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Background : This study aimed to assess the penile circumference in its flaccid and erect states using a Rigiscan monitoring device and Audiovisual Sexual Stimulation (AVSS) within a large Chinese male cohort to establish an objective standard. Methods : 1,134 men participated between January 2019 and June 2021. 803 men, achieving a hardness of 80% or more, were included. Circumferences of the penis' base and tip in its flaccid and erect states were documented, and averages were compared across age groups and Chinese regions. Age-related correlations were explored. Results : Flaccid penile base and tip averaged 7.25 ± 0.60 cm and 7.20 ± 0.71 cm. At 80% erection, they were 9.70 ± 0.65 cm and 9.65 ± 0.75 cm. The increase in circumference from flaccid to 80% erect for the base and tip was approximately 25.31% and 25.47%, respectively. Correlations between flaccid and erect states were significant (tip: R  = 0.807, base: R  = 0.828, both p  < 0.01). No significant age or regional variations in penile circumference were found. Conclusion : Our data on 803 subjects measured with Rigiscan showed that penile circumferences in flaccid and erect states show a strong correlation, in Chinese population. Penile size does not seem significantly influenced by age or region.

Context: The anogenital distance (AGD) is considered a postnatal readout of early fetal androgen action. Little is known of prenatal AGD and how it correlates with AGD postnatally., Objective: We present longitudinal measurements of fetal and infant AGD. We evaluate the impact of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone at minipuberty on AGD and penile size., Methods: We performed secondary analyses of an observational, prospective pregnancy and birth cohort, COPANA (2020-2022), at Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, enrolling 685 healthy, singleton pregnant women, of whom 657 attended third trimester ultrasound and 589 infants completed follow-up. Fetal AGD was measured at third semester ultrasound (gestational week 29-34), and infant AGD, penile width, stretched penile length, and circulating testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (LC-MS/MS) were assessed at the minipuberty clinical examination (approximately 3.5 months postpartum)., Results: AGD was available in 650/657 fetuses (310 boys) and 588/589 infants (287 boys). Boys had longer fetal and infant AGD than girls; fetal AGDas: mean (SD) 21.4 mm (±3.5), fetal AGDaf: 12.8 mm (±2.3), P < .001, infant AGDas: 32.0 mm (±5.6) and infant AGDaf: 15.8 (±3.3), P < .001. Fetal AGD correlated with infant AGD in boys and girls (Spearman r = .275, P < .001 and r = .189, P = .001 respectively), but not with circulating testosterone or dihydrotestosterone at minipuberty. Penile size correlated positively with circulating androgen levels at minipuberty: stretched penile length vs testosterone: r = .235, P < .001., Conclusion: AGD is sexually dimorphic already in the third trimester. Fetal and infant AGD correlate. AGD is associated with body size but not circulating androgen levels at minipuberty. These findings suggest that fetal and infant AGD reflect androgen action during early fetal development., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com. See the journal About page for additional terms.)

Background: Penile phenotype in hypospadias is currently assessed visually or manually (e.g., ruler, goniometer) for clinical, education, and research applications. However, these methods lack precision and accuracy across raters and cannot be reevaluated retrospectively following a surgical repair. The project aim was to evaluate the precision and reliability of penile dimensions obtained from digital and three dimensional (3D) printed models created from intraoperative (OR) structured light scans (SLS) during primary pediatric penile procedures., Methods: Boys ages 1 month to 6 years underwent first- or single-stage penile surgery at a single institution were enrolled in this prospective study (IRB #20-000143). For each patient, immediately following placement of a stay suture under consistent manual tension, intra-operative dimension measurements with a ruler were obtained. A digital 3D model was created prior to penile repositioning using an Artec Space Spider scanner and Artec Studio 13 software. Following the case, two different raters completed 10 digital measurements of each generated model in Autodesk Fusion 360. These digital models were subsequently 3D printed and two different raters completed 10 manual dimension measurements of each 3D printed model using a ruler. A one-way random effects intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) evaluated measures of agreement between and within raters, respectively. Analyses were conducted in R version 4.2., Results: Six scans were obtained (hypospadias: 4, circumcision: 2). Intra-rater assessments showed excellent precision across repeated digital measurements; manual measurements of 3D printed models had excellent reliability for glans width and penile length but poor to good reliability for glans height. Inter-rater reliability was good to excellent for glans width (0.77-0.95) and good for penile length (0.71-0.88). However, there was poor inter-rater reliability for glans height (0-0.14). Following training regarding glans height location, there was an improvement in precision and repeatability of manual and digital measurements., Conclusion: Digital measurement of OR-derived 3D models resulted in excellent repeatability for each rater and improved between-rater reliability over manual measurement of 3D printed models alone, ensuring that images can be compared by various surgeons both now and in the future. SLS is promising as a novel modality to digitally generate 3D models, thereby informing phenotypic analysis for research and education. Further development of digital measurement methods to ensure consistency between raters for quantitative assessment of additional parameters and assessment of the technology within the pre-operative environment for surgical planning is planned., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest PI is president and co-founder of Surgi-Zipper, a small business entitiy for adhesive product development. There are no other author disclosures., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The penis serves as a vital receptor in men, playing a significant role in sexual intercourse. While there are discernible disparities between the glans penis and the penile shaft, a comprehensive and detailed analysis of these distinctions is currently lacking., Objectives: This study aimed to review the existing literature on the variances between the glans penis and the penile shaft, providing a systematic examination of their anatomical and histological dissimilarities., Methods: Our investigation encompassed a thorough search of the published literature, including original articles, reviews, letters to the editor, and case reports focused on the penis. We conducted a comprehensive review of the anatomical and histological dissimilarities between the glans penis and the penile shaft., Results: The following key differences were identified. First, regarding innervation, the glans penis and the penile shaft possess distinct neural pathways. The glans penis exhibits a 3-dimensional structure, while the penile shaft exhibits a 2-dimensional distribution. Notably, the nerves of the penile shaft extend penetrating branches into the corpus cavernosum. Furthermore, there are variations in nerve-specific antibodies between the 2 regions. Second, regarding composition, the glans penis and the penile shaft consist of dissimilar cavernous bodies. The glans penis contains unique epithelial structures and receptors, setting it apart from the penile shaft. Third, regarding the veins, there are disparities in the venous systems of the glans penis and the penile shaft. Fourth, regarding biothesiometry, variances in biothesiometry research have been observed between the 2 regions., Conclusion: There are differences between the glans and the shaft. To further advance our understanding, future research should delve deeper into the discrepancies between the glans penis and the penile shaft. Additionally, a more specialized subdivision of the glans penis and the penile shaft would facilitate more precise and tailored treatments., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The International Society of Sexual Medicine. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Purpose of the Review: The estimation of penile curvature is an essential component in the assessment of both Peyronie's disease and hypospadias-associated congenital penile curvature, as the degree of curvature can significantly impact treatment decision-making. However, there is a lack of standardization in curvature assessment and current methodologies are prone to inaccuracies. With the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) in urology, new research has explored its applications in penile curvature assessment. This review aims to evaluate the current uses of AI and other automated platforms for assessing penile curvature., Recent Findings: Several novel and promising tools have been developed to estimate penile curvature, some utilizing AI-driven models and others employing automated computational models. These platforms aim to improve curvature assessment in various settings, including at-home evaluation of Peyronie's disease, in-office assessments using three-dimensional (3D) methodologies, and preoperative evaluations for hypospadias repair. In general, these new platforms produce highly accurate and reproducible angle estimates in non-clinical studies, however their effectiveness and relation to patient outcomes has had limited evaluation in clinical settings. Significant advancements have been made in the assessment and estimation of penile curvature in both Peyronie's and pediatric patients, largely driven by AI and other automated platforms. Continued research is needed to validate these findings in clinical studies, confirm their efficacy, and assess their feasibility for real-world applications., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The purpose of this study was to determine the average penis length and girth among the Turkish population, and to analyse the perspectives of couples. A total of 1703 males and 139 female partners participated in this study. All the participants completed a questionnaire and the flaccid and stretched penis length and girth were recorded. The results showed that the average flaccid penis length was 8.44 ± 2.28 cm and 12.27 ± 2.91 cm stretched, with girth of 8.23 ± 2.07 cm. Regarding the importance of penis size for a satisfying sexual experience, 18.5% of men thought penis length mattered, 9.9% considered thickness important, and 71.6% thought both were significant. A majority of participants, 67.8% of males and 76% of females, expressed that erect penis length was crucial for sexual pleasure. For a healthy sexual intercourse, 19.4% of the female partners emphasized the significance of penis length, 23.7% highlighted thickness, and 56.8% emphasized both factors for a fulfilling sexual relationship. A comparison between men's stretched penis length and the ideal length for partner satisfaction revealed no statistically significant difference (13 (4.8-21) cm vs. 12 (8-20) cm, p = 0.078). The average penis length and girth of Turkish males were found to be similar to the data in studies of this subject in literature. Both the males and their partners thought that erect penis length and girth were important for sexual intercourse. The males considering penis lengthening and thickening procedures should know whether or not their own penis is close to the average values, to avoid undergoing unnecessary surgeries., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (©2024 The Author(s). Published by MRE Press.)

The glans clitoris has a corona; however, unlike the corona of the glans penis, the corona of the glans clitoris is practically "nonexistent" as evidenced by the noteworthy absence of its mention and depiction in anatomical and clinical sciences. Accordingly, the corona of the glans clitoris has been neglected in anatomical education and clinical practice. This report details the history regarding the anatomical terminology of the glans and identifies that descriptions of the glans penis, corona of the glans penis, and other penile structures have preceded descriptions of the homologous anatomy of the clitoris by at least a century. Today, recognition of the corona of the glans clitoris, as well as the coronal sulcus and neck of the clitoris should be commonplace. Henceforth, the corona of the glans clitoris and its related anatomy including the sulcus of the glans clitoris and neck of the clitoris should be incorporated into anatomical and clinical language, illustrations, textbooks, education, and practice. Likewise, efforts should be made to propagate knowledge regarding the corona of the glans clitoris, coronal sulcus, and neck of the clitoris to the general public. Giving names to the anatomical structures of the clitoris will undoubtedly increase the awareness of their existence which, in turn, will encourage their clinical assessment and result in decreased morbidity and mortality. Likewise, improved self-awareness of clitoral anatomy will promote self-care which is important in the prevention of disease and the promotion of optimal sexual health., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Japanese Association of Anatomists.)

Objective: To define the appropriate penile straightening procedures corresponding to the specific penile curvature by comparing the penile length resulting from various straightening procedures in hypospadias repair., Methods: We retrospectively analyzed hypospadias patients between 2017 and 2019. Patients were divided into three groups based on the penile curvature after degloving: <30°, 30°-45°, and >45°. The penile straightening procedures include dorsal plication (DP), simple urethral plate (UP) transection, and UP transection with ventral lengthening (VL). The paired t-test was conducted for the penile length after fully straightening in each group, simultaneously calculating the length changes (∆T). In addition, the penile length changes among these procedures were compared using Spearman analysis to show the correlation between the penile curvature and the length., Results: The penile length changed significantly after fully straightening in all groups. The length decreased mildly after DP, while increased in the other procedures. The penile curvature after degloving was positively correlated with the absolute change in the penile length (P < 0.001, r = 0.424) and the ratio of ∆T in the original length (P < 0.001, r = 0.433)., Conclusion: For hypospadias, the 30° after degloving may serve as the cut-off for the selection of the straightening method from the perspective of the penile length. For those with < 30°, methods such as DP or UP transection can either be selected. In patients with > 30°, DP should be used with caution because of the potential risk to shorten the penis. In contrast, UP transection effectively corrects the penile curvature and increases the penile length concurrently, which should be primarily recommended in those patients., (© 2024 The Authors. Andrology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society of Andrology and European Academy of Andrology.)

We examined the ultrastructure of the mammalian os penis at the high-resolution synchrotron level. Previously, bacular microanatomy had only been investigated histologically. We studied the baculum of the harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus), in which the baculum varies more in size and shape than does a mechanically constrained bone (humerus). We (1) investigated the microarchitecture of bacula and humeri from the same seal specimens, and (2) described changes in bone micro- and macro-morphology associated with age (n = 15, age range = 1-35 years) and bone type. We analyzed cross-sectional geometry non-destructively through laboratory micro-computed tomography. We suggest that the midshaft may resist axial compression while the proximal region may resist torsion, based on measurements of cross-sectional and cortical areas, perimeter, ratio of maximum and minimum moments of inertia, and polar moment of inertia. In addition, midshaft bacula may be less mechanosensitive than humeri, based on microstructural variables (e.g., volume, surface area, diameter associated with lacunae and cortical porosity) analyzed across age groupings. Our findings related to the microarchitecture of the pinniped baculum provide a basis for further studies on development, mechanical properties, functions, and adaptations in this and other pinniped species. Our use of a multi-modal imaging approach was minimally destructive for reproducible and accurate comparison of three-dimensional bone ultrastructure. Such methods, coupled with multidisciplinary analyses, enable diverse studies of bone biology, life history, and evolution using museum collections., (© 2024 American Association for Anatomy.)

Aesthetic penile augmentation is considered investigational and not shown to be safe or efficacious. This study sought to characterize the quality and reliability of YouTube videos on the topic of penile augmentation. A systematic search identifying the 100 most viewed YouTube videos on penile augmentation was conducted. The videos were then evaluated by two independent urologists for reliability and quality using a modified DISCERN scoring system and Global Quality Scale (GQS). The median total views were 530,612 (range 123,478-32,914,713). The median DISCERN and GQS scores for all 100 videos were generally poor at 1.75 (IQR 1-2.63) and 2.5 (IQR 1.5-3.5), respectively. A little under half of the videos had a physician present (44.7%). DISCERN and GQS scores were significantly higher in videos with physicians compared to those without one (p < 0.001 for both). The majority of videos discussed nonsurgical methods of penile augmentation (65.1%) with penile traction devices being the most frequently discussed (19.2%). Urologists and medical organizations should strive to have more of a presence in this space to ensure patients are appropriately educated and counseled before pursuing potentially ineffective or harmful treatments., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

The Temminck's pangolin (Smutsia temminckii) is one of eight pangolin species worldwide and the only pangolin present in southern Africa. Historically, pangolins have not been able to reproduce successfully in captivity and this may be in part due to the lack of knowledge and understanding with regards to the pangolin reproductive system (anatomy, physiology, biology) in all eight species. This original study describes the gross anatomy of the male Temminck's pangolin from three adult individuals investigated. The male Temminck's pangolin presented a short, conical penis with ascrotal (internal) testes, similar to many other myrmecophagous mammals such as the aardvark (Orycteropus sp.) and anteaters (suborder: Vermilingua). However, the orientation of the penis of the Temminck's pangolin differed in that it was oriented cranioventrally, in contrast to the caudal orientation of the giant anteater. The testes were found to be bilaterally flattened with an elongate oval shape, similar to the aardvark. The specific characteristics of the reproductive tract of the male Temminck's pangolins are thought to be adaptations to their peculiar lifestyle as the male portrays characteristics that indicate adaptation to a lower basal metabolic rate and body temperature as well as to their defensive mechanism of rolling up into a ball. Our study suggests the male Temminck's pangolin reproductive anatomy is most similar and comparable to the Xenarthrans and the aardvark that display the same fossorial activities as pangolins, and the male morphology is not comparable to the phylogenetically closely-related Carnivora., (© 2024 The Author(s). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Background: The aspect of sexual differentiation and the mechanism controlling the position of genitalia, which represents one of the most substantial differences between the sexes, is still poorly understood. Minor cases and some variants of penoscrotal transposition (PST) are unreported, and obvious cases were classified broadly and confused with other unrelated anomalies., Methodology: Relevant literature published till 2022 were reviewed then organized, recapitulated, and presented in comparison with the findings and data of 65 child diagnosed with PST. So, an integrated comprehensive approach to this uncommon condition enabled a new classification including few unreported variant cases, which were complemented., Results: PST is classified herein into a cephalic or caudal scrotal migration, the cephalic type subdivided into major and minor subtypes the latter type subdivided into bilateral, unilateral or central subtypes. Cases of caudal scrotal regression is an unreported anomaly in which the scrotum located caudally, as constant association with epispadias/exstrophy anomalies leaving a wide distance between the fixed penis and the scrotal sacs., Conclusion: PST is not rare as it was believed, it occurs in two directions; cephalic and caudal directions. Scrotal caudal regression anomaly was not described before, as well the PST presented as an inguinal hernia., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

The human penile and clitoral development begins from a morphologically indifferent genital tubercle. Under the influence of androgen, the genital tubercle forms the penis by forming a tubular urethra within the penile shaft. Without the effect of the androgen, the genital tubercle differentiates into the clitoris, and a lack of formation of the urethra within the clitoris is observed. Even though there are similarities during the development of the glans penis and glans clitoris, the complex canalization occurring along the penile shaft eventually leads to a morphological difference between the penis and clitoris. Based on the morphological differences, the main goal of this study was to define the vascular and neuronal anatomy of the developing penis and clitoris between 8 and 12 weeks of gestation using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Our results demonstrated there is a co-expression of CD31, which is an endothelial cell marker, and PGP9.5, which is a neuronal marker in the penis where the fusion is actively occurring at the ventral shaft. We also identified a unique anatomical structure for the first time, the clitoral ridge, which is a fetal structure running along the clitoral shaft in the vestibular groove. Contrary to previous anatomical findings which indicate that the neurovascular distribution in the developing penis and clitoris is similar, in this study, laser scanning confocal microscopy enabled us to demonstrate finer differences in the neurovascular anatomy between the penis and clitoris., (© 2024 The Authors. Journal of Anatomy published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Anatomical Society.)

Introduction: Penile plication is commonly performed for Peyronie's disease under general or spinal anesthesia. Conscious sedation (CS) offers decreased anesthetic risks, cost-effectiveness, and the ability to perform the procedure in outpatient settings with shorter wait times. We sought to compare tolerability of penile plication under deep intravenous sedation (DIS) administered by anesthesiologists and nursing-administered CS (NACS)., Methods: Tolerability for penile plication was prospectively evaluated, excluding revision surgeries and those with hourglass or hinge deformities. DIS included midazolam and ketamine with infusion of propofol and remifentanil. NACS consisted of midazolam and fentanyl. Baseline characteristics, procedural information, and patient- and surgeon-reported pain assessments were collected. Patients were administered a standardized tolerability questionnaire on follow-up., Results: Forty patients were enrolled (23 DIS; 17 NACS) with similar baseline characteristics. Median curvature of the DIS cohort was 55° (interquartile range = 43.75-76.25) and 45° (interquartile range = 45-60) in NACS. There was a 100% success rate with no procedure abortion or conversion to general anesthetic. On follow-up, all patients had functional curvature (<20°), and 100% of patients in the DIS and NACS cohorts reported that they would recommend CS to others. Over 93% of patients in both cohorts would choose CS over general anesthetic in the future, with no differences in perioperative and postoperative pain between groups., Conclusions: Penile plication with CS, whether administered by an anesthesiologist or nursing, is well tolerated with no differences in pain or complications. This indicates that outpatient penile plication with trained nursing staff administering CS can safely reduce costs, risks, and wait times.

Introduction: Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum (CCH) remains the only Food and Drug Administration-approved medical treatment for Peyronie's disease (PD). The initial IMPRESS I and II trials (Investigation for Maximal Peyronie's Reduction Efficacy and Safety), which led to Food and Drug Administration approval, revealed a rate of treatment-related adverse events as high as 84%. Studies fail to provide clear definitions of complications., Objectives: To review complications, provide a CCH complication atlas, and propose management strategies for commonly encountered complications., Methods: We performed a literature review using PubMed. A photographic atlas was provided regarding complications in patients in a high-volume CCH center for PD., Results: Complications were identified and classified by nature and severity. We followed a standardized previously published grading system for hematomas. Complications include bruising, swelling, hematoma formation, back pain, and, rarely, corporal rupture. Complications were discussed, and hematomas were graded by penile surface area. Complication photographs were graded and displayed. Treatment-related adverse effects do not affect overall results., Conclusion: Recognizing and grading complications associated with CCH therapy for PD is crucial for effective patient management and informed decision making. A standardized grading system allows for consistency in reporting and comparing hematoma complication rates across studies and patient populations. Herein we provide images that will help clinicians identify and confidently manage common complications that may occur in any CCH program., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The International Society of Sexual Medicine. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objectives: To generate gestation-wise normative data of external genitalia measurements in North Indian term and preterm male newborns., Methods: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional observational study. Male neonates born between 28-42 wk of gestation (at 24-72 h of life) were consecutively recruited in the study. Newborns with major congenital malformations, chromosomal anomalies, multifetal gestation and birth injuries were excluded. Data on various genital measurements were collected [Stretched penile length (SPL), penile width (PW), upper anogenital distance (AGDu), lower anogenital distance (AGDl) and anogenital ratio (AGR)]., Results: Out of 532 newborns, 208 (39.1%) were preterm. Mean (± SD) SPL and PW were 27.9 ± 3.6 mm and 10.6 ± 1.3 mm respectively. The mean values for AGDl, AGDu and AGR were 20.13 ± 4.04 mm, 39.2 ± 5.59 mm, and 0.51 ± 0.07, respectively. SPL less than 21 mm in a term male newborn and 17.5 mm in preterm should be considered micropenis (<2.5 SD) in our population. Gestation-wise percentile charts for SPL, PW, AGDl, AGDu and AGR were generated., Conclusions: The reference values and percentile charts generated can serve as local normative data for accurate interpretation of genital measurements in North Indian newborns, assessment of ambiguous genitalia and avoiding diagnostic errors., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Dr. K C Chaudhuri Foundation.)

Introduction: Our goal was to assess how surgical management of hypospadias-associated penile curvature (HAPC) varies across continents, focusing on factors that influence assessment and decision-making., Methods: Members of the European Society of Pediatric Urology (ESPU), Society of Pediatric Urology (SPU), and Hypospadias International Society (HIS) participated in an anonymous, 34-question online survey addressing pre-, intra-, and postoperative elements of HAPC evaluation and management. A selection of intraoperative photos were included in the survey to investigate the prevailing surgical approaches and identify management patterns., Results: Out of the 267 participants, 38.4% of them are located in Europe. Visual estimation was the predominant approach for evaluating HAPC, although being regarded as the least dependable compared to other techniques. Surgeons who performed more than 40 cases per year were more inclined to use goniometers and had varying degrees of HAPC that were considered acceptable without requiring any correction (P < .001). Out of 58% of respondents, a significant number reported regular utilization of artificial erection tests for all categories of hypospadias. Surgeons with fewer than 10 years of expertise commonly utilized erection test as part of their regular practice. A tourniquet was employed to maintain sufficient intra-corporeal pressure, by134 (50%). 116 participants (43%) inject Saline through the corpora cavernosa through the glans, while 150 (56%) administer saline from the lateral aspect. Moreover, the decision-making process differed based on the intraoperative picture scenarios of mild to moderate penile curvature during erection testing. Contrary to temperatures ranging from 25 o to 35 o , decision-making in cases with less severe degrees of HAPC was uncomplicated., Conclusion: This survey reveals a wide range of surgical practice patterns in the assessment and management of HAPC. To our knowledge, this global survey of HAPC practice is the largest to date and could aid in developing new guidelines in pediatric urology. These findings may also provide a foundation for future prospective multinational studies., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest All co-authors have nothing to declare., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background: Intracavernosal injection therapy (ICI) is a well-established therapeutic strategy for men with erectile dysfunction. Complications are often related to patient error when performong ICI., Aim: The objective of this study was to examine patient errors in an established patient training program for performing ICI and identify factors that could predict major errors., Methods: Patients enrolled in our ICI program are trained on technical aspects, and dose titration is begun. Patients are given explicit instructions during training, both verbally and in written form. Records were reviewed for men using ICI for ≥6 months. Multivariable analysis was used to define predictors of major errors., Outcomes: Errors were listed as minor (zero-response injection, penile bruising, expired medication) and major (errors potentially leading to priapism: dose self-titration, double injecting)., Results: Overall, 1368 patients met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. The mean patient age was 66 ± 22 (range 29-91) years. Regarding education, 41% of patients had graduate-level education, 48% had college education, and 11% high school education. Mean follow-up was 3.2 ± 7.6 (range 0.5-12) years. The agents used were trimix (62%), bimix (35%), papaverine (2%), and prostaglandin E1 monotherapy (1%). At least 1 error occurred during self-administration in 42% of patients during their time in the program. Errors included zero response to medication due to technical error (8% of patients), penile bruising (34%), use of an expired bottle (18%), self-titration (5%), and double injecting (4% of patients); 12% of men committed ≥1 error during their time in the program. On multivariable analysis, independent predictors of the occurrence of a major error included: young age, graduate-level education, and <12 months of injection use., Clinical Implications: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported study to investigate ICI errors and risk factors. The identification of factors predictive of major errors allows for more tailored and intensive training in this subset of patients., Strengths and Limitations: Strengths of this study include a large patient population (1386 men) with a considerable follow-up time. Additionally, the rigorous training, education, and monitoring of the participants, as well as the use of formal definitions, enhances the accuracy and reliability of the results. Despite the strengths of the study, recall bias may be a limitation concern., Conclusion: The majority of patients were error free, and the majority of the errors were minor in nature. Major errors occurred in <10% of patients. Younger age, graduate-level education, and less experience with ICI were independent predictors of major errors., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The International Society of Sexual Medicine. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The increase in practices related to enhancing penile size can be attributed to the belief that an improved genital appearance contributes to a man's virility, coupled with an altered self-perception of his body. It is crucial to tailor interventions to meet the genuine needs of patients by thoroughly assessing their history, psychological state, and potential surgical benefits, all while considering the associated risks of complications. This systematic review aims to summarize the available evidence on outcomes, complications, and quality of life after penile augmentation surgery, examining both minimally invasive and more radical techniques. A search of the PubMed and Scopus databases, focusing on English-language papers published in the last 15 years, was performed in December 2023. Papers discussing surgery in animal models and case reports were excluded from the present study unless further evaluated in a follow-up case series. The primary outcomes were changes in penile dimensions, specifically in terms of length and girth, as well as the incidence of surgical complications and the impact on quality of life. A total of 1670 articles were retrieved from the search and 46 were included for analysis. Procedures for penile length perceived enhancements include lipoplasty, skin reconstruction plasty, V-Y and Z plasty, flap reconstruction, scrotoplasty, ventral phalloplasty, and suspensory ligament release; techniques for increasing corporal penile length include penile disassembly, total phalloplasty, and sliding elongation. Finally, penile girth enhancement may be performed using soft tissue fillers, grafting procedures, biodegradable scaffolds, and Penuma ® . In conclusion, while penile augmentation surgeries offer potential solutions for individuals concerned about genital size, the risks and complexities need to be accounted for.

In this study, we formally examine the association between penis size dissatisfaction and gun ownership in America. The primary hypothesis, derived from the psychosexual theory of gun ownership, asserts that men who are more dissatisfied with the size of their penises will be more likely to personally own guns. To test this hypothesis, we used data collected from the 2023 Masculinity, Sexual Health, and Politics ( MSHAP ) survey, a national probability sample of 1,840 men, and regression analyses to model personal gun ownership as a function of penis size dissatisfaction, experiences with penis enlargement, social desirability, masculinity, body mass, mental health, and a range of sociodemographic characteristics. We find that men who are more dissatisfied with the size of their penises are less likely to personally own guns across outcomes, including any gun ownership, military-style rifle ownership, and total number of guns owned. The inverse association between penis size dissatisfaction and gun ownership is linear; however, the association is weakest among men ages 60 and older. With these findings in mind, we failed to observe any differences in personal gun ownership between men who have and have not attempted penis enlargement. To our knowledge, this is the first study to formally examine the association between penis size and personal gun ownership in America. Our findings fail to support the psychosexual theory of gun ownership. Alternative theories are posited for the apparent inverse association between penis size dissatisfaction and personal gun ownership, including higher levels of testosterone and constructionist explanations., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Context: Recommendations regarding the management of penile size abnormalities and dysmorphophobia are important in guiding evidence-based clinical practice., Objective: To present a summary of the 2023 European Association of Urology sexual and reproductive health evidence-based recommendations for the management of penile size abnormalities and dysmorphophobia., Evidence Acquisition: A broad and comprehensive scoping exercise covering all areas of the guidelines was performed. Databases searched included Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Libraries. A level of evidence and a strength of recommendation were assigned for each recommendation according to the evidence identified. The evidence cutoff date for the 2023 guidelines is June 1, 2022., Evidence Synthesis: Well-structured studies reporting high level of evidence, with standardized PROMS were deficient on penile size abnormalities and dysmorphohobia. A shared definition for short penis/micropenis was also lacking. Categorisation of penile abnormalities according to congenital, acquired, and dysmorphophobic aetiology is deemed compulsory. A detailed medical and psychosexual history and precise measurements of penile size are essential in the diagnostic pathway. Patients with normal penile size who are seeking penile augmentation should be referred for psychological evaluation for potential dysmorphophobic disorders. Penile length and girth enhancements can be achieved via a multitude of treatments, but a personalised management plan is crucial for satisfactory results. Endocrinological therapies, when indicated, are effective in the prepubertal setting only. Vacuum therapy has a limited evidence base in treatment protocols, although acceptable outcomes have been reported for penile traction therapy. Surgical techniques to enhance penile length and girth have limited evidence and should only be proposed after extensive patient counselling., Conclusions: Management of penile abnormalities and dysmorphophobia is a complex issue with considerable ethical concerns. The adoption of a structured diagnostic and therapeutic pathway is crucial, as recommended in the guidelines., Patient Summary: Requests for medical/surgical treatments to increase penis size have increased dramatically worldwide. Several conservative and surgical treatments are available. However, few patients receive clear information on the benefits and possible harms of these treatments. These guidelines aim to provide a structured path to guide both physicians and patients in the selection of appropriate treatment(s) to increase penis size., (Copyright © 2023 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Phthalates are endocrine-disrupting chemicals with anti-androgenic qualities and studies reported associations between prenatal phthalate exposure and infant genitalia. This study investigated whether increased prenatal phthalate exposure is associated with decreased fetal penile measures., Methods: Data was from the New York University Children's Health and Environment Study (2016-2019). Maternal urinary concentrations of 16 phthalate metabolites were quantified at <18 weeks gestation as a proxy for fetal exposure (n = 334 male pregnancies). We retrospectively measured penile length and width using ultrasounds conducted 18-24 weeks gestation (n = 173 fetuses). Associations of maternal urinary levels of phthalates with fetal penile length and width were determined using linear regression models., Results: 57.2% of women were Hispanic, 31.8% Non-Hispanic White, 6.4% Asian, 2.3% Non-Hispanic Black, and 2.3% multiple races. Mean maternal age was 32 years (standard deviation [SD] = 5.7). Mean penile length was 7.13 mm (SD = 1.47) and width was 6.16 mm (SD = 0.87). An inverse relationship was observed between maternal levels of mono-ethyl phthalate and fetal penile length, and mono-(7-carboxy-n-heptyl) phthalate and penile width, though estimates were small and not significant when considering correction for multiple comparisons., Conclusions: In our cohort we found no clinically meaningful associations between early pregnancy phthalate exposure and fetal penile length or width., Impact: First-trimester phthalate metabolites were assessed in pregnant women in New York City. Penile length and width were retrospectively measured on clinically assessed ultrasounds conducted ≥18 weeks and <24 weeks of gestation. In this cohort, no clinically meaningful associations were observed between first-trimester prenatal phthalate exposure and fetal penile length. This study contributes to the limited but growing research on the impact of prenatal phthalate exposure on male fetal genital development. The results emphasize that there may not be a clear association between prenatal phthalate exposure and fetal penile length and width, and further research on this topic may be required., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to the International Pediatric Research Foundation, Inc.)

Background: Although premature ejaculation (PE) is the most common male sexual dysfunction, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood., Aim: The study sought to evaluate the possible associations among glans penis volume and tissue stiffness measured using penile ultrasonography and penile shear wave elastography (SWE) with PE., Methods: Men 18 to 65 years of age with normal International Index of Erectile Function scores (>25) and who were diagnosed with PE between June 2021 and June 2022 were enrolled. The Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool score and intravaginal ejaculation latency times were recorded. Healthy volunteers constituted the control group. The study group was divided into lifelong PE (LLPE) and acquired PE (AqPE) subgroups. In all groups, the glans penis volume was measured via penile ultrasonography and tissue stiffness of the glans penis, penile frenulum, postcircumcision mucosal cuff, and penile shaft were measured via SWE. The findings of the groups were compared using appropriate statistical methods., Outcomes: The outcomes included ultrasonographic and elastographic measurements of the glans penis., Results: Data on 140 men, including 70 PE patients and 70 healthy volunteers, were evaluated. Of the patients, 20 had LLPE and 50 had AqPE. The median glans penis volume was significantly greater in the LLPE group (14.1 [range, 6.6-19] mm3) compared with the AqPE group (11.7 [range, 5.1-27] mm3) and control group (11.4 [range, 6.1-32] mm3) (P = .03). According to the Youden index, the best cutoff value for glans penis volume in LLPE compared with non-LLPE (AqPE + control) was 12.65 mm3 (area under the curve, 0.684; 95% confidence interval, 0.556-0.812; P = .009). The risk of having LLPE in those with a glans penis volume ≥12.65 mm3 was 3.326 (95% confidence interval, 1.234-8.965) times higher than the non-LLPE group (P = .014). There were no significant differences between the groups in the SWE evaluation of glans penis, penile frenulum, mucosal cuff, and penile shaft tissue stiffness., Clinical Implications: The high incidence of PE in those with high glans penis volume may make glans penis volume a predictor for the development of LLPE., Strengths and Limitations: This was the first study to show that PE is more common in individuals with a high glans penis volume. It was also the first to perform a penile elastographic evaluation in patients with PE. The most important limitation was that we did not evaluate glans penile nerve function with a test, but rather we made an indirect inference about the density of free nerve endings based on increased glans penile volume., Conclusion: Glans penis volume was a significant predictor for LLPE. However, there are no associations between PE and the glans penis, postcircumcision mucosal cuff, penile frenulum, or penile shaft tissue stiffness and development., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The International Society of Sexual Medicine. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: The suspensory ligamentous system of the penis supports the penis when erect and plays a key role during coitus. These ligaments, which are prone to injury during coitus, are clinically important in penile reconstruction procedures., Objectives: The current study investigated the macro- and microanatomy of the suspensory ligamentous system of the penis to determine the origin, course, insertion, dimensions, and tissue composition of these ligaments, knowledge of which is vital for successful penile reconstruction procedures., Methods: The study utilized a total of 49 cadavers. Gross anatomy dissection, MRI, and histological staining were performed to elucidate the topography, dimensions, and tissue composition of the suspensory ligaments of the penis., Results: Three ligaments were observed to form the suspensory ligamentous system of the penis. The most superficial is the fundiform ligament, which consists of superficial bundles and deep median bundles, with the former arising from the Scarpa's fascia and the latter arising from the linea alba of the anterior abdominal wall; both inserted into the superficial fascia of the penis. The suspensory ligament of the penis arose from the pubic symphysis and inserted into the deep fascia (Buck's fascia) of the penis. The arcuate ligament arose from the body of the pubis and pubic symphysis and inserted into the Buck's fascia. The ligaments were determined to consist of adipose tissue, collagen fibers, elastic fibers and reticular fibers, in varying proportions., Conclusions: The suspensory ligaments of the penis exhibit a fan-like structure on the penis that allows the forward movement of the penis as a result of engorgement of the erectile bodies while simultaneously offering support., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Aesthetic Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Introduction: Division of the suspensory ligament of the penis has emerged as a popular surgical approach for penile lengthening, but accurate preoperative predictions of lengthening outcomes remain elusive. This study aimed to identify readily measurable anatomical parameters associated with post-ligamentolysis penile length gain, facilitating more reliable preoperative estimations., Methods: An experimental cross-sectional study was performed on 16 adult cadavers. Data collected before dissection included: age at death, ethnicity, height, length of the penis before dissection and width of the suspensory ligament of penis. Following the complete dissection of the suspensory ligament of penis, the depth of the pubic symphysis and the penile length after the procedure were measured. The absolute and relative length differences pre- and post-ligamentolysis were calculated. Correlation coefficients were used to study relations between these variables., Results: Penile length increased uniformly after complete division of the suspensory ligament (average gain: 26.38 mm, SD = 14.83 mm; range 4-60 mm). Pearson correlation revealed a significant negative correlation between pre-ligamentolysis penile length and post-ligamentolysis increase (r = - 0.601; p = 0.014), suggesting greater gains in individuals with shorter pre-ligamentolysis lengths. Age, ligament width, and pubic arch depth showed no significant correlations. Ethnicity did not impact post-ligamentolysis length increase (t = - 0.135; p = 0.894)., Conclusions: This study highlights the potential to predict penile length gain post-ligamentolysis through measurable anatomical parameters. The ability to anticipate the outcome of this procedure could empower surgeons to provide informed counseling, potentially elevating patient satisfaction. An experimental cross-sectional study was performed to investigate the outcomes of penile lengthening surgery Penile lengthening was achieved in all subjects via complete dissection of the suspensory ligament of the penis Penile length increase may be predicted preoperatively using easily measurable anatomical parameters NO LEVEL ASSIGNED: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Thirteen black agouti (Dasyprocta fuliginosa) male fetuses, acquired in two areas of the Amazon Forest, were used for the purpose of morphologically describing the fetal male urogenital organs with a focus on addressing histological and macroscopic aspects. The organs of interest were dissected and photographed in situ and ex situ. Fragments were collected and subjected to routine histological processing for inclusion in paraffin, which was cut and stained by haematoxylin and eosin and Gomori's Trichrome methods and subsequently analysed in a light microscope. The results showed that the urinary tract is like that of domestic animals and is composed of smooth unilobed kidneys covered by a dense capsule of connective tissue and divided into two well-defined regions, cortical and medullary. Ureters, urethra and urinary bladder also showed macroscopic and microscopic characteristics similar to those of domestic animals. The penis of these animals has fibroelastic characteristics, with numerous keratinized structures at its apex. In the middle third of the penis, a "U" shaped penile flexure was seen; the glans penis is covered by a keratinized epidermis containing horny spicules. The presence of a penile bone in an endochondral ossification process was observed, being more developed in gestational ages greater than 76 days. The annex glands were not observed, probably because they were fetuses; only the ampulla of the ductus deferens was identified., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Genital gender affirmation surgery (gGAS) for individuals assigned female at birth (AFAB) is complex and requires the staged insertion of an erectile device to permit penetrative intercourse. This final stage of gGAS is challenging, owing to the variable anatomy and lack of supportive structures within the neophallus when compared with erectile device insertion for individuals assigned male at birth. There is a paucity in the literature at present regarding erectile device insertion in trans-sex AFAB patients. Hence, a narrative review following a literature review and supplemented by expert opinion from a high-volume centre of expertise is presented. The choices available for erectile device in this patient cohort are discussed. Principle surgical steps required for this complex surgery is outlined along with the recommended postoperative management of the patient. Postoperative outcomes and complications are also summarised in this fast-developing surgical procedure., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Patients with penile conditions comprise a significant proportion of any pediatric urology practice, and physical examination is the mainstay of diagnosis for such conditions. While the rapid adoption of telemedicine (TM) facilitated access to pediatric urology care during the pandemic, the accuracy of TM-based diagnosis for pediatric penile anatomy and pathology has not been studied. Our aim was to characterize the diagnostic accuracy of TM-based evaluation of pediatric penile conditions by comparing diagnosis during the initial virtual visit (VV) with a subsequent in-person visit (IPV). We also sought to assess the agreement between scheduled and actual surgical procedure performed., Methods: A single-institution prospective database of male patients less than 21 years of age who presented for evaluation of penile conditions between August 2020 and December 2021 was analyzed. Patients were included if they had an IPV with the same pediatric urologist within 12 months of the initial VV. Diagnostic concordance was based on a surgeon-reported survey of specific penile diagnoses, completed at both initial VV and follow-up IPV. Surgical concordance was assessed based on the proposed versus billed CPT code(s)., Results: Median age among 158 patients was 10.6 months. The most frequent VV diagnoses were penile adhesions (n = 37), phimosis (n = 26), "other" (n = 24), post-circumcision redundancy (n = 18), and buried penis (n = 14). Initial VV and subsequent IPV diagnoses were concordant in 40.5% (64/158); 40/158 (25%) had partial concordance (at least one diagnosis matched). There was no difference in age, race, ethnicity, median time between visits, or device type between patients with concordant vs. discordant diagnoses. Of 102 patients who underwent surgery, 44 had VV only while 58 had IPV prior to surgery. Concordance of scheduled versus actual penile surgery was 90.9% in those patients who only had a VV prior to surgery. Overall, surgery concordance was lower among those with hypospadias repairs vs. non-hypospadias surgery (79.4% vs. 92.6%, p = 0.05)., Conclusion: Among pediatric patients being evaluated by TM for penile conditions, there was poor agreement between VV-based and IPV-based diagnoses. However, besides hypospadias repairs, agreement between planned and actual surgical procedures performed was high, suggesting that TM-based assessment is generally adequate for surgical planning in this population. These findings leave open the possibility that, among patients not scheduled for surgery or IPV, certain conditions might be misdiagnosed or missed entirely., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest None., (Copyright © 2023 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This study aimed to determine whether the abnormal deep layer of dartos fascia plays an important role in buried penis. Forty-nine patients with buried penis were treated with anatomical resection of the deep layer of dartos fascia under a microscope. Penile length was measured before and after completely resecting the deep layer to investigate the role of this layer in penile retraction. The superficial and deep layers of dartos fascia were collected from 49 patients with buried penis, the normal superficial layers were collected from 25 children/adults who underwent circumcision for nonmedical reasons, and the normal deep layers were collected from 20 adult cadavers. The penile fascia samples were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome, Sirius red, and Verhoeff's Van Gieson, and subjected to immunohistochemical examination and scanning electron microscopy. The penile shaft (mean ± standard deviation) was found to be significantly elongated after resecting the deep layer compared with that before resection (6.8 ± 1.9 cm vs 6.0 ± 1.6 cm, P < 0.001). An abnormal deep layer of dartos fascia characterized by disordered and fragmented elastic fibers was observed in 87.8% (43/49) of buried penis samples, whereas no abnormal deep layer was observed in normal penises from cadavers (0/20, P < 0.001). Thus, the abnormal deep layer of dartos fascia plays an important role in the buried penis. Its resection is helpful for avoiding recurrence., (Copyright © 2023 Copyright: © The Author(s)(2023).)

Background: Using anthropometric parameters to determine the appropriate Plastibell size before circumcision ensures that cumbersome carrying of all the sizes before each procedure is eliminated and also complications reduced., Methods: Male neonates who presented for routine circumcision by Plastibell method were recruited. Collected on a proforma were their age in days, weight in Kg, stretched penile length (SPL) in cm, penile diameter (PD) in cm and the Plastibell size used by the "circumciser". The routine circumcision was carried out for each neonate according to protocol. P value was set at <0.05., Results: There were 231 neonates who had Plastibell circumcision. Their mean age, weight, SPL and PD were 15.6(±5.73) days, 3.7(±0.58) Kg, 3.66 (±0.58) cm and 3.79 (±0.64) cm, respectively. Plastibell size 1.3 is the most used (53.6%). There was a positive correlation between weight, SPL, PD, on one hand and Plastibell size , on the other hand with P-values of <0.001, <0.001 and <0.001 respectively. The weight was a weak determinant for Plastibell sizes 1.1 and 1.3: (OR 7.104; 95% CI 1.108 - 45.559; P = .039) and (OR 2.044; 95% CI 1.054 - 3.963; P = .034) respectively. The SPL is also a weak predictor for Plastibell sizes 1.2 and 1.5: (OR 2.176; 95% CI 1.136 -4.136; P = .019) and (OR .043; 95% CI .072 - .984; P = .047), respectively., Conclusion: The anthropometric parameters correlate well with Plastibell sizes. However, they are not effective in predicting the appropriate sized Plastibell for neonatal circumcision., (© 2023 MODEKWE V., et al.)

The penis bone, or baculum, is present in many orders of mammals, although its function is still relatively unknown, mainly due to the challenges with studying the baculum in vivo. Suggested functions include increasing vaginal friction, prolonging intromission and inducing ovulation. Since it is difficult to study baculum function directly, functional morphology can give important insights. Shape complexity techniques, in particular, are likely to offer a useful metric of baculum morphology, especially since finding homologous landmarks on such a structure is challenging. This study focuses on measuring baculum shape complexity in the Musteloidea-a large superfamily spanning a range of body sizes with well-developed, qualitatively diverse bacula. We compared two shape complexity metrics-alpha shapes and ariaDNE and conducted analyses over a range of six different coefficients, or bandwidths, in 32 species of Musteloidea. Overall, we found that shape complexity, especially at the baculum distal tip, is associated with intromission duration using both metrics. These complexities can include hooks, bifurcations and other additional projections. In addition, alpha shapes complexity was also associated with relative testes mass. These results suggest that post-copulatory mechanisms of sexual selection are probably driving the evolution of more complex-shaped bacula tips in Musteloidea and are likely to be especially involved in increasing intromission duration during copulation., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Morphology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

This study provides the first morphological description of the male genital organs of black-crowned dwarf marmoset (Callibella humilis). Internal and external genital organs were similar to other species of non-human primates. However, some shape and size differences were noted. The penile shaft was laterally flattened and comprised of two corpus cavernosus. These were split by a septum up to the level of the glans and then merged to form a single structure. The glans penis had small, keratinized spicules arising from epidermal or dermal projections. The small, fully ossified and well-mineralized penile bone, located at the distal end of the penis, consisted of a bone matrix surrounded by sparse osteoblasts and well-developed internal osteocytes. The penile urethra was lined with columnar pseudostratified epithelium, with areas of simple cuboidal epithelium. The testes were small relative to the body compared to other primate species. The findings of this work may support comparative studies of primate reproductive ecology., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Objective: Congenital penile curvature is defined as the non-straightness of the penis without any urethral or penile pathology. We aimed to evaluate the factors that cause penile shortening after plication surgery in patients with congenital penile curvature., Methods: Between November 2010 and December 2020, we retrospectively reviewed patients with CPC undergoing tunica albuginea plication surgery. Before the procedure, patients' age, curvature location and degrees, as well as penile length were recorded. After the treatment, penile lengths were measured and recorded again. Early and late period results were recorded., Results: Plication surgery was performed in 130 patients. The median age was 24 years. Seventy-six patients had ventral curvature, 22 had dorsal curvature, 32 had lateral curvature. Average shortening of penile length in patients with curvature below 30° was: ventral 8-16 mm, dorsal 6-13 mm, lateral 5-12 mm. Patients with curvatures above 30° were: ventral 12-22 mm, dorsal 8-20 mm, lateral 2-12 mm., Conclusion: Penile length shortening after plication is inevitable. Curvature degree and direction are factors affecting penile length after surgery. Therefore, patients and relatives should be informed in more detail about this complication., (Copyright © 2022 AEU. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: We report our long experience in the surgical treatment of patients requesting penile lengthening by suspensory ligament release and placement of a custom-made soft silicone pubo-cavernous spacer. The aim was to show that with this surgical technique the results obtained are maintained over time. It is crucial to achieve postoperative satisfaction of these patients who show fragility and self-esteem problems., Methods: From 1999 to 2020, we treated 245 patients with congenital or acquired penile brevity. We carefully analysed the preoperative and postoperative (at 6, 12, 24 and 48 months) penile size of the patients to evaluate whether this technique could allow the long-term maintenance of aesthetic results. We also assessed preoperative erectile function and we focused on the psychological aspects to avoid surgery in patients with dysmorphophobia. This original technique involves the section of the suspensory ligament and the implantation of a silicone spacer between the pubic symphysis and the corpora cavernosa. This spacer is conformed to the patient anatomy and maintains the relationship between the anatomical structures unchanged over time. Sexual self-esteem and patient satisfaction were assessed with the APPSSI questionnaire., Results: The mean increase in penile length was about 2.5 cm in flaccid state and 1.9 cm in stretched state. There were no injuries of the neurovascular bundle or urethra, and no erectile dysfunction was noted. These results persisted at 6, 12, 24 and 48 months without significant differences. Over 80% of patients stated that they were completely satisfied with the results obtained. This satisfaction remained stable along follow up., Conclusion: The section of the suspensory ligament and the implant of the soft silicone spacer provide real penis elongation with satisfactory results that persist over time. This technique avoids the frequent complication of short-term shortening due to the scar adhesions of the edges of the dissected ligament. The high aesthetic satisfaction of patients is stable at controls at 6, 12, 24 and 48 months.

We aimed to provide an overview of the strategies available to manage patients concerned about their penile size and to provide useful surgical hints regarding the most common penile enlargement approaches, based on our surgical expertise in this field. A comprehensive research was carried out on MEDLINE/PubMed database to identify pertinent studies concerning penile enlargement issues. The search strategy included a range of keywords; e.g. penis, penile, enlargement, augmentation, lengthening, girth. Management of penile size-related concerns represents a real challenge for the urologist, especially when dealing with patients suffering from penile dysmorphophobic disorder (PDD). A multidisciplinary preoperative assessment, including a psychiatric/psychological evaluation, may help in discerning those patients who would benefit the most from counselling/conservative management from those who would benefit from surgery instead. Conservative approaches include the use of vacuum-based and penile-stretching devices, which have shown encouraging levels of efficacy and safety. Over the last decades, different surgical strategies have been developed, aimed at either increasing flaccid penile length or improving penile girth. Penile lengthening procedures are more established, and satisfactory results can be achieved by experienced, large referrals' volume, surgeons. To date, there is lack of consensus regarding the penile girth enhancing techniques, and therefore these should be regarded as experimental. A multidisciplinary approach is necessary to identify patients with PDD, who should not be offered surgical intervention and should be referred for psychiatric/psychological counselling instead. The surgical approach should be tailored to the subject's unique anatomy and underlying conditions., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

The growing demand for glans penis augmentation (GPA) makes it a hot topic in the field of andrological surgery, albeit still widely debated. The lack of high supporting evidence and its technically challenging aspects are the main concerns. The aim of this study was to review the current literature about GPA in order to provide an easy and comprehensive overview of the topic. GPA is suitable for managing both cosmetic and functional issues. Counseling should be the cornerstone of the decision-making process. A thorough understanding of the glans anatomy and treatment strategies remain essential to safely and effectively address the patient's needs. GPA can be performed using injectable fillers or surgical grafting. Glans-shaft penis asymmetries, small glans size, and loss of glans tumescence can be managed by both injectable fillers and surgery. On the other hand, patients with lifelong premature ejaculation can mainly benefit from using injectable fillers. Currently, available studies show promising results but are limited by small sample's size and non-randomized design. Furthermore, treatment-related complications are poorly reported. The long-term efficacy and safety profiles of GPA techniques should be further investigated., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Eira barbara, popularly known as irara, is a medium-sized carnivore member of the Mustelidae family. Despite its important role in the ecosystems in which its lives, data on the internal morphology of E. barbara remains scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to provide knowledge regarding the anatomy of the male reproductive system of this species to improve understanding of its reproduction to inform its conservation. We studied seven specimens who had died after being run over. The specimens were dissected for the evaluation of the reproductive system, which comprised a globular scrotum; a small pendulum covered with light-coloured hair; a pair of testicles of firm consistency and ellipsoid shape and suspended in the scrotum by the spermatic cord; a paired duct system; an ampoule of the deferens duct and prostate constituting the set of attached glands; a urethra divided into pelvic and penile portions; a penis with a baculum having a novel "C" shaped apex; and a prepuce. Microscopically, the testicular parenchyma consisted of seminiferous tubules separated by intertubular spaces formed by loose connective tissue, fibrocytes, Leydig cells, and blood and lymph vessels. The epididymis was surrounded by a capsule of dense connective tissue and extended to form septa. The baculum was microscopically classified as a compact bone containing several bony lamellae with osteocytes and osteoblasts. The macro and microscopic findings were generally similar to those of domestic carnivores, with some notable differences., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Copulatory behavior and genital morphology interact to deliver sperm more effectively during mating, but the nature of this interaction has not been explored in depth in most vertebrates. Alpacas have unusually long copulations lasting 15-20 min, and a unique copulatory behavior, where the penis intromits all the way past the cervix, into the uterine horns. Here we describe the morphology of male and female genitalia and report unique morphological characteristics that may be associated with this unusual insemination mode. Vaginal shape is highly variable, and seemingly not associated with age or parity. The cranial vagina varies between bulbous and cylindrical, while the caudal vagina is typically narrower and always cylindrical. The cervix consists of a series of two to three spirals or rings, and it is often found in a relaxed state that may prevent damage caused by the cartilaginous penis tip as it pushes through the cervix to reach the uterine horns. The uterus and uterine horns have a complex shape with multiple constrictions. The cartilaginous penis tip has a sharp urethral process that may help to push against these constrictions. The diameter of the vaginal lumen is much greater than the diameter of the penis suggesting that there is little direct interaction between them, and that female vaginal shape is not under strong copulatory selection. In effect, the entire female reproductive tract of the female is interacting with the penis during copulation., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology.)

Objectives: To investigate a novel methodology and explore whether artificially reducing the depth of penetration during intercourse matters to women., Study Design and Methods: A study with a single-case experimental design ('n of 1'), in which a heterosexual couple act as their own control and the study is then replicated in subsequent couples, was conducted. Thirty-five couples were assessed for eligibility to participate. Twenty-nine couples without any sexual problems were randomized and 12 submitted sufficient data to analyse. As a proxy for reducing penis length, we artificially reduced the depth of penetration by using different sizes of silicone rings around the base of the man's erect penis. The main outcome measures were provided by the female partner on a scale of 0-100 and comprised: degree of (i) overall sexual pleasure; (ii) sexual pleasure from intercourse alone; and (iii) emotional connection to the male partner. The female partner was also asked before the experiment began to rate the degree of positive or negative change that would be personally meaningful for her., Results: On average, reducing the depth of penetration led to a statistically significant 18% reduction of overall sexual pleasure with an average 15% reduction in length of the penis. The longer the erect penis, the less likely the rings were to have an impact on sexual pleasure. There was a range of individual responses, however, with a minority of women reporting that reducing the depth of penetration was more pleasurable on some occasions., Conclusions: Size may matter in women in a healthy stable relationship when there is penile shortening. Because of the small number of couples and the inclusion of men with an apparently long penis, our results are preliminary, and we welcome replication in a larger sample with a more diverse range of penile lengths. Our results should not be misinterpreted as meaning that increasing penile length will increase sexual pleasure in women., (© 2021 The Authors BJU International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of BJU International.)

Context: Soy formula feeding is common in infancy and is a source of high exposure to phytoestrogens, documented to influence vaginal cytology in female infants. Its influence on minipuberty in males has not been established., Objective: To assess the association between infant feeding practice and longitudinally measured reproductive hormones and hormone-responsive tissues in infant boys., Methods: The Infant Feeding and Early Development study was a prospective cohort of maternal-infant dyads requiring exclusive soy formula, cow milk formula, or breast milk feeding during study follow-up. In the 147 infant boy participants, serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, stretched penile length, anogenital distance, and testis volume were longitudinally assessed from birth to 28 weeks. We examined feeding-group differences in age trajectories for these outcomes using mixed-effects regression splines., Results: Median serum testosterone was at pubertal levels at 2 weeks (176 ng/dL [quartiles: 124, 232]) and remained in this range until 12 weeks in all feeding groups. We did not observe differences in trajectories of hormone concentrations or anatomical measures between boys fed soy formula (n = 55) and boys fed cow milk formula (n = 54). Compared with breastfed boys (n = 38), soy formula-fed boys had a more rapid increase in penile length (P = .004) and slower initial lengthening of anogenital distance (P = .03), but no differences in hormone trajectories., Conclusion: Reproductive hormone concentrations and anatomical responses followed similar trajectories in soy and cow milk formula-fed infant boys. Our findings suggest that these measures of early male reproductive development do not respond to phytoestrogen exposure during infancy., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Micropenis is an endocrinological condition that is habitually observed at birth. Diagnosis is made by measuring the stretched penile length, a method established 80 years ago. Discrepancies in the normative data from recent studies raise the need for a current revision of the methodology., Objectives: The aims of this systematic review were to compare the different normative data of SPL at birth, to examine the methodological aspects of the technique and to evaluate the independent variables that may be involved., Methods: Searches were performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scielo, the Cochrane Library and Web of Science. A combination of the relevant medical terms, keywords and word variants for "stretched penile length", "penile length", "penile size", "newborn" and "birth" were used. Eligibility criteria included normative studies that used the stretched penile length (SPL) measurement on a population of healthy, full-term newborns during the first month of life. The outcomes studied included characteristics of the studies, methodological aspects and independent variables., Results: We identified 49 studies comprising 21,399 children. Significant discrepancies are observed between the different studies. Methodological aspects seem to be consistent and similar. The main independent variables appear to be ethnic group and gestational age. Main limitations were the absence of studies of entire world regions such as Europe or South America, and the heterogeneity of the ethnic background that complicates the analysis., Conclusions: It seems advisable to suggest the creation of customized reference charts for each specific population instead of resorting to the classic cut-off points., (© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.)