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[Objective] In flexible marshaled trains, the communication delay between the master railcar, subordinate railcar and ZC (zone controller) exhibits asynchrony, leading to potential issues such as overlapping, misalignment, and discontinuity in the safety envelopes of different trains. To enhance the accuracy of ZC in managing the safety envelopes of flexible marshaled trains, it is essential to study the message delay differences among different trains. It is aimed to dynamically manage the safety envelopes of marshaled trains under the premise of delay protection. [Method] A scenario analysis of the positional relationships among marshaled trains is conducted. A typical safety envelope handling solution for marshaled trains is introduced and the improved one is proposed, a comparative analysis between the two solutions is conducted. [Result & Conclusion] ZC and VOBC (vehicle on-board controller) calculate message delays with interactive delay calculation parameters. By comparing the delay status between the master and subordinate railcars, ZC dynamically calculates the safety envelope for marshaled trains. Unlike relying solely on the master railcar for extending the envelope, ZC can use the current position of the subordinate railcar for calculation when the master railcar position is uncertain, avoiding situations where adopting historical information causes delays in updating position reports promptly. The issue of low safety envelope accuracy when master railcar communication quality is poor, thereby enhancing the management precision of ZC controlled trains.

Continuous basalt fiber is an emerging high-performance foundational material that can be widely used in fields such as road construction, energy conservation and environmental protection, aerospace, military equipment, and marine ships. However, it is difficult for existing processing techniques to form continuous basalt architectures with three-dimensional (3D) complex shapes. In addition, the basalt fibers in the architectures are filled with polymers, which cannot fully utilize the performance of basalt fibers. Therefore, here, we report the fabrication of continuous basalt fibers with fireproof and thermal insulation performance through the combination of an Additive manufacturing (AM) manipulator, two-step precursor infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) processes. Using SiOC ceramics to fill between continuous basalt fibers will help improve the architectures' fire and thermal insulation performance. The continuous basalt fibers coated with thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) were processed into 3D architectures under the action of the laser. Through the vacuum infiltration of the SiOC precursor and debinding process, TPU in the 3D architectures was removed. In order to reduce the structural defects generated by the first PIP process, the final part with fireproof and thermal insulation performance was fabricated through the second PIP process. We further demonstrated the final part with excellent fireproof and thermal insulation performance. The final part had a shell temperature of 788.8 ℃ and an internal temperature of about 50 ℃ under the flame spray gun for the 20 s. By replacing polymers with inorganic materials, our basalt architectures exhibit their potential applications in military, aviation, and civil fireproof and thermal insulation equipment.

The bound acrylonitrile content in nitrile rubber (NBR) was determined by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and the effects of furnace temperature and sample amount on pyrolysis were investigated. The butadiene and acrylonitrile fragments were identified by mass spectrometry, and the relationship between peak height ratio of acrylonitrile to butadiene and content ratio of acrylonitrile to butadiene was also established. Furthermore, the test results were compared with those determined by Kjeldahl method. The experiment results showed that the butadiene and acrylonitrile fragments in NBR had good chromatographic peak shape and recognition under the conditions of pyrolysis temperature of 600 ℃ and sample mass of 0.3-0.6 mg. The peak height of acrylonitrile with extracted ion M/Z 53 was positively correlated with the content of bound acrylonitrile in NBR, and the linear correlation coefficient of quantitative curve was above 0.99. Compared with Kjeldahl method, the absolute deviation of this method for determination of bound acrylonitrile content was not more than 0.7%.

During the initial period of straw return, a suitable straw return technology can lay the foundation for long-term soil fertility improvement. This study focused on the issues of backward straw return technology and blind fertilizer application in the southern part of the maize-producing area in the Northeast Plain of China. In this study, two straw return modes (2-year no-tillage straw cover + 1-year deep loosening and burying straw returning mode, NPT; 3-year rotary tillage and burying straw returning mode, RT), with RT mode as a control, were combined with different N fertilizer application rates (0, 192, 240 kg/ha). The changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) and its active components (MBC, DOC, and LOC) in the 0–40 cm soil layer were analyzed, and the carbon stratification rate, carbon pool index (CPI), SOC storages of each component, and maize yield were calculated to evaluate the short-term (3-year) differences in soil organic carbon quantity and quality in order to find suitable straw return methods and nitrogen application rate combinations. The results showed that the NPT mode increased the SOC and MBC content in the 20–30 cm soil layer, with an increase of 16.2% to 37.8% and 23.0% to 50.3%, respectively, compared with the RT mode. Under the NPT mode, the carbon pool stability was higher after nitrogen fertilizer addition, with a CPI value of 10.2% to 37.8% higher in the 20–40 cm soil layer compared with the RT mode. The differences in maize yield were not significant (p < 0.05) between the nitrogen application rates of 192 kg/ha and 240 kg/ha, but the SOC storages did not show significant changes. The MBC storage had the highest value under the nitrogen application rate of 192 kg/ha. Therefore, we thought that, in the early stage of straw return, the organic carbon priming effect caused by increased microbial activity was higher under the nitrogen application rate of 192 kg/ha. Considering the aspects of not affecting maize yield and improving SOC stability, it is recommended to use the NPT mode with the application of a 240 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer rate for straw return.

Phagocyte oxidase plays an essential role in the first line of host defense against pathogens. It oxidizes intracellular NADPH to reduce extracellular oxygen to produce superoxide anions that participate in pathogen killing. The resting phagocyte oxidase is a heterodimeric complex formed by two transmembrane proteins NOX2 and p22. Despite the physiological importance of this complex, its structure remains elusive. Here, we reported the cryo-EM structure of the functional human NOX2-p22 complex in nanodisc in the resting state. NOX2 shows a canonical 6-TM architecture of NOX and p22 has four transmembrane helices. M3, M4, and M5 of NOX2, and M1 and M4 helices of p22 are involved in the heterodimer formation. Dehydrogenase (DH) domain of NOX2 in the resting state is not optimally docked onto the transmembrane domain, leading to inefficient electron transfer and NADPH binding. Structural analysis suggests that the cytosolic factors might activate the NOX2-p22 complex by stabilizing the DH in a productive docked conformation.

Abstract In view of the problems of low straw decomposition rates and reduced soil fertility in southern Liaoning, China, we investigated the effects of no-tillage mode (NT), deep loosening + deep rotary tillage mode (PT), rotary tillage mode (RT) and the addition of decomposing agent (the next is called a decomposer) (NT + S, PT + S, RT + S) on the decomposition proportion of straw, respectively, by using the nylon net bag method in combination with 365-day field plot experiments. The decomposition rules of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin as well as the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC), soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in straw returned to the field for 15, 35, 55, 75, 95, 145 and 365 days were analyzed. The results showed that in the short term, the decomposition of straw was better in both the rotray tillage and deep loosening + deep rotary modes than in the no-tillage mode, and the addition of decomposer significantly promoted the decomposition of straw and the release of carbon from straw, among them, the RT + S treatment had the highest straw decomposition proportion and carbon release proportion in all sampling periods. After a one year experimental cycle, the RT + S treatment showed the highest proportion of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin decomposition with 35.49%, 84.23% and 85.50%, respectively, and soil SOC, MBC and DOC contents were also higher than the other treatments with an increase of 2.30 g kg−1, 14.22 mg kg−1 and 25.10 mg kg−1, respectively, compared to the pre-experimental soil. Our results show that in the short term, to accelerate the decomposition rate of returned straw and increase the content of various forms of carbon in soil, rotary tillage can be used to return the straw to the field, while also spraying straw decomposer on its surface. This experiment used a new straw decomposer rich in a variety of microorganisms, combined with the comparison of a variety of straw return modes, and in-depth study of straw decomposition effects of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Thus, a scheme that can effectively improve the decomposition rate of straw and the content of various forms of organic carbon in soil within a short period of time was explored to provide theoretical support for the southern Liaoning.

The traditional medicinal plant, and endangered species Aristolochia delavayi (Aristolochiaceae) is an endemic species in China and occurs in the warm and dry areas along the Jinsha river. It is also a specific host of the larvae of Byasa daemonius, a vulnerable butterfly. In this study, 15 pairs of polymorphic microsatellite primers of A. delavayi were designed and screened based on the Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) loci found by using the results of genome skimming. Based on these 15 SSR markers, the genetic diversity and structure of 193 individuals from ten natural populations were analyzed in detail. In comparison to other endemic and endangered plants in the region, the population of A. delavayi possess a relatively high genetic diversity (He = 0.550, I = 1.112). AMOVA analysis showed that 68.4% of the total genetic diversity was within populations and 31.6% of the variation occurred among populations. There was a significant genetic differentiation among natural populations of A. delavayi detectable, with low gene flow (Nm = 0.591). This might be attributed to geographical barriers and limited seed dispersal. To test the isolation by distance (IBD), we performed Mantel test, which showed a significant correlation between the geographic and genetic distances. In order to cope with the possible biases caused by IBD, we additionally performed Bayesian genetic cluster analyses and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). The final cluster analysis revealed three groups with distinct geographical distribution. Habitat fragmentation and limited gene flow between these populations may be the main reasons for the current genetic structure. For conservation of this species, we suggest to divide its populations into three protection management units, with subsequent focus on the Yongsheng and Luquan populations which experienced a genetic bottleneck event in the past.

Inorganic nanomaterials with high photothermal effects have received immense interest for photothermal therapy of tumors, while most of them suffer from long-term safety concerns due to their non-degradability. To address this issue, we have reported the PEGylated titanium disulfide (TiS2-PEG) nanoplates as degradable photothermal agents. The oleylamine-capped TiS2 nanoplates with an average size of ∼200 nm have been prepared via a high-temperature liquid-phase route, and they can be easily dispersed in nonpolar solvents and remain high stability for at least one month. To confer hydrophilicity, the oleylamine-capped TiS2 nanoplates are then surface-modified with amphiphilic PEGylated lipids through Van der Waals interactions. When dispersed in saline solution at 37 °C, the TiS2-PEG are unstable and they can be gradually decomposed into Ti(OH)4/TiO2 sol ultrasmall particles (

As a prerequisite for pollution control, monitoring air pollutants is crucial. In recent years, all walks of life are developing toward intelligence, and the concept of intelligent ports is also the development direction of current port planning. A lot of work such as loading and unloading of port cargo and planning has now achieved intellectual development, and the monitoring of air pollutants in ports also needs to be developed towards intelligence. However, at present, there are not many air pollutant monitoring systems for ports. In order to find monitoring equipment and models that are better suited to the port environment, this paper focuses on the main components of air pollutants in ports (SO2, NOX, PM, etc.) and their sources and describes the monitoring methods and principles for these pollutants in ports and on ships, respectively. Regarding monitoring methods, the current application of DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) equipment and the monitoring system based on various gas sensors have great development prospects and advantages, based on the monitoring system being more intelligent. At the same time, the use of the same monitoring principle for a variety of pollutants monitoring equipment to a certain extent can save the cost and efficiency of monitoring. In terms of monitoring mode, the combination of manual analysis and automatic analysis will be perfect for the port’s air pollutant monitoring system. This mode can alleviate the embarrassment of the low life of the sensor-based monitoring system to a certain extent, and the data monitored by this mode will be more accurate.

Studies of the interfacial behavior of pure aqueous nanoparticles have been limited due tothe difficulty of making contaminant-free nanoparticles while also providing narrow size distribution. Colloidal unimolecular polymers (CUPs) are a new type of single-chain nanoparticle with a particle size ranging from 3 to 9 nm, which can be produced free of surfactants and volatile organic contents (VOCs). CUP particles of different sizes and surface charges were made. The surface tension behavior of these CUP particles in water was studied using a maximum bubble pressure tensiometer. The equilibrium surface tension decreased with increasing concentration and the number of charges present on the surface of the CUP particles influences the magnitude of the interfacial behavior. The effect of electrostatic repulsion between the particles on the surface tension was related. At higher concentrations, surface charge condensation started to dominate the surface tension behavior. The dynamic surface tension of CUP particles shows the influence of the diffusion of the particles to the interface on the relaxation time. The relaxation time of the CUP polymer was 0.401 s, which is closer to the diffusion-based relaxation time of 0.133s for SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate).