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The article considers current situation and structure of the catering market in the Penza region and identifies the market leaders. The main player in the market in terms of revenue and number of catering outlets is the fast food sector. The main challenges faced by restaurateurs in 2022–2023 have been described. Geopolitical challenges have not bypassed this sector and caused changes in the market structure, influencing financial results and operational processes. The article presents a retrospective of the market development based on statistical data and extrapolates trends for a three-year period. The article presents the results of an expert survey of top restaurant managers on the problems faced by existing restaurateurs and identifies opportunities for the sector development. The most significant operational difficulties are the lack of line staff and the change in business economics caused by an increase in the raw materials cost. The relevance of the study is to understand current market situation and its changes in recent years for further planning of market actions considering the experts’ opinion working in the field and trends that are emerging in the market.

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Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background. The evolution of the urban landscape and the interaction of citizens with it is an integral part of the appearance of the city, which is reflected in the historical memory of the population. The participation of the population in urban improvement and landscaping is one of the factors in the formation of love for a small homeland. The study of this issue will allow us to analyze the ongoing policy of greening the city and the impact of green space on the image of the city. The purpose of the study is to analyze the daily practices of interaction of the population with the green space of Penza in the 19th – 20th centuries. Materials and methods. The daily practices of interaction of the population with the green space of Penza in the 19th – 20th centuries are considered on the basis of an analysis of the policy of local authorities on greening the urban area. The source base con-sisted of archival documents, materials from local and central periodicals (Pravda, Izvestia, Trud, etc.), memoirs of contemporaries. The research methodology is based on the princi-ples of the historical and systematic method, which allows us to analyze the effectiveness of regional greening policy. The historical and genetic method allows us to trace the trans-formation of the green zones of the Penza urban space. Results. The greening policy of Penza in the 19th – 20th centuries is considered. The ways of interaction of the population with green areas of urban space are revealed. The influence of landscaping on the image of the city in the perception of the population is analyzed. Conclusions. The good landscaping of Penza in the 19th century was due to the geographical location and the use of the natural landscape. The main green area during this period was a public garden and a country party. With the growth of the city's territory in the 20th century and a purposeful greening policy, much more green areas appear in the city. At the same time, the Central Park of Culture and Recreation named after V.G. Belinsky and the adjacent alleys retained their importance. It should be noted that the population was actively involved in the process of greening the city. All this contributed to the consolidation of the adjective “green” in relation to Penza in the historical memory of the population.

Background. The problem of socio-economic development of Russian society is urgent, which is due to the low indicators of the standard and quality of life of various segments of the population. According to the rating, Penza region is among the regions with a low level of social and economic development. In this regard, there is considerable interest in studying the key provisions of the Penza Region Development Strategy, analyzing the quality and standard of living of the population of Penza region and comparing them with all-Russian indicators. The purpose of the research is to study the main socio-economic indicators of the development of Penza region. Materials and methods. The study of the socio-economic development of Penza region is based on the study of the Regional Development Strategy, as well as the analysis of data on the quality and standard of living of the population in the region, presented on the Rosstat website from 2020 to 2023. Results. The use of Rosstat data and research materials made it possible to analyze all-Russian and regional indicators of the standard and quality of life of the population, including examining such indicators as wages, poverty level, unemployment, labor market tension, birth rate and mortality. Conclusions. The study showed that the level of wages in the Penza region has been constantly increasing from 2020 to 2023, but it is still low enough to meet the necessary needs of the population. The level of registered unemployment in the Penza region is lower than the national average, which allows us to talk about a favorable situation when seeking employment. An annual decline in the birth rate was recorded in the Penza region, as well as an excess of the mortality rate over the birth rate by more than two times from 2020 to 2022.

Background. The relevance of issues related to the preservation, translation and construction of representations of the past, with the formation of collective memory, is determined by the need to develop the subject field of one of the most popular, but also con-troversial areas of modern humanitarian knowledge; as well as the search for effective mechanisms for preserving historical continuity and ensuring sustainable social develop-ment. The purpose of the study is to analyze and generalize modern concepts in the fields of memory research and methods of source analysis of materials that capture manifestations of memorial culture. Materials and methods. Research of recent decades devoted to the problems of the formation of memorial culture is analyzed. The choice of methodological tools is associated with the theoretical constructions of memory studies, revealing the nature of commemorative practices, historical representations, and the temporality of social life. The study was carried out at the intersection and integration of the achievements of identity the-ory, the history of everyday life, and semiotics. The main concept is the “place of memory” – a means of restoring historical time, a “brace” and, at the same time, a construct for the formation of imperial and regional identities. The source base of the study is formed by materials from office documentation, personal sources, and periodicals. Results. The results of the development of “mnemohistorical issues” of foreign and domestic historiography, key directions of development and discussion constructs of memory studies are analyzed. The theoretical and source support for studying the states of transition of communicative memory into collective, social and further into cultural memory in the conditions of Rus-sian modernization is considered. The most important aspect of the problem was the analysis of the memorial development of the Russian province, the formation of regional memory and identity in the 19th – early 20th centuries. Conclusions. The category “place of memory” has been established as one of the most popular and effective tools of scientific knowledge in modern historical science. The need for further development of such aspects of the problem as: coherence of the place of memory and identity has been identified; the interaction of competing meanings in representations of the past (gaps in real representa-tions of the past, “absent knowledge”; imagination and “present memory”); definition of the concept itself; factors and specifics of memorial consolidation of society; means and mech-anisms of institutionalization of memorial culture and historical policy. Examples of solving specific research problems are presented using materials from the State Archive of the Penza Region.

Background. Currently, the tourism sector contains the potential to ensure the long-term sustainable development of Russian regions. However, the realization of this potential requires a revision of approaches to tourism management as a complex system with a spatial organization that is interconnected with other systems and flexibly responds to the effects of environmental factors. The solution of this problem is especially relevant for the Penza region, which is a subsidized region with a non-resource economy. The purpose of the study is to identify aspects of tourism management as a tool for sustainable development (using the example of the Penza region). Materials and methods. The research was conducted in a system paradigm based on the theory of systems and a systems approach. The methodological basis of the research was general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, special methods of economic analysis, statistical methods, provisions of strategic planning and management. Results. In relation to the Penza region, the problem areas of the regional tourism sector have been identified, which hinder the disclosure of the potential of tourism to achieve sustainable development of the region and are largely related to institutional, managerial and economic factors. A conceptual model for managing the tourism sector of the region is proposed, which interconnects four components that affect the achievement of sustainable development goals: natural, manufactured and financial, social, and human capital. Recommendations on the reorganization of the tourism management system in the Penza region are proposed. Conclusions. In order to use the tourism potential more effectively to ensure the sustainable development of the Penza region, a review of the regional tourism management system is required.

Background. The analysis of local floras reveals floristic diversity in most detail. This component of biodiversity is basic for its study and is important for solving scientific and practical problems. Materials and methods. In Penza region, three floras of the physiographic region and seven local floras are considered. Each local flora has been described from an area of 400 km2 and includes 589–804 species. The initial lists of species for all floras were compiled during a number of field seasons for 2010–2022; literature data were also used. Results. The flora of Penza region is characterized by the Rosaceae type, which is also preserved in each of the districts, both in the complete flora and in the native fraction. The difference between the proportions of the Rosaceae and Fabaceae families is most noticeable in the flora of the Zasursky district, which is the most forested and is located in the northeastern part of the region. In the spectra of families of adventitious fractions of the considered floras, the leading four are: Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Poaceae, and Fabaceae. For the considered floras of all three regions, the genus Vicia is the most numerous in the composition of legumes. The generic spectrum of the Rosaceae family in relation to the leading genera has differences: in the southern regions, the genus Potentilla is in the lead. The genus Alchemilla holds the first place in the composition of the flora of the Zasursky region. In the aboriginal fractions of local floras, the third place in the spectra of families is occupied by Rosaceae, and the genus Vicia dominates in the generic spectrum of the family Fabaceae. Five local floras include the genus Alchemilla, which is one of the leaders in the Rosaceae family. Two local floras located in the southern part have no representatives of Alchemilla and Potentilla dominates in Rosaceae. The local floras differ in the proportions of the Cyperaceae family. Conclusions. The considered floras of the physiographic regions, as well as the local floras, belong to the Rosaceae type. At the same time, Potentilla or Alchemilla can dominate in the Rosaceae family.

The history of studying the Kerensk and Lomov frontier lines has more than two and a half centuries, but it has not yet become the subject of a special historiographical analysis. Interest about the earthworks of the frontier line was formed at the end of the XVIII century, when information about them appeared on the pages of travelers' and writers' works. Since the second half of the XIX century, local historians began to collect archival documents about the Penza Governorate frontier lines. The difficulty of their identification was connected with the fact that a significant part of the documents was lost in the fires in the archives of the Prikaz of the Kazan Court. Studies of local historians were aimed at clarifying the location of earthen ramparts, establishing the time of appearance of defensive fortifications. In addition to documents they relied on the data of local legends and tales. The greatest contribution to the study was made by F.F. Chekalin, V.R. Khokhryakov, P.N. Chermensky, A.L. Khvoshchev. In the second half of the XX century V.I. Lebedev started systematic studies of the frontier lines. In addition to studying archival data, he organizes field surveys. As a result, the fortifications of Kerensk and Lomov lines were localized on the area, the exact dates of their construction were established, and the composition of the service people was determined. The results of the studies were summarized in V.I. Lebedev's monograph. Recently, archaeologists have started to study the defensive structures of the frontier line. Especially promising are the studies by lidar imaging method. It allows to get 3d images of objects. Political, social and economic aspects of the functioning of the frontier lines, conducted within the study of the Russian frontier issues, are becoming more often in sight of specialists.

The article is dedicated to the history of the study of the Penza fortress line, which accounts for more than two and a half centuries, but has not yet become the subject of historiographical analysis. There are three main stages can be distinguished in the study. The interest to the fortifications of the saddle line appeared in the last quarter of the XVIII century, when the information about them appeared in the notes of travelers and writers: P.S. Pallas, P.I. Sumarokov. Since the second half of the XIX century archivists and regional ethnographers began to collect archival documents on the Penza fortification line. Their efforts were aimed at localizing the earth ramparts, establishing the time of creation of military settlements, and publishing the texts of ancient acts. Along with documents, they used the data of legends and local legends. The beginning of the second stage refers to the middle of the XX century, when the studies of the Penza fortification line acquired a systematic character. V.I. Lebedev becomes its main researcher. Along with a wide use of the archival data, he turned to the field research, which allowed to fill the gaps in the documents, lost as the result of fires in the archives of the Prikaz Kazan Palace. Great work in search of the ancient acts was carried out by Penza archivists and local historians: G.V. Eremin, S.L. Shishlov and V.M. Sharakin in publication’s preparation: «The Fortress-City of Penza», by order of the Second Secretary of Penza Regional Committee of the CPSU G.V. Myasnikov. As a result of common efforts, the fortifications of the Penza Line were localized on the ground, the exact dates of their construction were established, and the composition of the servicemen was determined. The results of the research were summarized in the two editions of V.I. Lebedev’s monographs of 1986 and 2006. At present the studies of fortifications of serfdom are carried out mainly by archaeological methods, but their results are rather modest.

Background. The relevance of the topic is explained by the need to further study the regional specifics of the mobilization campaigns at the initial stage of the Great Patriot-ic War. The analysis of the historiography of the issue demonstrates the existence of signif-icant gaps in scientific research on this issue. The purpose of the study is to analyze the changes that have occurred in the content, forms and methods of activity of the state author-ities of Penza region in connection with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. Materials and methods. The source base of the research is formed on the basis of documentary mate-rials of federal and regional archival institutions. Most of the archival documents used were introduced into scientific circulation for the first. The research methodology is based on the principles of science, objectivity and historicism, as well as consistency in the consideration of events and phenomena. Results. In the course of the study, the transformations of the ac-tivities of state authorities and management of Penza region caused by the extraordinary conditions of wartime were identified and described. Conclusions. The beginning of the Great Patriotic War determined significant changes in the work of the party and state lead-ership of Penza region. In the emergency conditions of wartime, the priority tasks were to strengthen the defense capability of the country and the region. This required combining the efforts of all political, state and public structures, establishing new forms of coordination and interaction between them. The interdepartmental management system created at the re-gional level made it possible to successfully solve the tasks of a military mobilization na-ture set for the Penza region. The changes taking place at the regional level were a local re-flection of the all-Union processes.

Background. The relevance of studying the phenomenon of public catering in the USSR is due to the need to understand the specifics of the Soviet modernity, the implemen-tation of the project of building a new society in the conditions of Stalin’s reconstruction of the national economy. The purpose of the work is to analyze the process of changes in the functioning of public catering in the 1920s – 1930s on the example of Penza region. Materials and methods. Based on the study of a wide range of sources extracted from the central (Russian State Archive of Economics) and local archives (State Archive of Penza region), as well as published documents, the features of the formation of a key branch of the modern economy – public catering in the period of the 1920s – 1930s are revealed. The methodological basis of the study was the concept of social constructionism or con-structivism, in the context of which the main emphasis is placed on the conditionality of the processes of constructing social reality by state ideology and management practice. Com-parative historical and statistical methods were used to identify the regional specifics of the formation of the Soviet public catering. Results. The main principles, features, advantages and disadvantages of the Soviet public catering in various historical periods – the new eco-nomic policy of the 1920s and industrialization of the 1930s – are analyzed on the example of Penza region. Conclusions. In the period of the 1920s – 1930s, continuity in the work of public canteens of Penza province was maintained: class orientation, advantages and problems characteristic of the previous period. A new trend was a temporary relaxation for private capital admitted to the catering sector in the 1920s. During the years of industriali-zation, it became one of the branches of the Soviet economy that contributed to the solution of important state tasks.

It has now been established that two species of roe deer live in Eastern Europe – the European (Capreolus capreolus Linnaeus, 1758) and the Siberian (C. pygargus Pallas, 1771). At the same time, as a result of artificial and natural colonization, a zone of sympatric habitat with a possible blurred "hybrid zone" was formed in the area from the Right Bank Volga to Eastern Poland. The purpose of the article was to study the genetic status and polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA of roe deer (Capreolus sp.) caught in the Penza region. The material for the article was collected in the hunting grounds of the Penza region with the direct participation of the Department for the Protection, Supervision and Regulation of the Use of Wildlife of the Ministry of Forestry, Hunting and Nature Management of the Penza Region. The analytical sample consisted of 18 individuals from different regions of the Penza region. An analysis of the variability of two mtDNA markers was carried out: the control region (CR) and the Cyt b gene. Sequencing of fragments of the CR mtDNA (n = 18) and the Cyt b gene (n = 18) was performed on an ABI 3500 sequencer (Applied Biosystems). Nucleotide sequences were studied using BioEdit 7.0, Mega7.0.21, PopArt and DnaSP 5.10.01 software. All results were verified by statistical tests (STATISTICA 13.3). Analysis of the nucleotide sequences of fragments of the control region (CR) and a fragment of the Cyt b gene of roe deer from the Penza region using the ML method indicates that they all correspond to the mtDNA of the Siberian roe deer (C. pygargus). Only 2 samples of the cytochrome b gene fragment form a separate haplogroup, without a direct association with samples of the European roe deer (C. capreolus). Comparison of genetic distances of formalized groups of Siberian roe deer (CP), European roe deer (CC) and roe deer from the Penza region (CPR) shows that for the control region the distance of the Penza roe deer group is minimal with the C. pygargus group, and for the Cyt b gene – with group of C. capreolus. The identified genetic spatial groupings of roe deer in the region are not spatially determined. The obtained positive values of the T'sD indicator (1.221) reveal the process of weak fluctuations in the total number associated with the uneven intensity of hunting exploitation of roe deer populations and reproduction activities. Of the entire sample of roe deer in the Penza region, 6 CR mtDNA haplotypes (33.3 %) and 6 haplotypes of the Cyt b gene (42.8 %) are regionally specific. The analysis of species identity based on two mitochondrial markers of roe deer from the Penza region, which most reliably identifies them as Siberian, can hardly be called definitive. We are probably faced with cases of interspecific crossing of two species of Eurasian roe deer or the fact of widespread introgression of C. pygargus mtDNA into the aboriginal population of C. capreolus. To clarify this situation, it is necessary to conduct additional genetic studies using nuclear markers, including microsatellite DNA markers.

Background. The symbolic and figurative representation of the region is an im-portant component of the identity of the local community. It was in the 1940s–1980s that the creation of the image of the region became one of the important policy directions of the local authorities, who sought to emphasize the uniqueness of the region. The study of this issue will reveal the most important symbols of the region created during this period, as well as the main directions of the policy to create the image of Penza region. The purpose of the study is to analyze the policy of local authorities on branding territories and creating new symbols in Penza region in the 1940s–1980s. Materials and methods. The article considers the for-mation of symbolic and figurative representations of Penza region in the 1940s–1980s based on the analysis of objective socio-economic, political changes in the region, as well as the purposeful policy of local authorities on branding the territory. The corpus of sources con-sisted of periodical materials, archival documents, memoirs and diary entries of contempo-raries. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of the historical and sys-tematic method, which allows us to form a holistic picture of regional policy on the formation of the image of Penza region in the 1940s–1980s. Results. The main symbols of the region that appeared in the 1940s–1980s are considered. The basic principles and directions of branding of the territory and symbolic policy of local authorities are revealed. Conclusions. The formation of the image of the region in the 1940s–1980s was inextricably linked with socio-economic development. At the same time, a purposeful policy and an integrated ap-proach to the creation of symbols and images made it possible to emphasize the specifics of Penza region, reflect achievements in the field of industry, trade, agriculture, cultural con-struction. An important place was occupied by the development of the local history move-ment and the use of history in the ideological and educational process.

Based on the analysis of regional archival material, the article examines in detail the dynamics of the deployment of evacuation hospitals in the Penza region in 1941-1945. The features of the development of the structure of their bed fund are considered, the main places of deployment and placement are determined. The analysis made it possible to identify the following chronological stages in the development of the regional base of rear evacuation hospitals: 1) June 22 July 1941; 2) July 1941 early 1942; 3) February October 1942; 4) November 1942 early 1944; 5) early 1944 June-July 1945; 6) second half of 1945. It is concluded that the dynamics of the deployment of evacuation hospitals was determined, first of all, by a change in the operational-strategic situation and a change in the front line, and only then by the capabilities of regional health care. By comparing local data with data on the number of evacuation hospitals in other regions of the Volga region, an excessively high degree of mobilization load was placed on the healthcare system of the Penza region, which initially had insignificant sectoral resources. It was determined that the structure of the bed fund during the war years developed towards deepening its specialization, primarily due to an increase in the number of specialized surgical beds. The vast majority of evacuation hospitals were located in settlements located on the territory of the regions of the Penza region, which have the necessary social and railway infrastructure

Background. Botanically and geographically, the territory of the Penza region is located in the forest-steppe zone. The purpose of the work is to characterize the steppe communities studied on its territory and to establish their syntaxonomic position in the system of European syntaxa. Materials and methods. Geobotanical research was carried out in July 2021 in Lopatino and Shemysheyka districts of Penza region. The descriptions were carried out within the natural contours of plant communities based on standard methods and were placed in a database created on the basis of the TURBOVEG program and processed in the Juice program. Syntaxonomic analysis was carried out from the perspective of the approach of J. Braun-Blanquet; the names of the new syntaxa are given in accordance with the “International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature”. The system of higher syntaxa is given according to the summary “Vegetation of Europe...”. Results. Steppe vegetation in the Penza region is distributed mainly in the southern part. The zonal type of steppes are meadow steppes. In the Shemysheysky and Lopatinsky regions, psammophytic variants of steppes are found on sandy substrates. Geobotanical descriptions and syntaxonomic analysis made it possible to establish a new association Jurineo charcoviensis-Koelerietum dubjanskyi ass. nov. and new sub associations Jurineo charcoviensis-Koelerietum dubjanskyi typicum subass. nov., Jurineo charcoviensis-Koelerietum dubjanskyi silenetosum borysthenicae subass. nov. and Jurineo charcoviensis-Koelerietum dubjanskyi festucetosum rupicolae subass. nov. Presence in the floristic composition of the studied communities in a significant number of diagnostic species of the Festuco-Brometea class indicate that the cenoses represent steppe vegetation. It should be noted that there is a small number of diagnostic species of the Koelerio-Coriphonerenetea class within the studied communities. This fact allows us to conclude that the psammophytic variant of steppe vegetation was studied. Conclusions. Geobotanical studies of steppe vegetation in the Lopatino and Shemysheyka districts of Penza region and subsequent syntaxonomic analysis from the perspective of J. Braun-Blanquet’s approach allowed us to establish one new association and three new subassociations. They belong to the alliance Festucion valesiacae, order Festucetalia valesiacae, class Festuco-Brometea .

Background. Scilla sibirica – bulbous geophyte, ephemeroid. On the territory of the Penza region, the northern border of the species’ range passes. Materials and methods. The author’s research was carried out from 2018 to 2022 during the period of mass flowering of S. sibirica in two habitats of the species: in the southwest of Penza region and in Penza in the I.I. Sprygin Botanical Garden of Penza State University (PSU). In order to identify the features of ontogenesis, the dynamics of the number of individuals and to assess the general state of the population S. sibirica in Penza region, the data obtained were compared with similar indicators from literary sources (since 2006). Results and discussion. In the study points, S. sibirica has similar dimensions and structure of underground organs, differences are noted in the sizes of aboveground vegetative organs. A comparative analysis of the biometric characteristics of S. sibirica of Penza region with data from more southern regions of Russia and Ukraine showed that the most similar in size and structure are the plants of the forest from Voronezh region. During the 16 years of observations, there were changes in the ratio of the number of individuals of different age conditions in the cenopopulation (CP), and the age spectrum also changed. Conclusions. The conditions of Penza region are optimal for the existence of this species. The CP density is stable, the number is relatively high, individuals of pregenerative states predominate.

Background. Partial mobilization was announced in Russia in 2022. As Russian President Vladimir Putin said, the last mobilization in our country took place 80 years ago. Therefore, it is an urgent task to consider how the issue of preparation for mobilization events was solved then, as well as the process of mobilization itself, to raise the main problematic issues, to find out the attitude of people to the events taking place. The purpose of the study is to consider the complex of mobilization measures in the spring of 1941 and in the first months of the Great Patriotic War by the example of Penza region. Materials and methods. The research is based on archive documents and materials revealing the mobiliza-tion activities in the spring of 1941 and at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War in Penza region. In the course of writing the work, basic research methods were used – dialectical, the method of historicism, objectivity, consistency, which made it possible to organize and structure the material taking into account military issues. To determine the degree of relia-bility and representativeness of the documentary material, the method of critical analysis of historical sources was used. Results. By the example of the activities of military enlistment offices of Penza region, the actions of local military authorities and the difficulties they faced in preparing mobilization resources and conducting mobilization in the summer of 1941 are considered. Conclusions. The military enlistment offices in the spring of 1941, during large training camps and mobilization in connection with the outbreak of war, did a lot of work despite the difficulties. An inspection of the state of mobilization resources (horse-drawn vehicles, carts, and tractor equipment) in the spring of 1941 showed an unsat-isfactory state of affairs. Despite objective and subjective difficulties, mistakes and unpro-fessionalism, the government task was completed, which proved the effectiveness of the system of formation of military units in war conditions.

Background. The relevance of this topic is determined by the need to develop ef-fective mechanisms for socio-political interaction and practices for responding to social demands, the importance of which increases at the crisis stages of the development of so-ciety. The purpose of the study is to analyze the discussion of the draft Constitution of 1977 by the population of Penza region and the reaction of the authorities as a reflection of the process of formation of Soviet identity at the end of the modern era. Separate aspects of the problem are: the study of the procedure for conducting the discussion, as well as the content of the proposals and comments of Soviet citizens. Materials and methods. The study was carried out on the materials of the fund r-2038 (Executive Committee of Penza Regional Council of People’s Deputies) of the State Archives of Penza Region. The methodological tools of the new political history, orienting the researcher to the “psychologization” of the problem, to “biased” attention to the strategies of behavior and thinking, to mass political culture, was applied in this article. The focus of modern researchers is everyday life, symbolism and semantics, the space of communication and information exchange, which is due to the “practical”, “cultural” and “linguistic” turns of humanitarian knowledge. One of the key tools in this regard is the formation of group identity as a special construct, identical to a certain set of values and aspirations. Results. The goals and objectives, the mechanism for conducting a “nationwide discussion” of the Constitution of 1977 on the materials of Penza region are studied. A comparative analysis of the basic constructs of mass political culture in the USSR in the 1930s and 1970s has been carried out. The content components of the Soviet identity of the late USSR are described. Conclusions. Another mobilization cam-paign, which manifested the formation of the “ideal Soviet man”, revealed the discrepancy between imaginary and real practices and provoked an undesirable surge of social activity. In addition, the regional dimension of mass political culture in the period of “mature socialism” allows us to conclude that there are innovative elements characteristic of post-economic civilization: technocracy, creativity, the unconditional priority of education and culture.

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Background. Large-scale changes taking place today in all spheres of life in Russian society revealed the need to increase patriotism. Solving this problem is impossible without clearly built system of patriotic education, based on knowledge in the field of structure and dynamics of student youth patriotic values. The purpose of the study is to analyze conditions and dynamics of development of student youth patriotic values in modern society. Materials and methods. The study is based on systemic and structural-functional approaches. Based on data from quantitative and qualitative author’s studies conducted in 2020 and 2022 among students of Penza region, secondary analysis of other sociological studies, analysis of the main components of patriotism was carried out, dynamics of patriotic values of modern student is presented. Results. Based on data from the studies, state of youth patriotic values was presented: dynamics of patriotic self-identification of student youth was considered, the main indicators and manifestations of patriotism, attitude to patriotism, features of active patriotism, role of various persons and organizations in process of forming student youth patriotic values were identified. Conclusions. According to studies, increase in proportion of students identifying as patriots, differences in gender and courses of study were revealed; there is a significant increase in all indicators of patriotism; true patriotism manifests itself more in respect for tradition and work for good of country; the level of active patriotism in student environment is not high; influence of family and educational institutions in formation of youth patriotism is growing.

Background. The current demographic situation in Russia requires the urgent implementation of diverse measures to support families with children. Among them, ensur-ing a sufficient number of places in kindergartens, nurseries and medical institutions is of particular importance. The need to solve this problem determines the relevance of under-standing the historical experience of the formation and implementation of the policy of the Soviet state in the field of maternal and child health, including the activities of preschool institutions in the extreme conditions of the Great Patriotic War. The purpose of this work is to consider the features of the deployment and nature of the activities of the rural nursery network of Penza region in 1941–1945. Materials and methods. The research was carried out on the basis of the involvement of documentary materials of the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Russian State Archive of Economics, the State Archive of the Pen-za region and materials of the periodical press of the war years. The realization of research tasks was achieved through the use of a systematic and integrated approach to the consider-ation of the organization of the system of protection of motherhood and infancy during the Great Patriotic War. Results. The analysis revealed the need to organize the life support of infants in rural settlements of Penza region during the war years through nursery escort. The dynamics of the deployment of rural pre-school institutions of nursery type is consid-ered. Diverse difficulties in the organization of life, nutrition and medical care for nursery contingents are identified, practices for overcoming them are described. Quantitative indi-cators of nursery care coverage of the child population have been determined. The favora-ble impact of nursery construction on reducing the acuteness of economic, medical and de-mographic problems in the region has been established. Conclusions. In the period 1941–1945 a sharp decline in the number of male able-bodied population determined the need for the total inclusion of female labor in agricultural production. The main tool for solving this problem was the development of a network of nurseries, which also made it possible to es-tablish regular medical monitoring of the health of a significant part of children in the first three years of life. The leading place in the work of the nursery in this direction was occu-pied by measures to prevent childhood morbidity and infant mortality, the implementation of which was entrusted to assigned medical workers. The deployment and functioning of the nursery was carried out by the efforts of a number of different departments, institutions and business entities and was accompanied by problems associated with insufficient fund-ing, personnel, material and economic support, indifferent attitude and lack of initiative of local leaders. However, despite the significant costs, in the most difficult wartime condi-tions in Penza region, it was possible to organize and maintain a fairly developed network of rural nurseries, the vast majority of which were seasonal in nature and made it possible to cover from 23,000 to 70,000 children with nursery care in some war years. In our opin-ion, the activity of nurseries has become an important circumstance, which, together with other factors, contributed to the stabilization of agricultural production and the reduction of infant mortality in the region by more than 2 times compared to the pre-war level.

The article gives a phytosozological assessment of natural monuments of regional importance in the Penza region, based on a number of phytosozological criteria that characterize the vegetation cover and their ecological state. The assessment is based on such criteria as the degree of study of the vegetation cover of the territory, the demonstration (reference) value, the area occupied, the anthropotolerance of the vegetation cover, the coenotic diversity of the territory, the total number of species diversity of vascular plants, the number of species listed in the Federal and regional Red Books, the degree transformation and recovery potential. The assessment used is of interest as a test express system that allows you to quickly assess the dynamics of the main qualitative and quantitative indicators of natural complexes. On the territory of the Penza region, located mostly on the western slope of the Volga Upland, and geobotanically located within the forest-steppe zone, in order to preserve biological and landscape diversity, 90 natural monuments of regional significance were identified on an area of 627.4 km2, which is 1.44% from the territory of the region. The highest concentration of natural monuments is noted in the north-east of the region, the most elevated and wooded part of the region. The largest area of more than 40 thousand hectares was noted in the Vyshe-Moksha botanical-geographical region. The largest number of monuments, of which 70% are botanical, are noted in the Prisursky botanical-geographical region with an average rating score of 62.2. The maximum score was noted at the natural monument Ardymsky Shikhan. The largest number of hydrological monuments of nature are located in the Zasursky and Prisursky botanical and geographical regions, which is associated with the location of the Sura River basin in these regions. The largest number of zoological monuments is located on the territory of the Vyshe-Moksha botanical-geographical region. The results obtained are necessary to determine the dynamics and directions of the processes of conservation and restoration of the composition of the flora and fauna of unique communities of regional natural monuments, as well as to increase the level of representativeness and ecological status, which in the future will allow monitoring changes in ecosystems.

Approaches to the preservation of natural, cultural and historical heritage are shown on the example of the administrative district. Along with the existing list of objects of natural and cultural heritage, it is proposed at the regional level to identify historical cultural landscapes, including villages with preserved ethnic culture and their natural environment, and to classify them as heritage sites. Landscape planning capabilities of ecological balance zones and tourist and recreational systems are shown on the example of the Neverskinsky District of the Penza Region. Historical cultural landscapes together with fragments of wildlife are attributed to the ecological framework of the countryside, which can be used as a tourist and recreational area.

Background. The relevance of developing the problem is determined by the need to comprehend the process of glocalization – strengthening the value of local specificity, its actualization. A consistent strategy for the formation of a regional identity, a sustainable awareness of the local community within a certain spatiotemporal continuum is an intangible factor in economic growth and human development. The purpose of the work is to study the processes of administrative and economic development of the rear region during the Great Patriotic War. The consideration of the practices of everyday life, the identification of communication links between the official and everyday levels of perception of what was happening is of fundamental importance. Materials and methods. The array of historical sources involved in the analysis was made up of documents from the State Archives of the Russian Federation and the State Archives of Penza region. The study was carried out on the basis of an interdisciplinary synthesis of the methods of sociology, history and cultural studies of everyday life. The methods of hermeneutics are used, first of all, general approaches to the interpretation of a historical source: understanding the general meaning of the text and the socio-cultural context, taking into account the knowledge of the chronotope of events and everyday practices. Results. In the course of the study, the specifics of the official representation of the region’s identity were revealed and the images of extreme everyday life in the mass consciousness were reconstructed. Conclusions. For the local community, the formation (restoration) of a regional identity (the formation of Penza region as an independent subject of the RSFSR dates back to 1939) coincided with the start of the Great Patriotic War, which was a key factor that greatly complicated this process. Migration mobility, the relocation of dozens of enterprises and over 150,000 evacuated citizens to Penza region, coupled with the mobilization efforts of the authorities and the most severe centralization of management, deformed the familiar background of provincial everyday life.

Background. The political and military events of the Soviet-Finnish war have recently been well studied, but the military mobilization activities of the military authorities of that period on the territory of the USSR and in particular in Penza region remain poorly studied. Faced with a big problem at the front, sometimes military mobilization activities in the rear were improvised by the military leadership of the country, not planned by the governing documents, which led to difficulties in their implementation. This also applies to the formation of volunteer ski battalions, the creation of which is rather poorly studied. The purpose of the work is to use the example of the formation of the 111th separate ski battalion to consider the actions of local military authorities and the difficulties they faced in the process of creating a specialized unit on a voluntary basis. Materials and methods. The research is based on archival documents and materials that reveal the procedure for recruiting ski units of the Red Army on a voluntary basis during the Soviet-Finnish war in Penza region. In the course of writing the work, the basic research methods were used-dialectical, the method of historicism, objectivity, and consistency, which made it possible to organize and structure the material taking into account military issues. To determine the degree of reliability and representativeness of the documentary material, the method of critical analysis of historical sources was used. Results. On the example of the formation of the 111th separate ski battalion, the actions of local military authorities and the difficulties they faced when creating a specialized unit on a voluntary basis are considered. Conclusions. The military enlistment offices of the country have not been engaged in recruiting the Red Army on a voluntary basis for more than 20 years. Therefore, the formation of a specialized combat unit on a voluntary basis during the period of combat operations in a short time was a good test for the military, party and state bodies in Penza region. Despite the objective and subjective difficulties, the government task was completed, which proved the effectiveness of the system of forming new military units in war conditions and served as a good experience for future mass mobilizations.

Background. Lace bugs remain an insufficiently studied family of Heteroptera in Penza region. Materials and methods. The material was collected in meadow biotopes on the right bank of Penza reservoir. Other researchers in various regions of the Eastern European forest-steppe revealed these species earlier. Voronezh region is also inhabited by all four species presented in this work. D. longispina has not been recorded in Samara, Orenburg and Saratov regions. Results and conclusions. Four species of lace bugs – Stephanitis pyri, Dictyla rotundata, Oncochila simplex, Derephysia longispina – are registered for the first time in the Penza region.

Background. The theme of famine in the USSR and the regions of the country in the early 1930s is relevant in connection with the need to study the sources of the Stalinist modernization of Russia, which created a powerful military-industrial complex during the first five-year plans, which ensured the victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War. Its creation became possible due to the use of internal sources by the Stalinist regime, the main of which was the Soviet village, including Penza. Bread and raw materials were taken from the countryside with the help of the forcible creation of a collective farm system and forced procurement of agricultural products. This led to a crisis in the agriculture of the USSR and famine in its main grain-producing regions, including Penza region. Materials and methods. Published documents, documents of the Penza State Archive and the central archives of Russia are the sources used in this work. The historical-comparative method was used. Results. In the course of the study, the causes of the famine, its scale and consequences in the regions of the Middle Volga and Lower Volga regions, which later became part of Penza region, were identified. Conclusions. In 1933, famine struck most of the southeastern regions of the region, food difficulties were experienced by all of its rural and urban population. The famine came as a result of collectivization and forced grain procurements in 1932. The victims of the famine in Penza region were mainly rural residents: collective farmers and individual farmers.

Background. The article is devoted to the study of one of the key problems in the Russian history of the 20th century – the implementation of the new economic policy. This period is the time of the formation of a new society for Russia, which arose on the basis of the interaction of various socio-economic structures. The development of entrepreneurship in modern Russia and its relationship with the state makes it necessary to study the histori-cal experience of the NEP. Materials and methods. The implementation of research tasks was achieved through the use of documents extracted from the funds of the State Archives of the Penza Region. The methodological potential includes: the historical-comparative method or the method of comparative analysis, the application of which allows to identify the general and particular in the political practices and activities of entrepreneurs in the Penza province, the historical-genetic one, revealing the prerequisites and causes for the restoration and development of market institutions, as well as the conditions for effective synthesis and convergence of state control and private economic activity; a statistical me-thod, the significance of which is obvious for the analysis of quantitative data related to the implementation of the new economic policy. Results. On the basis of archival materials that were not previously introduced into scientific circulation, the key transformations in chan-ging the forms of organization of economic life and the attitude of the urban and rural population, the party-Soviet bureaucracy towards them are considered. The scientific novel-ty lies in the study of the practices of implementing the main measures of the NEP in the regional aspect. Conclusions. The cardinal nature of the reforms being carried out met with ambiguous assessment both among the peasantry and urban inhabitants, and among offi-cials of the party and state apparatus. This period was not distinguished by a holistic, thoughtful, systemic policy, although certain steps were taken towards the recognition of various forms of ownership.

Background. Historiographic reflection on the topic is predetermined, on the one hand, by the unfolding controversy about the possibilities of cooperation between doctors and humanities in the history of medicine, on the other hand, by the need to systematize existing knowledge, as well as to build programs of historical analysis, in connection with the growing number of publications by Russian social historians and a noticeable methodo-logical indifference. The goal is to identify the main scientific directions, to determine the degree of development of health development issues in the Penza region in the 1940s – early 1950s. Materials and methods. The corpus of sources is represented by an extensive literature, which considered various practical and theoretical problems of medical support for the population of the USSR and the Penza region in the 1940s – early 1950s, as well as a number of related subjects. The use of the comparative method in order to identify the specifics of regional historiography determined the appeal to the main conceptual models and approaches that existed in the national health historiography of the corresponding peri-od. Results. In the course of the study, the main tendencies and directions of research prac-tices in the Soviet and modern historiography of health care of the war years and post-war Stalinism were identified and analyzed. The features of the approaches of various groups of researchers to the problem are revealed, the main results and prospects for its development are determined. Conclusions. The current situation in the historiography of domestic health care in the 1940s – early 1950s dictates the need for an interdisciplinary study that consi-ders public health as a complex of diverse factor characteristics, including: the activities of public health authorities, working and living conditions, lifestyle, mental health concepts and behavioral strategies, hereditary predisposition, the state of the environment (climatic and ecological conditions).

Background. People’s universities in the USSR were public educational institu-tions, were a mass form of continuous education of citizens. In parallel with other educa-tional and educational structures, they were engaged in the political, economic, cultural education of Soviet citizens, and advanced training of personnel. The study of the education and development of the network of folk universities at the regional level contributes to the restoration of an objective picture of the daily life of the population in the indicated chrono-logical framework; To supplement historical knowledge of the content and forms of public and State activities to improve the general and professional level of public training. The purpose of the work is to consider the reasons, prerequisites and the course of organi-zing peopleʼs universities in Penza region in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Materials and methods. The research tasks were carried out on the basis of the analysis and synthesis of documents of the State Archive of Penza Region – materials from the funds of Penza Re-gional Organization of the Knowledge Society and the regional party committee. The work used methods: historical and genetic method, historical and comparative method. Results. The types of folk universities have been studied, the content and forms of their work, or-ganization of the educational process in them, teaching and lecture staff, the composition of the listeners. Conclusions. The study of the practice of folk universities in the late 1950s and early 1960s in the Penza region made it possible to identify key trends and difficulties in the development of such a form of continuous education and education of the Soviet population, to determine the vector of subsequent research into the scientific problem.

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Background. The relevance of the research is due to the importance of increasing the accessibility of objects and services of organizations in the tourism and hospitality in-dustry for people with disabilities, including objects and services of cultural institutions. The purpose of the study is to determine the current level of accessibility of objects and services of cultural institutions of the Penza region for people with disabilities as an integral part of the tourism and hospitality industry of the region, as well as to assess the willing-ness of the participation of cultural institutions in the development of inclusive tourism in the region. Materials and methods. The information base of the research was official statis-tics, materials on the legal regulation of tourism and providing an accessible environment, analytical materials and scientific papers on the problems of assessing the accessibility of objects and services of organizations in the tourism and hospitality industry, and the authorsʼ own research. The research was carried out using general scientific methods (abst-raction, synthesis, analogy, etc.) and empirical methods (observation, questionnaires, inter-views, expert surveys and “field” research). Results. As a result of the research, systemic problems were identified in ensuring the accessibility of objects and services of cultural institutions of the Penza region for people with disabilities, limiting their inclusion in re-gional inclusive projects – tour programs, tourist routes and excursions as part of the deve-lopment of inclusive tourism in the region. Conclusions. Assessing the accessibility of ob-jects and services of cultural institutions in the region for people with disabilities contri-butes to the inclusion of institutions in the process of creating an inclusive environment in the region, increasing their level of accessibility, building a dialogue between different or-ganizations – objects of research, government authorities and local communities of people with disabilities, which in turn stimulates creating an environment for the development of inclusive tourism in the region.

Background. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to obtain qua-litatively new and diverse knowledge that contributes to the formation of an objective assessment of the activities of health authorities and institutions during the war period. The purpose of the study is to reconstruct the hospital everyday life of Penza region at the final stage of the Great Patriotic War based on the complaints from wounded Red Army soldiers. Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of documents from the State Archives of Penza Region, as well as materials from local and central periodicals. The central place is occupied by the complaints of servicemen who were treated in evacua-tion hospitals of the Penza region in 1944–1945. Documents of an earlier period (for 1941–1943) and any statistical data on the number and problems of appeals in the regional archive are not presented. The analysis of the specified corpus of sources makes it possible to reconstruct the daily history of evacuation hospitals in the “dimension” of direct recipi-ents of medical care – wounded soldiers of the Red Army. The description of the adaptation practices of the wounded and sick, presented in the complaints, needs to be correlated with the assessments of employees of hospitals, public organizations and government agencies. Results. Some aspects of the source analysis of the complaints of the wounded and sick Red Army soldiers are studied, their main problems are highlighted. An attempt was made to determine the degree of reliability of perceptions of hospital life reproduced in complaints. Conclusions. The analysis made it possible to identify a wide range of problems faced by the wounded who were treated in local evacuation hospitals: poor-quality nutrition, low level of material and sanitary support, theft of property, shortcomings in the organization of treatment, violations of military and labor discipline. Conducting a comparative analysis of the information obtained from a significant number of complaints with the data of office documentation allows us to judge a fairly adequate reflection of the extreme everyday life of base hospital in the messages of the wounded.

Background. The relevance of the chosen topic is determined by the need to comprehend the historical experience of the formation and implementation of agrarian poli-cy in the USSR. The purpose of the study is to analyze the effectiveness of the collective farm system in the context of a military conflict, to study the arsenal of means and methods of regional, district and rural levels of government and the mobilization resources of the Soviet countryside. Materials and methods. The main issues of the agricultural develop-ment of Penza region during the Great Patriotic War analyzes in this article. The basis of the corpus of sources was formed by the office work documentation of the party admi-nistration, presented in the regional (State Archives of Penza region) and central archives (the Russian State Archives of Economics, the Russian State Archives of Social-Political History). The research methodology is based on the principles of a systematic approach to the consideration of issues of the history of Soviet society. At the same time, the explora-tion of the collective farm countryside as an open system capable of self-development and self-organization, but exchanging resources, energy, information with external systems and adapting to emerging threats is of fundamental importance. Results. The factors of agra-rian development of Penza region during the Great Patriotic War were revealed. The practi-ces of social-political interaction in the conditions of the economic collapse of the first war years are described. The ways and mechanisms of management, sources and resources of adaptation of the collective farm countryside to the challenges of the time are determined. Conclusions. The Soviet peasantry is regarded as the main resource of the war and the source of victory in the Great Patriotic War. There was a sharp reduction in the power sup-ply and mechanization of agricultural production in the period 1941–1943 as a result of mobilization. The stabilizing factor was the total involvement of the collective farm pea-santry in the system of mobilization planning, which was based on the mechanisms of coer-cion and agitation and propaganda activities of the party authorities. Nevertheless, the main source of increasing the volume of food supplies was the reduction of seed funds and con-sumption funds, structural and functional restructuring of personal subsidiary plots.

Background. The significance of the problem under study is due to the fact that the peasantry has always been the most disenfranchised part of society in Russia. In the middle of the 1960s, the USSR began a consistent implementation of the reorientation from the decades-old policy of merciless exploitation of peasant labor to comprehensive econo-mic support for the development of collective and state farms, strengthening both the mate-rial situation and the legal status of collective farmers and state workers. The purpose of this study is to analyze the most typical violations of the collective farm law and labor le-gislation in the 1960s on the collective and state farms of Ulyanovsk and Penza Regions, admitted by the management of the farms. Materials and methods. The solution of the tasks set in this study was achieved by applying the comparative historical method to the analysis of documents from the funds of the State Archives of Ulyanovsk Region, the State Archives of the Contemporary History of Ulyanovsk Region, and the State Archives of Penza Re-gion. Results. This article brings to light classified reports of the prosecutor’s office, re-gional audit commissions, agricultural departments, presented to the governors of Ulya-novsk and Penza Regions on the basis of inspections carried out between 1965 and 1966, which revealed numerous violations of the collective farm law and labor legislation. The most common violations were identified, grouped and analyzed. Conclusions. Studying the nature of violations of the collective farm law and labor legislation on collective and state farms, committed by their leaders, makes it possible to understand the real state of the organization and management of agriculture, peculiarities of the collective farm self-government, the legal awareness of the Soviet peasantry. The undertaken research makes it possible to fill the gap in the issue of collective farm management, as well as to present a more complete picture of the socioeconomic reality of the Russian countryside in the specified period of time.

Background. The relevance of the study is due to the high importance of the sphere of folk arts and crafts in solving the problem of sustainable socio-economic deve-lopment of the Penza region as a whole and individual municipalities. The purpose of the study is to analyze the sphere of folk arts and crafts in region, to identify the problems of its functioning and to propose possible directions for their solution. Materials and methods. The information base of the study was statistical data, regulatory documents, analytical materials, the results of scientific research on the problems of the revival, preservation and development of folk art crafts, the authors’ own research. The methodological basis of the research is general scientific methods (the method of analysis and synthesis, the system approach, the method of induction and deduction), the provisions of the theory of strategic management, marketing of territories and socially responsible marketing, methods of analy-sis of secondary data. Results. Analysis of the current state of the sphere of folk arts and crafts in the Penza region made it possible to identify systemic problems caused by the lack of coordination of efforts between the authorities, the regional institute for the development of the sphere of folk arts and crafts, the organizations of folk arts and crafts themselves and individually working craftsmen, whose activities are aimed at creating utilitarian and (or) for decorative purposes. Weak integration makes the management structure of the sphere of folk arts and crafts unstable and ineffective. Conclusions. The sphere of folk arts and crafts of the Penza Region requires support from regional authorities in various directions. The center of support for folk arts and crafts of the Penza Region should become the coor-dinator of such support.

Background. Traditionally, ichthyological studies were carried out on large reservoirs and rivers with developed fishing, using the constantly improving methodology for assessing the fish number. In the 21st century, there has been a practical interest in small reservoirs and watercourses. This is due to the massive transfer of water bodies and their hydraulic structures for use and the need to assess the damage caused to aquatic biological resources of watercourses and water bodies under any negative impact with the development of compensatory measures. However, the set of existing methods for studying the abundance of ichthyofauna in them is quite limited, applicable in small areas of water areas, and requires a complex registration of a special permit for catching aquatic biological resources. Our proposed modern method for assessing the abundance and species diversity of fish using an underwater video camera in small water bodies makes it possible to significantly simplify and improve the quality of research and is accessible to any researcher of ichthyofauna. At the same time, quite naturally, researchers have a number of questions about its practical application. The purpose of the publication is to highlight some of the features of using this technique, taking into account the accumulated material and testing experience. Materials and methods. The research was carried out by a system of underwayter video surveillance Calypso FDV-1111 according to the developed method. The survey was carried out on the control areas of the investigated water body, fish were taken into account, once marked by the camera. The results of approbation of the method in the Penza region on the Sanderka lake, the Lesnoy pond, the peat quarry, the section of the Staraya Sura and Sura rivers are presented. Results. Research with an underwater video camera to determine The number of fish is effective in small water bodies of central Russia, characterized by low transparency and low concentrations of fish. It is advisable to use direct counting of once encountered fish with conversion per unit area – ind./m2 and then – per g/m2. The highest occurrence of fish was noted in a fairly productive lake Sanderka with a wide species composition of ichthyofauna and a large number of juveniles. A significant amount of fish was recorded in the peat quarry due to the large percentage of juveniles. According to the main demanded indicator – the ichthyomass of the reservoir due to large fish in the section of the river Surah. Compared to the results obtained by other accounting methods in small water bodies, biomass data are high, especially in rivers. In contrast to non-aquatic catches with a predominance of juveniles and small fish, when working with the camera, more large individuals are recorded that are in places inaccessible for fishing and avoid it. The results obtained by this method are quite adequate to the existing requests for fish productivity presented to small water bodies with their scanty fish stock. This method of accounting is both an alternative and a good addition to the complex use of traditional methods of accounting for the number of fish in small water bodies of central Russia. Conclusions. Along with actively practiced video surveillance methods registration of terrestrial animals, obviously, and in the field of assessing the number of fish, the time has come to use underwater video cameras. Taking into account the availability of the method, costeffectiveness, without the death of the studied objects in the study of aquatic biological resources, the study of small reservoirs and rivers of their fish population is intensified. And comprehensive research in combination with other methods will provide comprehensive information on the state of aquatic biological resources of small reservoirs and rivers.

Background. Physical and sports education has always been an important area of public activity associations in the USSR. At the end of 1950s in the conditions of some improvement in the well-being of Soviet people and the approval of the concept of the deployed construction of communism in the USSR, the system of leading physical education and sports is changing in terms of strengthening the role of mass organizations, including the Komsomol, in solving state issues for the further development of physical education in society. A study of the development of the Soviet physical culture and sports movement and participation in this process of the Komsomol at the regional level allows you to recreate a real picture of the daily life of the population in the indicated chronological framework; to supplement historical knowledge of the content and forms of social activity of citizens. The purpose of the work is to consider the essence and nature of the activities of the Komsomol in involving residents of the Penza region in physical education and sports аt the end 1950s and early 1960s. Materials and methods. Research tasks were implemented on the basis of the documents of the State Archive of the Penza Region – materials from the funds of local sports and sports organizations (regional sports union, city sports union, regional committee on physical education, sports and tourism). Methods applied in the work: historical and genetic method, historical and comparative method. Results. The tasks and methods of work of the Komsomol in preparing for productive activities and armed protection of the state of the younger generation in historical retrospect were studied; analyzed the work of Komsomol organizations of the Penza region on the implementation of key areas of physical education and sports practice of the state. Conclusions. The study of the Komsomol’s work on improving the population аt the end 1950s and early 1960s made it possible to identify the main trends and difficulties in the development of the sports and sports movement in the Penza region, to determine new directions in the further study of the scientific problem.

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According to the United Nations forecasts, by 2050 the number of Russian citizens will decline to 132.7 million, mainly due to a decrease in the number of rural residents. Negative demographic trends are also noted in the Penza region, where over the past 25 years the population has decreased by 235 thousand people. In this context, the goal of the paper was the identification of socio-economic problems in rural areas based on a comprehensive analysis of the demographic situation, production potential, social structure and other factors, taking into account their potential change in conditions of turbulence in the external environment. The article analyzes the size of the rural population, its distribution by major age groups, household sizes. Indicators of life expectancy, natural movement and migration of the population of the Penza region and the Volga Federal District are reflected. Taking into account the actual socio-economic problems of the rural population and trends in the rural demography, the state should develop a new strategy for increasing birth rate, for decreasing mortality, assuring jobs and a corresponding living standard and life quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The biological diversity of the “Karnovarsky solonetz”, located in the south-west of the Penza region (Neverkino district), is analyzed. The halophytic vegetation of the forest-steppe zone of Eastern Europe has been little studied and these studies practically did not concern the Penza region [1, 2]. Materials and methods. The study of vegetation was conducted 2018–2019 using the method of geobotanical profiling, collected 122 trial sites. An ecological-phytocenotic classification of vegetation on a dominant basis has been developed. Animals in the area were studied from 2014 to 2019. Results. “Karnovarsky solonetz” contains halophytic vegetation (73,7 %), halophytic meadows (18,1 %) and halophytic bogs (1,6 %). Non-halophytic vegetation on the solonetz (26,3 % of the area) includes steppe (19,0 %), meadow (5,6 %) and shrub vegetation (1,6 %). The main stages of the demo-halophytic steppe, meadow, and bog vegetation, which proceed as well as in other southeastern solonetzes (Neverkino district), are distinguished. Flora includes 124 species of vascular plants, of which 1 species is listed in the Red book of the Russian Federation (2008) [3] and 16 in the Red book of the Penza region (2013) [4]. The study of animal fauna is at the initial stage of study: 70 species of animals have been discovered: vertebrates – 14 species and invertebrates – 56 species, of which 5 species are listed in the Red book of the Penza region [5]. Conclusions. We recommend the creation of a new natural monument in the Neverkino district, 2 km from the village of Mаnsurovka under the name “Karnovarsky solonetz”.

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Landfills and dumps of waste storage have become comparable to the zones of ecological disaster. Chemodanovsky landfill waste storage in the Penza region has a negative impact on the environment. In assessing the impact on groundwater and soil the polygon classified as “dangerous”, and the category of groundwater protection at its territory is defined as the minimum. The situation in the territory of Chemodanovsky landfill should recognize critical.

The 11th Edition of the «Flora of the CentralPart of European Russia» by P. F. aevsky was published in the end of 2014. The book includes 2500 species of vascular plants belonging to 139 families. Among them, 1306 species were stated to occur in the Republic of Mordovia. As a result, severalspecies previously not listed for floras of severalregions of CentralRussia were revealed. Relying on data from herbarium collections (GMU, HMNR, LE, MOSP, MW, NNSU, PKM, PVB, UPSU), available publications and field observations we present here information on the species not listed for the floras of the Republic of Mordovia, Chuvashian Republic, Nizhny Novgorod Region, Penza Region, Ryazan Region, Ulyanovsk Region in the 11th edition of the «Flora of the CentralPart of European Russia». The largest number of additions to the 11th edition of the «Flora…» was revealed for the Republic of Mordovia – 76 vascular plant species, including 37 alien and 39 native species. Onopordum acanthium L. is the addition for the Chuvashian Republic. One alien species (Portulaca oleracea L.) and three native species (Rosa lupulina Dubovik, Plantago stepposa Kuprian., Taraxacum bessarabicum (Hornem.) Hand.–Mazz.) are additions for the Nizhny Novgorod Region. Six plant species (including 1 alien and 5 native species) are additions for the Penza Region. Syrenia montana (Pall.) Klok. is an addition for the Ryazan Region. Six plant species (including 1 alien and 5 native species) were missing from the 11th edition of the «Flora…» for the Ulyanovsk Region. Also, two native species (Hottonia palustris L., Veronica incana L.) were erroneously listed for the flora of Mordovia in the 11th edition of the «Flora…».