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As one of the most important organelles, mitochondria not only produces energy but is also involved in cell metabolism and many pathological processes. Thus, targeting and monitoring mitochondria is of great importance. In this study, a commonly utilized anti-inflammatory drug, dexamethasone (Dex), whose action position is mitochondria, was employed as a mitochondrial targeting functional group, and a near-infrared fluorescent dye, Cy7, was covalently linked with Dex to form Cy7-Dex , for fluorescent visualization of mitochondria. The corresponding Cy5-Dex and Cy3-Dex were synthesized in control experiments to explore the effects of different cyanine groups on the parent drug of Dex. Although all these Dex derivatives can fluorescently visualize mitochondria, different enzyme hydrolysis results and anti-inflammatory effects can be observed among them, thereby illustrating that different fluorophores might induce different effects on the properties of the same parent drug. Thus, only the appropriate fluorophore can be utilized to modify the drug to avoid false conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lysine acetylation is a dynamic and reversible post-translational modification that plays an important role in the gene transcription regulation. Here, we report high quality proteome-scale data for lysine-acetylation (Kac) sites and Kac proteins in rice ( Oryza sativa ). A total of 1337 Kac sites in 716 Kac proteins with diverse biological functions and subcellular localizations were identified in rice seedlings. About 42% of the sites were predicted to be localized in the chloroplast. Seven putative acetylation motifs were detected. Phenylalanine, located in both the upstream and downstream of the Kac sites, is the most conserved amino acid surrounding the regions. In addition, protein interaction network analysis revealed that a variety of signaling pathways are modulated by protein acetylation. KEGG pathway category enrichment analysis indicated that glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, carbon metabolism, and photosynthesis pathways are significantly enriched. Our results provide an in-depth understanding of the acetylome in rice seedlings, and the method described here will facilitate the systematic study of how Kac functions in growth, development, and abiotic and biotic stress responses in rice and other plants. Biological significance Rice is one of the most important crops consumption and is a model monocot for research. In this study, we combined a highly sensitive immune-affinity purification method (used pan anti-acetyl-lysine antibody conjugated agarose for immunoaffinity acetylated peptide enrichment) with high-resolution LC–MS/MS. In total, we identified 1337 Kac sites on 716 Kac proteins in rice cells. Bioinformatic analysis of the acetylome revealed that the acetylated proteins are involved in a variety of cellular functions and have diverse subcellular localizations. We also identified seven putative acetylation motifs in the acetylated proteins of rice. In addition, protein interaction network analysis revealed that a variety of signaling pathways were modulated by protein acetylation. KEGG pathway category enrichment analysis indicated that glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, carbon metabolism, and photosynthesis pathways were significantly enriched. To our knowledge, the number of Kac sites we identified was 23-times greater and the number of Kac proteins was 16-times greater than in a previous report. Our results provide an in-depth understanding of the acetylome in rice seedlings, and the method described here will facilitate the systematic study of how Kac functions in growth, development and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses in rice or other plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this study, an ‘Off–On’-type acidic pH fluorescent chemosensor, 3′,6′-Bis (ethylamino)-2′,7′-dimethyl-2-(2-oxoethylideneamino)spiro[isoindoline-1,9′-xanthen]-3-one (RG1) has been designed, synthesized, and characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), X-ray crystallography, infrared spectroscopy (IR), and 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The design tactics for the sensor was based on the change in structure between spirocyclic (non-fluorescent) and ring-open (fluorescent) forms of rhodamine dyes. Fluorescence “off–on” behaviors of RG1 were investigated on the basis of variable acid concentrations. The pH titrations showed a ca. 581-fold increase in fluorescence intensity within the pH range of 7.5 to 1.1 with a pK a value of 2.32 in acetonitrile–water (1:1, v/v) solution when excited at 510 nm. The fluorescence change of RG1 was fully reversible and took place mainly within the pH range from 1.0 to 4.0, which was valuable for pH researches in acidic environments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Research on the anti‐jamming target detection for pulsed Doppler (PD) radar is intensively important to the normal work of radar in complicated and volatile electromagnetic environments. Generally, traditional anti‐jamming target detection methods involve several stages, each one of these stages is based on a model. Due to the issues of poor flexibility caused by multi‐stage processing and model mismatch caused by model‐based methods, the detection performance will be severely decreased. Therefore, a new target detection scheme for PD radar in an Interrupted‐Sampling Repeater Jamming (ISRJ) environment is proposed, which is a dual‐driven method of model and data. This innovative solution first achieves energy accumulation on the Doppler channel by a model‐driven method, then proposes a series of preprocessing methods to process radar signals to adapt to a data‐driven Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) detector. Finally, a CNN detector structure is proposed. The effectiveness of this novel scheme is demonstrated by a series of performance and visualisation experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detection of Hg in complex natural environmental conditions is extremely challenging, and no entirely successful methods currently exist. Here we report an easy-to-prepare fluorescent sensor B3 with 2-aminophenol as Hg receptor, which exhibits selective fluorescence enhancement toward Hg over other metal ions. Especially, the fluorescence enhancement was unaffected by anions and cations existing in environment and organism. Moreover, B3 can detect Hg in sulphide-rich environments without cysteine, S or EDTA altering the fluorescence intensity. Consequently, B3 is capable of distinguishing between safe and toxic levels of Hg in more complicated natural water systems with detection limit ≤2 ppb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two novel fluorescent pH probes based on 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene dyes were configured as a “fluorophore-spacer-receptor” system. Their absorption and fluorescence properties were investigated in various solvents; in aqueous solution, based on their photo-induced electron transfer, the probes exhibited 3-fold (pH 8.70–4.93) and 14-fold (pH 9.02–3.29) fluorescence enhancement upon increase in the acidity of the solution, respectively. The probes can be used as fluorescent pH probes which are excitable with visible light; the pK a values of the probes were determined from the fluorescence changes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A two-photon sensor for the silver ion derived from 3,9-dithia-6-azaundecane as the receptor is reported. The sensor exhibits high sensitivity to and selectivity for silver ion, and emits strong two-photon fluorescence when excited by 810nm laser photons. Moreover, the binding constants measured by the one- and two-photon fluorescence are similar. This result may be useful for the design of efficient two-photon fluorescence probes for biological substrates. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: New BODIPY dyes have been synthesized via the condensation of R–CH2COCl (R=H, Br, Cl and Et2N) with 2,4-dimethylpyrrole and the coordination with BF3 etherate. The acetyl chlorides with electron-withdrawing substituents (R=Br or Cl) are easier to react with the 2,4-dimethylpyrrole to form the related dyes and make a red-shift in absorbance and fluorescence maximum. Dye 4 (R=Et2N), based on PET mechanism, exhibits good properties as a pH fluorescent sensor with a pK a of 8.74 and a 15-fold fluorescence enhancement in the pH range of 9.38–7.60. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Two series of novel boron–dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dyes containing 8-phenyl groups have been synthesized and their spectral properties have been studied. Series 2 with four methyl groups at 1,3,5,7-positions show much higher fluorescence quantum yields and extinction coefficients than series 1 (without methyl groups). The “push–pull” electronic effect caused by the methyl groups at 3 and 5 positions is a significant positive factor to the high quantum yields of 2. The X-ray structure analysis of 1c and 2c reveals that steric expulsion exists between the phenyl and adjacent two methyl groups. Moreover, the steric expulsion might block the intramolecular vibronic relaxation and internal conversion of the excited 2, which also contributes to their high fluorescence quantum yields. The substituent effects on photostability and redox potentials of these dyes have been discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A tris(N-pyrrolidinyl)phosphine (P(NC4H8)3) monosubstituted complex, [(μ-pdt)Fe2(CO)5P(NC4H8)3] (2) was synthesized as a functional model of the hydrogen-producing capability of the iron hydrogenase active site. The structure was fully characterized by X-ray crystallography. IR and electrochemical studies have indicated that the P(NC4H8)3 ligand has better electron-donating ability than that of those phosphine ligands, such as PMe3, PTA (1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane), PMe2Ph PPh3, and P(OEt)3. The electrocatalytic activity of 2 was recorded in CH3CN in the absence and presence of weak acid, HOAc. The cathodic shift of potential at −1.98V and the dependence of current on acid concentration have indicated that complex 2 can catalyze the reduction of protons to hydrogen at its Fe0FeI level in the presence of HOAc. IR spectroelectrochemical experiments are conducted during the reduction of 2 under nitrogen and carbon monoxide, respectively. The formation of a bridging CO group during the reduction of 2 at −1.98V has been identified using IR spectroelectrochemical techniques, and an electrocatalytic mechanism of 2 consistent with the spectroscopic and electrochemical results is proposed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Novel near-infrared (NIR) 3H-indocyanine dyes with different N-substituents were synthesized and tested to make clear the relationship between photophysical properties and structures and develop potential NIR cyanine dyes with high photostability for fluorescent imaging technology. The electron-withdrawing ability of the substituents on N-position of 3H-indolenine strongly affects the photostabilities of the NIR cyanine dyes and introducing of the electron-donating groups is favorable to obtain NIR cyanine dyes with improved photochemical stability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A series of new ‘biomimetic’ dye-ligands were synthesized for the enzyme alkaline phosphatase. The biomimetic dye-ligands were immobilized on Sepharose CL-6B and the affinity adsorbents, together with the non-biomimetic adsorbent bearing Cibacron Blue 3F-GA, were studied for their ability to purify alkaline phosphatase from calf intestine. The results showed that all synthesized dye-ligands have certain affinity to alkaline phosphatase, but the affinity is varying with different molecular structures (such as functional groups or their positions) of the dye-ligands. In particular, the dye V has the higher affinity to alkaline phosphatase. Detailed investigation on the elution conditions of alkaline phosphatase on synthesized dye V-immobilized Sepharose CL-6B showed that pulse elution by 0.1M NaCl and 30mM Na2HPO4 in turn could lead to 65-fold purification in a single step with high enzyme recovery (84%) of alkaline phosphatase. Kinetic inhibition studies showed that dye V inhibits alkaline phosphatase in a competitive manner with a K I of 1mM. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A new Zn2+ fluorescent sensor NIDPA, with 1,8-naphthalimide as reporting group and di-2-picolylamine (DPA) as recognizing group, has been synthesized via simple steps. Based on photo-induced electron transfer (PET) mechanism, NIDPA has a five-fold fluorescent enhancement and 10nm absorption blue-shift under simulated physiological conditions corresponding to the binding of Zn2+. Apparent dissociation constant for Zn2+ (K d) is 0.83nM, and Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Ni2+ and Cr3+have little influence on fluorescent enhancement. These results suggest that NIDPA can be used to quantitatively and selectively measure the concentration of Zn2+ around sub-nanomolar range. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An efficient photoinduced electron transfer (PET) system in near-infrared region was described. The PET in heptamethine cyanine dyes was tuned by changing the electron-donating ability of the substituent at the central position of the polymehine chain. 4-Aminophenylthio-substitution led to an efficient PET and the lowest fluorescence quantum yield. The acetylation, protonation or transition metal cation coordination of the amino group could recover fluorescence greatly via suppressing the PET. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To develop long wavelength cyanine dyes with good water solubility and high photostability for biological application, a series of heptamethine 5-sulfo-3H-indocyanine dyes were synthesized and characterized. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of the dyes in various solvents are presented, the maximum absorption and emission wavelengths ranging from 680 to 830 nm. The photostabilities are influenced by the different substitutes of the dyes: N-benzyl on the nitrogen atom at the 3H-indole ring provides better photostability than N-ethyl, the substitution of chloro group of chlorocyclohexenyl bridge in heptamethine chain with electron-donor group (such as 4-methoxylanilino) could greatly improve the photostability. In addition, the photofading is more rapid in water than in alcohol and the mechanisms are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Near-infrared dyes are becoming more and more important in modern technologies. To improve the stability and spectral properties, new heptamethine 3H-indocyanine dyes were synthesized and tested in solvents and SiO2 sol-gel. The results show that the dyes containing cyclohexenylene bridge and N-(4-carboxy) benzyl groups have better photo-stability and longer absorption wavelength than those containing linear heptamethine bridge and/or N-(5-carboxy)pentanyl groups. The absorption maxima are in reverse proportion to the polarity of the solvents. When dyes doped in SiO2 sol-gel, the absorption maxima are between their relative ones in methanol and in DMF. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Novel fluorescent sulfo-3H-indocyanine dyes containing at least one p-carboxybenzyl group on the nitrogen atoms in 3H-indocyanine rings were synthesized. Their λabs are in the range of 547–551 nm and λem 562–567 nm in water. When solvents change from water to ethanol or DMF, the λabs and λem of the dyes exhibit red shifts. Because of the presence of sulfonate groups and carboxyl groups, these dyes have good aqueous solubility. The p-carboxybenzyl group let the dyes have better photo-stability than commercial 5-carboxylpentynyl- containing dyes. The carboxyl groups can be converted into their N-hydroxylsuccinimidyl esters to label proteins, oligonucleotides or other bio-chemicals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Benzophenones (RC6H4COC6H4R, R=H, Cl, CH3 or (CH3)2N) have been prepared by the Friedel-Crafts reactions of aromatic compounds C6H5R with bis(trichloromethyl)carbonate (BTC) instead of toxic phosgene. ACl3, FeCl3 or ZnCl2 were used as Lewis acids in the reaction. The preparation is safe, convenient and in higher yields than phosgene-processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we innovatively use sulphoaluminate cement slurry and its additives as a fracturing fluid system for supercritical CO2 graphene-permeable cement stone (referred to hereafter as the SCGPCS) fracturing without sand. Utilizing small fluid volumes, small displacement and small pump pressure, we obtain the success of the first field test in an extra-low desorption pressure coal seam. Laboratory experiments have proven that sulphoaluminate cement is suitable as base cements for the SCGPCS system due to their rapid setting and fast hardening characteristics. The reaction of sodium carbonate + aluminum sulfate system and sodium bicarbonate + aluminum sulfate system will generate precipitation to block the internal pore structure of cement stone, leading to a decrease in permeability. Calcium hypochlorite (1.5 wt.%) + urea (0.6 wt.%) system is preferred as a gas-generating agent system for SCGPCS. Sand (30 wt.%) with 300–425 μm particle size is preferred as a structural strength substance for SCGPCS. Graphene poly-gel (referred to hereafter as the GPG) has a high FCI and good CO2 foam stability. GPG (6.0 wt.%) is preferred as a foam stabilizer for SCGPCS. The thickening time of graphene–foam–cement slurry is 138 min at 50 °C, with long pumping time, normal thickening curve and excellent performance. The SCGPCS has a corrosion rate of 11.25 mpy in the formation water and can be stable in the formation. Acid is more corrosive to SCGPCS, and it can be used to improve the permeability of SCGPCS. Field tests have proven that SCGPCS fracturing injected 33 m3 of fluid, of which 27 m3 entered the formation. Graphene–foam–cement slurry was injected into the formation through the casing for 13 m3, with a displacement of 0.4–0.6 m3/min and tubing pressure 8–13 MPa. The formation was fractured with a fracturing crack half-length of 71.58 m, a supported fracturing crack half-length of 56.95 m, and a supported fracturing crack permeability of 56.265 mD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A commercially available naphthalene fluorophore serves as a ratiometric indicator for albumin, showcasing its applications in albumin-based supramolecular recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small‐molecule ruthenium (Ru) complexes exhibit limitations in terms of nonspecific delivery, rapid metabolism, and low tumor accumulation. Their delivery can be improved through physical encapsulation into nanocarriers via hydrophobic forces, metallophilic interactions, or π–π stacking interactions. However, delivering Ru complexes for efficient therapy is substantially hindered by potential leakage of drugs, low drug‐loading capacity, or batch‐to‐batch variations. Moreover, current metalloprodrug‐based self‐delivery systems necessitate supramolecular interactions, which are unsuitable for Ru complexes because of their octahedral structures. Herein, two self‐assembled molecular Ru drugs, Ru‐3XOEG and Ru‐PEG, are reported. Ru‐3XOEG involves a three‐arm dendritic oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG), while Ru‐PEG involves a linear poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chain. Furthermore, these drugs contain an anticancer Ru moiety and a planar pyrene moiety to render hydrophobic forces and π–π stacking supramolecular interactions. Ru‐3XOEG self‐assembles into large compound micelles. Ru‐PEG self‐assembles into vesicles. These Ru‐containing self‐delivered systems exhibit well‐defined structures, high Ru loading contents, and long circulation in blood without external nanocarriers. Red light irradiation induces the release of Ru‐H2O anticancer agents and the generation of 1O2 to inhibit tumor growth. The presented design of self‐assembled molecular Ru complexes opens avenues for the concept of self‐delivered metalloprodrugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first fluorescent sensor based on the indicator displacement assay (IDA) for on-site determination of etomidate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Process monitoring and control is an essential approach to improve additive manufacturing (AM) built quality. For the development of powder bed fusion (PBF) AM monitoring system, sensing process optical emission is a popular approach. This is because it provides rich information on melt pool condition which directly determines final part quality. However, the optical emission information is convoluted. And lack of full understanding of it limits the further development of an optimal monitoring system. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the correlations between the optical emission and the processing condition to help enhance PBF process monitoring. A high-speed camera was used to acquire the images of the optical emission in the waveband of 800–1,000 nm. Several typical features were extracted and analyzed with the increase of laser power. The K-means clustering method was used to identify the hidden patterns of these features. Five hidden patterns have been identified, and therefore the collected dataset was partitioned into five subsets. The extracted features in each subset were characterized. It is found that (1) plume area and plume orientation are the two most crucial features for processing condition monitoring; (2) number of spatters and spatter dispersion index are sensitive to some minor process vibrations which have little effect on built quality. Additionally, the SVM model was built for process quality identification. It is found that (3) the time sequence information of the features can help improve the quality identification performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The refugee problem is one of the most important issues facing the international community today. It not only troubles the countries where refugees are generated but also has a great impact on the countries where refugees are influx. With the continuous development of globalization, the refugee problem is no longer a problem of a country or a region, but a global problem faced by the international community. To cope with the global refugee problem, this paper analyzes the number of refugees in 156 countries from 1990 to 2020 and transforms the refugee population data of these countries into a complex network through a time series visibility graph (VG) method. First, we categorize the income level of 156 countries and analyze the impact of income level on the increase of refugee numbers. Then, the evaluation index of the number of refugees is obtained through the VG method. Finally, a TOPSIS comprehensive evaluation method based on the entropy weight approach is employed to analyze the data. This paper includes two main contributions. First, the application of the VG method provides a new perspective for enriching the modeling of the global refugee population growth trend. Second, this paper shows that the TOPSIS evaluation method based on the entropy weight method is effective, which provides a new method for further research on the global refugee population growth trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Therapeutic cancer vaccines fail to produce satisfactory outcomes against solid tumors since vaccine‐induced anti‐tumor immunity is significantly hampered by immunosuppression. Generating an in situ cancer vaccine targeting immunological cold tumor microenvironment (TME) appears attractive. Here, a type of free‐field based whole‐body ultrasound (US)‐driven nanovaccines are constructed, named G5‐CHC‐R, by conjugating the sonosensitizer, Chenghai chlorin (CHC) and the immunomodulator, resiquimod (R848) on top of a super small‐sized dendrimeric nanoscaffold. Once entering tumors, R848 can be cleaved from a hypoxia‐sensitive linker, thus modifying the TME via converting macrophage phenotypes. The animals bearing orthotopic pancreatic cancer with intestinal metastasis and breast cancer with lung metastasis are treated with G5‐CHC‐R under a free‐field based whole‐body US system. Benefit from the deep penetration capacity and highly spatiotemporal selectiveness, G5‐CHC‐R triggered by US represented a superior alternative for noninvasive irradiation of deep‐seated tumors and magnification of local immune responses via driving mass release of tumor antigens and "cold‐warm‐hot" three‐state transformation of TME. In addition to irradiating primary tumors, a robust adaptive anti‐tumor immunity is potentiated, leading to successful induction of systemic tumor suppression. The sono‐nanovaccines with good biocompatibility posed wide applicability to a broad spectrum of tumors, revealing immeasurable potential for translational research in oncology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The non-peptide-based fluorescent probe QMC11 is capable of specifically targeting asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) and imaging cellular endogenous AEP. The motion of the probe can be restricted by AEP to activate fluorescence while keeping a low background signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of molecular design, integrating diagnostic and therapeutic functions, aligns with the general trend of modern medical advancement. Herein, we rationally designed the smart molecule ER‐ZS for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐targeted diagnosis and treatment in cell and animal models by combining hemicyanine dyes with ER‐targeted functional groups (p‐toluenesulfonamide). Owing to its ability to target the ER with a highly specific response to viscosity, ER‐ZS demonstrated substantial fluorescence turn‐on only after binding to the ER, independent of other physiological environments. In addition, ER‐ZS, being a small molecule, allows for the diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) via liver imaging based on high ER stress. Importantly, ER‐ZS is a type I photosensitizer, producing O2⋅− and ⋅OH under light irradiation. Thus, after irradiating for a certain period, the photodynamic therapy inflicted severe oxidative damage to the ER of tumor cells in hypoxic (2 % O2) conditions and activated the unique pyroptosis pathway, demonstrating excellent antitumor capacity in xenograft tumor models. Hence, the proposed strategy will likely shed new light on integrating molecular optics for NAFLD diagnosis and cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of molecular design, integrating diagnostic and therapeutic functions, aligns with the general trend of modern medical advancement. Herein, we rationally designed the smart molecule ER‐ZS for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐targeted diagnosis and treatment in cell and animal models by combining hemicyanine dyes with ER‐targeted functional groups (p‐toluenesulfonamide). Owing to its ability to target the ER with a highly specific response to viscosity, ER‐ZS demonstrated substantial fluorescence turn‐on only after binding to the ER, independent of other physiological environments. In addition, ER‐ZS, being a small molecule, allows for the diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) via liver imaging based on high ER stress. Importantly, ER‐ZS is a type I photosensitizer, producing O2⋅− and ⋅OH under light irradiation. Thus, after irradiating for a certain period, the photodynamic therapy inflicted severe oxidative damage to the ER of tumor cells in hypoxic (2 % O2) conditions and activated the unique pyroptosis pathway, demonstrating excellent antitumor capacity in xenograft tumor models. Hence, the proposed strategy will likely shed new light on integrating molecular optics for NAFLD diagnosis and cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pentamethyl cyanine dyes are promising fluorophores for fluorescence sensing and imaging. However, advanced biomedical applications require enhanced control of their excited‐state properties. Herein, a synthetic approach for attaching aryl substituents at the C2' position of the thio‐pentamethine cyanine (TCy5) dye structure is reported for the first time. C2'‐aryl substitution enables the regulation of both the twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) and photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanisms to be regulated in the excited state. Modulation of these mechanisms allows the design of a nitroreductase‐activatable TCy5 fluorophore for hypoxic tumor photodynamic therapy and fluorescence imaging. These C2'‐aryl TCy5 dyes provide a tunable platform for engineering cyanine dyes tailored to sophisticated biological applications, such as photodynamic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activatable fluorescent and chemiluminescent dyes with near‐infrared emission have indispensable roles in the fields of bioimaging, molecular prodrugs, and phototheranostic agents. As one of the most popular fluorophore scaffolds, the dicyanomethylene‐4H‐pyran scaffold has been applied to fabricate a large number of versatile activatable optical dyes for analytes detection and diseases diagnosis and treatment by virtue of its high photostability, large Stokes shift, considerable two‐photon absorption cross‐section, and structural modifiability. This review discusses the molecular design strategies, recognition mechanisms, and both in vitro and in vivo bio‐applications (especially for diagnosis and therapy of tumors) of activatable dicyanomethylene‐4H‐pyran dyes. The final section describes the current shortcomings and future development prospects of this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activatable fluorescent and chemiluminescent dyes with near‐infrared emission have indispensable roles in the fields of bioimaging, molecular prodrugs, and phototheranostic agents. As one of the most popular fluorophore scaffolds, the dicyanomethylene‐4H‐pyran scaffold has been applied to fabricate a large number of versatile activatable optical dyes for analytes detection and diseases diagnosis and treatment by virtue of its high photostability, large Stokes shift, considerable two‐photon absorption cross‐section, and structural modifiability. This review discusses the molecular design strategies, recognition mechanisms, and both in vitro and in vivo bio‐applications (especially for diagnosis and therapy of tumors) of activatable dicyanomethylene‐4H‐pyran dyes. The final section describes the current shortcomings and future development prospects of this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the synthesis and properties of a new dye called Azo-ETO 3, which can be used as an RNA probe to differentiate between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The dye has a high affinity for RNA and is more selective than other commercially available RNA dyes. It can effectively stain mitochondria in live cells and specifically stain Gram-positive bacteria without affecting Gram-negative bacteria. The article provides detailed information on the synthesis process of Azo-ETO 3 and its binding mechanism to nucleic acids. This dye has the potential to be a valuable tool in studying Gram-positive bacteria and related diseases and infections. [Extracted from the article]

This article explores the use of novel zinc(II) phthalocyanine dyes as colorants in color photoresists for TFT-LCD modules. The dyes are being considered as an alternative to pigments, which have limitations in resolution and color performance. The article discusses the synthesis and properties of the dyes, including their spectral properties, thermal stability, and solubility. The results show that the synthesized dyes have promise for improving the color performance of color photoresists. Another document discusses the characterization and stability of green spin-coated color filters using zinc phthalocyanine dyes. The study evaluates the transmission spectra, color coordinates, and stability of the color filters. The results indicate that the filters have high transmittance in the green range and good stability and resistance to dye migration and aggregation. [Extracted from the article]

Evidence shows that the enzyme human cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) is associated with cancer; indeed, it is shown to play a key role in the occurrence of many cancers. Therefore, the molecular imaging of CYP1A1 in cells is of great significance for revealing the process of cancer development. Herein, a chemosensor, DCBEM, is reported that is able to selectively recognize CYP1A1 and achieve long‐term labeling of the enzyme through an enzymolysis cascade reaction. The design of DCBEM relies on the reaction between the highly electrophilic intermediate (quinone methide) and the enzyme, which forms a fluorescent label with CYP1A1 via covalent bonding. The chemosensor reveals excellent specificity toward CYP1A1 and achieves high‐resolution monitoring of cell migration with a strong retention capacity in vivo (up to 4 days). Further, using DCBEM, the pathways of invasion of colon cancer and breast cancer cells are successfully visualized in living mice. This method of labeling enzymes provides a simple and efficient way to render ordinary fluorescent chemosensors suitable for the long‐term tracking of cancer cells, for which such molecular tools are currently lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the increasing emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic microorganisms requires the search for alternative methods that do not cause drug resistance. Phototherapy strategies (PTs) based on the photoresponsive materials have become a new trend in the inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms due to their spatiotemporal controllability and negligible side effects. Among those phototherapy strategies, photocatalytic antimicrobial therapy (PCAT) has emerged as an effective and promising antimicrobial strategy in recent years. In the process of photocatalytic treatment, photocatalytic materials are excited by different wavelengths of lights to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) or other toxic species for the killing of various pathogenic microbes, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and algae. Therefore, this review timely summarizes the latest progress in the PCAT field, with emphasis on the development of various photocatalytic antimicrobials (PCAMs), the underlying antimicrobial mechanisms, the design strategies, and the multiple practical antimicrobial applications in local infections therapy, personal protective equipment, water purification, antimicrobial coatings, wound dressings, food safety, antibacterial textiles, and air purification. Meanwhile, we also present the challenges and perspectives of widespread practical implementation of PCAT as antimicrobial therapeutics. We hope that as a result of this review, PCAT will flourish and become an effective weapon against pathogenic microorganisms and antibiotic resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzymatische Reaktionen können endogene Nährstoffe eines Tumors verbrauchen und zytotoxische Spezies erzeugen und sind daher vielversprechende Werkzeuge für die Behandlung bösartiger Tumore. Inspiriert von der Natur, in der Enzyme in Membranen kompartimentiert sind, um eine hohe Reaktionseffizienz zu erreichen und biologische Prozesse von der Umwelt zu trennen, entwickelten wir liposomale Nanoreaktoren, die enzymatische Kaskadenreaktionen im wässrigen Nanoconfinement des Liposoms durchführen können. Die Nanoreaktoren hemmten das Tumorwachstum in vivo effektiv, indem sie Tumornährstoffe (Glukose und Sauerstoff) verbrauchten und hochgradig zytotoxische Hydroxylradikale (⋅OH) produzierten. Die Ko‐Kompartimentierung von Glukoseoxidase (GOx) und Meerrettichperoxidase (HRP) in Liposomen konnte die lokale Konzentration des Zwischenprodukts Wasserstoffperoxid (H2O2) sowie den Säuregrad aufgrund der Bildung von Gluconsäure durch GOx erhöhen. Sowohl H2O2 als auch der Säuregehalt beschleunigten die zweite Stufe der Reaktion durch HRP und verbesserten so die Gesamteffizienz der Kaskadenreaktion. Die biomimetische Kompartimentierung enzymatischer Tandemreaktionen in biokompatiblen Liposomen ist ein vielversprechender Weg für die Entwicklung katalytischer Nanomedikamente für die Antitumortherapie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzymatic reactions can consume endogenous nutrients of tumors and produce cytotoxic species and are therefore promising tools for treating malignant tumors. Inspired by nature where enzymes are compartmentalized in membranes to achieve high reaction efficiency and separate biological processes with the environment, we develop liposomal nanoreactors that can perform enzymatic cascade reactions in the aqueous nanoconfinement of liposomes. The nanoreactors effectively inhibited tumor growth in vivo by consuming tumor nutrients (glucose and oxygen) and producing highly cytotoxic hydroxyl radicals (⋅OH). Co‐compartmentalization of glucose oxidase (GOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in liposomes could increase local concentration of the intermediate product hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as well as the acidity due to the generation of gluconic acid by GOx. Both H2O2 and acidity accelerate the second‐step reaction by HRP, hence improving the overall efficiency of the cascade reaction. The biomimetic compartmentalization of enzymatic tandem reactions in biocompatible liposomes provides a promising direction for developing catalytic nanomedicines in antitumor therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous crystalline materials usually include metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) and zeolites, which exhibit exceptional porosity and structural/composition designability, promoting the increasing attention in memory and neuromorphic computing systems in the last decade. From both the perspective of materials and devices, it is crucial to provide a comprehensive and timely summary of the applications of porous crystalline materials in memory and neuromorphic computing systems to guide future research endeavors. Moreover, the utilization of porous crystalline materials in electronics necessitates a shift from powder synthesis to high-quality film preparation to ensure high device performance. This review highlights the strategies for preparing porous crystalline materials films and discusses their advancements in memory and neuromorphic electronics. It also provides a detailed comparative analysis and presents the existing challenges and future research directions, which can attract the experts from various fields (e.g., materials scientists, chemists, and engineers) with the aim of promoting the applications of porous crystalline materials in memory and neuromorphic computing systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic dyes in the excited singlet state (S1) decay via intersystem crossing (ISC) to the triplet state, radiative dissipation as fluorescence, or nonradiative decay for thermal deactivation. Although many studies are conducted to improve ISC and fluorescence efficiency, few have optimized S1 decay via thermal deactivation, which is crucial for designing photothermal agents. A strategy for inhibiting radiative decay and ISC by introducing electron withdraw groups (EWGs) into the meso position of heptamethine cyanines (Cy7) is reported here, which allows S1 energy decay via nonradiative relaxation. The decrease in the electron density of Cy7 caused by EWGs improved the photostability, which is important for biological applications because conventional cyanine dyes are easily photobleached. The EWG substitutes acted as efficient rotation groups with low‐energy barriers, narrowing the energy gap between S1 and the ground state and considerably improving the photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE). The PCE of CF3cy with the strongest EWG is increased up to 83%. Liposome is used as a carrier to improve the biocompatibility and tumor retention of CF3cy, which is combined with the toll‐like receptor agonist resiquimod (R848) for synergistic photothermal immunotherapy against both primary and distant tumors and elicits a long‐lasting immunological memory effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Membrane curvature reflects physical forces operating on the lipid membrane, which plays important roles in cellular processes. Here, we design a mechanosensitive DNA (MSD) nanomachine that mimics natural mechanosensitive PIEZO channels to convert the membrane tension changes of lipid vesicles with different sizes into fluorescence signals in real time. The MSD nanomachine consists of an archetypical six‐helix‐bundle DNA nanopore, cholesterol‐based membrane anchors, and a solvatochromic fluorophore, spiropyran (SP). We find that the DNA nanopore effectively amplifies subtle variations of the membrane tension, which effectively induces the isomerization of weakly emissive SP into highly emissive merocyanine isomers for visualizing membrane tension changes. By measuring the membrane tension via the fluorescence of MSD nanomachine, we establish the correlation between the membrane tension and the curvature that follows the Young‐Laplace equation. This DNA nanotechnology‐enabled strategy opens new routes to studying membrane mechanics in physiological and pathological settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Membrane curvature reflects physical forces operating on the lipid membrane, which plays important roles in cellular processes. Here, we design a mechanosensitive DNA (MSD) nanomachine that mimics natural mechanosensitive PIEZO channels to convert the membrane tension changes of lipid vesicles with different sizes into fluorescence signals in real time. The MSD nanomachine consists of an archetypical six‐helix‐bundle DNA nanopore, cholesterol‐based membrane anchors, and a solvatochromic fluorophore, spiropyran (SP). We find that the DNA nanopore effectively amplifies subtle variations of the membrane tension, which effectively induces the isomerization of weakly emissive SP into highly emissive merocyanine isomers for visualizing membrane tension changes. By measuring the membrane tension via the fluorescence of MSD nanomachine, we establish the correlation between the membrane tension and the curvature that follows the Young‐Laplace equation. This DNA nanotechnology‐enabled strategy opens new routes to studying membrane mechanics in physiological and pathological settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since their inception, rhodamine dyes have been extensively applied in biotechnology as fluorescent markers or for the detection of biomolecules owing to their good optical physical properties. Accordingly, they have emerged as a powerful tool for the visualization of living systems. In addition to fluorescence bioimaging, the molecular design of rhodamine derivatives with disease therapeutic functions (e.g., cancer and bacterial infection) has recently attracted increased research attention, which is significantly important for the construction of molecular libraries for diagnostic and therapeutic integration. However, reviews focusing on integrated design strategies for rhodamine dye-based diagnosis and treatment and their wide application in disease treatment are extremely rare. In this review, first, a brief history of the development of rhodamine fluorescent dyes, the transformation of rhodamine fluorescent dyes from bioimaging to disease therapy, and the concept of optics-based diagnosis and treatment integration and its significance to human development are presented. Next, a systematic review of several excellent rhodamine-based derivatives for bioimaging, as well as for disease diagnosis and treatment, is presented. Finally, the challenges in practical integration of rhodamine-based diagnostic and treatment dyes and the future outlook of clinical translation are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocages enable the precise activation of molecular function with light in many research fields, such as anticancer treatment, where remote spatiotemporal control over the release of an active drug is needed. However, the poor physiological stability and tumor accumulation of conventional small molecular photocages are significant obstacles to developing efficient therapy in vivo. In this study, a new concept of "polyphotocage" is proposed through photocage–polymer hybrid macromolecular engineering. Photoresponsive Ru complex photocage is designed and fused with PEGylated polycarbonates, resulting in the polyphotocage. Various anticancer drugs can be readily conjugated to the polyphotocage via coordination linkage, which can be cut off to release drugs by red light. The polyphotocages can self‐assemble into nanoparticles, which enhances the stability of the Ru photocage and demonstrates the efficient accumulation in different‐sized tumorswith a high signal‐to‐background ratio. Furthermore, rapid cellular internalization and mitochondrial anchoring capability allowed the polyphotocages to deliver drugs into the mitochondria, which induces mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. These properties ensure the effective delivery of anticancer drugs to solid tumors and multiple tiny tumors, ultimately inhibiting tumor proliferation. This strategy of polyphotocages provides a new platform for the future design of drug‐delivery systems for cancer photochemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional photocages only respond to short wavelength light, which is a significant obstacle to developing efficient phototherapy in vivo. The development of photocages activated by near‐infrared (NIR) light at wavelengths from 700 to 950 nm is important for in vivo studies but remains challenging. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a photocage based on a ruthenium (Ru) complex with NIR light‐triggered photocleavage reaction. The commercial anticancer drug, tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), was coordinated to the RuII center to create the Ru‐based photocage that is readily responsive to NIR light at 760 nm. The photocage inherited the anticancer properties of THC. As a proof‐of‐concept, we further engineered a self‐assembled photocage‐based nanoparticle system with amphiphilic block copolymers. Upon exposure to NIR light at 760 nm, the Ru complex‐based photocages were released from the polymeric nanoparticles and efficiently inhibited tumor proliferation in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional photocages only respond to short wavelength light, which is a significant obstacle to developing efficient phototherapy in vivo. The development of photocages activated by near‐infrared (NIR) light at wavelengths from 700 to 950 nm is important for in vivo studies but remains challenging. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a photocage based on a ruthenium (Ru) complex with NIR light‐triggered photocleavage reaction. The commercial anticancer drug, tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), was coordinated to the RuII center to create the Ru‐based photocage that is readily responsive to NIR light at 760 nm. The photocage inherited the anticancer properties of THC. As a proof‐of‐concept, we further engineered a self‐assembled photocage‐based nanoparticle system with amphiphilic block copolymers. Upon exposure to NIR light at 760 nm, the Ru complex‐based photocages were released from the polymeric nanoparticles and efficiently inhibited tumor proliferation in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intermolecular proton transfer from a flavonol-based probe to the arginine (Arg222) in drug site 1 of human serum albumin triggers an unusual red-shifted ratiometric fluorescence response, which can be applied in the point-to-care diagnosis of hypoalbuminemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reaction-based luminescence chemosensor was synthesized for sulfite detection based on a fluorescein derivative with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). The chemosensor exhibited a fluorescence turn-on effect on sulfite with good sensitivity and selectivity. Importantly, utilizing the long luminescence lifetime of the TADF compound, the chemosensor realized photoluminescence lifetime imaging for sulfite in living cells with the luminescence lifetime distribution mainly around 14 μs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]