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Recent research in the Maya Lowlands has revealed substantial new evidence for the first pottery producers at about 1000-600 bc, during the early Middle Preclassic period. This comparatively late adoption is a special case in Mesoamerica, where pottery appeared elsewhere up to a millennium earlier. Although archaic lifeways had long been established in the region, and pottery technology was likely known to some archaic communities, these new data reveal the complex set of circumstances that prompted the shift to ceramic production across the Yucatan Peninsula, Peten, and Belize. This article reviews these data from the perspective of the upland region of central and southern Yucatan, known as the Elevated Interior Region (eir). Its rather complex early settlement links the eir to contemporary pottery industries throughout the peninsula, suggesting well-established exchange systems were in place even as the first populations chose to settle more permanently on the landscape. Most significant among these cultural shifts was the increasing dependence on maize foodways as a primary subsistence strategy. Intensive maize agriculture has not been documented in Mesoamerica much before 1000 bc, yet ceramic technology was adopted independently of its use in other areas. Current evidence suggests, however, that the two were linked in the Maya Lowlands, where a relatively rapid transition took place as horticultural communities became more dependent on maize crops, followed waterways to settle more permanently on the landscape, and began producing pottery locally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The family Cicadellidae (Insecta: Hemiptera) has limited inventories of its fauna in Mexican territory. In the present contribution, records of the leafhopper fauna in the state of Yucatán are provided, where a list of 45 species, 31 genera, 13 tribes and seven subfamilies are disclosed. Of these, five species are new records for Mexico and 15 new state records (14 in Yucatán and 1 in Jalisco). For all species, current known distribution and outside Mexico is provided. In addition, notes on the known host plants and their importance for the agricultural sector in the country are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El presente artículo analiza la demanda europea y norteamericana de palo de tinte (Haematoxylun campechianum) durante la Primera Globalización (1870-1914), identifica a sus principales proveedores y compara la magnitud y la tendencia de la oferta mexicana a lo largo de ese mismo periodo. En ese contexto, considerando la importancia de las exportaciones de palo de tinte de Yucatán durante la Colonia, el objetivo central del artículo consiste en analizar y trazar la tendencia de las exportaciones de la Península de Yucatán hacia los principales mercados extranjeros en el contexto del auge exportador del henequén. Asimismo, estima el impacto del comercio del tinte en la depredación forestal de la Península. La investigación utilizó series históricas de distintas fuentes extranjeras, nacionales y locales para el análisis estadístico y de las tendencias de las exportaciones, así como también, el manejo de los registros e informes históricos posibilitaron estimar el impacto de la actividad humana en los bosques tintóreos.

Copyright of Revista de Economía (Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán) is the property of Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Facultad de Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A new species of the genus Acanthocyclops is described from temporal freshwater bodies in the Sian Ka'an and Calakmul Biosphere Reserves in Southeast Mexico. Acanthocyclops fiersi n. sp. represents the third species of the genus described from the Neotropics, only after A. rebecae and A. smithae. Acanthocyclops fiersi n. sp., is recognized as a member of the A. vernalis-robustus species-complex, and its clear divergence with respect to its congeners was supported using comparative morphology and molecular methods. The mtCOI marker revealed a 0.54% K2P divergence within populations of A. fiersi n. sp. and 17.6-22.41% with respect to other members of the A. vernalis-robustus species-complex. Acanthocyclops fiersi n. sp. might be restricted to the Yucatán Peninsula. Comments about the likely underestimated regional diversity of Acanthocyclops and the need of further studies in the Neotropics are provided. An identification key to the species of Acanthocyclops distributed in Mexico is included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) es una enfermedad autoinmune con severidad variable, frecuente en individuos hispanos y afroamericanos. Conocer la actividad clínica y el daño acumulado, así como la prevalencia e incidencia, en una cohorte dinámica de pacientes con LES de la península de Yucatán (1995 a 2016). Se analizaron 200 pacientes con LES, beneficiarios del servicio médico del Hospital Regional ISSSTE de Mérida, Yucatán, durante 22 años. Se evaluó la actividad de la enfermedad y el daño acumulado mediante la escala MEX-SLEDAI y SLICC-ACR-DI, respectivamente, y su correlación con variables clínicas y demográficas. Se analizaron 185 pacientes mujeres y 15 hombres. Los índices promedio de actividad y daño acumulado durante el seguimiento fueron de 4,63 y 1,10, respectivamente. El índice de actividad se observó significativamente menor en las mujeres respecto de los hombres (4,36 vs. 7,43), y el daño acumulado no presentó diferencia por sexo. Las manifestaciones asociadas con mayor actividad fueron las mucocutáneas y articulares, y los órganos con mayor daño acumulado el musculoesquelético, el neurológico y el gonadal. Se encontró relación de los índices con el tiempo de evolución, las remisiones/reactivaciones y la actividad persistente. La mortalidad se relacionó con actividad persistente por complicaciones vasculares sistémicas e insuficiencia renal y hepática. La incidencia y prevalencia anual del LES calculada fue de 2,86% y 48,43% en la península de Yucatán. Los pacientes presentaron actividad persistente, con reactivaciones leves a moderadas y daño acumulado más agresivo en hombres. La actividad clínica disminuye e incrementa el daño acumulado a mayor tiempo de evolución, con menor afección renal y mayor sobrevida, lo que sugiere un curso más benigno en la población de la península de Yucatán. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune with variable severity, common in Hispanic and African-American individuals. To know the clinical activity and the accumulated damage, as well as the prevalence and incidence, in a dynamic cohort of patients with SLE from the Yucatan Peninsula (1995-2016). A cohort of 200 patients with SLE, medical service beneficiaries of the ISSSTE Regional Hospital of Mérida, Yucatán, was analyzed for 22 years. Disease activity and accumulated damage were evaluated using the MEX-SLEDAI scale and the SLICC-ACR-DI, respectively, and its correlation with clinical and demographic variables. 185 female and 15 male patients were analyzed. Average accumulated damage and activity indices during follow-up were 4.63 and 1.10, respectively. The activity index was significantly lower in females compared to males (4.36 vs 7.43), and the accumulated damage did not present a difference by sex. The manifestations associated with greater activity were the mucocutaneous and articular ones, and the organs with the greatest accumulated damage were the musculoskeletal, neurological and gonadal. A relationship between the indices was found with the evolution time, remissions / reactivations, and persistent activity. Mortality was related to persistent activity due to systemic vascular complications and kidney and liver failure. The annual incidence and prevalence of SLE calculated was 2.86% and 48.43% in Yucatán Peninsula. The patients presented persistent activity, with mild to moderate reactivations, and accumulated damage more aggressive in men. The clinical activity decreases and increases the accumulated damage at a longer evolution time, with less kidney disease and greater survival, which suggests a more benign course in the population of the Yucatan Peninsula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the environmental perspective of the new millennium, indigenous systems of knowledge and use of biodiversity provide valuable input for the construction of natural heritage conservation strategies. Our study aimed to document the morpho-anatomical knowledge of birds by the indigenous Yucatan Maya. From 2010 to 2015, we carried out 240 structured interviews, recording anatomical and morphological terminology recognized for birds in six Maya communities in Campeche: Santa Cruz, Nunkiní, San Antonio Sahcabchen, Villa de Guadalupe, Pich and Chencoh. We found that birds in general were given the name Ch'ijch', with the presence of Koj (beak), Koj (beak), K u uk umel (feathers), and Xiik (wings) being essential characters used to define and classify this animal group. The Mayan system recognizes and names 54 anatomical organs and 16 morphological structures, making it one of the most complete indigenous nomenclatures of the class Aves nationally. This record of a broad mor-pho-anatomical nomenclature is of high importance in the perceptual structure as a differentiator and identifier of an animal domain. Furthermore, it offers a diagnostic of the cognitive level regarding this domain and indicates an ongoing high interaction between Mayan indigenous people and their avifauna, and faunal diversity in general, which has enabled them to generate detailed biological and habitat-related knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critically analyzes three key dimensions that have influenced the localization of the UN-2030 Agenda in the Yucatan Peninsula: 1) Rivalry of diverse concepts of sustainable development among stakeholders; 2) Construction and functioning of UN-2030 Agenda institutional architecture and governance, and 3) Public policies through which UN-2030 Agenda has been implemented. A qualitative approach was selected to conduct this research. Data collection and systematization was conducted from February 2021 to February 2022 and includes primary (interviews and survey) and secondary sources (official reports, and other governmental information acceded through transparency law procedures). Analysis was carried out at the state level. The research results shows that, the localization process of the UN-Agenda 2030 in the Yucatan Peninsula is affected by the existing competition of contesting conceptualizations of sustainable development among stakeholders. This situation has contributed to the institutionalization of a sustainable development model characterized for being a green image, which has generated two issues regarding the UN-Agenda 2030 localization in the region. Firstly, the disassociation of public policies and in some cases has raised questions because of the serious incongruences among some governmental decisions. The second place is a failure in the introduction of socioecological structural changes in the pursuit of sustainable development in the region because the government-implemented actions are low in effectiveness, and there is a waste in the usage of resources and missing opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La península de Yucatán (LPY) alberga 32% de las selvas tropicales de México. Por ello esta zona presenta una alta densidad de nubes a lo largo del año, característica que resulta un reto particular para cualquier estudio de monitoreo de la vegetación a mediano y largo plazo basado en series de tiempo de imágenes satelitales. En este artículo presentamos los resultados de un análisis de clasificación de tendencias de una serie de tiempo (11 imágenes Landsat-7 ETM+ y 150 Landsat 8 OLI) del Índice de Vegetación de Diferencia Normalizada (NDVI, por sus siglas en inglés) por tipo de suelo y vegetación en la región oriental de Escárcega, Campeche, en LPY de 2014 a 2020. Aplicamos el algoritmo bfast01 para clasificar pixeles por tendencias lineales, globales (una línea con pendiente positiva o negativa a lo largo del periodo de estudio) o locales (dos segmentos de línea con pendiente positiva o negativa en cada segmento). A partir del análisis se deduce que la mayor parte de la región estudiada tiene NDVI con tendencias lineales globales (pardeamiento: 47%; enverdecimiento: 15.39%) y en menor grado tendencias lineales locales (pardeamiento demorado: 20.66%; pardeamiento a enverdecimiento: 6.04%; enverdecimiento demorado: 5.26%; enverdecimiento a pardeamiento: 3.88%). Consideramos que el enverdecimiento generalizado (el agregado de las clases enverdecimiento, enverdecimiento demorado y pardeamiento a enverdecimiento) y el pardeamiento generalizado (el agregado de las clases pardeamiento, pardeamiento demorado y enverdecimiento a pardeamiento) pueden interpretarse como dinámicas con indicios significativos de recuperación y degradación del NDVI, respectivamente. Dichas dinámicas fueron identificadas principalmente en la selva mediana subperennifolia (enverdecimiento generalizado: 10.26%; pardeamiento generalizado: 25.43%), selva baja espinosa subperennifolia (7.66 y 21.76) y en la vegetación secundaria arbórea de selva mediana (3.26 y 10.93). En 2017 y 2018 se identificaron las áreas más grandes con alguna clase de tendencia local lineal.

Objective: to explore how the agri-food knowledges and practices of Maya women enable the continuous reproduction of the Maya ways of life in the Peninsula. Methodology: qualitative methodologies: surveys, semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and narrative walks in solares, plots and milpas. Documentary research on the main themes complemented this information. Results: Maya women perform agri-food activities in the solares of the Peninsula within biocultural territories, combining knowledges and practices that come from memories and traditions transmitted generationally. Limitations: the interactions with participants were limited because of the Covid-19 health emergency. Conclusions: The (re)productive work of women enables the reproduction of Maya ways of life in the biocultural territories of the Peninsula, and it is a vital component for the autonomy and sovereignty of the Maya people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the agronomic management of maize (Zea mays L.), chemical fertilizers can be substituted for fertilizing techniques that reduce the pollutant effect of the excessive use of commercial fertilizers. The hypothesis was the green manure of legumes with or without the inoculation of microorganisms are capable of promoting agronomic characteristics of X'mejen Naal maize, comparable to conventional fertilization. In order to measure the effect in the agronomic characteristics of X'mejen Naal maize, an experiment was designed in complete randomized blocks in a bifactorial arrangement with four repetitions, in which three green manures were tested, with or without the inoculation of Fosfonat (endomycorrhizas, EM, plus nitrogen fixating bacteria, NFB). Treatments were Mucuna (Mucuna pruriens, T1=MUC), Xpelón (Vigna unguiculata, T2=PEL), Ibes (Phaseolus lunatus, T3=IBE), inoculated Mucuna (T4=MUCEM), inoculated Xpelón (T5=PELEM), inoculated Ibes (T6= IBEEM) and the control with the incorporated biomass of weeds plus the addition of 200 kg ha-1 of diammonium phosphate (T7=ARDAP). Results showed that there were only differences caused by the types of green manure and their interaction with the inoculated symbionts in the fresh weight or biomass in X'mejen Naal maize. IBE and ARDAP stood out in fresh weight (1162 and 1251 g), dry weight (168.6 and 163.6 g), 7.3 Mg ha-1 (Megagrams per hectare) in the dry aerial biomass in the maize plants, respectively. Despite the grain yield of maize was similar among treatments, it was noticeable that the higher average yields were also observed in IBE and ARDAP with 3.5 and 3.3 Mg ha-1 respectively. All yields (fodder and grain) managed to express the potential of the X'mejen Naal, which is relevant to recommend the use of green manures as an agro-environmental alternative to conventional fertilization in the Luvisol soils of Campeche. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resilience capacity of vegetation in the Yucatan Peninsula is influenced by the winds and rains of tropical cyclones. There are no recent long-term studies on cyclonic impacts on natural vegetation in the region despite their significant effects on infrastructure and biodiversity. The objective of this study was to identify the area impacted by 21 tropical cyclones between 2000 and 2012 and to quantify the recovery capacity of the vegetation by using standardized anomalies of the normalized vegetation index (aNDVI). MODIS images from NASA’s “Terra and Aqua” satellites were used to calculate the damaged areas by analyzing the frequency of pixels corresponding to each type of vegetation per impact zone. The results showed that in 67% of the tropical cyclones, the impacts on vegetation were negative —a decrease in aNDVI—but in 33% of the cyclones, positive effects were recorded —an increase in aNDVI—. The lapse rate of vegetation recovery varied in 52% of the cases; vegetation recovered between two and three weeks after each cyclonic event, while 38% of the cases recovered within four to five weeks of the cyclone landfall. Tropical forests suffered the most significant effects, followed by hydrophilic vegetation. The most destructive hurricanes were Emily, Wilma, and Dean. The rate of recovery laps ranged from 4 to 10 weeks after the hurricane hit. The results could improve assessments of vegetation vulnerability against severe hydrometeorological events and establish priority zones for prompt inspection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Biologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Yucatan peninsula is exposed to meteorological phenomena that have historically affected its coastline, given the geographical position and relatively flat relief while the urban planning and coastal infrastructure processes have not been totally well designed; the combination of both factors (natural and anthropic) are causing a gradual retreat of the coastline. This study focuses on rebuilding the coastline for 1980-2019 stage using satellite images from Landsat 1-5 MSS 1 and Landsat 7 collection. For this purpose, coastlines corresponding to 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2019 years were digitized and analyzed in space and time. The level of detail reached allowed demonstrating that erosive processes are prevailing over cumulative processes in the peninsula. The highest values of erosion rates occurred in Punta Cancún, from 1980 to 1990 (-0,75 m/year) and in Playa del Carmen, in the 1990s, with -0,63 m/year.

A finales del siglo xx, se produce una expansión de empresas sociales dedicadas a la oferta de servicios turísticos en la Península de Yucatán. Una de las formas de organización de este tipo de empresas de turismo alternativo es la cooperativa, bajo la que operan la mayoría de las empresas turísticas en el medio rural peninsular. Su organización ha estado fuertemente vinculada a las directrices de agentes externos y del Estado, con el objetivo de mejorar las condiciones de vida de las poblaciones campesinas. A partir de casos concretos se reflexiona en torno al concepto de economía social, desarrollado por autores latinoamericanos y poco utilizado en el estudio de las cooperativas turísticas en México, ya que lo consideramos una herramienta de análisis que brinda elementos para la interpretación crítica de este tipo de organizaciones.

Copyright of Trace: Travaux et Recherches dans les Amériques du Centre is the property of Centro de Estudios Mexicanos & Centroamericanos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ecología Política is the property of Fundacio ENT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El presente trabajo plantea que la conservación del patrimonio edificado de género religioso (templos, santuarios, conventos, etc.) es ampliamente favorecida cuando se conservan también las prácticas religiosas que dieron origen a los edificios. Las fiestas religiosas, innegable patrimonio cultural inmaterial de los pueblos de América, son garantía del mantenimiento, rescate y restauración de los bienes muebles e inmuebles a ellas vinculadas. Para argumentar lo anterior, se ha optado por un método inductivo con un enfoque cualitativo diacrónico, que tiene como punto de partida la Península de Yucatán durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Así, a través de consideraciones de la Historia y de la Arquitectura, es posible fundamentar el argumento inicial, pues los casos del pasado demuestran que al conservarse lo inmaterial, la conservación de lo material está garantizada; mientras que al perderse lo inmaterial, también lo material perece. Los resultados ofrecen pautas para que al repetirse este estudio tomando otros períodos y latitudes como muestra, se pueda inducir la generalización del planteamiento.

For decades, Mexico's segmented agricultural policy has supported small maize producers mainly with poverty assistance subsidies, while medium and large producers have concentrated subsidies for productive development. The current president (Andrés Manuel López Obrador) implemented the novel guarantee (or minimum) price program for small and medium grain producers, the central objective of this article being the analysis of their characteristics and vulnerabilities of that program, as well as their operation and effect on small maize producers in the Yucatan peninsula. In this region, the causes of the decline in maize cultivation are analysed, among which the productive reconversion process promoted by the government stands out, to replace that grain with soybeans. Said process has implied land rent and its concentration, for which the "access theory" is used. Faced with the ineffectiveness of guarantee prices for small maize producers, and the continuity of the segmented agricultural policy, it is reflected on the need for their reorientation under a holistic approach, in which small producers are considered not only for their productive potential, but also as guarantors of environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores strong indirect evidence for existence of a previously unrecognized deep groundwater aquifer in southern Quintana Roo, adjacent parts of Campeche, and (probably) northern Belize. The region contains rocks of Cretaceous-to-Holocene age, including: 1) an up-thrust block of the late Cretaceous carbonate known in Belize as the Barton Creek Formation, which is the oldest formation exposed in the Mexican Yucatán Peninsula, 2) the Cretaceous/Paleogene Albion Formation consisting of weakly consolidated Chicxulub impact air-fall deposits, 3) the Paleocene-Eocene Icaiche Formation, containing a massive 25-35 m thick gypsum member that crops out over an estimated area of more than 10,000 km2 in the elevated interior region of the northern lowlands, and 4) younger rocks of relatively low permeability that flank the region on the east. Hydrogeology is dominated by groundwater and surface flow in and adjacent to the Rio Hondo Fault Zone (RHFZ) and by recharge in the elevated interior region. Groundwater in the elevated region has a high sulfate concentration and is approximately saturated with gypsum dissolved from the Icaiche Formation. High-sulfate groundwater and river water with a slightly lower gypsum saturation index than in the elevated region also occurs in the RHFZ, but no water of comparably high sulfate content is present elsewhere in the study area. This suggests that the elevated region is a recharge zone for high-sulfate groundwater carried eastward beneath a 50 km gap by a deep, previously unrecognized aquifer and then discharged into the RHFZ. Based on chemistry of chloride, sulfate and other ions it is proposed here that a deep aquifer comprising the strongly weathered upper surface of the Barton Creek Formation plus the overlying weakly consolidated Albion Formation connects the elevated recharge area with the RHFZ discharge area. If this composite permeable zone does extend westward beneath the elevated recharge zone, it is probably an excellent aquifer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Biologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ecología Política is the property of Fundacio ENT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Yucatan peninsula is exposed to meteorological phenomena that have historically affected its coastline, given the geographical position and relatively flat relief while the urban planning and coastal infrastructure processes have not been totally well designed; the combination of both factors (natural and anthropic) are causing a gradual retreat of the coastline. This study focuses on rebuilding the coastline for 1980-2019 stage using satellite images from Landsat 1-5 MSS 1 and Landsat 7 collection. For this purpose, coastlines corresponding to 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2019 years were digitized and analyzed in space and time. The level of detail reached allowed demonstrating that erosive processes are prevailing over cumulative processes in the peninsula. The highest values of erosion rates occurred in Punta Cancún, from 1980 to 1990 (-0,75 m/year) and in Playa del Carmen, in the 1990s, with -0,63 m/year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Biologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El Cerdo Pelón Mexicano (Sus scrofa) es un recurso zoogenético importante en la Península de Yucatán, ya que es un genotipo adaptado a las condiciones ambientales, presenta resistencia a enfermedades y parásitos locales, y tiene la capacidad de aprovechar alimentos de muy bajo aporte nutricional, además cuenta con un sabor muy peculiar que ha sido valorado por las comunidades mayas y mestizas de esta región, por esta razón está inmerso en muchos de sus platillos tradicionales, este recurso se está perdiendo por la introducción de nuevas razas y por las cruzas que se han realizado, por lo tanto para su uso y conservación es necesario describir las características del ambiente de producción. Para este estudio se encuestaron 23 productores, siguiendo la técnica de entrevistas estructuradas con 83 variables, se aplicó estadística descriptiva y se realizaron pruebas no paramétricas para la comparación entre los sistemas de producción. La mayoría de los productores son hombres con un promedio de edad de 47 años, el 96% son profesionistas, con una experiencia mayor a dos años en esta actividad e iniciaron la producción por el interés de conservar este biotipo, el 56.5% manifestó que el principal problema para iniciar con la explotación fue la adquisición del pie de cría y escases de animales de raza pura. Se identificaron tres sistemas de producción: 1) Traspatio (26 %, la actividad se desarrolla en las áreas libres de la vivienda, donde los cerdos están dispersos o en zahúrdas hechas con materiales reciclados con un total de 9.25±3.4 cerdos); 2) Intensivo (30.4 %, los animales permanecen cautivos en zahúrdas de malla metálica y/o jaulas elevadas con un total de 98.87±95.5 cerdos): y 3) Extensivo (43.4 %, se hace uso de suelos no aptos para la agricultura y el pastoreo constituye la base del sistema con un total de 56.27±4 cerdos). En general los productores manifestaron tener problemas para comercializar sus productos, ya que las ventas no son constantes, además de no tener compradores permanentes, la asistencia técnica es muy escasa, son pocos los especialistas trabajando directamente con los productores, se han conformado asociaciones de productores de este biotipo, pero lamentablemente tienen poca comunicación causando un trabajo muy individualizado que no permite estandarizar el manejo de los diferentes rubros técnicos, productivos y de mercado. En los tres sistemas se hace uso generalizado de plantas forrajeras para la alimentación, su sistema de reproducción es libre y el manejo sanitario es muy básico. Esta raza está evolucionando de los sistemas tradicionales de traspatio a sistemas intensivos y extensivos de carácter empresarial, donde se aprovecha la rusticidad y adaptabilidad, dejando atrás el concepto de recurso zoogenético en riesgo y asegurando su presencia en el futuro inmediato como una importante opción de negocio.

The American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, has been reported to be illegally caught for use as Octopus spp. bait in some localities of the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. To learn if the octopus fishery could be negatively influencing the limulus populations in the area, L. polyphemus individuals were sampled twice a year, before and after the annual octopus fishing season, over 4 consecutive years (2015-2018) in Río Lagartos and San Felipe, both in the Ría Lagartos Biosphere Reserve (RLBR), Yucatán. Quadrants were drawn perpendicular to the mangrove edge, physicochemical parameters in the water (depth, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, and electrical conductivity) were determined, and granulometry of marine sediments was measured (Folk technique). The number of live specimens, number of females, and average length were recorded. No significant differences were found for the physicochemical properties of water or the recorded sedimentology (P > 0.05). Samplings revealed a low number of organisms per site: 22 in Río Lagartos and 24 in San Felipe, both from data before the start of the 2017 octopus fishing season. In the samplings after the start of the 2018 octopus fishing season, only 2 organisms were observed in Río Lagartos and none in San Felipe. The results showed a significant decrease in the number of live L. polyphemus specimens after the beginning of the octopus fishing season and a decrease in the average length of organisms, suggesting a negative effect of mollusk fishing activities on the horseshoe crab populations. More studies are required that integrate other physicochemical, biological, and socioeconomic factors to elucidate the potential threat of this fishery on L. polyphemus populations in the RLBR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main object of this paper is to present the work and cosmovision of María Candelaria Pech Witz, x-men of Calkiní, Campeche, México, and bring complementary data about the knowledge of the meno'ob (both men and women, h-meno'ob and x-meno'ob) in order to try to fill the gap on the activities of the x-meno'ob. We also intend to deepen the Maya central notion for the concept of ik', translated in Spanish as aire (air) or viento (wind). The words and practices of María Candelaria Pech Witz, in relation with observations of dozen of other Maya practitioners, permit to present the knowledge of the meno'ob of the Yucatan Peninsula, as well as illustrate the importance of the variations, regional and individual, of the Maya cosmovision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The of hairless creole pig (Cerdo Pelon Mexicano) (Sus scrofa) is an important zoogenetic resource in the Yucatan Peninsula since it is a genotype adapted to the enviroment conditions, it has resistance to local diseases and parasites, and it has the capacity to take advantage of very low nutritional nutrients, also has a very peculiar flavor that has been valued by the Mayan and mestizo communities of this region for this reason is immersed in many of its traditional dishes, this resource has been lost by the introduction of new breeds and crosses that are In order to use and conserve it, it is necessary to describe the characteristics of the production environment, for this work 23 producers were surveyed, the structured interview technique was followed with 83 variables, descriptive statistics were applied and nonparametric tests were carried out for the comparison between production systems. The producers are men with an average age of 47 years, 96% are professionals, with an experience of more than two years in this activity and started production for the interest of conserving this biotype, 56.5% said that the main problem for to start with the exploitation was the acquisition of the breeding stock, the scarcity of pure animals. Three systems were identified: 1) Backyard (26%, the activity takes place in the free areas of the house where the pigs are scattered or in zahúrdas (rustic pen) made with recycled materials with a total of 9.25 ± 3.4 pigs); 2) Intensive (30.4%, the animals remain captive in wire mesh zahúrdas and / or elevated cages with a total of 98.87 ± 95.5 pigs); and 4) Extensive (43.4%, use is made of soils unsuitable for agriculture and grazing is the basis of the system with a total of 56.27 ± 4 pigs). In general, producers said they had problems to market their products, sales were not constant, and there were no permanent buyers, technical assistance was very scarce, there are few specialists working directly with producers, associations of producers have been formed biotype but unfortunately have little communication causing a very individualized work that does not allow to standardize the management of the different technical, productive and market items. In all three systems there is widespread use of forage plants for food, their reproductive system is free and health management is very basic. This animal is evolving from traditional backyard systems to systems intensive and extensive of a business nature where rusticity and adaptability are used, leaving behind the concept of an animal genetic resource at risk and ensuring its presence in the immediate future as an important option of business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Yucatan peninsula there has been a recent process of expansion of soybean cultivation, on lands previously dedicated to maize and grasslands, as well as tropical forests. This article is part of the debate on the "access theory", setting out as objectives the description and analysis of the causes or factors that have motivated this expansion, as well as its impacts on the land market and income of producers. The effects on the environment (deforestation) and the economy of beekeepers are also reviewed. The investigation revealed how an elite of producers and agro-business have had the ability to gain, control and maintain the land resource, through various access mechanisms, while smallholders (legal owners) have become rentiers of their lands, beeing place in a situation of "productive exclusion". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium is a toxic metal for zooplankton that produces deformations. It is also considered an environmental hazard to aquatic life. Since it has a significant effect in some marine organisms, we used two native zooplankton species from Quintana Roo, Mexico to obtain data regarding cadmium toxicity including the threshold concentration for observable morphological alterations and the percentage of organisms with morphological alterations at the exposure concentrations. We used the rotifer Philodina cf roseola and the oligochaeta Aeolosoma hemprichi, since both feed from the algae Nannochloropsis oculata. Both animals were exposed to a cadmium concentration range from 0.05 mg/l (0.047 mg/l, real concentration) to 10.0 mg/l (9.39 mg/l, real concentration) for 24 h. The LC50 for cadmium in P. cf roseola was 0.7 mg/l (0.65 mg/l, real concentration), whereas in A. hemprichi was 3.38 mg/l (3.17 mg/l, real concentration). The exposure of cadmium at 0.5 mg/l (0.47 mg/l, real concentration) for less than 24 h induced morphological alterations in the lorica of rotifers, foot deformations, and constriction in the middle part of the body. In oligochaetes, damage to the epidermis was noted. The threshold concentration where deformations appeared in rotifer was 0.3 mg/l at 24 h, while in oligochaeta was 0.5 mg/l (0.47 mg/l, real concentration) at 30 min. We concluded that cadmium promotes alterations in aquatic organisms due to direct exposure added to the culture medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

e reporta un nuevo registro de planta vascular para el estado de Campeche que pertenece a la familia Lentibulariaceae, clascada como Utricularia purpurea Walter, que crece en la laguna Silvituc, al sur del estado, en los municipios de Escárcega y Calakmul. Este registro sitúa al estado de Campeche con el mayor número de especies del género en la península de Yucatán.

La región Puuc-Chenes está ubicada en el centro de la Península de Yucatán. Debido a que está rodeada por tres áreas naturales protegidas, constituye un importante eslabón para mantener la conectividad de la selva maya. Sin embargo, la expansión de la frontera agrícola en la región está favoreciendo la fragmentación del hábitat del jaguar ( Panthera onca ). En el presente estudio hemos analizado el grado de conectividad del paisaje para la región Puuc-Chenes con base en los requerimientos del hábitat de P . onca . Se usaron los programas ArcMap, FRAGSTATS e IDRISI para el análisis de la conectividad estructural y funcional del paisaje, el cual se basó en las diferencias conocidas de los requerimientos de hábitat para machos y para hembras. La selva fue la cobertura vegetal dominante al ocupar 49.8% del paisaje. El índice de contagio fue del 62.5% y el índice de contraste total de los bordes fue de 43.7%. De acuerdo con nuestros resultados, concluimos que la región Puuc- Chenes presenta una conectividad de paisaje estructural intermedia, ya que se identificó un corredor adecuado solo para machos y tres corredores para ambos sexos. Este estudio aporta elementos robustos basados en evidencias científicas que justifican la conservación de cuatro fragmentos de selva en la región Puuc-Chenes para preservar la conectividad del paisaje para Panthera onca en esta región.

Este artículo revisa el marco histórico de la explotación forestal y de la pérdida de la riqueza maderera y de la cobertura forestal en relación con el poblamiento rural, propiciado por algunas políticas de colonización en la Península de Yucatán desde la década de 1950, como el Programa Nacional de Desmontes o proyectos económicos como el arrocero, el azucarero y el ganadero. También se analizan los esfuerzos que actualmente se están llevando a cabo para mitigar e, incluso, revertir la deforestación, con base en políticas públicas internacionales que han sido asumidas por las autoridades mexicanas. Este trabajo cualitativo es producto de la revisión de literatura académica e institucional. Permite advertir cómo el paso de la explotación forestal extractiva a la sustentable aún se sitúa en un contexto en el que la geopolítica es determinante.

The Paleogene-Eocene Icaiche Formation, which contains bedded gypsum deposits that cover an estimated minimum area of 10000 km2, is located in the southern parts of the Mexican states Yucatan, Campeche and Quintana Roo. The formation has been little studied because it crops out in an area with limited access, few people, and little economic activity. Low population density is a consequence of the sulfate-contaminated water that is produced during weathering and dissolution of the gypsum deposits in the formation. The Icaiche Formation occupies a considerable part of the physiographic area known as the Elevated Interior Region (EIR) of the Yucatán Peninsula, which encompasses a terrain that the Maya occupied with varying success for almost two millennia and finally almost completely abandoned by about 950 CE. During their tenure, the Maya survived and at times prospered in this region of unpalatable groundwater by using and adapting natural depressions (called bajos) for water supply and, somewhat later, by using abundant impermeable local clays in construction of dams and ingenious systems for water storage and transport. Because of the relatively high solubility of gypsum, the Icaiche Formation has had an outsize influence on hydrologic and geomorphic features and groundwater geochemistry beyond where it crops out and into parts of the Yucatán Peninsula where it is present in the subsurface, particularly those places where it encounters flowing groundwater. In this study, we propose that gypsum dissolution, followed by collapse of overlying rock, was important in: 1) the formation of poljes (large, partly or completely enclosed karst basins with flat floors and interior drainage) along the east and west margins of the EIR; 2) the development of deep karst in north central Yucatán state; and 3) the formation of irregular terrains, extensive brecciation of rock, and highly varying water quality in the area at the eastern margin of the EIR (between Lake Chichancanab and Felipe Carrillo Puerto, Quintana Roo). Argillaceous sediment released during weathering of the Icaiche Formation, perhaps mixed with siliceous components of impact deposits from the Chicxulub Impact may have affected the permeability of post-Eocene marine sedimentary rocks, perhaps including local facies of the Carrillo Puerto Formation, formed on the southeast margin of the Peninsula. The resulting rocks have markedly lower permeability than rocks of the more northerly lowlands of the Mexican portion of the Yucatán Peninsula that host a pervasive fresh water lens overlying a saline intrusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Se analiza la forma en que México aplica la normativa y otras estrategias de manejo, para la protección de los humedales costeros y aves de humedal de la Península de Yucatán según el Plan Estratégico Ramsar 2009-2015, específicamente en dos de sus estrategias. Se analiza los criterios de regulación de los Programas de Manejo de Áreas Naturales Protegidas y Ordenamientos Ecológicos Territoriales identificando los aspectos científicos robustos en los que se fundamentan, así como en sus deficiencias bajo el concepto de integridad ecológica. En los resultados se observa: a) la necesidad de homogenizar el uso del término integridad en los instrumentos legales, b) crear una estructura jerárquica espacial de estrategias de manejo que favorezca la conectividad, c) reforzar en la delimitación de áreas de amortiguamiento de humedales y hábitats críticos de aves, d) incorporar reglas que protejan la heterogeneidad biológica espacio-temporal, los procesos ecológicos y las redes tróficas, y e) diseñar un reglamento para la restauración de humedales. Se concluye que el escenario normativo aplicable a la conservación de estos ecosistemas en México es aún muy ineficiente y que es necesario incorporar una visión sistémica para proteger estos ecosistemas. Se incluyen además, nueve recomendaciones para su mejoramiento.

En el presente estudio reportamos características morfométricas y reproductivas del dzibabán, Melanoptila glabrirostris, algunas de ellas descritas por primera vez. El dzibabán es un mímido tropical endémico de la península de Yucatán muy poco estudiado. El estudio lo realizamos en la costa norte de la Reserva de la Biosfera de Sian Ka’an, México, entre febrero y agosto de 2008. Presentamos medidas de culmen, tarso y masa corporal. Proponemos un método de sexado válido durante la temporada no re­productiva, ya que los machos presentaron longitud de cuerda alar mayor que las hembras. La coloración del ojo puede ser un criterio suplementario para determinar la edad, puesto que los individuos de segundo año presentaron frecuentemente coloración ocular marrón, similar a los individuos de primer año. La temporada reproductiva inicia en abril y termina a mediados de agosto. El ciclo del nido es de 27 y 32 días y el tamaño de nidada es de dos a tres huevos. El macho construye la mayor parte del nido y la hembra incuba los huevos. La mayoría de los nidos se construyó en la palma Thrinax radiata y el arbusto Pithecellobium keyense. En conclusión, el dzibabán comparte características similares con Dumetella carolinensis y las principales diferencias son debidas a su distribución tropical.

Short tandem repeats (STR) are very widespread in the human genome; being a source of polymorphic markers, used for the determination of kindship. Few studies indicate the frequency of autosomal STR involved in the exclusion of paternity, as well as, those with a higher percentage of discordance. determine the distribution and frequency of the main autosomal STR markers involved in the exclusion of paternity cases in an admixed population from Southeast, Mexico (Peninsula de Yucatán). 91 cases of excluded paternity, were included in the study: 61 trios and 30 motherless. All subjects belong to an admixed population with Mayan ethnicity from Southeast of Mexico. PowerPlex Fusion System (PPFS) was used for genotyping. The distribution and frequency of the autosomal STRs involved in each case of paternity exclusion were recorded based on 22 autosomal STR of PPFS. The number of STR which determined the exclusion in all cases ranged from 5 to 18 markers, being up to 14 STR for motherless cases. Paternity exclusions occurred most frequently with 13-STRs (22.22%) for trios and 9-STRs (37.5%) for motherless cases. The autosomal STR with the highest percentage of discordance is PENTA-E, for all cases 69.23%, 85.25% for trios. For motherless cases were D1S1656 and PENTA-E (36.67%,both). The most frequent number of autosomal STR marker to confer a paternity exclusion was 13, the most informative STR marker for exclusions was PENTA-E. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The capture and consumption of sharks and dogfish are important economic activities in the State of Campeche, Mexico. In addition, these resources represent one of the main characteristics in its culinary identity. In this work we present the ethnographic record of roasted dogfish and we also investigate the ethnoarchaeological implications of this activity during pre-Hispanic times in the Yucatan peninsula. The recording and analysis of the taphonomical signatures of this practice on dogfish remains are also presented and we explore the consumption and trade implications of this resource, which could have its origin in the necessity to preserve dogfish meat. Our research is presented as a novel contribution to marine ethnobiology by making visible the social value of this practice and expanding the temporal framework of knowledge of the fisheries in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we report morphometric and reproductive characteristics of the Black Catbird, Melanoptila glabrirostris, some of them shown here for the first time. The Black Catbird is a tropical mimid endemic to the Yucatán Peninsula that is not well studied. Fieldwork was conducted in the North coast of the Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve, México, from February to August 2008. We present measurements of bill, tarsus, and body mass. We propose a method for sexing outside the breeding season because males had longer wing chords than females. We demonstrate that eye color can be an extra criterion for age determination because second-year birds more frequently had brown eyes, similar to the eye color of hatch-year birds. Breeding season lasted from April until at least the middle of August. The nest cycle was 27 to 32 days long, and clutch size was from two to three eggs. Mostly males built nests and females incubated the eggs. Most of the nests were built on Thrinax radiata palm and Pithecellobium keyense bush. In conclusion, the Black Catbird shares characteristics with Gray Catbird, and the main differences are due to its tropical distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human activities have changed and shaped landscape conditions of the Yucatán Peninsula for more than 4000 years. Several paleoecological studies showed the oldest pollen record of corn-based agriculture is from northern Belize, with an estimated age of 3300 BC. Several other studies report maize between 1500 and 3000 BC from northern Guatemala and the Mexican part of the Yucatán Peninsula. After 3500 cal yr BP several paleoecological studies showed a marked tendency to drier climatic conditions. In pollen records, increased drought is expressed as a reduced presence of fossil arboreal pollen. Pollen records with the presence of Zea mays also show other taxa, which are indicators of disturbance in different vegetation types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Caribbean Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) in Mexico is distributed throughout the complex of lagoons in coastal wetlands of the Yucatan Peninsula. The species shows a tendency toward differential use of areas between juveniles and adults at different stages of their life cycle and in different seasons. The aim of this study was to determine the most important areas where flamingos are distributed in Yucatan wetlands and to describe temporal variations according to age and stages of their life cycle. For this, we used the records of ringed individuals sighted during the period 2010-2015. The areas with the largest numbers of individuals, by stage and season, were identified. Flamingos were recorded in 39 different areas of 43 sampled. In general, the sites with the largest number of records were Isla La Angostura and Punta Mecoh. To both juveniles and adults, areas with higher occupancy rates differed by age between the different stages of the life cycle and seasons. In the Charca Salinera Chel and Isla La Angostura ringed flamingos of almost all ages were recorded. Although already described areas (Celestún, Ría Lagartos) are certainly important, new sites hosting considerable populations at some stage of this species life cycle were detected (e.g. Humedal Progreso; Salamandra, Laguna Rosada; Xcambo). These new sites should be given more attention and important security measures and protection are recommended to all of them. It is necessary to seek new support sources for studies that determine the flamingo population's status in difficult access areas for which little information is available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]