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This work presents a new formulation for the power flow problem, with explicit representation of the neutral conductor and grounding. This methodology has been named the four-conductor current injection method (FCIM). The Newton-Raphson method is applied to solve the set of nonlinear current injection equations that are derived using phase coordinates, and the complex variables are written in rectangular form. The proposed algorithm can be used to analyze both balanced and unbalanced systems, meshed or radial, with controls and distributed generation, and is shown to be very efficient and robust for large scale systems. Index Terms--Current injection method, distributed generation, distribution systems, four-wire systems, induction machine modeling, three-phase power flow, unbalanced operation.

The load increase brings the need for the insertion of new technologies in Distribution Systems. In this scenario, batteries can be an alternative for reducing losses and maintaining voltages at specified limits. In this paper a method to allocate and optimize the charge and discharge of batteries considering the variation of the load in the system, in order to reduce electrical losses and maintain the voltages between specified limits, using genetic algorithms will be presented. The proposed method is applied to the IEEE 34 Bus Test Case and alternative allocations, considering different characteristics, are performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new methodology for detection and area location of high impedance faults (HIF) on unbalanced distribution systems. The method is called Quasi-Differential Zero Sequence Protection (PQDSZ) and it detects these faults by analyzing the current zero sequence rms value on a distribution feeder. The detection relies on a differential area, defined by two points of measurement. The data is sent to a control center, which analyzes the relation between the received currents and send an alarm if any problem is detected. A simulation system with the RTDS and real automation equipment is presented, in order to validate the PQDSZ. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]