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Fermat–Wiener index based on topological Wiener index is the total sum of Fermat distance over all the triplets for vertices. In this paper, we construct a class of hierarchical graphs based on hierarchical product generalized from Cartesian product. We study some critical properties of the hierarchical networks by investigating its topological indices. Applying the finite pattern method, we analytically deduce the dominant term of average Fermat distance and obtain its asymptotic formula, which implies small-world property. We finally exhibit a close connection between Fermat–Wiener index and related graph invariants like average geodesic distance, Wiener index and eigenvalues of Laplacian matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To discuss the characteristics of anterior corneal elevation asymmetry in myopic eyes and clarify which kind of asymmetry most influenced lens position. Methods: In this retrospective study of 199 consecutive myopic participants, corneal topography was used to analyse asymmetry in anterior corneal elevation. Amongst them, 65 participants (65 eyes) who underwent orthokeratology (31 and 34 with spherical and toric lenses, respectively) were re‐evaluated. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify the contributing factors that influenced lens decentration. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was employed to assess how the corneal asymmetry vector could predict decentration. Results: There were no significant differences in treatment zone decentration (TZDec) between participants wearing toric and spherical lenses (p = 0.60 and 0.64 for 1 week and 1 month of wear, respectively). Amongst the underlying factors, the magnitude of TZDec was only correlated with the amount of corneal asymmetry vector (standardised β = 0.44, 0.48, p < 0.001 for all) after 1 week and 1 month of wear, and the direction of TZDec after 1 month of lens wear was associated with the angle of the asymmetry vector (r = 0.25, p = 0.04). ROC analysis showed that the magnitude of corneal asymmetry vector produced accurate discrimination between non‐severe and severe decentration for 1 week and 1 month of wear (area under the curve was 0.93 ± 0.04 and 0.89 ± 0.05, respectively, p < 0.001). Amongst participants whose corneal asymmetry vector exceeded 41.06 μm and was oriented inferiorly, 35.29% showed severe decentration after 1 month of lens wear. Conclusions: In myopic participants, corneal asymmetry existed in the 8.0 mm chord diameter. If the asymmetry vector >41.06 μm and the direction was oriented inferiorly, then practitioners must be vigilant about severe decentration which would not be alleviated by a toric design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study analyzed the changes in corneal surface shape after replacing orthokeratology lenses carrying a small base curve (BC) diameter. Methods: In this retrospective study, we included ~54 right eyes belonging to 54 myopic children who insisted on wearing an orthokeratology (ortho-k BC 6.0 mm) lens for more than 12 months and then replaced the second ortho-k (BC 6.0 mm or BC 5.0 mm) lens ~12 months. The children were categorized into two groups based on the design of the BC of the replaced ortho-k lens 6.0/5.0 and 6.0/6.0. Results: The ratio of axial length (AL) elongation in the 6.0/5.0 group was significantly less than in the 6.0/6.0 group (−0.015 ± 0.014 mm/M vs. −0.005 ± 0.012 mm/M, t = −2.672, P = 0.010). After replacing the BC 5.0 ortho-k lens, the optical zone (8.19 ± 2.60 mm2 vs. 9.64 ± 1.57 mm2, t = −2.345, p = 0.023), reverse zone (31.64 ± 5.80 mm2 vs. 34.86 ± 4.61 mm2, t = −2.169, p = 0.035), and treatment zone (17.16 ± 3.94 mm2 vs. 22.96 ± 2.59 mm2, t = −6.049, p < 0.001) were all smaller than those in the 6.0/6.0 group. In the 6.0/5.0 group, the optical zone (wearing more than 1 month as first: 11.16 ± 2.12 mm2, the last inspection before replacing lens as before: 10.87 ± 1.90 mm2), reverse curve zone (first: 22.03 ± 3.11 mm2, before: 26.24 ± 5.06 mm2), and treatment zone (first: 35.97 ± 5.54 mm2, before: 37.11 ± 6.04 mm2) were all greater than these after replacing ortho-k lens (all P < 0.001). Conclusion: Replacing an ortho-k lens with a smaller BC resulted in a larger decrease in the mean central corneal zone and a substantial increase in the paracentral corneal zone. In addition, the ortho-k lens with a smaller BC does not increase the decentration distance and contributes to effective myopia control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of catalyzing carotenoids into various apocarotenoids and other derivatives, carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) play key roles. However, little information on CCDs has been reported in regard to Salvia miltiorrhiza. In this study, a total of 21 CCD genes were identified in the whole genome of S. miltiorrhiza, mainly distributed between five chromosomes. Phylogenetic relationship analysis revealed that 21 SmCCD genes were classified into four subfamilies, including SmCCD4, 7, 8, and NCED; the members of the same subfamily show similar gene structures and tertiary structures. The interspecific collinearity with other plant species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa was analyzed. Cis-elements analysis demonstrated that the majority were stress response-, light response-, growth-, and development-related. The expression pattern of the SmCCD genes was expressed in the analyzed tissues. Furthermore, the majority of the SmCCD4 subfamily members varied in their expression levels under the treatment of MeJA, YE, and ABA, indicating the potential function of SmCCD4 in the metabolism process of S. miltiorrhiza. In general, this study provides a systematic analysis of SmCCD genes and lays the foundation for uncovering the regulation and function of SmCCD genes in S. miltiorrhiza. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Tanshinones, isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza, is efficient to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Abscisic acid (ABA) treatment is found to promote tanshinone biosynthesis; however, the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. A protein kinase namely SmAPK1 was identified as an important positive regulator of ABA‐induced tanshinone accumulation in S. miltiorrhiza. Using SmAPK1 as bait, a basic region leucine zipper (bZIP) family transcription factor SmbZIP4 was screened from the cDNA library. Functional identification reveals that SmbZIP4 negatively regulates tanshinone biosynthesis in hairy roots and transgenic plants through directly targeting SmGGPPS and SmCYP76AK1. SmAPK1 phosphorylates the Ser97 and Thr99 site of SmbZIP4, leading to its degradation via the 26S proteasome pathway, which is promoted by ABA‐induced enhancement of SmAPK1 kinase activity. Degradation of SmbZIP4 upregulates the expression levels of SmGGPPS and SmCYP76AK1, resulting in increased tanshinone content. Taken together, our results reveal new molecular mechanism by which SmAPK1‐SmbZIP4 module plays a crucial role in ABA‐induced tanshinone accumulation. This study sheds new insights in the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds in medicinal plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) provides intricate control over multiple regulatory cellular processes that merge the diversity of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with the robust signaling capacities of receptor tyrosine kinases. Contrary to the typical assertions, our findings demonstrate that EGFR transactivation contributes to the desensitization of GPCRs. Repeated agonist stimulation of certain GPCRs enhanced EGFR transactivation, triggering a series of cellular events associated with GPCR desensitization. This effect was observed in receptors undergoing desensitization (D3R, K149C-D2R, β2AR) but not in those resistant to desensitization (D2R, C147K-D3R, D4R, β2AR mutants lacking GRK2 or GRK6 phosphorylation sites). The EGFR inhibitor AG1478 prevented both desensitization and the associated cellular events. Similarly, these cellular events were also observed when cells were treated with EGF, but only in GPCRs that undergo desensitization. These findings suggest that EGFR transactivation diversifies pathways involved in ERK activation through the EGFR signaling system and also mediates GPCR desensitization. Alongside the widely accepted steric hindrance model, these findings offer new insights into understanding the mechanisms of GPCR desensitization, which occurs through complex cellular processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Author(s): Laura M. Mercer Kollar [sup.1], Lulu Peng [sup.2], Katie A. Ports [sup.1], Lijiang Shen [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.453275.2, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury [...], The purpose was to explore the underlying mechanisms that drive relationships between knowledge, attitudes and intervening bystander behavior to improve bystander violence prevention program effectiveness. Perceptual effects theory was used to understand third-person and first-person perceptions (TPP and FPP) as related to bystander intervention programs and to what extent perceptual gaps influence one's intention to intervene. A web-based survey was conducted with 379 undergraduate students recruited from a large, Northeastern University. The survey covered demographics, previous bystander training, self-efficacy to engage in bystander behavior, social desirability of bystander intervention training programs, and perceived effects on self and others. Participants indicated how they would act in six hypothetical dating violence/bullying and sexual violence scenarios, and how they thought an average student on campus would act. Perceived ambiguity and risk for each of the scenarios were also measured. Descriptive statistics, paired-sample t-tests, and multilevel model analyses were conducted. Results showed that a robust first-person perception effect existed (i.e., the student perceived themselves being more influenced by bystander interventions/messages than their peers). The magnitude of FPP was increased by sex (significantly larger gap among female students) and previous training. Results show promise to further tailor and refine bystander interventions and provide directions to improve program effectiveness. Despite study limitations, the results indicate the first-person effect warrants further consideration for programming and messaging. Tailoring bystander training or repeated exposure may increase bystander behaviors. More research is needed to fully uncover TPP/FPP effects, predictors, and impacts on bystander intervention programs.

Algorithms are now playing significant roles in online health information selection and recommendation. A question arises as to when and why people would be persuaded by the content they recommend. We conducted a 4 (recommending source: algorithm, other users, a friend, the CDC) x 2 (language intensity: high vs. low) experiment to find out. Participants (N = 299) were exposed to a health-related public service announcement embedded in a social media post. The results showed that overall, an algorithm induced a similar level of compliance intention compared with other recommending sources. We also found a significant three-way interaction when comparing the effects of the algorithm and the CDC: for individuals with low issue involvement, the algorithm was less persuasive when paired with a message with high language intensity. In contrast, for high-involvement individuals, the algorithm elicited more fear than the CDC when recommending an assertive message, partially leading to more compliance intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the greatest challenges for public health campaigns is communicating health risks due to the existence of psychological distance. Using COVID-19 as a context, this study designed and tested virtual reality (VR) campaigns based on construal level theory. It assessed the immediate and after-effects of VR on COVID-19 preventive intentions/behaviors and risk perceptions. A total of 120 participants were randomly assigned to see one of four messages: a VR message emphasizing self-interest, a VR message emphasizing other-interest, a print message emphasizing self-interest, or a print message emphasizing other-interest. Preventive intentions/behaviors were assessed at three different times: before, immediately after, and one week after the experimental treatment. Immediately following message exposure, participants exposed to the VR messages perceived a higher level of self-risk than those exposed to print messages. Disgust and fear mediated these effects. One week following message exposure, unvaccinated participants exposed to the VR messages had a higher intention to get vaccinated than those exposed to print messages. Recommendations on how to effectively utilize VR in health interventions are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diagnostic performance of placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) by prenatal MRI is unsatisfactory. Deep learning radiomics (DLR) has the potential to quantify the MRI features of PAS. Purpose: To explore whether DLR from MRI can be used to identify pregnancies with PAS. Study Type: Retrospective. Population: 324 pregnant women (mean age, 33.3 years) suspected PAS (170 training and 72 validation from institution 1, 82 external validation from institution 2) with clinicopathologically proved PAS (206 PAS, 118 non‐PAS). Field Strength/Sequence: 3‐T, turbo spin‐echo T2‐weighted images. Assessment: The DLR features were extracted using the MedicalNet. An MRI‐based DLR model incorporating DLR signature, clinical model (different clinical characteristics between PAS and non‐PAS groups), and MRI morphologic model (radiologists' binary assessment for the PAS diagnosis) was developed. These models were constructed in the training dataset and then validated in the validation datasets. Statistical Tests: The Student t‐test or Mann–Whitney U, χ2 or Fisher exact test, Kappa, dice similarity coefficient, intraclass correlation coefficients, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator logistic regression, multivariate logistic regression, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, DeLong test, net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), calibration curve with Hosmer–Lemeshow test, decision curve analysis (DCA). P < 0.05 indicated a significant difference. Results: The MRI‐based DLR model had a higher area under the curve than the clinical model in three datasets (0.880 vs. 0.741, 0.861 vs. 0.772, 0.852 vs. 0.675, respectively) or MRI morphologic model in training and independent validation datasets (0.880 vs. 0.760, 0.861, vs. 0.781, respectively). The NRI and IDI were 0.123 and 0.104, respectively. The Hosmer–Lemeshow test had nonsignificant statistics (P = 0.296 to 0.590). The DCA offered a net benefit at any threshold probability. Data Conclusion: An MRI‐based DLR model may show better performance in diagnosing PAS than a clinical or MRI morphologic model. Level of Evidence: 3 Technical Efficacy Stage: 2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People's emotional life is increasingly interwoven with social media. Against the background of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown in China, this study investigated social media affordances enacted during people's emotion regulation processes. By analyzing in-depth interviews with 27 Shanghai residents going through a 2-month lockdown, we identified intersections between social media affordances and different emotion regulation processes: selectivity and intrapersonal emotion regulation; visibility and emotional self-presentation; bandwidth and interpersonal emotion regulation; connectivity and collective emotion regulation. This study extended our knowledge of mediated emotion regulation processes and enriched our understanding of the dynamic relations between users, media technologies, and emotional and social contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]