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[Display omitted] Unsaturated furanic aldehydes are derived from lignocellulosic biomass resources and subsequently used to produce valuable chemicals. However, the highly efficient, selective hydrogenation of the biomass-derived unsaturated furan C O bond remains challenging. Here we report that graphene-like nitrogen doped porous carbon (GNPC) nanosheets are synthesized from carbon-rich, sustainable, and renewable biomass precursors (glucose, fructose and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, HMF) with high surface areas, large pore volumes and narrow mesopores. GNPC derived from HMF is an excellent catalyst support for PtCo nanoparticles with ultrafine nanoparticles size and homogeneous distributions. This catalyst is highly efficient for hydrogenation of biomass-derived furan-based unsaturated aldehydes, with high yields, to the corresponding unsaturated alcohols under mild conditions. This design strategy should further allow the development of selective, simple, green heterogeneous catalysts for challenging chemical transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulse duration of a burst-mode 100 W Nd-doped picosecond amplifier is nonlinearly compressed in a multi-pass cell device. The spectral broadening and pulse compression are investigated theoretically. The spectral bandwidth is broadened from 0.13 to 3.28 nm experimentally, corresponding to a broadening factor of 25.2. The pulse duration is compressed from 14.2 to 0.99 ps, corresponding to a compression factor of 14.3. The compressed pulse duration of four successive pulses are theoretically estimated to be 0.98 ps, 1.47 ps, 1.86 ps, and 3.07 ps, respectively. The laser power after the grating pair compressor is 72 W. Therefore, the total efficiency of our system reaches 72%. The beam quality after the MPC unit is almost preserved with a M2 value of 1.38 × 1.40. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to accurately predict the gas concentration, find out the gas abnormal emission in advance, and take effective measures to reduce the gas concentration in time, this paper analyzes multivariate monitoring data and proposes a new dynamic combined prediction method of gas concentration. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient is applied for the dynamic optimization of prediction indicators. The time series and spatial topology features of the optimized indicators are extracted and input into the combined prediction model of gas concentration based on indicators dynamic optimization and Bi-LSTMs (Bi-directional Long Short-term Memory), which can predict the gas concentration for the next 30 min. The results show that the other gas concentration, temperature, and humidity indicators are strongly correlated with the gas concentration to be predicted, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient is up to 0.92 at most. The average R2 of predicted value and real value is 0.965, and the average prediction efficiency R for gas abnormal or normal emission is 79.9%. Compared with the other models, the proposed dynamic optimized indicators combined model is more accurate, and the missing alarm of gas abnormal emission is significantly alleviated, which greatly improves the early alarming accuracy. It can assist the safety monitoring personnel in decision making and has certain significance to improve the safety production efficiency of coal mines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aims to investigate the applicability of ensemble modeling in improving the simulation of water surface evaporation (EW) in the Three Gorges Reservoir. To achieve this objective, a sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the most influential model inputs. Various models are employed for the simulation of EW, including empirical models such as Stelling (STE), Thornthwaite Holzman (T-H), and Ryan Harleman (R-H); statistical models including multiple-linear regression (MLR), Ridge regression (Ridge), and Lasso regression (Lasso); and different Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques such as Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and General Regression Neural Network (GRNN). The performance of these models is evaluated. Additionally, three ensemble methods, namely simple averaging, weighted averaging, and neural ensemble, are utilized in strategy 1 for empirical models, strategy 2 for statistical models, strategy 3 for AI models, and strategy 4 for multi-class mixed models, with the aim of improving the simulation performance. The results indicate that the dominant parameters are water surface temperature, water surface area, relative humidity, temperature difference of vapor, and wind speed. For the single model, empirical and statistical models can yield valuable results, while most AI models suffer from overfitting issues. Among the ensemble models, the neural ensemble method outperforms the simple averaging and weighted averaging methods. The multi-class mixed ensemble model exhibits the highest simulation accuracy, with NSE values of 0.95 and 0.86 in the training and validation phases, respectively. Compared to the best single model, the ensemble approaches proposed in this study improve the performance of single models in the validation phase by up to 11.63%, 8.21%, 6.88%, and 6.96% for strategies 1 ~ 4, respectively. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the multi-class mixed ensemble modeling approach is preferable over empirical, statistical, and AI ensemble modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Referring to the pathogenetic process of biomolecular network, the precursor features indicators I (t) and I a (t) of the coal and rock failure based on the difference network are creatively proposed. • The load model of coal and rock damage characterization based I a (t) is deftly established, and the correlation coefficient between the measured load and the calculated load based on I a (t) of is more than 0.80. • I (t) and I a (t) synthesize the signal characteristics of different spatial monitoring points, and reflect the spatio-temporal evolution process and damage state of coal and rock. In order to reveal the spatio-temporal precursor features of coal and rock loading failure, and accurately identify the critical state of coal and rock failure, the development of coal and rock loading failure is regarded as the spatio-temporal evolution dynamical process of the complex network system, the spatio-temporal evolution dynamical characteristics of coal and rock dynamic disasters are analyzed. The precursor features indicators I (t) and I a (t) of the coal and rock failure based on the difference network are proposed, Brazilian splitting experiments of different types of coal and rock are carried out. Combined with the damage theory, the load model of coal and rock damage characterization based I a (t) is established. The results show that when the coal-rock system is in the warning critical period, the damage is accelerated, with high potential energy, low rebound and weak robustness, which is reflected in the acoustic emission (AE) and electromagnetic radiation (EMR) data at different spatial monitoring points. When the coal-rock system is in the stable stage, the structure of the correlation network at adjacent moment is similar, and the number of edges in the difference network is small. While when coal or rock is about to fracture, the correlation network at adjacent moment has great structure differences, and there are many edges in the difference network. I (t) and I a (t) synthesize the signal characteristics of different spatial monitoring points, and reflect the spatio-temporal evolution process and damage state of coal and rock. The damage characterization load based on I a (t) is in good agreement with the measured load, and the correlation coefficients between the measured load and the calculated load based on I a (t) of most rock samples are more than 0.80. The research results can be used as the precursor features of coal and rock failure, and have certain significance for the early warning of coal and rock dynamic disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Microwave pyrolysis treated polyethylene terephthalate and low-density polypropylene simultaneously. • Coconut husk carbon showed favorable process features and product features as microwave absorbent. • This process enhances the synergistic production of monocyclic aromatics. • High yields of oil (42.50 wt%) were obtained with a high content of monocyclic aromatics (77.11 %). The application of biochar as microwave absorbers in microwave-assisted catalytic fast pyrolysis (MACFP) has been widely studied. It has been reported that coconut husk carbon (CHC) showed good process characteristics and product distribution as microwave absorbers. However, the existing studies did not pay much attention to the reusability of CHC absorbers. In this study, the CHC absorbers prepared from agricultural and forestry wastes were reused in multiple cycles in the MACFP of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Compared with typical microwave absorbers such as spherical silicon carbide (SiC) and granular activated carbon (GAC), CHC demonstrated favorable process characteristics with relatively high heating rate (29 °C/min) and short heating time (within 12 min). In terms of product properties, the highest liquid yield of 51.67 wt% and the highest content of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) of 82.82 % were obtained at the appropriate pyrolysis temperature (550 °C). After five consecutive uses, the CHC bed still produced comparable heating profiles and product distributions, compared to that of SiC. At the same time, a positive synergistic effect between PET and LDPE was observed. The co-feeding of PET and LDPE (50L50P) appropriately increased the liquid yield (42.50 wt% vs 38.75 wt%) and the relative content of MAHs (77.11 % vs 72.96 %) in comparison to their theoretical value. Finally, this study supplies a new strategy for utilizing recycled CHC as a microwave absorber for the treatment of hydrogen-rich and hydrogen-deficient mixed plastic wastes to produce MAHs products, which also reduces waste and realizes energy conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulation of plastic waste resulting from the increasing demand for non-degradable plastics has led to a global environmental crisis. The severe environmental and economic drawbacks of inefficient, expensive, and impractical traditional waste disposal methods, such as landfills, incineration, plastic recycling, and energy production, limit the expansion of their applications to solving the plastic waste problem. Finding novel ways to manage the large amount of disposed plastic waste is urgent. Until now, one of the most valuable strategies for the handling of plastic waste has been to reutilize the waste as raw material for the preparation of functional and high-value products. Electrospun micro/nanofibers have drawn much attention in recent years due to their advantages of small diameter, large specific area, and excellent physicochemical features. Thus, electrospinning recycled plastic waste into micro/nanofibers creates diverse opportunities to deal with the environmental issue caused by the growing accumulation of plastic waste. This paper presents a review of recycling and reutilizing polymer waste via electrospinning. Firstly, the advantages of the electrospinning approach to recycling plastic waste are summarized. Then, the studies of electrospun recycled plastic waste are concluded. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives of electrospun recycled plastic waste are provided. In conclusion, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of electrospun recycled plastic waste for researchers to develop further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to realize dynamic, continuous, and real-time prediction of coal and gas outburst risk in real time in blasting driving face, an outburst risk prediction method based on the characteristics of gas emission after blasting is proposed. In this study, the causes of abnormal gas concentration in blasting driving face are analyzed, and the identification method of abnormal gas concentration based on weighted K-nearest neighbor (weighted KNN) is proposed. The correlation between gas emission characteristics after blasting and K1 value is analyzed, and the prediction model of outburst risk based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) is established and applied in Jinjia coal mine in China. The results show that the causes of abnormal gas concentration mainly include ventilation stop, blasting operation, sensor adjustment, and other abnormalities. The accuracy of the identification method is 86.1%. Especially, the identification accuracy of blasting operation is 92%. There are strong correlations between the growth rate, peak value, and decay rate of gas concentration after blasting and K1 value, and the maximum correlation coefficient is 0.92. Using the prediction model, 28 times of jet holes and 1 small outburst event are predicted successfully, and the efficiency of the prediction model is 76.39%. By this technology, the utilization rate of gas information is improved, and the relationship between the change characteristics of gas concentration after blasting and the risk of coal seam outburst is established, which is of significant for improving the prediction accuracy and risk management ability of coal and gas outburst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noise is considered severe environmental pollutant that affects human health. Using sound absorption materials to reduce noise is a way to decrease the hazards of noise pollution. Micro/nanofibers have advantages in sound absorption due to their properties such as small diameter, large specific surface area, and high porosity. Electrospinning is a technology for producing micro/nanofibers, and this technology has attracted interest in the field of sound absorption. To broaden the applications of electrospun micro/nanofibers in acoustics, the present study of electrospun micro/nano fibrous materials for sound absorption is summarized. First, the factors affecting the micro/nanofibers' sound absorption properties in the process of electrospinning are presented. Through changing the materials, process parameters, and duration of electrospinning, the properties, morphologies, and thicknesses of electrospun micro/nanofibers can be controlled. Hence, the sound absorption characteristics of electrospun micro/nanofibers will be affected. Second, the studies on porous sound absorbers, combined with electrospun micro/nanofibers, are introduced. Then, the studies of electrospun micro/nanofibers in resonant sound absorption are concluded. Finally, the shortcomings of electrospun micro/nano fibrous sound absorption materials are discussed, and the future research is forecasted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates a laser diode double-ended pumped Yb: YAG rod regenerative amplifier (RA) with an average power of 37 W, which substantially exceeds the performance of previously reported bulk Yb: YAG medium RAs. Compared to other bulk Yb: YAG medium RAs, we have introduced several enhancements in thermal management, such as employing a double-ended pump to reduce the temperature gradient inside the crystal, and the cooling efficiency is significantly enhanced by designed heat sink. As a result, the thermal effect is effectively suppressed. The system attains high average output power and power stability (RMS = 0.56%) at a pulse repetition rate of 400 kHz. In addition, the output beam maintains excellent quality even under varying high pump powers, demonstrating an M 2 consistently below 1.1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This scaled model method in predicting dynamic fracture toughness is effective and practical in the medium and low loading rate ranges. • The fracture toughness is significantly influenced by loading rate. • The correlation of loading rate to dynamic fracture toughness depends on the range of variation in loading rate and whether the fracture propagates. • There is a threshold for the loading rate effect on dynamic fracture toughness. To investigate the effects of loading rate on the dynamic fracture toughness of rock in a scaled system, a multi-scale experimental and numerical study is carried out with a single cleavage semi-circle (SCSC) specimen based on a new scaled modeling method. The loading curves of the scaled models are obtained by using the data recorded by an oscilloscope. The fracture time is monitored by the fracture propagation gauge (FPG) to calculate the propagation velocity of fracture. The dynamic fracture toughness of the propagation fracture can be obtained by combining experimental data with a finite-element method. The results show that the effects of loading amplitudes and model size on fracture toughness can be significantly eliminated by the scaled modeling method applied in this paper, which provides a prerequisite for a thorough analysis of the loading rate effect on scaled models. Furtherly, by introducing a new proportional coefficient factor, the scaled modeling method is confirmed to predict the dynamic fracture toughness effectively. The dynamic fracture toughness exhibits a non-linear increase with loading rate in both the fracture initiation and propagation stages. This increase is characterized by a rapid-growth in some middle range of loading rates, with a relatively slow-growth below or above that range. Furthermore, the propagation toughness is greatly affected by loading rate at low rates, whereas the initiation toughness is more significantly influenced by medium loading rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a high-energy, temporally shaped picosecond ultraviolet (UV) laser running at 100 Hz is demonstrated, with its pulses boosted to 120 mJ by cascaded regenerative and double-pass amplifiers, resulting in a gain of more than 108. With precise manipulation and optimization, the amplified laser pulses were flat-top in the temporal and spatial domains to maintain high filling factors, which significantly improved the conversion efficiency of the subsequent third harmonic generation (THG). Finally, 91 mJ, 470 ps pulses were obtained at 355 nm, corresponding to a conversion efficiency as high as 76%, which, as far as we are aware of, is the highest THG efficiency for a high-repetition-rate picosecond laser. In addition, the energy stability of the UV laser is better than 1.07% (root mean square), which makes this laser an attractive source for a variety of fields including laser conditioning and micro-fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The single-use of polyolefins-based individual protective equipment has led to the rapid generation of substantial plastic waste. This study aimed at cleaner disposal of the polyolefin waste, and carried out the continuous microwave pyrolysis (CMP) of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) over dual-catalyst beds of MCM-41 and HY. The dual-catalyzed trial was able to produce more condensate fractions with higher selectivity of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs), compared with using only MCM-41 or HY zeolite. It was because the larger pore size of the MCM-41 catalyst (4.00 nm) could crack long-chain polyolefin intermediates into shorter chains. This alleviates steric and diffusional resistance while entering and exiting the micropores of the HY zeolite (0.74 × 0.74 nm). The maximum liquid yield (63.75 wt%) and MAHs selectivity (78.21%) were achieved at a catalysis temperature of 450 °C, feedstock to catalyst ratio of 8:3, and HY to MCM-41 ratio of 2:1. In addition, the performance of the CMP reactor was also compared favorably with the batch microwave pyrolysis (BMP) reactor under the same conditions. It has been found that the CMP reactor generated more MAHs products, whereas the BMP reactor was more selective for the generation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and gas products. The combination of CMP and the co-catalysis process offers new insight into sustainable management and value-added recovery of medical plastic waste. [Display omitted] • A dual-catalyst bed of MCM-41 and HY was developed in a continuous microwave pyrolysis system. • High yields of oil (63.75 wt%) were obtained with high aromatic content. • The comparisons between continuous and batch microwave pyrolysis were analyzed. • Effective conversion of waste plastics to gasoline-range hydrocarbons was achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydraulic fracturing enhances coal seam permeability and reduces original gas content. Determining the effective range of hydraulic fracturing is essential in evaluating its effectiveness. This paper analyzes physical field changes during hydraulic fracturing and proposes a multi-scale multivariate detection method for determining the effective range of hydraulic fracturing in coal seams based on changes in wave velocity and resistivity due to fracture expansion.The method was validated through field experiments. The result shows that vibration wave computed tomography (VWCT) is a passive, large-scale area detection method. In contrast, the direct current (DC) method is a small-scale, local active detection method. In the hydraulic fracturing process, the microseismic (MS) events increase. After fracturing, the wave velocity of coal seam decreases significantly, indicating the formation of fractures around the fractured holes and a fracture zone. The fracturing expands the pre-existing fractures adjacent to fractured holes, forming a fracture network between them and natural fractures, leading to a decrease in wave velocity around the coal seam. The DC detection results indicate a noticeable development of pores around the fractured holes following hydraulic fracturing. The increased resistance value area is mainly concentrated on both sides of the 9–4 drilling, with an influence range of approximately 30 m, and an increased range of 100–400 Ω·m, indicating a hydraulic fracturing pore expansion range of 30 m in coal seams. Comprehensively, the maximum impact area of fracturing is the area surrounding the fractured holes, and the impact area is not uniform. The DC method test results reflect the extension of fracturing around fractured holes, while the VWCT test results represent the extension of fracturing around fractured holes and the connectivity of primary fractures, both of which include each other. • A novel method to determine the effective range of coal seam hydraulic fracturing. • The formation of fracture zones is visually observed by VWCT and DC. • The wave velocity decreases and the resistivity increases in the effective range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A bionic multi-scale structured Cu-Zn-CeO 2 coating was fabricated. • It transforms from superhydrophilic to superhydrophobic after heating and storage in air. • Wettability transition is due to hydrocarbons adsorption, heating and multi-scale structures. • The hydrophobic CeO 2 improves the superhydrophobicity and reduces the transition time. • Synergy of the superhydrophobicity and Cu-Zn alloys enhances the anti-scaling property. Scaling is a universal issue encountered in pipeline steel during offshore oil extraction. In this paper, a synergic anti-scaling Cu-Zn-CeO 2 coating on the pipeline steel substrate was fabricated by one-step composite electrodeposition and magnetic stirring. It shows the wettability transition from superhydrophilic to superhydrophobic of the multi-scale structured Cu-Zn-CeO 2 coating without low-surface-energy modification after heating at 60℃ for 60 min and stored in air for ∼ 35 days. The wettability transition is owing to the hydrocarbons adsorption. The heating treatment and the multi-scale structure improve the hydrocarbons adsorption and reduce the transition time. The inherent hydrophobic CeO 2 is beneficial for the superhydrophobic property and reduces the transition time. Compared with the steel substrate and previous superhydrophobic Cu and Cu-Zn coatings, it indicates the superhydrophobic Cu-Zn-CeO 2 coating shows the promising synergic anti-scaling property due to its superhydrophobicity and the anti-scaling property of Cu-Zn alloys. This eco-friendly synergic anti-scaling Cu-Zn-CeO 2 coating also shows excellent self-cleaning and anti-fouling properties. Moreover, the stability of the superhydrophobic Cu-Zn-CeO 2 coating was enhanced compared with our previous superhydrophobic Cu-Zn coating due to CeO 2 nanoparticles. This research enriches the theory and the technology of the wetting field, which also provides a technical basis for solving scaling problems of pipelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Rhizosphere metabolomics can potentially help us to better understand belowground root-environment interactions that are mediated by root exudation in the rhizosphere. The main goals of the present work were to characterize the pattern of maize root exudation in response to straw-derived biochar (BC) addition and chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer reduction and to explore the underlying mechanisms.Methods: Two sets of pot experiments were performed independently that involved planting maize in aquic brown soil to which BC was added at dosages of 0 or 5% (w/w, equivalent to 112.5 t ha−1) combined with urea N application at rates of 150 kg ha−1 (100%) or 105 kg ha−1 (70%) for a total of four treatments. Samples containing root exudates were analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance, and quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to analyze gene expression in maize roots.Results: The 5% BC addition significantly influenced the global rhizosphere metabolome of the maize seedlings regardless of the N application level, but without BC addition, the rhizosphere metabolome was not significantly affected by a 30% reduction in N. The effects of N reduction on the metabolite profiling of the native root exudates were stronger than those of BC addition and an obvious interaction was observed between BC addition and N reduction. BC addition combined with N reduction significantly changed the levels of some amino acids (e.g., causing a 1.75-fold increase in isoleucine) and organic acids (e.g., causing a 2.16-fold increase in malonate and a 2.15-fold increase in acetate) in the root exudates. Soil environmental factors, including the size of NH4+-N pool and total P content, had a strong positive correlation with rhizosphere metabolome. The decrease in root biomass caused by N reduction was partially mitigated by BC addition, and the expression of ZmMATE1 (for multi-drug and toxic compound extrusion transporter) in root was significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05) by BC addition and N reduction.Conclusions: Maize roots can reshape their rhizosphere metabolome under BC addition combined with N reduction and its underlying mechanism may involve the synergistic effects of soil environmental factors, root growth, and the expression of transport-associated genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ship surveillance plays an important role in ensuring the safety of maritime transportation and navigation. Due to the influence of factors such as waves and special weather, the existing detection methods still cannot balance the accuracy, speed and the parameters of the model in the changeable and complex marine environment. To solve this problem, this paper proposes an improved real-time method based on YOLOv5, which has few parameters and achieves high detection accuracy with little memory and computation cost. Collaborative Attention (CA) mechanism is added to the network structure, which enables the model to more accurately locate and identify target regions. We also design a Spatial Pyramid Pooling module (SPP) and a weighted pyramid network called Bidirectional Feature Pyramid Network (BiFPN) based on the characteristics of the ships to better fuse feature information. Transformer encoder is introduced to capture long-distance dependencies and preserve global and local features to the greatest extent. Furthermore, the ability of our proposed structure to localize objects at each stage is improved through integrating the output of multiple modules. The experimental results show that, the comprehensive performance of this method is better than the existing technology in ship detection on different evaluation criteria. • Collaborative Attention is used to more accurately locate and identify the target • Spatial Pyramid Pool is put forward to better use the feature information • Weighted feature fusion is introduced according to the characteristics of the ships • Transformer encoder is added to integrate contextual information • The proposed network has been improved in detection accuracy and model complexity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The original article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-023-08032-9. B Correction to: Applied Physics B (2023) 129:86 b https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-023-08032-9 The funding information has been incorrectly published in the original publication. [Extracted from the article]

• A new dimensionless DLW basis is proposed to investigate the scaling effect on mode-I fracture toughness. • Impact stress is corrected to decrease the error of the fracture toughness of SCSC model. • The impact stress correction factor and scaled model size ratio are linear dependence. • A method for fracture scaled model is proposed. Small-scale experiments are often used to investigate rock fracture and stability but sometimes verified to be some non-ignorable deviations while compared with full-scale actual projects. To settle this difficulty, a new dimensionless basis, DLW (material density, crack half-length and transverse waves velocity) basis, is presented to study the size effect under impact load. The advantage and validity offered by this new method are demonstrated numerically in the paper with a focus on mode-I fracture toughness of SCSC sandstone specimen. It should be stressed that the errors are quite large between prototype and scaled models when the traditional dimensional analysis is applied. Therefore, an adjustment to the impact stress in the scaled models is made to ensure fewer deviations according to the similitude conditions. It is shown that errors will be significantly reduced by means of impact stress correction. Additionally, it is revealed that the impact stress correction factor increases linearly with scaled model size ratio, which is useful to directly modify the scaled models to obtain rock fracture toughness, and helpful to predict full-scale rock fractures via small-scale experiments under impact load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic glucose monitoring is important to reduce the risk of metabolic diseases such as diabetes. Wearable biosensors based on organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have been developed due to their excellent signal amplification capabilities and biocompatibility. However, traditional wearable biosensors are fabricated on flat substrates with limited gas permeability, resulting in the inefficient evaporation of sweat, reduced wear comfort, and increased risk of inflammation. Here, we proposed breathable OECT-based glucose sensors by designing a porous structure to realize optimal breathable and stretchable properties. The gas permeability of the device and the relationship between electrical properties under different tensile strains were carefully investigated. The OECTs exhibit exceptional electrical properties (gm ~1.51 mS and Ion ~0.37 mA) and can retain up to about 44% of their initial performance even at 30% stretching. Furthermore, obvious responses to glucose have been demonstrated in a wide range of concentrations (10−7–10−4 M) even under 30% strain, where the normalized response to 10−4 M is 26% and 21% for the pristine sensor and under 30% strain, respectively. This work offers a new strategy for developing advanced breathable and wearable bioelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report, to the best of our knowledge, a chirped pulse amplification laser system based on the Nd,Y:SrF 2 crystal for the first time. The incorporation of Y 3+ nonactive ions can significantly improve laser properties of Nd:SrF 2 crystal, including broader emission linewidth, larger cross-section as well as longer fluorescence lifetime. Pulse laser with 5.1 mJ (uncompressed), 3.7 mJ (compressed) energy, 1.6 ps duration at 5 Hz repetition rate is demonstrated. The results indicate that the Nd,Y:SrF 2 crystal is a potential candidate with excellent laser and thermal performance for developing ultra-intense laser with high repetition rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal solid wastes (MSW) include a considerable amount of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). How to quickly and harmlessly dispose of the PVC-containing MSW and convert them into a valuable resource is an urgent issue at present. The application of catalysts has yet been proven to be effective in mitigating organic pollutant production. In the present study, a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (Py-GC/MS) were utilized to investigate the thermodynamic properties, kinetic parameters and pyrolysis characteristics of PVC with different zeolites including HZSM-5 with the Si/Al of 80 and 280, ferrierite, HY and MCM-41 zeolite. It turned out that the introduction of different catalysts with different pore structures and acid site concentrations made different catalytic effects on the cracking mechanism of PVC. Among the five zeolites, MCM-41 decreased temperature at the 50 % conversion to 296 °C, increased weight loss mate at a maximum of 25 %/min and generated fewer PAHs (whose changing amplitude decreased by 94 % in ex-situ catalytic mode in comparison to non-catalytic mode), indicative of its higher catalytic activity in PVC polymer degradation. Under the consideration of maximizing catalytic cracking activity and minimizing secondary pollutants production, non-catalytic dechlorination at approximately 300 °C followed by catalytic degradation in ex-situ mode over mesoporous MCM-41 at higher temperatures was the best recommendation. [Display omitted] • Thermodynamic properties, kinetic parameters and pyrolysis characteristics of PVC were investigated. • The catalytic effects of HZSM-5, HY, ferrierite and MCM-41 were studied. • The catalytic mode had a significant effect on product distribution. • MCM-41 is the most suitable catalyst for the catalytic cracking of sterically challenging PVC polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Obtain Spectra with width of about 400 nm by using a single-stage gas-filled HCF. • Obtain 1 μm pulses with 7.7 fs pulse duration (2.2 optical cycle) and 0.92 mJ pulse energy. • Provide highly stable few-cycle near-infrared pulses for strong field physics experiments. We demonstrate a simple and compact spectral broadening system, which is based on a single-stage gas-filled hollow core fiber (HCF). In our experiment, the pulse duration of pulses from an ytterbium doped amplifier is compressed from 170 fs down to 7.7 fs by using a 3-m-long gas-filled HCF with a core diameter of 500 μm. The pulse energy before and after HCF is 2 mJ and 0.92 mJ respectively, corresponding to a transmission efficiency of 46%, resulting in peak power of near 0.1 TW. In addition, the energy fluctuation of the output pulse is about 0.5%(RMS) measured in one hour. Such ultrafast light source can provide high stable few-cycle near-infrared driving pulses for strong field physics experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six compounds including three new benzophenones, selagibenzophenones D-F (1–3), two known selaginellins (4–5) and one known flavonoid (6), were isolated from Selaginella tamariscina. The structures of new compounds were established by 1D-, 2D-NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectral analyses. Compound 1 represents the second example of diarylbenzophenone from natural sources. Compound 2 possesses an unusual biphenyl-bisbenzophenone structure. Their cytotoxicity against human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and SMCC-7721 cells and inhibitory activities on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells were evaluated. Compound 2 showed moderate inhibitory activity against HepG2 and SMCC-7721 cells, and compounds 4 and 5 showed moderate inhibitory activity to HepG2 cells. Compounds 2 and 5 also exhibited inhibitory activities on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale production of green and pollution-free materials is crucial for deploying sustainable clean energy. Currently, the fabrication of traditional energy materials involves complex technological conditions and high costs, which significantly limits their broad application in the industry. Microorganisms involved in energy production have the advantages of inexpensive production and safe process and can minimize the problem of chemical reagents in environmental pollution. This paper reviews the mechanisms of electron transport, redox, metabolism, structure, and composition of electroactive microorganisms in synthesizing energy materials. It then discusses and summarizes the applications of microbial energy materials in electrocatalytic systems, sensors, and power generation devices. Lastly, the research progress and existing challenges for electroactive microorganisms in the energy and environment sectors described herein provide a theoretical basis for exploring the future application of electroactive microorganisms in energy materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some experimental studies have proven that micro/nano structured coatings achieve superhydrophobicity in air, without low-energy modification. However, it remains an issue how comprehensively explain the reason for changes in wettability. Herein, a hierarchically (nano-submicron-micro) structured Cu coating was fabricated on pipeline steel substrate by one-step electrodeposition. Notably, the superhydrophilic hierarchically structured Cu coating transforms to superhydrophobicity after stored in air for 15 days without chemical modification, with water contact angle of 151° and roll off angle of 3°. Both the microstructure and the chemical composition were characterized to understand the wettability transition mechanism. The fresh hierarchically structured Cu coating exists various defects, with high surface energy, which lead to superhydrophilicity. After the Cu coating stored in air, hydroxylation contributes to hydrocarbons adsorption, resulting in superhydrophobicity. The adsorption kinetic curve model shows that the hierarchical structure promotes hydrocarbon adsorption, which prominently reduces the transition time from superhydrophilicity to superhydrophobicity. The three-level wetting model is constructed to analyze the wetting state when water contacts the Cu coating, which verifies that it is the stable Wenzel-Cassie-Cassie wetting state. Moreover, the superhydrophobic Cu coating maintained anti-scaling property after immersing at 70 °C for 4 h. The anti-scaling behavior and mechanism of the superhydrophobic Cu coating were analyzed by both nucleation and wetting theories. The Cu coating also shows excellent self-cleaning property, water droplet impact resistance, and chemical stability. The superhydrophobicity of the Cu coating also maintained in weak acid and base solutions for 12 min. This study enriches and develops the theory and the technology in the field of wetting, and provides technical support and theoretical basis for the development of superhydrophobicity without low-energy modification. [Display omitted] • A hierarchically (nano-submicron-micro) structured Cu coating was fabricated. • It transforms from superhydrophilic (SHL) to superhydrophobic (SHS) in air. • Spontaneous adsorption of hydrocarbon induces to transition from SHL to SHS. • The SHS coating showed a stable Wenzel-Cassie-Cassie state by theoretical analysis. • The anti-scaling mechanism was analyzed by both nucleation and wetting theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facing environmental pollution, the development of semiconductor photocatalysts with efficient electron-hole pairs separation is necessary for better performance optimization and utilization. Here, a direct Z-scheme BiOBr–NiO-x% (x ​= ​5, 10, 20, 30) photocatalysts with outstanding photocatalytic activity for dye degradation were prepared via the hydrothermal process. The XRD, XPS, FESEM, HRTEM and UV–vis DRS were used to characterize the components, phase structure, morphology and optical properties of the prepared samples. The prepared nano-flower like BiOBr–NiO-x% (x ​= ​5, 10, 20, 30) composites had an extensive visible light absorption range and more vigorous absorption intensity than pure BiOBr. All the prepared composites exhibited better photocatalytic activity for rhodamine (RhB) degradation than that of pure BiOBr, with BiOBr/NiO-20% showing the best photocatalytic efficiency. The photocatalytic efficiency had reached 98% within 50 ​min for the BiOBr/NiO-20% composite. Due to the tight interfacial contact and matching band positions between BiOBr and NiO, a direct Z-scheme BiOBr/NiO heterojunction was built, which accelerated the visible light absorption, superior separation of photoinduced electron-hole pairs in space and improved the oxidation and reduction capacity of the catalysts, further leading to the excellent photocatalytic activity for degradation of RhB. • A direct Z-scheme nano-flower BiOBr–NiO heterojunction was prepared. • Tight interfacial contact and matching band positions are responsible for direct Z-scheme. • The direct Z-scheme accelerates light absorption, superior spatial separation of carries and re-dox capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local heat and active site coordination of the catalyst to improve electrocatalytic water splitting performance. [Display omitted] • An electrolyzer required only a 1.5 V battery or a 1.53 V solar panel to drive overall water splitting. • The presence of NIR irradiation leads to a 24.6 % and 15.8 % increase in catalytic efficiency for HER and OER. • The combination of a generic heterostructure based on Co 9 S 8 with other electrocatalysts also contributes to the enhancement of the photothermal effect. • The heterostructure exhibited strong bifunctional activities and stabilities in both the OER and HER. The increase of reaction temperature of electrocatalysts and the construction of heterogeneous structures is regarded as an efficient method to improve the electrocatalytic water splitting activity. Here, we report an approach to enhance the local heat and active sites of the catalyst by building a heterostructure with Co 9 S 8 to significantly improve its electrocatalytic performance. The as-fabricated Co 9 S 8 @Ce-NiCo LDH/NF electrode possesses a notable photothermal ability, as it effectively converts near-infrared (NIR) light into the local heat, owing to its significant optical absorption. Leveraging these favorable qualities, the prepared Co 9 S 8 @Ce-NiCo LDH/NF electrode showed impressive performance in both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) (η 100 = 144 mV) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) (η 100 = 229 mV) under NIR light. Compared to the absence of the NIR light, the presence of NIR irradiation leads to a 24.6 % increase in catalytic efficiency for HER and a 15.8 % increase for OER. Additionally, other dual-functional electrocatalysts like NiCo-P, NiFeMo, and NiFe(OH) x also demonstrated significantly enhanced photothermal effects and improved catalytic performance owing to the augmented photothermal conversion when combined with Co 9 S 8. This work offers novel pathways for the development of photothermal-electrocatalytic systems that facilitate economically efficient and energy-conserving overall water splitting processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• It integrated the in-situ and ex-situ catalysis into pyrolysis process. • The MCM-41 and HZSM-5 were used for joint catalysis into pyrolysis process. • The yield of coke and oxygenates was reduced significantly. • The content of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bio-oil effectively increased. Microwave-assisted catalytic pyrolysis of biomass is a promising technology to obtain hydrocarbon rich fuel oil. In consideration of this method, HZSM-5 is currently recognized as a catalyst with a good effect. However, given the small pore diameter and easy coking of HZSM-5, the catalytic upgrading of bio-oil is limited to a certain extent. In this study, MCM-41 and HZSM-5 were used for joint catalysis to explore the effect of catalytic temperature, the ratio of two catalysts, and the ratio of soybean soapstock and catalysts on the pyrolysis products. The optimal reaction conditions included the following: catalytic temperature, 400 °C; MCM-41/HZSM-5 ratio, 1:1; feedstock/catalyst ratio, 2:1. The results showed that MCM-41 could effectively alleviate the coking of HZSM-5, and the use of both catalysts reduced the bio-oil yield but effectively improved the selectivity of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bio-oil, thus increasing the value of bio-oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent advances in wearable sensors and intelligent human–machine interfaces have sparked a great many interests in conductive fibers owing to their high conductivity, light weight, good flexibility, and durability. As one of the most impressive materials for wearable sensors, conductive fibers can be made from a variety of raw sources via diverse preparation strategies. Herein, to offer a comprehensive understanding of conductive fibers, we present an overview of the recent progress in the materials, the preparation strategies, and the wearable sensor applications related. Firstly, the three types of conductive fibers, including metal-based, carbon-based, and polymer-based, are summarized in terms of their principal material composition. Then, various preparation strategies of conductive fibers are established. Next, the primary wearable sensors made of conductive fibers are illustrated in detail. Finally, a robust outlook on conductive fibers and their wearable sensor applications are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A microorganism template strategy is used to construct cobalt-phosphide-graphene. • This designed catalyst has comparable HER performance in acidic electrolyte. • The charge redistribution between Co 2 P and pyrrole-N interprets boosted activity. Developing highly efficient and sustainable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts is important for the practical application of emerging energy technologies. The spherical structure and phosphorus-rich properties of Chlorella can facilitate the construction of comparable transition metal phosphide electrocatalysts. Here, a microorganism template strategy is proposed to construct a cobalt-phosphide-graphene hybrid. Chlorella can absorb metal ions, and the generated rough spherical nanoparticles are uniformly distributed around the reduced graphene oxide nanosheets. This designed catalyst has comparable HER performance in acidic electrolytes and needs an overpotential of only 153 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2. The experimental and density functional theory results imply that the charge redistribution between Co 2 P and pyrrole-N is the key factor in enhancing the HER activity. The induced electron aggregation at the N and P sites can serve as a key active site for absorbing the adsorbed hydrogen atom intermediate to accelerate the HER process, contributing to the active sites of Co 2 P- and pyrrole- N -doped carbon with 0 eV hydrogen adsorption free energy. This work provides a broad idea for synthesizing advanced catalysts by a biological template approach, facilitating the innovative integration of biology and emerging electrochemical energy technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We prove both slender pillars and hierarchical structures can achieve superhydrophobicity. • Slender pillared coating presents better stability after abrasion. • Hierarchical structured coating shows better oleophobic and anti-corrosion properties. In this paper, both slender pillars and hierarchical structures on steel substrate including slender pillar ZnO structures on Zn coating, flower-like CuO structures on Cu coating and dandelion-like CuO structures on Cu-Zn coating were obtained. After low-energy modification, contact angles of these three coatings are 157.59°, 160.69° and 157.94°, respectively, and slide angles of them are ~6°, ~3° and ~3°, respectively. Based on classical Wenzel and Cassie theories, by fabricating microstructure models, we theoretically prove that both slender pillars and hierarchical structures can achieve superhydrophobicity. Furthermore, we systematically study the stability of these three superhydrophobic coatings with slender pillars or hierarchical structures using different methods and compare their applications in the field of self-cleaning, oleophobicity, anti-corrosion, and anti-scaling. We discover that these three superhydrophobic coatings with slender pillars or hierarchical structures all show excellent stability and self-cleaning property. The slender pillared superhydrophobic Zn coating presents excellent superhydrophobic property after sandpaper abrasion compared with hierarchical structured superhydrophobic Cu and Cu-Zn coatings. Whereas, the hierarchical structured superhydrophobic Cu coating with flower-like structures shows the best oleophobicity and anti-corrosion property, as well as the hierarchical structured superhydrophobic Cu-Zn coating with dandelion-like structures promises good anti-scaling property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Despite its prevalence, the exact causes and mechanisms behind OA are still not fully understood, resulting in a lack of effective treatments to slow down or halt disease progression. Recent research has discovered that extracellular vesicles (EVs) present in the circulation of young mice have a remarkable ability to activate musculoskeletal stem cells in elderly mice. Conversely, EVs derived from elderly mice do not exhibit the same potential, indicating that EVs obtained from young individuals may hold promise to activate aging cells in degenerative tissue. However, it remains unknown whether EVs derived from young individuals can also address cartilage degeneration caused by aging. In this study, we first evaluated EVs derived from young human plasma (YEVs) and EVs derived from old human plasma (OEVs) in an in vitro experiment using chondrocytes. The results revealed that YEVs effectively stimulated chondrocyte proliferation and migration, while OEVs from old plasma did not exhibit a similar effect. Given that OA represents a more complex inflammatory microenvironment, we further determine whether the benefits of YEVs on chondrocytes can be maintained in this context. Our findings indicate that YEVs have the ability to positively regulate chondrocyte function and protect them against apoptosis induced by IL-1β and TNF-α in an in vitro OA model. Furthermore, we discovered that lyophilized EVs could be stored under mild conditions without any alterations in their physical characteristics. Considering the exceptional therapeutic effects and the wide availability of EVs from young plasma, they hold significant promise as a potential approach to activate chondrocytes and promote cartilage regeneration in early-stage OA. • Young human plasma-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) activate chondrocytes. • Old human plasma-derived EVs do not exhibit a similar positive effect. • Young human plasma-derived EVs rescue chondrocytes in inflammatory environment. • Lyophilization does not alter the physical characteristics of EVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• NKILA relieves brain damage caused by MCAO/R. • NKILA inhibits NF-κB pathway. • NKILA relieves astrocyte inflammation and neuronal oxidative stress. • NKILA inhibits astrocyte proliferation and neuron apoptosis. Ischemic stroke is one of the major diseases of the cerebral vasculature. Currently, Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of neurological disability worldwide and has a high morbidity and mortality rate. The NF-κB interacting lncRNA (NKILA), the recently identified, is a key booster of NF-κB pathway. Accumulating studies have shown that NKILA plays a cancer suppressor in a variety of malignancies by regulating the NF-κB pathway. Nevertheless, the role of NKILA in ischemic stroke remains to be elucidated. We constructed a mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion (MCAO/R). TTC staining and dry and wet weight method were used to evaluate infarction and water content of brain tissue. RT-qPCR was performed to detect NKILA expression in cerebral infarction tissues. After labeling astrocytes and neurons with GFAP and NeuN, respectively, EDU and TUNEL staining were performed. Inflammatory factor levels were detected by ELISA. Commercial kits were used to detect the levels of oxidative stress-related factors. In in vitro, the HT22/U251 cell co-culture model was used for oxygen-glucose deprivation and re-introduction (OGD/R) to verify the effect of NKILA on neuronal cell inflammation and oxidative stress through astrocytes. In in vivo experiments, NKILA significantly reduced cerebral infarction volume, brain water content and neurological score caused by MCAO/R. Moreover, NKILA blocked the activation of the NF-κB pathway, and inhibited astrocyte proliferation and neuron apoptosis as well as inflammation and oxidative stress. In in vitro experiments, NKILA significantly inhibited NF-κB pathway in HT22 cells. In addition, NKILA alleviated the inflammatory response and oxidative stress of U251 cells mediated by HT22 cells after OGD/R, and promoted U251 cell proliferation and inhibit their apoptosis. In summary, we found for the first time that NKILA alleviates inflammatory response and oxidative stress after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion by blocking the activation of NF-κB pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-order harmonics in solids provide a method of analyzing the intraband and interband dynamics of a solid driven by an ultrafast laser. This study analyzed the contributions of intraband and interband dynamics based on angle-resolved high-order harmonics. According to the simulations and experiments, we found that the angular divergences of the harmonics have an evident boundary at the bandgap when the laser is polarized along the asymmetric direction, which is primarily invoked by the interplay of an interband transition and an intraband electron movement, and the intraband and interband dynamics have different sensitivities of the spatial phase of driving laser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mid‐infrared (MIR) pulsed lasers operating at 2–5 µm have important applications in communication, sensing, and medicine. However, the lack of robust MIR saturable absorbers (SAs) remains a major obstacle. Here, a semiconductor material cadmium oxide (CdO) film with high laser‐induced damage threshold (800 nm, 134 mJ cm−2) and broadband saturable absorption (2.0–3.9 µm) is investigated. The effective tuning of the nonlinear optical response of CdO is demonstrated by adjusting the carrier concentration via a tungsten (W)‐doping scheme. The saturable absorption is improved and carrier relaxation process is accelerated after increasing the W‐dopant level. Based on these findings, the robust CdO‐SAs with customizable parameters are realized and Q‐switched lasers with decreasing pulse width from 372 to 254.3 ns are obtained at 2 µm. The design flexibility provided by CdO opens up a large parameter space that enables the continuous improvement of compact and high‐performance MIR ultrafast lasers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • 38 novel (S)-tryptamine derivatives containing allyl group and aryl sulfonamide units were synthesized as anticancer agents. • Anticancer activities of these compounds were evaluated in four cancer cell lines. • Most of these compounds exhibited moderate to good activity. • Compound 6ag induce apoptosis and arrest HepG2 cell at G1 phase. Abstract A series of (S)-tryptamine derivatives containing an allyl group and an aryl sulfonamide unit were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their potential application as anticancer agents. The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and ESI-MS spectral analyses. The target compounds were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity against HepG2, HeLa, CNE1 and A549 human cancer cell lines. Some of the synthesized compounds showed moderate to good anticancer activities against four selected cancer cell lines, among of which 6ag was found to be the most active analogue possessing IC 50 values 16.5–18.7 μM. Further mechanism studies revealed that compound 6ag could significantly induce HepG2 cell cycle arrest at G1 phase, promote cell apoptosis, and inhibit the colony formation as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro-nano structure engineering of active materials in sensors have attracted broad attention for hazardous component detection, which enables creating electronic noses that could detect gas analytes efficiently without introducing abundant functional groups and defects. However, challenges still remain on realizing flexible gas sensors with both decent sensing performance and good mechanical robustness, which are extremely important for wearable electronics. Here we present a scalable and facile manufacturing method to construct the three-dimensional (3D) multilayer porous organic semiconductors (OSCs) structure for transistor based gas sensor, showing largely enhanced gas sensing properties as well as bendability down to 1 mm radius with stable operation. The multilayer porous film of OSCs is assembled via breath figure method, followed by layer-by-layer transferring process. The formed 3D porous structure provides efficient hazardous gas diffusion pathways, abundant gas molecules adsorption active sites and immunity towards mechanical deformation simultaneously. Consequently, an obvious increase of responsivity (from 122% to 1053% at 30 ppm) was achieved for NO 2 detection, along with an ultralow limit of detection (∼2.3 ppb), and good gas selectivity. This work demonstrates a scalable and low-cost fabrication strategy for high-performance flexible sensors, which delivers an alternative way for next-generation wearable electronics. • Porous polymer film was achieved via breath figure method, followed by transfer technique to construct OFET. • Multilayer Porous OFET-based gas sensor with high electrical performance was realized. • Flexible 3D gas sensors with stable mechanical properties were demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indium tin oxide (ITO) has important application in photoelectronic and photonic devices, demanding effective approach and appropriate parameters to modulate the ITO properties. The effects of laser annealing at 1064 nm with different pulse width (875 ps, 10 ns, and 300 ns) on optical and nonlinear optical properties of ITO films were investigated. Compared with 875 ps and 10 ns, laser annealing at 300 ns significantly improved the near-infrared transmittance of ITO films. The change arises from the elimination of oxygen vacancies and reduction of tin oxides, resulting in the decrease of carrier concentration. Finite element simulations indicate that laser annealing with pulse width of 875 ps and 10 ns have high instantaneous peak temperatures of 1128.5 K and 783 K, respectively, while the temperature accumulation between pulses is negligible. On the contrary, the laser annealing with a pulse width of 300 nshas lower peak transient temperature of 343 K but high static residence temperature of 973 K. The results reveal that the modification of ITO films depends more on the static average temperature rather than the instantaneous peak temperature. The modulation of carrier dynamics in both amplitude and temporal domain was demonstrated after 300 ns laser annealing, achieving ultrafast transient response approximately 150 fs. This work provides theoretical and experimental basis for us to select suitable laser conditions for directional annealing of ITO film to make it suitable for the applications of broad optical spectrum photovoltaic devices or ultrafast optical exchange for high-speed data processing. • Laser annealing (LA) is shown for three pulse widths at approximately 0.2 J/cm2. • LA at 300 ns significantly improves the near-infrared transparency due to the reduction of carrier absorption. • Tailorable amplitude and time scale of carrier transient response are achieved by LA, with ultrafast response time 150 fs. • The modification of ITO properties depends on the static temperature rather than transient peak temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repetition-rate high-energy laser systems with high beam quality have been attracting growing attentions in various applications. However, the degradation of beam quality caused by thermal effects is nearly unavoidable in high-energy laser amplifiers operating at high repetition rates. One primary thermal effect is thermal-induced birefringence, which typically induces polarization changes at various spatial positions within the beam. This study explores the potential of leveraging the thermal-induced birefringence effect to manipulate the polarization distribution of the beam and, consequently, control the spatial intensity distribution of the beam by using an additional polarizer. This method demonstrates promise for beam pre-compensation, mitigating thermal-induced depolarization, and other laser applications in high-energy lasers with high repetition rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of coatings with high thermal resistance and strong adhesion is desirable and challenging. Herein, we firstly reported a novel bismaleimide silicone (PMI-HSi) oligomer as well as the matching titanium-containing phthalate curing agent (PAEs). Subsequently, PMI-HSi and PAEs are semi-cured by a de-ethanolization reaction in humid ambient atmosphere. Resultant prepolymer molecular skeletons comprise acylimine bonds yielding strong hydrogen bonds, benzene rings, and titanium atoms, which facilitates the stability of the prepared coatings in high-temperature conditions. Ultimately, the final coating was successfully obtained via thermal initiated radical polymerization. The DTG results indicated that the residual carbon content of PMI-HSi@PAEs50% is as high as 63.9 %. And the T d5% , T d30% and T HRI of PMI-HSi@PAEs50% were separately increased by 142.2 %, 29.2 % and 47.9 % compared with the control group. It is worth noting that PMI-HSi@PAEs50% can remain stable at a high temperature up to 600 °C, and no color changes and cracks appeared on the coating surface. All these results indicate that the as-prepared coatings exhibited excellent high temperature stability. In addition, due to the introduction of PAEs, the adhesion of PMI-HSi@PAEs50% reaches the highest grade of 0 and the hardness reaches 5H. Meanwhile, the reinforcement mechanisms were elucidated in detail. Overall, the as-prepared coating possesses high temperature resistance, strong adhesion, and great hardness, which possesses enormous potential for applications in the field of high-temperature protection. • A titanium atomic modification polyimide-silicone coatings was successfully prepared by moisture/thermal dual curing. • We synthesized a novel bismaleimide silicone oligomer and matched titanium-containing phthalate curing agents. • Titanium is introduced into the coating by moisture curingand thermal curing. • The as-prepared coating possess high temperature resistance, strong adhesion, and great hardness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The first time to investigate the Pd-doped and Pt-doped GeSe monolayers. • Pd-doping and Pt-doping behaviors on GeSe monolayer and related electronic properties are comprehensively studied. • Adsorption and sensing behaviors of Pd-GeSe and Pt-GeSe monolayers are comparative analyzed. In this paper, the structural and adsorption characteristics of metal-doped GeSe monolayers are investigated on the basis of density functional theory. This study explored the changes in the properties of GeSe monolayer after being modified with the same-group metal Pd or Pt, as well as investigated their adsorption behavior for SOF 2 and SO 2 F 2 gases. The research results illustrate that the conductivity of the monolayers significantly increases after Pd or Pt doping, in which the work function decreases by 0.164 and 0.137 eV, respectively. Moreover, all adsorption systems formed new chemical bonds through chemical adsorption. The analysis results confirmed the dramatic electron redistribution, and the electrons were transferred from the doping monolayer to gases, in which the dopant acted as the main electron donor. The electron transfer is up to 0.799 e. In addition, the sensitivity and recovery time of the two doped GeSe monolayers were compared. The Pd-doped GeSe monolayer exhibits better adsorption and sensing performance than the Pt-doped GeSe monolayer. This study could serve as a guide for the online monitoring of insulation conditions in GIS and provide a certain theoretical basis for the design of nanosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The 676 mJ Stokes output is the highest among all-solid-state Raman lasers. • SRS for two structures are theoretically and experimentally investigated. • The properties of all-solid-state SRS for two Raman structures are compared. • Raman lasers are pumped by a home-built reliable high-energy pumping laser. Herein, a high-energy all-solid-state extracavity Raman oscillator and a high-energy single-pass Raman generator based on potassium gadolinium tungstate (KGW) crystal are theoretically and experimentally investigated. First, a high-energy 1064 nm nanosecond laser system with a maximum output energy of 7.03 J at a repetition rate of 1 Hz is built as the pumping source for stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). Then, the output spectra and energy of multiorder Stokes lasers from 1.16 to 1.49 μm are gradually detected as the 1064 nm pumping laser energy increases for both Raman laser structures. For the extracavity Raman oscillator, under a pumping energy of 1.8 J, three-order Stokes lasers with a maximum energy of 448 mJ are obtained when the electric field direction of the pumping laser is parallel to the N g optical axis of the KGW crystal (E∥N g). Moreover, to obtain a higher output of the Raman laser without damaging the cavity mirrors, a single-pass Raman generator is studied for comparison purposes. As the 1064 nm pumping laser energy of 2.8 J is injected, the measured maximum output energy of a two-order Stokes laser is ~ 676 mJ for the E∥N g condition; this is the highest Stokes energy output of the nanosecond solid-state Raman lasers to the best of our knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a 589-nm laser using the sum-frequency generation (SFG) of 1.158- and 1.197-μm Stokes Raman lasers. These Stokes lasers are based on two KGd(WO4)2 and Ba(NO3)2 external Raman laser oscillators. First, a high-energy 1064-nm source was built to pump stimulated Raman scattering. Multiorder Stokes lasers with pulse energies of 402 and 220 mJ were generated from Raman laser oscillators with 2.26-J pumping. Furthermore, these two Stokes beams were simultaneously delivered into a potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystal for SFG. Finally, a 31.7-mJ laser at 589 nm was achieved with pulse duration of 6.9 ns and repetition rate of 1 Hz. These experimental results provide practical alternative to generate high-energy short-pulse 589-nm laser beams for related applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Microwave-driven HZSM-5@SiC ceramic foam was prepared and characterized. • The deactivation characteristics of HZSM-5@SiC ceramic foam were studied. • Process of microwave catalytic pyrolysis of soapstock for aromatic oil was studied. In view of the poor selectivity of aromatic hydrocarbons in bio-oil from biomass pyrolysis and the high pressure drop and rapid coking and deactivation of catalyst in industrial scale, a microwave-driven HZSM-5@SiC ceramic foam has been constructed, and applied to the ex-situ catalytic fast pyrolysis of soapstock to improve the content of aromatic hydrocarbons in bio-oil. The effects of different catalysts and heating modes and mass ratios of HZSM-5@SiC ceramic foam to soapstock on the distribution of pyrolysis products have been investigated. In addition, combined with the comparison of microwave and electric heating, the deactivation characteristics of HZSM-5@SiC ceramic foam have been studied. Finally, the process of preparing aromatic oil by microwave-driven catalytic pyrolysis of soapstock was discussed. Experimental results indicate that compared with HZSM-5, HZSM-5@SiC ceramic foam has a higher yield of bio-oil and higher aromatization activity. Under microwave heating, the relative content of aromatic hydrocarbons increases from 25.18% to 100% when the mass ratio of HZSM-5@SiC ceramic foam to soapstock increases from 0:1 to 1:1. Compared with electric heating catalysis, HZSM-5@SiC ceramic foam has the lowest yield of coke under microwave heating. After five consecutive uses, it still maintains more than 90% catalytic activity and has higher stability, which provides a scientific basis for the pilot scale experiments of soapstock catalytic pyrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electroreduction of carbon dioxide using renewable electricity is an appealing strategy for the sustainable synthesis of chemicals and fuels. Extensive research has focused on the production of ethylene, ethanol and n‐propanol, but more complex C4 molecules have been scarcely reported. Herein, we report the first direct electroreduction of CO2 to 1‐butanol in alkaline electrolyte on Cu gas diffusion electrodes (Faradaic efficiency=0.056 %, j1‐Butanol=−0.080 mA cm−2 at −0.48 V vs. RHE) and elucidate its formation mechanism. Electrolysis of possible molecular intermediates, coupled with density functional theory, led us to propose that CO2 first electroreduces to acetaldehyde‐a key C2 intermediate to 1‐butanol. Acetaldehyde then undergoes a base‐catalyzed aldol condensation to give crotonaldehyde via electrochemical promotion by the catalyst surface. Crotonaldehyde is subsequently electroreduced to butanal, and then to 1‐butanol. In a broad context, our results point to the relevance of coupling chemical and electrochemical processes for the synthesis of higher molecular weight products from CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electroreduction of carbon dioxide using renewable electricity is an appealing strategy for the sustainable synthesis of chemicals and fuels. Extensive research has focused on the production of ethylene, ethanol and n‐propanol, but more complex C4 molecules have been scarcely reported. Herein, we report the first direct electroreduction of CO2 to 1‐butanol in alkaline electrolyte on Cu gas diffusion electrodes (Faradaic efficiency=0.056 %, j1‐Butanol=−0.080 mA cm−2 at −0.48 V vs. RHE) and elucidate its formation mechanism. Electrolysis of possible molecular intermediates, coupled with density functional theory, led us to propose that CO2 first electroreduces to acetaldehyde‐a key C2 intermediate to 1‐butanol. Acetaldehyde then undergoes a base‐catalyzed aldol condensation to give crotonaldehyde via electrochemical promotion by the catalyst surface. Crotonaldehyde is subsequently electroreduced to butanal, and then to 1‐butanol. In a broad context, our results point to the relevance of coupling chemical and electrochemical processes for the synthesis of higher molecular weight products from CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Pyrolysis of waste oil over metal oxides and HZSM-5 co-catalysis was studied. • Six kinds of benzene series, including benzene, toluene, and xylene were quantified. • Alkaline earth metal oxides showed a salient deoxygenation for waste oil pyrolysis. • Ex-situ separate catalysis was better for alkaline earth metal oxides. • Benzene series concentration was up to 702.20 mg/ml with CaO and HZSM-5 catalysts. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of waste cooking oil is an environmentally friendly and economical method for obtaining benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) which are important industrial chemicals. This study provides new routes to produce of BTEX and the utilization of waste cooking oil. The effect of catalytic temperatures (350 °C, 400 °C, 450 °C, 500 °C, and 550 °C), types of metal oxide (CoO, NiO, ZrO 2 , SrO, CeO 2 , and CaO), catalytic modes (ex-situ mixed catalysis, ex-situ separate catalysis, and in-situ separate catalysis), and ratio of HZSM-5 to metal oxide (HZSM-5 only, 4:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and CaO only) were studied. Results showed high catalytic temperature promoted the formation of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at the cost of a decrease in bio-oil yield. But the concentration of BTEXS (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and styrene) only increased from 256.58 mg/ml to 259.55 mg/ml with a temperature increase from 500 °C to 550 °C. Alkaline earth metal oxides (CaO, SrO) showed a significant deoxygenation capability during co-catalysis with HZSM-5. However, when CaO was applied under ex-situ mixed catalysis, the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was up to 35.47%, which was much higher than 9.18% under HZSM-5 only. Also, the concentration of BTEXS decreased from 256.58 mg/ml (HZSM-5 only) to 167.54 mg/ml (HZSM-5 mixed with CaO). Further investigation of catalytic mode showed that ex-situ separate catalysis was more suitable for co-catalysis of alkaline earth metal oxides and HZSM-5. The concentration of BTEXS were both significantly higher than that of HZSM-5 only, which increased by 121.81 mg/ml for CaO and 108.52 mg/ml for SrO under ex-situ separate catalysis. Further study showed that the highest concentration of BTEXS was 702.20 mg/ml obtained when the ratio of HZSM-5 to CaO was 2:1. It was almost 2.8 times higher than HZSM-5 alone and 42.2 times higher than non-catalytic results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]