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An improved coaxial high-voltage vacuum insulator applied in a Tesla-type generator, model TPG700, has been designed and tested for high-power microwave (HPM) generation. The design improvements include: changing the connection type of the insulator to the conductors from insertion to tangential, making the insulator thickness uniform, and using Nylon as the insulation material. Transient field simulation shows that the electric field (E-field) distribution within the improved insulator is much more uniform and that the average E-field on the two insulator surfaces is decreased by approximately 30% compared with the previous insulator at a voltage of 700 kV. Key structures such as the anode and the cathode shielding rings of the insulator have been optimized to significantly reduce E-field stresses. Aging experiments and experiments for HPM generation with this insulator were conducted based on a relativistic backward-wave oscillator. The preliminary test results show that the output voltage is larger than 700 kV and the HPM power is about 1 GW. Measurements show that the insulator is well within allowable E-field stresses on both the vacuum insulator surface and the cathode shielding ring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]