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China has a unique background of "religious practice without religious belief". As China enters the digital age, it is necessary to consider religious practices from the perspective of internet use. In this research, we used data from the 2017, 2018, and 2021 years of the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) to explore whether internet use affects Chinese religious practices. The results show that internet use significantly influences Chinese religious practices. We also constructed a parallel mediation model involving relative deprivation and social trust, demonstrating that relative deprivation positively mediates the effect of internet use on religious practices, while social trust negatively mediates this effect. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that internet use has a greater impact on religious practices in eastern and central regions, among women, and urban residents. Our research underscores the significant role of religious practices in Chinese society, profoundly influencing everyday life and challenging external perceptions of China as "faithless". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The A2B2O7-type rare earth zirconate compounds have been considered as promising candidates for thermal barrier coating (TBC) materials because of their low sintering rate, improved phase stability, and reduced thermal conductivity in contrast with the currently used yttria-partially stabilized zirconia (YSZ) in high operating temperature environments. This review summarizes the recent progress on rare earth zirconates for TBCs that insulate high-temperature gas from hot-section components in gas turbines. Based on the first principles, molecular dynamics, and new data-driven calculation approaches, doping and high-entropy strategies have now been adopted in advanced TBC materials design. In this paper, the solid-state heat transfer mechanism of TBCs is explained from two aspects, including heat conduction over the full operating temperature range and thermal radiation at medium and high temperature. This paper also provides new insights into design considerations of adaptive TBC materials, and the challenges and potential breakthroughs are further highlighted for extreme environmental applications. Strategies for improving thermophysical performance are proposed in two approaches: defect engineering and material compositing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal halide perovskite semiconductors have demonstrated remarkable progress not only in photovoltaics and X‐ray detection but also in laser technologies. Particularly appealing is the simplicity with which micro‐crystallites can be epitaxially grown, thereby forming micro‐resonators suitable for lasing. Here, the laser threshold is optimized by selecting excitation laser parameters and by improving material quality. The latter process is conducted for formamidinium lead tribromide, emitting in the green spectral range. Depending on the growth method and parameters, the sizes of the micro‐resonators can be tuned between ≈3 and 23 micrometers. Under laser excitation systematically lower thresholds are observed for micro‐resonators in the 4–7 micrometer size range, than for larger ones, irrespective of growth method. Among three optimized growth methods, epitaxial growth via antisolvent vapor‐assisted crystallization exhibits the smallest threshold powers, indicating the highest material quality. This conclusion is supported by hyperspectral microscopic luminescence imaging and by transient photoluminescence. The best laser structures exhibit record threshold powers for epitaxially grown perovskites, indicating that the selected antisolvent vapor epitaxial growth holds great promises also for other perovskite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small bandgap Sn‐Pb mixed perovskite is generally regarded as the most promising structure to further enhance the power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells. However, the open circuit voltages (VOCs) are usually lower than expected. In this work, by doping the generally used hole transporting layer (HTL) poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)‐poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) with a perfluorinated ionomer (PFI), we can tune the work function of it from −5.02 to −5.19 eV. This reduces the energy level mismatch between the FA0.6MA0.4 Sn0.6Pb0.4I3 (FAMA) absorber and HTL, giving rise to enhanced built‐in voltage and better carrier extraction. The VOC improves to over 50 mV, up to 0.783 V, resulting in an improved champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.85%. Moreover, the devices based on modified HTLs show improved stability at maximum power point. These results demonstrate that energy level tuning of the HTL is a promising strategy for the improvement of the PCEs of Sn‐Pb mixed inverted PSCs, and the addition of PFI is an effective method to tune the work function of PEDOT:PSS. The energy level mismatch between a FA0.6MA0.4 Sn0.6Pb0.4I3 absorber and PEDOT:PSS based hole transporting layer are reduced and an improved VOC over 50 mV and hence power conversion efficiencies of up to 15.85% are achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of methodologies for synthesizing carrier-transporting materials is critical for optoelectronic device fabrication. Amorphous metal oxides have emerged as potential carrier transport materials for perovskite tandem solar cells and flexible electronics due to their ease of fabrication and excellent electronic properties. However, perovskite solar cells employing amorphous metal oxides as the electron-transporting layers (ETLs) remain inefficient. This research describes a moderate dehydration reaction for the low-temperature synthesis of amorphous SnO x . We investigated this amorphous SnO x as the ETL for perovskite solar cells and demonstrated a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.4%, the greatest efficiency ever attained with an amorphous metal oxide ETL produced below 100 °C. Remarkably, the device maintained 85% of its initial efficiency for more than 4800 h. Furthermore, flexible perovskite solar cells based on this amorphous SnO x have a maximum PCE of 11.7%. Finally, this amorphous SnO x was used to fabricate LEDs and exhibited a maximum external quantum efficiency of over 3%.

Contemporary thin-film photovoltaic (PV) materials contain elements that are scarce (CIGS) or regulated (CdTe and lead-based perovskites), a fact that may limit the widespread impact of these emerging PV technologies. Tin halide perovskites utilize materials less stringently regulated than the lead (Pb) employed in mainstream perovskite solar cells; however, even today's best tin-halide perovskite thin films suffer from limited carrier diffusion length and poor film morphology. We devised a synthetic route to enable in situ reaction between metallic Sn and I 2 in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a reaction that generates a highly coordinated SnI 2 ·(DMSO) x adduct that is well-dispersed in the precursor solution. The adduct directs out-of-plane crystal orientation and achieves a more homogeneous structure in polycrystalline perovskite thin films. This approach improves the electron diffusion length of tin-halide perovskite to 290 ± 20 nm compared to 210 ± 20 nm in reference films. We fabricate tin-halide perovskite solar cells with a power conversion efficiency of 14.6% as certified in an independent lab. This represents a ∼20% increase compared to the previous best-performing certified tin-halide perovskite solar cells. The cells outperform prior earth-abundant and heavy-metal-free inorganic-active-layer-based thin-film solar cells such as those based on amorphous silicon, Cu 2 ZnSn(S/Se) 4 , and Sb 2 (S/Se) 3 .

Balancing interfacial stability and Li + transfer kinetics through surface engineering is a key challenge in developing high-performance battery materials. Although conformal coating enabled by atomic layer deposition (ALD) has shown great promise in controlling impedance increase upon cycling by minimizing side reactions at the electrode-electrolyte interface, the coating layer itself usually exhibits poor Li + conductivity and impedes surface charge transfer. In this work, we have shown that by carefully controlling postannealing temperature of an ultrathin ZrO 2 film prepared by ALD, Zr 4+ surface doping could be achieved for Ni-rich layered oxides to accelerate the charge transfer yet provide sufficient protection. Using single-crystal LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 as a model material, we have shown that surface Zr 4+ doping combined with ZrO 2 coating can enhance both the cycle performance and rate capability during high-voltage operation. Surface doping via controllable postannealing of ALD surface coating layer reveals an attractive path toward developing stable and Li + -conductive interfaces for single-crystal battery materials.