DEMs by reconstructing the horizontal difference. Then, we quantitatively obtain the landslide volume in the epicentral area by differencing the pre- and post-earthquake DEMs. We convert the landslide volume into the distribution of average catchment-scale denudation and the resulting long-term crustal rebound. Our findings reveal that the Chuetsu earthquake mainly roughens the topography in the low-elevation Chuetsu region. Our results indicate that the preserved topography not only is due to the uplift caused by fault-related folding on the hanging wall of the Muikamachi fault but also undergoes erosion caused by seismically induced landslides and crustal rebound also modifies the topography in the long term. This study confirms that the differential DEM method is a valuable approach for quantitative analysis of topographic and geological evolution.

The timing of mountain building along the Tibetan Plateau remains unclear. Here, the authors present new magnetostratigraphic and mammalian biostratigraphic data from sediments to show that mountain building at the edge of the Tibetan Plateau commenced at 25.5 Ma with a separate emergence in the north at 12 Ma.

Traumatic injury is one of varying causes of heterotopic ossification (HO). After HO occurrence, rehabilitation training need alterations to avoid the aggravation of HO. Therefore, monitoring of HO development plays an important role in the rehabilitation procedure. The aims of this study are to evaluate the post-traumatic HO occurring at various joints, to describe the features of HO development in ultrasound images, and to provide a guidance for the orthopedist to make individualized rehabilitation therapy. Eight subjects with the post-traumatic HO were recruited in this study. The joints on the injured side was examined by plain radiography. The joints on the injured side and the corresponding sites on the uninjured sides were scanned by ultrsonography. The HO tissues were segmented automatically using a semi-supervised segmentation algorithm. Then the HO tissues were evaluated in comparison with the corresponding region of the uninjured side. During the development stage of immature HO, ultrasonography was sensitive to observe the involved soft tissue and the calcification of HO. The characteristics of HO tissues in ultrasound image included the hyperechoic mass occasionally accompanied with acoustic shadow and the irregular muscular architecture. It was found that the mean grayscale value of HO was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that of the uninjured side at the middle and late stages. During the development period of HO, the HO grayscale value gradually increased and the mean grayscale of value of mature HO was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of immature HO. According to the information of HO provided by ultrasound, the orthopedist properly adjusted the rehabilitation treatment. The results demonstrated that the visualization of HO using ultrasonography revealed the development of HO in the muscle tissues around the injured joints and thus provide a guidance for the orthopedist to make individualized rehabilitation therapy. Ultrasound could be a useful imaging modality for quantitative evaluation of HO during the rehabilitation of traumatic injury.

Purpose: To determine the effects of weight reduction schemes using the exercise intensities corresponding to maximal fat oxidation (FATmax) and crossover point (COP). The effects of different intervention protocols on blood lipid metabolism were compared to explore how fat can be consumed and used more efficiently and provide a theoretical basis for weight loss through exercise. Methods: This study included 30 young overweight women randomly divided into the COP, FATmax, and control groups. Participants in the COP and FATmax groups exercised for 45 min four times a week for 8 weeks after the individual treadmill exercise test. The control group did not perform any exercise. Results: After 8 weeks of training, participants in the COP group significantly decreased weight (2.6 ± 3.3 kg), body mass index (0.91 ± 1.26 kg/m2), body fat percentage (1.21% ± 1.50%), and fat mass (1.90 ± 2.30 kg) (p < 0.05). They also had significantly decreased hip circumference (4.8 ± 3.3 cm), serum apolipoprotein B (ApoB) levels (15.48 ± 14.19 mg/dL), and ApoB/apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI) ratios (0.23 ± 0.17) (p < 0.01). However, their serum ApoAI levels were significantly increased (14.18 ± 10.24 mg/dL; p < 0.01). Participants in the FATmax group had significantly decreased hip circumference (2.4 ± 2.0 cm), serum ApoB levels (14.49 ± 11.00 mg/dL), and ApoB/ApoAI ratios (0.35 ± 0.15) (p < 0.01) but significantly increased serum ApoAI levels (29.53 ± 13.29 mg/dL; p < 0.01). No significant changes in physiological indexes were observed in participants in the control group. Conclusion: Personalised exercise intervention positively affected central obesity, effectively improving blood lipid metabolism and fat oxidation, reducing cardiovascular disease risk in young overweight women. COP training improved weight and body composition better than the FATmax exercise, while the latter provided greater improvements in serum ApoAI levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]