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Through quantitative statistics and morphological characterization of ceramic fragments for ceramic composite bulletproof insert plates (CCBIPs), distribution characteristics of ceramic fragments within a specific size range were analyzed for different Armor Piercing Incendiary (API) and shot times. To quantitatively evaluate the effect of energy absorption for ceramic plates, a model of energy absorption during penetration for CCBIPs was established based on statistics of the size distribution of ceramic fragments (SDCF). Variation in the SDCF and its influence on energy absorption for CCBIPs were investigated. The results indicate that the distribution feature of ceramic fragments in the range of 0.25–2.25 mm is Gaussian distribution. Compared with Type 56 of API (56-API), ceramic fragments formed by 53-API with higher kinetic energy possess more quantity and more concentrated distribution, whose average equivalence size decreases by 6.5%, corresponding to increasing by 83.9% of estimated energy absorption. Besides, the ability of CCBIPs to resist the third shot is significantly weakened, whose estimated energy absorption decreases by 58.8% compared with the first shot. More concentrated distribution and fewer fragments are formed after the third shot, the average equivalence size of ceramic fragments increases by 6.9%, which may attribute to the micro-cracks induced by the previous two shots.

Traditional penetration indices cannot accurately evaluate the performance of asphalt binders at high and low temperatures. A study was therefore undertaken to determine temperature conversion formulae for designing asphalt pavements using the US Strategic Highway Research Program's Superpave performance grading (PG) method. The research involved the observation of climate and pavement temperatures in north-east China, the determination of temperature conversion formulae and classification of climatic zones and Superpave PG standards. The results of this study showed that the proposed formulae are more accurate than penetration indices for predicting actual asphalt pavement temperatures and their performance at low and high temperatures, which will deliver economic and social benefits.

Well killing remains to be the critical technological stage before proceeding with workover operations. Well killing using Visco-Elastic Gel (VEG) has been found to preserve and reinstate the filtration characteristics of bottom-hole formation zone efficiently. Since, these methods exclude the possibility of penetration of well-killing fluids into the reservoirs, the natural permeability of the reservoir retained. In this article, the authors have reported for the first time about a new VEG with controlled fracture times that remains appropriate for killing oil wells associated with both terrigenous carbonate reservoir operations. A distinctive feature of the proposed technology using a VEG with adjustable degradation times (can vary from 3 to 120 h) is that it requires a relatively smaller volumes of the composition in comparison with that of the conventional technologies. As a result, a significant reduction in the negative impact on the reservoir is achieved resulting from a relatively low penetrating ability of the proposed VEG. High structural properties of the VEG make it possible to reliably block the overlapped reservoir interval and it excludes the penetration of process fluid into the reservoir. In addition, it also eliminates the flow of formation fluid from the reservoir, which is absolutely necessary for trouble-free repairing work. It was found from the present study that the use of a breaker of a particular, single type does not provide the desired results and in the present study, the authors have deduced a relatively complex breaker based on peroxyhydrate and citric acid with a 1:1 ratio. The introduction of the encapsulated peroxyhydrate at the stage of preparation of the VEG ensures monodispersity of its dispersion characteristics. The developed VEG was successfully tested in 32 wells of oil fields in the Perm Krai fields in Russia. The well killing technology developed and described in this article using a VEG with adjustable destruction times has successfully been applied in the fields of the Perm Krai. The economic effect from the application of this technology was found to be $6.000 per well.

Steel-tube-confined concrete (STCC) targets are provided with excellent anti-penetration performance over semi-infinite concrete (SIC) targets since the steel tube imposes passive restraint on the in-filled concrete during the penetration process. Grid STCC system with square steel tubes is a potential solution to protective structures. In this paper, experiments of 9-cell grid STCC targets penetrated by 12.7 mm Armor Piercing Projectile (APP) were performed. The influence of side length and thickness of steel tube, steel ratio and impact velocity on anti-penetration performance were taken into account. Additionally, single-cell square STCC targets were also designed and tested for comparison with the 9-cell grid STCC targets. Damage modes and parameters of the tested targets were measured and discussed. Moreover, the stiffness of radial confinement of grid STCC targets is achieved according to the elastic solution of infinite cylindrical shell in Winkler medium. Furthermore, the penetration resistance and depth of penetration (DOP) for grid STCC targets are obtained on the basis of the dynamic finite spherical cavity-expansion (FSCE) models including radial confinement effect. It is shown that the 9-cell grid STCC targets with optimal dimension match of thickness and side length of steel tube can reduce the DOP by about 17 % and 23 % in comparison with the SIC targets and single-cell square STCC targets, respectively, due to both the confinement of square steel tube to concrete in the impacted cell and the additional confinement of the surrounding cells to the impacted cell; the penetration resistance and DOP of the grid and cellular STCC targets with similar steel ratio is close, and thus the grid STCC targets with simpler manufacturing process and excellent in-plane expandability are preferred in engineering practice; moreover, the predicted results of DOP model based on the FSCE models agree well with the tested results with the maximum disparity less than 12 % and the proposed model is more applicable to the grid and cellular STCC targets with high radial confinement.

The appearance of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) makes it possible for a material to possess both high strength and high ductility. It is with great potential to apply HEAs under extreme conditions such as in the penetration process. In this paper, experiments of WFeNiMo HEA and tungsten heavy alloy (WHA) projectiles penetrating medium-carbon steel were conducted by using the ballistic gun and two-stage light-gas gun that can accelerate projectiles to impact velocities ranging from 1162 m/s to 2130 m/s. Depth of penetration (DOP) at elevated impact velocities of HEA and WHA projectiles were obtained firstly. Combined with the macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the residual projectiles, the transition of the penetration mode of the WFeNiMo HEA projectile was identified systemically. The experimental results indicated that the penetration mode of the HEA projectile changes from self-sharpening to mushrooming with the increase of impact velocity, while for the WHA projectile, the penetration mode is always mushrooming. The microstructure of the residual HEA projectiles showed that the phases tangle with each other and the morphology of the microstructure of the phases differs in the two penetration modes. Besides, the evolution of shear bands and fractures varies in the two modes. The evolution of the microstructure of HEAs causes the sharp-pointed nose to disappear and the HEA projectile ultimately becomes blunt as the impact velocity increases.

Soil response to pile penetration has both macro- and micro-mechanical aspects. At both scales, the properties of the particles and their interactions with each other control behaviour. Unfortunately, examination of particle-scale effects during penetration is not possible with either physical modelling or using continuum-based numerical models. The discrete-element method provides a powerful medium for modelling soils as particulate materials and can be used to investigate pile–soil interaction. However, such models are computationally demanding and need extensive optimisation, which in turn requires an understanding of the influences of soil characteristics on the mechanics. For this purpose, a series of pile penetration models was designed using three-dimensional discrete-element models. Structural parameters such as model dimensions and pile properties were kept constant while the soil characteristics were varied one at a time. This allowed uncoupled observation of the influences of individual soil characteristics including stiffness, inter-particle friction, rolling friction, average size, shape, packing density and grain size distribution. The results are presented in graphical form and their implications with respect to modelling are discussed.

Microscopic traffic simulators that simulate realistic traffic flow are crucial in studying, understanding and evaluating the fuel usage and mobility effects of having a higher number of autonomous vehicles (AVs) in traffic under realistic mixed traffic conditions including both autonomous and non-autonomous vehicles. In this paper, L4-L5 AVs with varying penetration rates in total traffic flow were simulated using the microscopic traffic simulator Vissim on urban, mixed and freeway roadways. The roadways used in these simulations were replicas of real roadways in and around Columbus, Ohio, including an AV shuttle routes in operation. The road-specific information regarding each roadway, such as the number of traffic lights and positions, number of STOP signs and positions, and speed limits, were gathered using OpenStreetMap with SUMO. In simulating L4-L5 AVs, the All-Knowing CoEXist AV and a vehicle with Wiedemann 74 driver were taken to represent AV and non-AV driving, respectively. Then, the driving behaviors, such as headway time and car following, desired acceleration and deceleration profiles of AV, and non-AV car following and lane change models were modified. The effect of having varying penetration rates of L4-L5 AVs were then evaluated using criteria such as average fuel consumption, existence of queues and their average/maximum length, total number of vehicles in the simulation, average delay experience by all vehicles, total number of stops experienced by all vehicles, and total emission of CO, NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOC) from the vehicles in the simulation. The results show that while increasing penetration rates of L4-L5 AVs generally improve overall fuel efficiency and mobility of the traffic network, there were also cases when the opposite trend was observed.

OBJECTIVE: Reducing time-to-treatment and providing acute management in stroke are essential for patient recovery. Electrical bioimpedance (EBI) is an inexpensive and non-invasive tissue measurement approach that has the potential to provide novel continuous intracranial monitoring—something not possible in current standard-of-care. While extensive previous work has evaluated the feasibility of EBI in diagnosing stroke, high-impedance anatomical features in the head have limited clinical translation. METHODS: The present study introduces novel electrode placements near highly-conductive cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) pathways to enhance electrical current penetration through the skull and increase detection accuracy of neurologic damage. Simulations were conducted on a realistic finite element model (FEM). Novel electrode placements at the tear ducts, soft palate and base of neck were evaluated. Classification accuracy was assessed in the presence of signal noise, patient variability, and electrode positioning. RESULTS: Algorithms were developed to successfully determine stroke etiology, location, and size relative to impedance measurements from a baseline scan. Novel electrode placements significantly increased stroke classification accuracy at various levels of signal noise (e.g. p < 0.001 at 40 dB). Novel electrodes also amplified current penetration, with up to 30% increase in current density and 57% increased sensitivity in central intracranial regions (p

Complex biological environments and multiple physiological barriers significantly impede efficient accumulation and penetration of nanomaterials within tumor tissue for therapy. In situ energy conv...

Queue length estimation plays an important role in traffic signal control and performance measures of signalized intersections. Traditionally, queue lengths are estimated by applying the shockwave theory to loop detector data. In recent years, the tremendous amount of vehicle trajectory data collected from probe vehicles such as ride-hailing vehicles and connected vehicles provides an alternative approach to queue length estimation. To estimate queue lengths cycle by cycle, many existing methods require the knowledge of the probe vehicle penetration rate and queue length distribution. However, the estimation of the two parameters has not been well studied. This paper proposes a maximum likelihood estimation method that can estimate the parameters from historical probe vehicle data. The maximum likelihood estimation problem is solved by the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm iteratively. Validation results show that the proposed method could estimate the parameters accurately and thus enable the existing methods to estimate queue lengths cycle by cycle.

Penetration and internal blast behavior of reactive liner enhanced shaped charge against concrete space were investigated through experiments and simulations. The volume of the enclosed concrete space is about 15 m3. The reactive liner enhanced shaped charge utilizes reactive copper double-layered liner, which is composed of an inner copper liner and an outer reactive liner, while the reactive material liner is fabricated by PTFE/Al (Polytetrafluoroethylene/Aluminum) powders through cold-pressing and sintering. Static explosion experiments show that, compared with the shaped charge which utilizes copper liner, the penetration cavity diameter and spalling area of concrete by the novel shaped charge were enlarged to 2 times and 4 times, respectively. Meanwhile, the following reactive material had blast effect and produced significant overpressure inside the concrete closed space. Theoretical analysis indicates concrete strength and detonation pressure of reactive material both affect the penetration cavity diameter. To the blast behavior of reactive material inside the concrete space, developing TNT equivalence model and simulated on AUTODYN-3D for analysis. Simulation results reproduced propagation process of the shock wave in concrete space, and revealed multi-peaks phenomenon of overpressure-time curves. Furthermore, the empirical relationship between the peak overpressure and relative distance for the shock wave of reactive material was proposed.

Relight of jet engines at high altitude is difficult due to the relatively low pressure and temperature of inlet air. The penetration of initial flame kernel affects the ignition probability in the turbine engine combustor greatly. In order to achieve successful ignition at high altitude, a deeper penetration of initial flame kernel should be generated. In this study, a Gliding Arc Plasma Jet Igniter (GAPJI) is designed to induce initial flame kernel with deeper penetration to achieve successful ignition at high altitude. The ignition performance of the GAPJI was demonstrated in a model combustor. It was found that GAPJI can generate plasma with deeper penetration up to 30.5 mm than spark igniter with 22.1 mm. The discharge power of GAPJI was positively correlated with flow rate of the carrier gas, approaching 200 W in average. Ignition experiments show that GAPJI has the advantage of extending the lean ignition limit. With GAPJI, the lean ignition limit of the combustor is 0.02 at 0 km, which is 55.6% less than that with spark igniter (0.045). The evolution of flame morphology was observed to explore the development of the flame kernel. It is shown that the advantage of a high penetration and continuous releasing energy can accelerate the ignition process and enhance combustion.

Purpose To determine corneal cross-linking (CXL) efficacy and chromophore penetration after excimer laser-assisted patterned de-epithelialization. Methods Two-hundred-twenty porcine eyes were de-epithelialized ex vivo, either fully (mechanical; n = 88) or patterned (excimer laser; n = 132). Consecutively, corneas were impregnated with hypo- or hyperosmolar riboflavin (RF; n = 20, RF-D; n = 40, respectively) or water-soluble taurine (WST11; n = 40, and WST-D; n = 40, respectively), or kept unimpregnated (n = 80). Sixty corneas were subsequently irradiated, inducing CXL, with paired contralateral eyes serving as controls. Outcome measurements included strip extensiometry to assess CXL efficacy, and spectrophotometry and fluorescence microscopy to determine stromal chromophore penetration. Results All tested chromophores induced significant CXL (p < 0.001), ranging from 7.6% to 14.6%, with similar stiffening for all formulations (p = 0.60) and both de-epithelialization methods (p = 0.56). Light transmittance was significantly lower (p < 0.001) after full compared with patterned de-epithelialization. Stromal chromophore penetration was comparable between fully and patterned de-epithelialized samples, with full penetration in RD and RF-D samples and penetration depths measuring 591.7 +/- 42.8 mu m and 592.9 +/- 63.5 mu m for WST11 (p = 0.963) and 504.2 +/- 43.2 mu m and 488.8 +/- 93.1 mu m for WST-D (p = 0.669), respectively. Conclusions Excimer laser-assisted patterned de-epithelialization allows for effective CXL. Stromal chromophore concentration is, however, reduced, which may have safety implications given the need for sufficient UVA attenuation in RF/UVA CXL. The different safety profile of near-infrared (NIR) may allow safe WST11/NIR CXL even with reduced stromal chromophore concentration values. In vivo studies are needed to evaluate the benefits and further assess safety of excimer laser-assisted patterned de-epithelialization for corneal CXL.

In this paper we investigate the effects of connected automated vehicles on traffic patterns. We first experimentally study traffic patterns using two connected human-driven vehicles, which are equipped with vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, and a connected automated vehicle, which is able to respond to V2V information and control its longitudinal motion. Our experimental results indicate the long-range feedback may benefit traffic flow and that car-following models with delay are able to replicate the experimental results. The data fitted models are used in simulations for a 100-car network to study traffic dynamics with partial penetration of connected automated vehicles.

A new in situ thermal piezocone penetration test (T-CPTU) system is developed to determine the thermal properties of soil. It is expected to overcome most of the shortcomings observed in existing in situ test techniques. Based on Fourier's heat conduction equation and pore pressure dissipation theoretical equation, a method for calculating the thermal conductivity, namely the predicted temperature method, was proposed. The accuracy of the T-CPTU probe testing process and thermal conductivity calculation results were verified by numerical simulation, laboratory large-scale model tank tests, and thermal needle tests. Finally, the field data of T-CPTUs at three sites in Nanjing, China, were collected and compared with the laboratory thermal needle tests. The results indicated that the thermal conductivities obtained using T-CPTU were accurate and closer to those of laboratory thermal needle tests for most soils. The thermal conductivities of the undisturbed soil samples measured in the laboratory were lower than those obtained by T-CPTU.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the impact of genotype and storage conditions (temperature and time) on microbiological contamination and eggshell quality. There were four genotypes of laying hens used, Czech Golden Spotted (CGS), Greenleg Partridge (GP), White Leghorn (WL) and commercial hybrid (CH) hens were included. After collection, the eggs were divided equally into five groups according to the storage time (0, 14, 28 days) and temperature (5 and 20°C). The microbiological analysis included counting of colonies forming units (CFU) of Escherichia coli (EC), Enterococcus (ENT) and total number of microorganisms (TNM) on eggshell surface, eggshell membranes and in thin albumen. The analysis of eggshell quality included the determination of eggshell proportion (SP), thickness (ST), strength (SST), index (SI) and surface (SS). Moreover, egg weight (EW) and egg weight loss (EWL) were determined. The significant effect of genotype was found in contamination of eggshell by EC, ENT and TNM, eggshell membranes by TNM and albumen by EC (all P≤0.05). The significantly lowest contamination of eggshell from EC was in eggs from the WL hens (4.42 log CFU/eggshell), while from ENT was in eggs from the CGS hens (1.22 log CFU/eggshell) and from the WL hens (1.40 log CFU/eggshell). The lowest incidence of TNM was also detected in eggs from the WL hens (5.03 log CFU/eggshell). Statistically the lowest contamination of eggshell membranes by TNM was found in eggs from the WL (0.12 log CFU/eggshell membranes) and CH hens (0.15 log CFU/eggshell membranes). Regarding the effect of genotype, the GP (not detected) and WL (not detected) hens had eggs with statistically the lowest occurrence of EC bacteria in albumen. Regarding the EW and eggshell quality, all the parameters were significantly affected by the genotype (P≤0.0001). Also EWL was significantly (P≤0.05) affected by genotype (after 14, 21 and 28 days of storage). There were found to be significant differences of microbial contamination of egg surface among observed hen genotypes. The penetration of selected microorganisms was also significant in contamination of eggshell membranes by TNM and in contamination of albumen by EC.

Lithium-aluminum-silicate glass-ceramics (LAS) are of pivotal importance in various applications as they combine excellent mechanicala nd functional properties. Due to their use in medical devices and cooking articles, antimicrobial properties are obviously of interest. Herein, we report the solid-state field-assisted (Ag→Li,Na) ion exchange in LAS glass-ceramic containing β-quartz and β-spodumene solid solutions. The ion-exchange is extremely rapid and deep silver penetration (>100 μm) can be achieved within a few minutes (

In this study, a combined experimental, numerical and theoretical investigation is conducted on the penetration of semi-infinite 4340 steel targets by a homogeneous 93W rod and two types of jacketed rods with striking velocities of 0.9-3.3 km/s. The results show that the jacketed rods produced typical “co-erosion” damage at all test velocities, except for the 93W/1060Al jacketed rod, which switched from an early “bi-erosion” damage to later “co-erosion” damage at a striking velocity of 936 m/s. However, the homogeneous 93W rod always forms a large mushroom head during the penetration process. The damage mechanisms of these two types of jacketed rods differ for striking velocities of 0.9–2.0 km/s, but this difference gradually decreases with increased striking velocity. For velocities of 2.0–3.3 km/s, all three types of projectiles exhibit typical hydrodynamic penetration characteristics, and the damage mechanisms of the two types of jacketed rods are almost identical. For the same initial kinetic energy, the penetration performance of the jacketed rods is distinctly superior to that of the homogeneous 93W rods. Compared with jacket density, jacket strength shows a more significant influence on the damage mechanism and penetration performance of the jacketed rod. Finally, an existing theoretical prediction model of the penetration depth of jacketed rods on semi-infinite targets in the co-erosion mode is modified. It transpires that—in terms of penetration depth—the modified theoretical model is in good agreement with the experimental and numerical observations for 93W/TC4 and 93W/1060Al jacketed rods penetrating semi-infinite 4340 steel targets.

The present study investigates the corrosion behavior of a Mg–Zn–Ca–La alloy. Results indicate that the corrosion resistance is enhanced by rolling deformation and subsequent annealing treatment significantly. The microstructure, distribution of second phase and grain orientation are the main factors affecting corrosion properties. The second phase with semi-continuous network in the as-cast alloy gives rise to the penetration of corrosion into the matrix. However, the dispersed second phase after deformation results in uniform corrosion. The formation of dense corrosion layer at the initial stage of corrosion is favorable for the improvement of corrosion resistance. The sample with 〈0001〉 plane oriented towards surface exhibits good corrosion resistance, which is ascribed to the homogeneous microstructure and strong basal texture.

Hypoxia and high-density extracellular matrix within the tumor microenvironment (TME) strengthens tumor resistance to the oxygen-dependent cancer therapy. Herein, an on-demand oxygen released nanoplatform (MONs/IR780/PFC-O2@BSA, BMIPO) that was triggered by near-infrared (NIR) light combined with TME has been designed for achieving synergistic photothermal/photodynamic therapy with deep intratumoral penetration and oxygen self-sufficiency. Notably, the zeta potential and transmission electron microscope (TEM) results indicated that such "smart" BMIPO nanoplatform possessed good colloidal stability and on-demand TME-specific degradability. This characteristic of the BMIPO nanoplatform allows it to simultaneously achieve high tumor accumulation and deep intratumoral penetration. The results of the O2 loading and release measurements showed that the as- prepared BMIPO possessed excellent O2 reversibly bind/release performance. Furthermore, the photothermal effect of NIR dye (IR780) accelerated the dissociation of TME-responsive BMIPO, as a result, it achieved an on-demand, continuous and complete O2 release to relieve tumor hypoxia during phototherapy. In vitro and in vivo results demonstrated that the as-prepared all-in-one nanoplatform have successfully realized NIR-triggered on-demand O2 release, nanocarrier-mediated glutathione (GSH) reducing, hyperthermia-promoted deep intratumoral penetration and dual-model imaging-guided precise cancer therapy. This work would provide inspiration for the design of nanoplatforms with on-demand release and deep intratumoral penetration for achieving high-efficiency synergistic photothermal/photodynamic therapy in hypoxic tumors.

Whether ultrasonic activation of the adhesive system improves dentin tubule penetration and the bond strength of fiber posts to root dentin is unclear.The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of ultrasonic activation of 2 adhesive systems (etch-and-rinse and self-etch) and 1 glass ionomer cement on the dentin tubule penetration and pushout bond strength of fiber posts to root dentin.Sixty maxillary central incisors were endodontically treated and divided into 6 groups (n=10) as per the post cementation strategy: etch-and-rinse, etch-and-rinse and ultrasonic, self-etch, self-etch and ultrasonic, glass ionomer cement, and glass ionomer cement and ultrasonic. The primers, the adhesives, and the glass ionomer cement were activated for 20 seconds each, and the fiber posts were cemented with a resin cement. Dentin tubule penetration was evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy and the pushout bond strength measured at 3 post locations: cervical, middle, and apical. The failure patterns were also described after pushout testing.Self-etch and ultrasonic showed higher dentin tubule penetration than the other cementation strategies (P.05) and improved the bond strength values (P.05), which were higher than etch-and-rinse and ultrasonic and glass ionomer cement and ultrasonic (P.05). Adhesive failures at the cement and dentin interface were predominant in the etch-and-rinse, self-etch, and self-etch and ultrasonic groups.Ultrasonic activation improved the dentin tubule penetration of a self-etch adhesive system. The bond strength of fiber posts cemented with a self-etch adhesive system and a resin cement was improved after ultrasonic activation.

Cycloastragenol (CA) is a plant saponin that functions as a telomerase activator, and it has been made as an oral anti-aging supplement and use as active ingredient in topical cosmetic products. The anti-aging performance in cosmetic products have only been evaluated by description of skin appearance, while direct topical penetration of CA across the skin barrier still needs to be confirmed. The objective of this work was to design encapsulation vehicles to deliver CA across the skin barrier using commercially available ingredients through scalable processes, and to prove its topical penetration. Phospholipid vesicles including liposomes, ethosomes, and transethosomes were prepared using soy and sunflower phospholipids and different penetration enhancers, including ethanol and surfactants. The loading capacity of CA was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography, and the topical penetration of CA was evaluated using Franz diffusion cells with pig skin. Transethosomes using Tween 80, Span 40, or dicetylphosphate as the penetration enhancer showed better CA delivery across the skin barrier than ethosomes or emulsifier α-gels. Results of this work provide evidence that CA encapsulated in phospholipid vesicles can be transported across the skin barrier. These encapsulation systems could be used for the design of CA-containing anti-aging cosmetic products.

The purpose of this three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) study was to identify the difference between monocortical fixation (MCF) and bicortical fixation (BCF) in mandibular canal penetration after bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) to correct mandibular prognathism, where interosseous fixation was done by BCF or MCF. CBCT was performed 1 week postoperatively and Dolphin 3D software was used to assess direct penetration of the mandibular canal by either type of screw. The primary outcome variable was the presence or absence of mandibular canal penetration and was categorized as a binary coded variable. The BCF and MCF groups were compared by χ2 test, and the odds ratio for canal penetration was estimated. Multiple logistic regression was performed to identify factors related to canal penetration. A total of 118 patients were included. The MCF group had only 6% canal penetrations (3/50 patients) and the BCF group had 58.8% canal penetrations (40/68 patients). The regression model showed that BCF was the only factor causing mandibular canal penetration, with an adjusted odds ratio of 52.5. Awareness of the increased risk of canal penetration with BCF and potential nerve injury might influence case selection.

Low accumulation and penetration of nanomedicines in tumor severely reduce therapeutic efficacy. Herein, a pH-responsive gold nanoassembly is designed to overcome these problems. Polyethylene glycol linked raltitrexed (RTX, target ligand and chemotherapy drug) and two tertiary amine molecules (1-(2-aminoethyl) pyrrolidine and N,N-dibutylethylenediamine) are modified on the surface of the 6-nm gold nanoparticles by lipoic acid to form gold nanoassembly defined as Au-NNP(RTX). The Au-NNP (RTX) nanoassembly could remain at about 160 nm at the blood circulation (pH 7.4), while split into 6-nm gold nanoparticles due to tertiary amine protonation at tumor extracellular pH (pH 6.8). This pH-responsive disassembly behavior endows Au-NNP(RTX) better tumor tissue permeability through the better diffusion brought by the size reduction. Meanwhile, after disassembly, more RTXs on the surface of gold nanoparticles are exposed from the shielded state of assembly along with 2.25-fold augment of cellular uptake capability. Most importantly, the results show that Au-NNP(RTX) possesses of high tumor accumulation and effective tumor penetration, thereby enhancing the tumor chemo-radiotherapy efficiency., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • A pH-responsive self-targeting & splitting gold nanoassembly is fabricated. • The nanoassembly holds better tumor tissue permeability by the size reduction. • The nanoassembly enhances targeting capability by ligand shielding and exposure. • Clever design endows the system synergistic effect of chemo-radiotherapy.

The large majority of previous studies about comparison of impact response of 2D and 3D woven composites focused on thin laminates but not thicker ones. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine whether thicker 3D laminates exhibit better impact resistance compared to 2D ones or not. For this purpose, firstly several tensile tests were performed on the composite specimens in nine different thicknesses. In fact, the longitudinal tensile modulus extracted from tensile tests was used to determine delamination threshold load of them. Then, 2D and 3D laminates with an identical thickness were tested by drop weight tower under several energies to specify the perforation and penetration energy thresholds. Finally, 2D and 3D composites with nine different thicknesses were subjected to impact loading to investigate their impact behavior. The experimental results revealed that the relationship between thickness and delamination threshold load of 2D woven E-glass/unsaturated polyester composites can be fitted with a power regression function. The extracted empirical function was also validated with the analytical results obtained from a simple method based on mode II fracture toughness of laminates. Contrary to what is normally believed, the value of energy absorption in 2D specimens has no dependency on their thickness. In addition, analysis of results in terms of energy absorption, damage area and damage initiation load indicated that thicker 2D woven fabrics exhibit higher impact resistance compared to 3D ones unlike thinner laminates.

Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin which is chronic disorder with epidermal (acanthosis) hyperplasia and extreme inflammation as erythematous lesions. The penetration and neovascularization of inflammatory cells resulting from epidermis hyperproliferation with incomplete keratinocyte differentiation irregular horn cell formation are characterized by an erythematous scaly skin plaque. The purpose of the work entitled was to increase the penetration of the drug and develop nanoparticle loaded gel for better in-vitro release. Erlotinib belongs to BCS class II that stands for high permeability and less solubility. On physicochemical evaluation, melting point of erlotinib had been established to be 229.4 ± 254.6 °C. On UV analysis absortion maxima was found to be 341 nm in 0.1 N HCl. The Erlotinib shown very good solubility in ethanol, diethyl ether in contrast showed less solubility in phosphate buffer and water. An attempt is made to prepare nanoparticle gel of erlotinib using lipid such as cetyl palmitate poloxamer 188. The method of preparation of nanoparticles was found to be simple and reproducible. The formulated nanoparticles had been specified for its particle size and it comes out to be 81.57 ± 9.6 nm and zeta potential was found to be −29.3 ± 1.21mV. Percentage entrapment efficiency was found in a range of 89.2 ± 21% and loading efficiency was found to be 13.45 ± 0.72. The in vitro drug release of erlotinib from method ET-NLC15 become satisfactory give an explanation for with the aid of using Higuchi equation. This indicates that ET-NLC15 gel follow matrix diffusion-based release kinetics and the highest regression coefficient (R2) value was 0.968 through Higuchi model. Hence from all aspects; we concluded that the release of drug Erlotinib can provide drug release in a controlled manner by proper designing of the formulation and selection of a suitable method of preparation.

Although the great success of photothermal therapy (PTT), it still suffers from many obstacles, such as the limited penetration depth of light, thermoresistance of tumor, as well as the limitations of mono-therapeutic modality. Herein, the second near infrared (NIR-II, 1064 nm) light excitation thermosensitive liposomes (DG@TLs) have been fabricated for photoacoustic imaging (PAI) guided enhanced PTT-chemo therapy. The DG@TLs were constructed by encapsulating NIR-II light excitation semiconducting polymers into liposomes composed of phase change materials (PCM), along with gambogic acid (GA) with chemotherapeutic and heat shock proteins inhibition effects. Under 1064 nm laser irradiation, the DG@TLs exhibited superior NIR-II PAI and PTT performances with deep tissue penetration while triggering thermal-responsive release of GA based on phase transition of PCM from solid to liquid. The released GA could enhance the NIR-II PTT efficacy by inhibiting the activity of HSP90, reducing the thermoresistance of tumor, as well as exhibit a significant chemotherapeutic effect, achieving a synergistic anti-tumor efficiency. This work provides a new strategy for achieving on-demand drug release and effective theranostics in deep-seated tumor regions.

The Present paper discusses film cooling behavior through numerical simulation in the presence of a twisted tape insert inside the film hole. The twisted tape insert imparts a swirl to the coolant flow. Coolant swirl intensity is controlled by varying the pitch of the twisted tape resulting in swirl numbers (S) of 0.0289, 0.116 and 0.168. The film cooling performance is evaluated using area-averaged effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient for blowing ratios of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0. Results revealed a significant amount of improvement in averaged effectiveness with the addition of swirl. Coolant swirl predominantly modifies the jet trajectory resulting in a reduced jet penetration and increased lateral expansion. Further investigation on the effect of twisted tape thickness on the coolant distribution has been found to be negligible. Pressure losses occurring due to the insertion of twisted tape inside the film hole is evaluated through the coefficient of discharge which indicated the necessity of higher pumping power than the film cooling case with no-swirl.

Polymer composites are widely used to store liquid chemicals. Recently, monitoring their structural health has attracted a lot of attention. The geometry of nanomaterial in polymer composites plays an important role in affecting the penetration progress, thus altering the durability of polymer composite. In this study, the silver nanocomposite-based structural health monitoring (SHM) sensors were designed to detect the progress of chemical diffusion and material degradation as a function of time. A comparison between the silver nanowire (AgNW) sensor and silver nanoparticle (AgNP) sensors was used to study the concentration and geometry of silver nanomaterial’s effect on acid penetration. It appeared that the structural health monitoring sensors’ resistance decrease in three stages with the diffusion time increase. Moreover, with the volume percentage of silver nanomaterial increase, the response time decrease. And the AgNW based sensors have shown a shorter response time. The conductive network that nanofillers formed in the sensors was studied its effect on the ion diffusion process. Modeling work based on Fick’s second law was conducted using MATLAB to study the geometry effect of silver nanoparticle, silver nanoparticle aggregate, and silver nanowire on acid penetration progress.

Pulsed plasma discharges are investigated here as a means of reducing the power necessary for a thermal probe to penetrate an ice sheet. When a high-energy plasma discharge occurs in ice, the ensui...

Numerical investigation of flow field characteristics of air injected through an inclined radial slot into a crossflowing stream has been studied for gas flaring applications. CFD is used to simulate turbulent mixing between the inclined slot jet and the crossflowing stream. The slot injection angle with respect to the crossflow, the slot jet velocity, and the slot height were varied in this study. Velocity profiles obtained from the simulations were compared to measured profiles. Simulation results showed that the centerline upflow axial velocities increased with decreasing injection angle and increasing slot height. Results also showed that decreasing injection angle increased the horizontal penetration of the jet flow into the crossflow stream.

This paper evaluates the synergistic influence of utilizing agricultural wastes i.e. rice husk ash (RHA) and coarse recycled concrete aggregates (CRCA) on the properties of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). The RAC mixes were made with 0%, and 100% substitution of coarse natural aggregates by CRCA. Cement is further substituted by RHA at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% to understand the influence of RHA on the fresh and hardened properties of RAC. The mechanical properties were investigated through compression, tension and flexure test at various ages such as 7, 28 and 56 days and other hardened properties like the water penetration resistance and the dry density were also studied. The various properties of the RAC were found to be improved as the RHA quantity is raised till 25% and further decreased when RHA content is increased to 30%. The use of RHA has proved to be very effective as the compressive strength improved by about 26% at 25% RHA. The correlation among the different strength parameters in the RAC mixes has also been established. The water permeability of the concrete mixes got reduced and the dry density increased with the increase in RHA content due to the reduced porosity. This was possible because of the pozzolanic reaction of amorphous silica present in RHA. Hence, the short comings of RAC can be overcome with the use of low end pozzolanic materials like RHA and can be used for retaining the performance of concrete containing 100% RCA.

Recently, biocementation has become a trend of soil improvement. Nevertheless, few studies were conducted in its application to improve engineering properties of fine-grained soil. In this study, digital image technique (DIT) was employed to determine the effect of biocementation via enzymatic induced calcium carbonate precipitation (EICP) technique on the leachate penetration pattern and medium-term hydraulic conductivity of the compacted residual soil made from fine-grained soil. The findings have shown that the of leachate penetration pattern and hydraulic conductivities of the EICP treated soils were considerably affected by the formation of biocementation or CaCO3 precipitation. It was found that the rate of leachate penetration was faster within the first 14 days of the test. It was also determined that at the end of 28 days, the amount of leachate penetrated the untreated soil, 0.50 M, and 1.0 M EICP treated soils were 14.16 mm, 10.08 mm, and 6.03 mm, respectively. The results have shown that EICP treatment resulted in the reduction of hydraulic conductivity by 28. 28.83% and 41.33% in 0.50 M and 1.00 M treated soils, respectively.

The microporous refractory with low thermal conductivity shows a promising application prospect as tundish lining. In this study, the interactions between microporous magnesia aggregates and oxide inclusions in steel were explored. The experimental results and thermodynamic calculation show that the interaction process of microporous magnesia aggregates and oxide inclusions at high temperature can be divided into dissolution, reaction and post-reaction. The microporous magnesia aggregates can absorb the inclusions in steel by reaction and liquid phase penetration. The microporous magnesia aggregates have a strong adsorption for Al2O3 and TiO2. Moreover, the microporous magnesia aggregates mainly absorb SiO2 by penetration, but excessive SiO2 will lead to the serious corrosion of microporous magnesia aggregates.

Reinforced concrete slabs are among the most common structural elements. Despite the large number of slabs designed and constructed, the effect of their details on their behavior under impact loads is not always properly appreciated or taken into account. This paper describes a series of experimental studies to investigate the high-mass, low-velocity impact behavior of reinforced concrete slabs, and to provide high-quality input data and results to validate numerical modeling. The experimental scheme, which consisted of testing six sample two-way slabs with simply supported boundary conditions, was tested to failure under sequential high-mass, low-velocity impact loading conditions. The effects of different reinforcement ratios of slabs and the compressive strength of concrete on the dynamic response and behavior of reinforced concrete slabs were studied. The data indicated that the slab response is affected by the increase in the compressive strength of concrete, and it causes a clear increase in the load time history. But obviously, the load-time history is not affected noticeably by increasing the reinforcement ratio. The observed damage and crack development were found to be typical between the RC slabs. In the beginning, for slab group (1), which investigated the effect of increasing the steel reinforcement ratio, the slab with the largest reinforcing ratio was more resistant to local damage, and the cracking pattern on the bottom surface of the slab consisted of primarily discontinuous hairline cracks. The penetration and scabbing increased for the slab with one mesh S23 by ejecting the concrete around the reinforcing bars. For group (2), the decrease in the penetration and the scabbing area is observed because of the increase in the strength of concrete. For all slabs, the development of inertial forces under impact loading conditions led to observed responses and failure modes that were governed by shear.

Ultrasonic vibration treatment is being utilized to improve adhesive bonding performance, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Moreover, few studies have been carried out on improvement of adhesive bonding of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) by ultrasonic vibration. In this work, a mathematical model based on fluid mechanics and capillary rise theory is developed to determine the adhesive penetration ability. The effect of ultrasonic vibration on adhesive bonding performance of CMCs is studied. Based on the experimental results, a good agreement is found with respect to measurements of hydraulic force and pressure. Ultrasonic vibration-assisted processing can improve interfacial adhesion strength due to adhesive has high wettability and penetration ability. Furthermore, it is found that delamination and ply-delamination are the main failure modes for all conditions, but porous areas are reduced by ultrasonic treatment.

The discrete element method (DEM) has shown considerable advantages for the simulation of soil-tool interaction simulation. To develop reliable DEM simulations, the selection of an appropriate contact model and its parameter calibration are critical. A DEM model of cohesive subsurface soils was established to predict the draught of sweep cultivation by using the Edinburgh elasto-plastic adhesion (EEPA) contact model. Firstly, the DEM parameters were used for calibration, which were significant for the results of the uniaxial confined compression test and the unconfined compressive strength test. Then, the mapping relationship between other DEM parameters and the soil stress–strain behaviour was calculated to obtain a solution matching the stress–strain measurement results. Finally, cone penetration resistance (penetration rate of 8 mm s−1) and the draught of sweep tillage (depth of 200 mm and speed of 1.67 m s−1) were used to evaluate the accuracy of the parameters. The results showed that the penetration resistance in the elastic phase of the simulation was in close agreement (R2 = 0.9964) with the measurements, and the total relative error and the average relative error between the predicted sweep draft and the measurement were 9.4% and 4.77%, respectively. Thus, it was shown that the developed calibration method can effectively predict the development of the sweeping draught and the penetration stress.

The needle of the industrial sewing machine is its most important part. During the sewing process, the needle is subjected to various actions and interactions between these actions. One of the factors that are most related to these interactions is the lateral elastic resistance – spring effect – of the sewn fabric on the needle during its penetration in the layers of fabric. In the present work, this effect has been investigated via a special formula, where the spring constant is incorporated. It was found that the equivalent length coefficient of the sewing needle ( γ ) ranged between 0.7, where the lower end of the needle still has not penetrated the fabric and 2, where the lower end has already penetrated the fabric. The elastic stability factor (η) was changed from 2.46 to 20.35, to create a critical axial compressive load P cr = 5 for a 39 cN of the sewing needle. This means that the spring constant (S) changed from S = 0 to S = ∞ , which enhanced the critical load by 8 folds. For S = 0 , the angle has two options, the first is ≤ π 2 λ l o and the second ≥ π 2 λ l \ o . The values of γ , η, and P cr for ( λ l ) o were not reasonable, while values of these variables for λ l \ o were acceptable. The future vision of the present work is to design and construct a stand to experimentally check the theoretical work suggested in this paper and to find its experimental values.

Keloids are disfiguring pathological scars that could cause pain and pruritus. The conventional treatments, such as bolus injection of drugs or surgery, are invasive and require a personal visit to clinic. Microneedle (MN) technology has great potential to offer a self-administered and minimally invasive treatment of keloids. However, drugs delivered using MNs suffer from limited penetration in keloid tissue. This study demonstrates enhanced drug penetration in human keloid scar tissue by combining MN and sonophoresis.

Ultrasound focused toward tumours in the presence of circulating microbubbles improves the delivery of drug-loaded nanoparticles and therapeutic outcomes, however, the efficacy varies among the different properties and conditions of the tumours. Therefore, there is a need to optimise the ultrasound parameters and determine the properties of the tumour tissue, important for the successful delivery of nanoparticles. Here, we propose a mesoscopic model considering the presence of entropic forces to explain the ultrasound-enhanced transport of nanoparticles across the capillary wall and through the interstitium of tumours. The nanoparticles move through channels of variable shape whose irregularities can be assimilated to barriers of entropic nature that the nanoparticles must overcome to reach their targets. The model assumes that focused ultrasound and circulating microbubbles cause the capillary wall to oscillate thereby changing the width of transcapillary and interstitial channels. Our analysis provides values for the penetration distances of nanoparticles into the interstitium that are in agreement with experimental results. We found that the penetration increased significantly with increasing acoustic intensity as well as tissue elasticity, which means softer and more deformable tissue (Young modulus lower than 50kPa). Whereas porosity of the tissue and pulse repetition frequency of the ultrasound had less impact on the penetration length. We also considered that nanoparticles can be absorbed into cells and to extracellular matrix constituents, finding that the penetration length is increased when there is a low absorbance coefficient of the nanoparticles compared to their diffusion coefficient (close to 0.2). The model can be used to predict which tumour types in terms of elasticity will successfully deliver nanoparticles into the interstitium. It can also be used to predict the penetration distance into the interstitium of nanoparticles with various sizes and the ultrasound intensity needed for the efficient distribution of the nanoparticles.

This present work describes the possible advantages of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) blending with ball-milled glutinous starch (BMGS) on the modification of release and penetration of model water-soluble active ingredient, lidocaine hydrochloride, from the blended matrix. The 20–67% CMC mass containing CMC-BMGS matrices were fabricated by casting the aqueous dispersion of CMC-BMGS onto the tray and oven-dried. BMGS and CMC were compatible as revealed by SEM and ATR-FTIR. Irrespective of the CMC mass, all CMC-BMGS matrices showed comparable matrix mass, thickness, moisture content, moisture absorption as well as mechanical and mucoadhesive properties. The surface pH of CMC-BMGS tended to increase with the CMC mass. Depends on CMC mass, matrix properties, release, and penetration rates were modulated significantly. CMC had shown a substantial role in the swelling and erosion behaviors of BMGS films, and thus modulated the release and penetration significantly. The release and penetration mechanisms of active ingredient from the CMC-BMGS matrices were Fickian diffusion-controlled, with rates of release and penetration ranging from 2.05 ± 0.21 to 7.55 ± 1.08%/min½, and from 3.48 ± 0.28 to 8.04 ± 0.64 μg/cm2/min½, respectively. The capability of CMC-BMGS matrices as mucoadhesive delivery systems to provide sustained delivery of water-soluble active ingredients was disclosed.

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare penetration ability and tensile strength among vinylsiloxanether (VSE), polyether (PE), and polyvinylsiloxane (PVS) elastomeric dental impression materials. Materials and Methods The models were constructed for penetration ability test by simulated gingival sulcus width and moist environment. The 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mm of simulated gingival sulcus widths were used. Each simulated gingival sulcus width was impressed 10 repeats per one elastomeric impression material. All extension of elastomeric dental impression materials was scaled by Measuring Microscope (MM-11; Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). On the issue of the tensile strength study, the models were constructed following type 1 of the ISO 37:2017 specifications and/or type C of ASTM.D412 specifications. The two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's honest significant difference test were performed in the penetration ability test. The one-way ANOVA and Dunnett's T3 test were performed in the tensile strength test. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results PE showed the best extension into all widths of simulated sulcus followed by VSE and PVS, respectively. PVS was significantly higher in tensile strength than VSE and PE, while VSE was significantly higher than PE. Conclusion Penetration ability of elastomeric dental impression materials was depended on gingival sulcus width. The wider the sulcular width, the better the penetration ability of elastomeric dental impression materials. PE presented the best penetration ability, while the novel PVS showed highest tensile strength.

Modern study about utilizing energy from renewable energy sources was stimulus due to emerging oil crisis in older days due to uncontrolled use of conventional energy sources. Renewable Power Generation from wind and solar energy has become a significant proportion for the overall power generation in the grid. High penetration of Renewable Power Generation (RPG’s) effectreliable operation of bulk power system due to fluctuation of frequency and voltage of the network. The main objectives of high penetration of Renewable Power Generations in distribution system are Regulation of voltage, Mitigating voltage fluctuations due to flickers and Frequency control. The design and control of voltage regulation system using smart loads (SL’s) under large penetration of renewable energy system in distribution level is to be studied with the help of FACT devices like Static Compensator (STATCOM) and It is one of the fast active devices with accurate voltage regulation capability and most importantly for the sensitive/critical loads. Electric spring (ES) is proposed as compelling technique for guideline of framework voltage under fluctuating RPG's with next to no guide of correspondence framework [1]. It is a converter-based framework with self-commutated switches in span design, which is associated with non-basic burdens in series to go about as savvy load. These Smart Loads are controlled to direct voltage across basic burdens and hence partaking popular side administration. Expanded entrance of RPG’s, basically factor speed wind energy transformation framework is having impact on voltage and power quality [1][2]. In this paper, A contextual analysis of impact of variable speed wind energy framework on voltage is completed and which is demonstrated with fluctuating breeze speed. Execution examination of keen burdens are to be contrasted and existing receptive power compensator burdens and Improvement in voltage profile on test feeder is directed on a 3 Bus system and 15 Bus system. Keywords: Renewable energy system (RES), Electric spring (ES), STATCOM, Voltage Flicker, Smart load

Introduction. Intranasal drug delivery from nose-to-brain is one of the promising approaches for the treatment of brain diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, brain tumors, etc.Text. Delivery of drugs through the nose has a number of advantages, including the rapid onset of a pharmacological effect, the ability to bypass the blood-brain barrier, avoidance of some side effects and fast and non-invasive route of administration. However, the significant disadvantages of this route are rapid elimination of the drug from the surface of the mucosal membrane, poor penetration of the drug through the nasal mucosa, mucociliary clearance and effects of proteolytic enzymes. Currently, to overcome the above limitations, various approaches are used, including the development of delivery systems from nose-to-brain, which are mucoadhesive, mucus-penetrating and gel-forming systems that facilitate the retention or penetration of drugs through the mucosal membranes. At the same time, high-molecular weight compounds play a significant role in the design of these systems. In particular, mucoadhesive systems can be prepared from cationic and anionic polymers. Recent studies have also shown that interpolyelectrolyte complexes also exhibit mucoadhesive properties. An improvement in mucoadhesive properties of polymers can also be achieved by conjugating various functional groups such as thiols, maleimides, acrylates, methacrylates, catechols, etc. Mucus-penetrating systems can be prepared by PEGylation of nanoparticles, as well as functionalization with some poly(2-oxazolines), polyvinyl alcohol, etc. The mucus-penetrating ability of these polymers has been shown in other mucosal membranes in the body. Finally, increased penetration can be achieved by using mucolytic agents in combination with non-ionic surfactants. Another approach to increase the efficiency of drug delivery from nose-to-brain is the use of in situ gelling systems. Initially, this type of formulation exists as a solution; then a phase transition to gel is observed in response to chemical and physical effects. Depending on the external stimulation of the phase transition, thermo-, pH-, ion-reversible and other systems are known. These systems have shown effectiveness for delivery to the brain by intranasal administration.Conclusion. Effective intranasal delivery of drugs and therapeutic agents to the brain can be achieved by using mucoadhesive, mucus-penetrating, gelling systems and/or their combinations.

Cu wires (CuWs) are widely used as electric transmission lines. However, their limited thermal and chemical stabilities become challenges under the high-power and harsh environment. Graphene is regarded as an ideal protective barrier for CuW benefiting from its impermeability to all atoms and molecules. Particularly, the excellent hydrophobicity of vertical graphene (VG) will strengthen its protective capability as a corrosion and oxidation barrier. Herein, VG is directly synthesized on CuW by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition method. The hydrophobic VG coating with a high water contact angle can effectively exclude the corrosive liquid and moisture from CuW surface and prevent their further penetration. Consequently, the electrochemical corrosion rate of VG-CuW is reduced by ∼ 13, 8, and 2 times, compared with bare CuW, VG-CuW with hydrophilic treatment, and CuW coated with thick horizontal graphene layers, respectively. Negligible oxidation occurs on VG-CuW after the long-time exposure to humid air at ∼ 200 °C along with the largely enhanced tolerance under high-current operating condition. This study reveals the impressive potentials of hydrophobic VG as a robust corrosion and oxidation barrier for metal wires used in high-power cables and electronic devices in harsh environment.

In many structural applications, such as marine, aircraft and so on, structures are designed to withstand high impact loading, because they may be subjected to impact of the projectiles with high velocity [1,2] . Fabrics become good choice to resist impact of ballistic [3] because of light weight and high specific strength .

The article describes the effiency of polymer-modified road bitumen regeneration with two types of rejuvenators. Two alternative rejuvenators have been selected aromatic oil Nygen 910 and soft road bitumen V12000. PMB 45/80-55 bitumen, which is used in the upper and lower layers of asphalt pavement, was investigated. During the life time of the asphalt pvement, due to the effects of solar UV radiation, temperature and oxygen, of all the layers of the structure asphalt top layer reaches the highest degree of aging. Short-term and long-term aging were performed to simulate the aging of the bitmen under laboratory conditions. To determine the optimal amount of rejuvenator experiments were performed with 8%, 10% ir 14% rejuvenator by bitumen mass. The effect of rejuvenators were evaluated by studying the main physical properties of bitumen: penetration and softening temperature. Ina n experimental study, aromatic oil was found to be more than 2.5 times more effective than soft bitumen. Article in Lithuanian. Atnaujinančiųjų medžiagų poveikis pasendinto polimerais modifikuoto kelių bitumo penetracijai ir minkštėjimo temperatūrai Santrauka Straipsnyje aprašomas polimeru modifikuoto kelių bitumo regeneravimo dviejų rūšių atnaujinančiosiomis medžiagomis efektyvumas. Pasirinktos dvi alternatyvios atnaujinančiosios medžiagos – aromatinė alyva Nygen 910 ir minkštasis kelių bitumas V12000. Tirtas PMB 45/80-55 bitumas, kuris naudojamas asfalto dangos viršutiniuose ir apatiniuose sluoksniuose. Asfalto dangos eksploatacijos metu dėl saulės UV radiacijos, temperatūros ir aplinkos deguonies poveikio asfalto viršutinis sluoksnis pasiekia didžiausią senėjimo laipsnį iš visų konstrukcijos sluoksnių. Bitumo senėjimui laboratorijos sąlygomis imituoti atliktas trumpalaikis ir pagreitintas ilgalaikis sendinimas. Siekiant nustatyti optimalų atnaujinančiosios medžiagos kiekį eksperimentai atlikti su 8 %, 10 % ir 14 % atnaujinančiosios medžiagos nuo bitumo masės. Atnaujinančiųjų medžiagų poveikis vertintas tiriant pagrindines bitumo fizikines savybes: penetraciją ir minkštėjimo temperatūrą. Eksperimentinio tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad aromatinė alyva yra daugiau nei 2,5 karto efektyvesnė nei minkštas bitumas. Reikšminiai žodžiai: asfalto mišinys, atnaujinančiosios medžiagos, bitumas, fizikinės savybės, Nygen 910, regeneravimas, V12000.