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Based on a single-phase photovoltaic grid-connected inverter, a control strategy combining traditional proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control and a dynamic optimal control algorithm with a fuzzy neural network was proposed to improve the dynamic characteristics of grid-connected inverter systems effectively. A fuzzy inference rule was established after analyzing the proportional, integral, and differential coefficients of the PID controller. A fuzzy neural network was applied to adjust the parameters of the PID controller automatically. Accordingly, the proposed dynamic optimization algorithm was deduced in theory. The simulation and experimental results showed that the method was effective in making the system more robust to external disruption owing to its excellent steady-state adaptivity and self-learning ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To develop a novel vaccine by immobilizing interleukin-21 (IL-21) on the surface of MB49 cells and evaluate its effect in inducing specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and antitumor immunity in a mouse model of subcutaneous metastatic bladder cancer., Methods: SA-IL-21 was immobilized on the surface of 30% ethanol-fixed MB49 cells to prepare the cell vaccine. C57BL/6 mice with subcutaneous implantation of MB49 bladder cancer cells were randomized into 5 groups to receive treatments with IL-21/MB49 vaccine, soluble IL-21, GFP surface-modified MB49 cells, ethanol-fixed MB49 cells, or PBS. The tumor growth and CTL were examined to assess the antitumor efficacy of the vaccine., Results: IL-21 surface-modified MB49 cell vaccine significantly inhibited the tumor growth and generated a long-lasting memory response (P<0.05). At the same effector-target (E:T) ratio, the specific CTLs induced by IL-21/MB49 vaccine showed the most potent cytotoxicity against MB49 cells (P<0.05)., Conclusion: With the protein-anchor technique, IL-21 can be efficiently immobilized on the surface of MB49 cells to prepare IL-21/MB49 cells vaccine. The novel vaccine can maintain its biological activity and significantly enhance the cytotoxicity of CTLs against bladder cancer cells.