Search

Dražen Petrović died tragically at the peak of his basketball career in 1993. The basketball arena in Zagreb and the square in front of it have been named after him. The square features his statue and a museum dedicated to him. In the 1980s, Petrović played for KK Cibona when the club became two-time European champion (1985, 1986). In recent years, Cibona has been on the verge of bankruptcy. The club is a NGO. Supporters were prevented from having any influence on decision-making or insight into club finances. In 2020, supporters founded an organisation called We are Cibona as a platform for activities directed at rescuing the club from bankruptcy and promoting financial sustainability and transparent business practices. The goal of this paper is to affirm the role of ‘heritage in-the-making’ in the social activism of KK Cibona Zagreb supporters. In doing so, in addition to material heritage, we also view the collective practices and constructed narratives tied to the symbolic meaning of Dražen Petrović in Zagreb as heritage. Petrović’s role, his dedication to basketball, and his time playing for the club in its “glorious past” are seen as an inspiration and a guide in the association’s work. The narrative about Petrović also has emotional weight, which the association uses to mobilise people in order to maximise its visibility among the interested public. Data was collected from March to September 2020 using the ethnographic method, with individual semi-structured interviews with members of We are Cibona (N=20).

U okviru međunarodnog H2020 projekta ‘Kulturna baština i identiteti europske budućnosti’ (2018.-2022.) provedena su brojna istraživanja u deset zemalja koja su se bavila mladima, njihovom kulturalnom pismenošću, vrijednostima, identitetima, interkulturalnim dijalogom te kulturnim ‘nasljeđem u nastajanju’. Ovo izlaganje temelji se na podatcima prikupljenim etnografskim studijama četiri neformalne grupe mladih ; u Coventriju (Youth Club), Zagrebu (skvot) te Hamburgu (antifa boksački klub i hip-hop grupa). Cilj je utvrditi kako se ove grupe nose s društvenim nejednakostima u svojoj sredini. Meta-etnografska analiza podataka su gerira da ove grupe svojim (sub)kulturnim aktivnostima nude prostor za participaciju mladih s društvene margine, a njihova kulturna raznolikost i inkluzivnost imaju ključan utjecaj u oblikovanju njihovih identiteta. Ove grupe su nastale i djeluju zbog nezadovoljstva njihovih članova dominantnim društvenim vrijednostima i institucionalnim praksama koje dovode do učvršćivanja društvenih nejednakosti i kulturne isključenosti. Takve spoznaje i vrijednosti prožimaju njihove prakse koje možemo opisati i kao ‘nasljeđe u nastajanju’. Bez obzira na razlike društvenog, ekonomskog i kulturnog konteksta u kojem djeluju, postoje temeljne sličnosti vezane uz vrijednosti i želju za društvenom promjenom u smjeru otvorenog i inkluzivnog društva koje poštuje pravo na različitost. Te vrijednosti i prakse im pomažu u razumijevanju vlastitog društvenog položaja, svakodnevnih problema s kojima se suočavaju, a također predstavljaju poticaj za stvaranje grupnog identiteta i daljnjeg djelovanja. Mladi iz ove četiri studije slučaja hvataju se u koštac sa širim (ne)razumijevanjem kulturnog naslijeđa. Stoga se etno-nacionalna i rasna percepcija i interpretacija kulture i pripadnosti smatra problematičnom i/ili izazovnom od strane mladih iz četiri studije slučaja obuhvaćene ovim istraživanjem.

The interaction of the identity and activities of members of the ultras subculture with their surroundings strongly influences their social status. Ultras in Croatia are constantly met with labels and prejudices. Until the 2010s, sociological research mostly approached them as deviants. However, their struggle against corruption and commodification in football in recent years means they are now also approached as social activists. Social distance is a measure of how close or far an individual or group is from a given social or ethnic group. This research uses data collected in Croatia as part of the H2020 PROMISE project to verify two research goals: 1) affirming citizens’ social distance towards the ultras subculture, and ; 2) affirming ultras’ self-assessment of how they are labelled. A survey carried out in 2018 on a representative sample of youths aged 15 to 29 (N=600) and citizens over 30 (N=600) to measure social distance used the question: “Who would you like to have as neighbours: people with large families, drug addicts, young people in their 20’s, devout Christians, teenagers, Muslims, LGBT people, ultras”. As a part of ethnographic research on the ultras group White Stones Varaždin, in-depth interviews were carried out in 2017 (N=25). The results of data analysis indicate an ambivalent relationship between the general population’s notable social distance towards the ultras subculture and ultras’ feelings of labelling and stigmatisation in everyday life.

The concept of heritage has long been used in the social sciences as a static, unchanging category. We approach heritage as a dynamic category whose definition depends on the sociopolitical and socioeconomic context of society and the local community, as well as the structure of social relations towards heritage. Donnelly (1993) affirmed that the participatory dimension of sport as a human right is of great importance in promoting democratic values and affirming them in the local community. Sport thus has the capacity to transform and change both communities and society in general. The goal of our research is to explain the social activism of young people regarding heritage related to Dražen Petrović and the current state of KK Cibona Zagreb basketball club. The data for our research was collected in 2020 using the ethnographic method, which included both individual semi-structured interviews and group walking interviews in public space related to KK Cibona in the centre of Zagreb. These young people in Zagreb are socially engaged, adopting and using public space related to KK Cibona and its heritage. The observed group of youths, members of the 'Mi smo Cibona' NGO, consisted of 20 members (between 21 and 27 years of age). These youths emphasise the importance of preserving heritage related to Dražen Petrović. The heritage of KK Cibona is shaped by the formal and informal context in which the cultural knowledge of these youths develops, encouraging them to participate in intercultural dialogue and the struggle against corruption and clientelism in sports. What both connects and significantly differentiates 'outsiders' from activists in the walking interviews is the club identity and collective memory of Dražen Petrović. Their social activism represents an innovation in Zagreb as concerns basketball and related institutional practices. Research has shown that this space of youth cultural activity represents an important space of tolerance, intercultural dialogue, and the affirmation of the democratic potential of youth in Zagreb.

Organised supporter groups were formed and began to function in the early 1980s in Yugoslavia. After the death of lifelong Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito in 1980, the political crisis reached its peak. The growth in political tensions was especially apparent at football stadiums, which were locations in which forbidden political narratives were expressed en masse. The supporter scene formed within this context. The secret service monitored members of supporter groups due to their flirting with nationalism. By using a historical and sociological approach, we wish to avoid numerous mystifications about the supporter scene. The thesis of this presentation is that young supporters in the 1980s, interacting with their peers and society in general, created new forms of collective action. In addition to violence and nationalism, which represent important elements of the supporter scene at the time, we claim that the subculturalisation process itself was key in creating a specific subcultural style of football hooligan, which indelibly marked the 1980s in Croatia and other parts of the former Yugoslavia. Understanding the origins of the supporter subculture in the 1980s is also key to an understanding of the political dimension of the modern ultras subculture in Croatia

The goal of this research is to examine the relationship of “Against Modern Football” (AMF) clubs towards success and progress in lower league football, focusing on two clubs in Germany and Croatia. Research on HFC Falke is based on 27 months of ethnographic fieldwork using thick participation (123 field diary entries, 10 interviews). Research on NK Varteks is based on 17 months of ethnographic fieldwork (53 field diary entries, 25 interviews). Both clubs were founded upon the basic values of the AMF movement. Meanwhile, victory and success are imperatives in sport (Coakley 2009), which tests the basic values of the AMF movement and the ultras subculture. Falke implemented and negotiated moral guidelines to resolve this dilemma. They note the ability of all members to participate in this discussion as a crucial difference between them and other professional and amateur teams. While resistance to commercialisation was key in the German context, in Croatia, aside from general opposition to commercialisation, the key factors were resistance to corruption and crime in football ; success and promotion, in addition to economic barriers, necessitate forms of cooperation with institutions that are unacceptable to the club’s founders. At Falke, creating a new emotional home is the primary concern. The moral guidelines are intended to protect this home, but they can be adapted if they match the emotional requirements of the majority. Similarly, but in a different context, Varteks fights to resolve contradictions between the desire to win and the basic values upon which the club was founded.

U ovom radu istražujemo kako srednjoškolci u Hrvatskoj razumiju i doživljavaju svoj kulturni identitet te koji su oblici njihove kulturne participacije. U sklopu međunarodnog projekta CHIEF u Hrvatskoj je provedeno kvalitativno istraživanje kojim smo obuhvatili učenike drugih razreda triju srednjih škola, jedne u velikom gradu, druge u manjem urbanom središtu i treće u ruralnom području. Pritom su provedeni polustrukturirani intervjui sa 60 učenika (po dvadeset iz svake škole) i devetero nastavnika (po troje iz svake škole). U sklopu projekta provedeno je i anketno istraživanje u 28 srednjih škola na više od 2000 učenika. Kvalitativni nalazi, potkrijepljeni nalazima anketnog istraživanja, pokazuju da se mladi ponajprije identificiraju kroz obrasce mjesta, regije i nacije pa tek onda kroz obrasce Europe i čovječanstva. Razlike između urbanih i ruralnih sredina nisu se pokazale presudnima za različitost stavova i oblika kulturne participacije mladih. Važnija se čini izloženost multikulturnom iskustvu uz ekonomsku dimenziju uže regije koja je u nekim slučajevima utjecala na značenje koje mladi pridaju etničkoj različitosti u vlastitoj sredini. S obzirom na visoko mjesto koje pripada glazbi na ljestvici najčešćih oblika kulturne participacije mladih prema rezultatima anketnog istraživanja, važan je nalaz kvalitativnog dijela istraživanja koji ukazuje na dominaciju stilova u vezi s popularnom glazbom zvanom „cajka“ neovisno o stupnju urbanizacije (veliki grad naspram ruralne sredine)., In this paper, we investigate how secondary school pupils in Croatia understand and experience their cultural identity and forms of their cultural participation. As part of the international Horizon 2020 CHIEF project, qualitative research was conducted in Croatia, which included second-grade pupils from three secondary schools; one in a large city, another in a smaller urban centre, and the third in a rural area. We interviewed 60 pupils (twenty from each school) and nine teachers (three from each school) using a semi-structured form. Additionally, a survey was conducted in 28 secondary schools on more than 2,000 pupils as part of the project. Qualitative findings, supported by the survey findings, indicate that young people primarily identify themselves through the modes and patterns of place, region and nation, and only then through the modes and patterns of Europe and humanity. The differences between urban and rural environments did not prove to be decisive for the diversity of attitudes and forms of cultural participation of young people. Exposure to multicultural experiences seems to be more important, along with the economic dimension of the narrower region, which in some cases influenced the meaning young people attach to ethnic diversity in their own environment. Considering the high position of music on a scale of young people’s most common forms of cultural participation, suggested by the survey results, the important finding of the qualitative part of the research is the dominance of styles in connection with popular music called ‘cajka’, regardless of the degree of urbanization (big city versus rural area).

Cilj istraživanja je utvrditi percepciju intenziteta roditeljske potpore dječaka hrvača i uključenost roditelja u motiviranju djece za bavljenjem hrvanjem. Uzorak je činilo 79 mladih hrvača od 11 do 13 godina iz većine hrvačkih klubova u Hrvatskoj, koji sukladno Pravilniku Hrvatskog hrvačkog saveza, pripadaju dobnoj skupini mlađih dječaka hrvača. Korišten je upitnik koji mjeri roditeljsku potporu djeci u sportu. Rezultati dokazuju kako motivacija mlađih dječaka hrvača, da bi ostvarili uspjeh u hrvanju i nastavili se baviti njime, ovisi o materijalnoj i emocionalnoj potpori roditelja. Mlađi dječaci hrvači vjeruju da su im roditelji izrazito jako ponosni na njihovo bavljenje hrvanjem, da im roditelji pomažu uvijek imati čistu sportsku opremu te kako roditelji smatraju da su sportaši dobro društvo za njih i misle da roditelji vjeruju kako je njihovo bavljenje hrvanjem dobro za zdravlje. Uslijed snažnog pozitivnog učinka hrvanja na veliki broj različitih antropoloških obilježja, a koja su u izravnoj korelaciji i sa zdravstvenim statusom djece i mladih, ovo istraživanje ima veliku važnost, jer je dokazalo koji faktori roditeljske potpore i u kolikoj mjeri mogu doprinijeti motivaciji mlađih dječaka hrvača.

The first case of coronavirus infection was noted in Croatia, on 25 February 2020. At the outset, while many of their peers did not take the situation or the precautionary measures seriously, radical soccer fans (‘ultras’) mobilized forces and made themselves available to the crisis management offices. In the city of Split, and Zagreb ultras groups become a key factor in logistic help to hospitals and when the government announced a general quarantine, ultras organized by neighborhood into a network of volunteers to deliver food and medication to people in isolation.

The general goal of our research is to explain the social activism of youth at the heritage site related to the heritage of Dražen Petrović and current events at KK Cibona Zagreb basketball club. The data for our research was gathered through the ethnographic method with the implementation of individual, semi-structured interviews and walking interviews. Participatory observation lasted from March to September 2020 ; it took place in several phases, mostly conditioned by the Covid-19 pandemic. The first part of observation was performed through participating in and recording communication within social media as a virtual space ; after the lockdown, one of the authors of the report actively participated in the work of the 'Mi smo Cibona' (En. 'We are Cibona') youth group. The observed group of youth consisted of roughly 20 members between 21 and 27 years of age. In addition to ethnographic research, several observations were made at the heritage site itself, which consists of a museum, a square with a monument, a basketball hall, and the surrounding public spaces. In September, three walking interviews were conducted at the heritage site, in groups consisting of two young members of 'Mi smo Cibona' and two young people unfamiliar with the topic of basketball. Due to the Corona virus measures and general atmosphere, we couldn’t organize focus groups. Six individual semi-structured interviews were held with selected members of 'Mi smo Cibona' in September. Young Cibona supporters gather at this heritage site in Zagreb and, in addition to attending Cibona matches, they symbolically mark the space, emphasising their devotion to the club and the legacy of Dražen Petrović. Members of 'Mi smo Cibona' emphasise the importance of preserving the heritage of Dražen Petrović and of Cibona as a symbol of Zagreb. The heritage site shapes the formal and informal context of education for the development of the cultural knowledge of youth, encouraging them to undertake intercultural dialogue and fight corruption and clientelism in sport. What connects the activists and significantly differentiates them from 'outsiders' in the walking interviews are the club identity and collective memory of Dražen. Respondents are open towards 'ethnic others' from all over Europe, especially the former Yugoslavia, where Dražen is still very popular. The respondents have internalised the heritage site as an everyday gathering place, where the collective memory of Dražen and the history of the club is constantly (re)constructed and where their social activism is directed towards correcting poor institutional practices. Research on the Dražen Petrović heritage site has shown that this space of the cultural action of youth represents an important space of tolerance, intercultural dialogue, and the affirmation of the democratic potential of youth in Zagreb.

Organised supporter groups were formed and began to function in the early 1980s in Yugoslavia. The creation of the supporter scene is tied to the growth of numerous subcultures tied to the alternative music scene. This was also a period of liberalisation in Yugoslavia's socialist social order, as well as one of deep economic crisis and social problems. After the death of lifelong Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito in 1980, the political crisis reached its peak. Frequent political conflicts between Yugoslavia's republics, strengthened by the installation of Slobodan Milošević as the Serbian leader, led Yugoslavia towards collapse and war. The growth in political tensions was especially apparent at football stadiums, which were locations in which forbidden political narratives were expressed en masse. The supporter scene formed within this context. The secret service monitored members of supporter groups due to their flirting with nationalism. By using a historical and sociological approach, we wish to avoid numerous mystifications about the supporter scene from the period that exist in the media and some of the academic literature. The thesis of this presentation is that young supporters in the 1980s, interacting with their peers and society in general, created new forms of collective action. In addition to violence and nationalism, which represent important elements of the supporter scene at the time, we claim that the subculturalisation process itself was key in creating a specific subcultural style of football hooligan, which indelibly marked the 1980s in Croatia and other parts of the former Yugoslavia. Understanding the origins of the supporter subculture in the 1980s is also key to an understanding of the political dimension of the modern ultras subculture in Croatia.

The colloquium consists of four presentations, with the goal of presenting various aspects of the role of sport in different types of crisis experienced by the Croatian society during the last four decades. Accordingly, “Croatian Football Supporter Groups in the midst of the Fall of Socialism” (Ivan Hrstic ; Benjamin Perasovic ; Marko Mustapic) addresses the development of football supporters culture in Croatia during the 1980s. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of archival materials made by the Yugoslav secret service. “Sport, Diaspora, and Identities: Rugby in Croatia between the Media Image and Reality” (Marko Mustapic ; Ivan Hrstic) considers the role of sport in the (re)construction of diaspora identity. Focus is put on New Zealanders of Croatian origin who have played for the Croatian national team. The paper is based on the analysis of media discourse toward this phenomenon and a number of interviews made with athletes. „Futsal Dinamo - supporters run club as an innovative response to the crisis“ (Dino Vukusic) discusses the supporter project of Futsal Dinamo as an alternative club to GNK Dinamo. On the basis of ethnographic research and semi-structured interviews the author interprets the struggle for Dinamo as a fight for the club’s democratization and the fight for returning football to the local community. „COVID-19 and the mobilization of ultras: From hooligans to community heroes - and back” (Benjamin Perasovic ; Marko Mustapic) analyzes the action of ultras groups during the most recent crisis.

The general goal of our research is to explain the social activism of youth at the heritage site related to the heritage of Dražen Petrović and current events at KK Cibona Zagreb basketball club. The data for our research was gathered through the ethnographic method (March to September 2020) with the implementation of individual, semi-structured interviews and walking interviews. The observed group of youth consisted of 20 members (between 21 and 27 years). In addition to ethnographic research, several observations were made at the heritage site itself, which consists of a museum, a square with a monument, a basketball hall, and the surrounding public spaces. In September, three walking interviews were conducted at the heritage site, in groups consisting of two young members of We are Cibona' and two young people unfamiliar with the topic of basketball. Six individual semi-structured interviews were held with in September 2020. Members of 'We are Cibona' emphasise the importance of preserving the heritage of Dražen Petrović. The heritage site shapes the formal and informal context of education for the development of the cultural knowledge of youth, encouraging them to undertake intercultural dialogue and fight corruption and clientelism in sport. What connects the activists and significantly differentiates them from 'outsiders' in the walking interviews are the club identity and collective memory of Dražen Petrović. Research has shown that this space of the cultural action of youth represents an important space of tolerance, intercultural dialogue, and the affirmation of the democratic potential of youth in Zagreb.

The goal of our presentation is to explain the notion of urban space in everyday life in Zagreb related to the heritage of Dražen Petrović (‘Petro’), one of the greatest European basketball players of all time. This research is a part of H2020 project CHIEF. The data for our research was gathered through the ethnographic method with the implementation of individual, semi-structured interviews and walking interviews. Participatory observation lasted from March to September 2020. The first part of observation was performed through participating in and recording communication within social media as a virtual space ; one of the authors of the report actively participated in the work of the 'We are Cibona' youth activist group. The observed group of youth consisted of roughly 20 members between 21 and 27 years of age. Young Cibona supporters gather at this heritage site in Zagreb and they symbolically mark the space consists, emphasising their devotion to the club and the legacy of ‘Petro’. In addition to ethnographic research, several observations were made at the heritage site itself, which of a museum, a square with a monument, a basketball hall, and the surrounding public spaces. In September 2020, three walking interviews were conducted at the heritage site, in groups consisting of young members of 'We are Cibona'. The respondents have internalised the heritage site as an everyday gathering place, where the collective memory of ‘Petro’ and the history of the club is constantly (re)constructed.

In cooperation with young research participants, we organised mini-projects in accordance with their wishes and suggestions based on the goals of the Chief project. Although we organised three such projects, one had to be postponed, and will be implemented after the official conclusions of the Chief project. All three different cases were interventions offering young people a particular kind of content, contacts, knowledge, the opportunity to meet people and gain skills. As the cases differ, one part of the content we enabled was tied to gaining legitimacy, self-confidence, and providing continuity to activities, such as organising a match between young refugees, asylum-seekers, and activists (who played under the name Chief Stars) and Nur football club. In the other case, one secondary school within WP2 that represented a rural area organised their first presentation debate featuring youth from the Croatian Debate Society, who are our NGO partners. The students from the rural school formed an interested core, and our intervention will continue after the end of the project ; a debate club will be founded, and teachers will receive free training. In the third (postponed) case, a 'street basketball' tournament was to be held in a deprived area ; our desire was to work on the continuity of activities the young people suggested, as well as improving the relationships of youth in the area with school and their ability to use the sports hall.Izvorni

In modern society, football draws broad public attention, both from consumers and supporters who attend football matches and those who follow it through the mass media. Modern football has become commodified throughout the past thirty years ; some authors also claim it has become feminized. This analysis will focus on “traditional hot supporters”— women as members of the ultras subculture on the Croatian supporter scene. Although they are becoming more and more numerous, female supporters must accept the “male rules of the game” to be accepted in the group. This research will focus on the status of women in the ultras subculture and the ways in which they accept masculinist patterns of behaviour typical of the football supporter scene.

Diocletian palace is the symbol of the city of Split. Construction of the palace in 4th century signifies the birth of city of Split and throughout its history palace remained urban core and the core of Splits’ social life. The palace is also one of the most known and valuable examples of cultural heritage in Croatia, under protection of UNESCO since the 1970s. Nevertheless, in the past decade, within the process of rapid growth of tourism, the palace became the key part of branding of the city. Consequently, it also became the site of commodification and commercialisation. In present times, there are many social implications of the process of rapid growth of tourism and branding of Split as the heritage site ; one of the most striking consequences is exodus of inhabitants from the palace. It also implies the decline of presence of young people on socio-toponims of the palace and disappearance of various places/spaces which were important part of youth (sub)cultural scene in the past. This paper is based on research we conducted within large international research project (Horizon 2020 CHIEF). We used ethnographic method, including semi-structured interviews. Our aim in data analysis is to focuse on new discursive practices of young people and their participation in social life within the space of Diocletian palace. Young people are contributing to construction of new cultural practices and (re)interpretation of cultural heritage. Regarding the future, they see themselves as ‘the last mohicans’ of local community within the palace.

The general goal of this report is to affirm the inter-generational dynamics of cultural socialisation and the transmission and production of the significance of cultural heritage and identity. In doing so, it is crucial to research how the cultural knowledge and practices of respondents are shaped by the influence of family and older generations. This research includes a sample of respondents who volunteered to participate during interviews in previous work packages. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 respondents in 9 different families. The youngest respondent was 17 and the oldest was 81. As the interviews were conducted in February and March of 2020, field research was difficult to carry out. Audio recordings were made of all interviews, which were later transcribed, anonymised, and coded using Nvivo 9.2. In the Croatian context, ethnicity, religiousness, and level of education are key determinants in intercultural relations, as indicated by the findings of this research. The families included in this research can be divided into two heterogeneous groups. One is a group nearer to the concept of conservatism, or rather the accentuation of tradition, religiousness, and distance toward others. The second group is nearer to liberal values, such as secularism and inclusivity towards various minority groups. This division cannot be taken as absolute, as families display generational differences and the opinions of youth in some cases differs significantly from those of adults. Youth in conservative families are less prone and faithful to conservative values than their parents, while youth in liberal families are more likely to participate in civil society in an attempt to realise and promote liberal values in Croatian society. Perceptions of tradition and heritage are exceptionally diversely perceived in all families, as are the greatest social problems ; a significant portion of the youngest respondents emphasise the prevalence of prejudice and minority inequality in Croatian society. The European identity is also perceived in various ways, ranging from the opinion that we share little with Europe to an idealisation of the concept as a synonym for equality and multiculturalism. Faith and ethnicity are important to respondents from conservative families. These opinions and forms of behaviour are regularly transmitted to younger members. There are clear differences in respondents' habits and cultural participation. Some of these relate to value orientations, some to finances, and some to generational differences. All families showed a continuity in the production of meanings and practices, although there are distortions and deviations. Youth are generally more progressive and liberal than their parents, especially in comparison to their grandparents. In more liberal families, conversation and cultural practice indicate dialogue and mutual influence within two generations, as well as a particular influence of youth on their parents' opinions.Generally, youth are sceptical towards traditional forms of behaviour, both in their family and in society, as well as towards numerous traditions and heritage considered typical of Croatian society.

Youth surveys in Croatia indicate a low distribution of political participation by young people and high authorities in political institutions, especially in political parties. The aim of this presentation is to look at the forms of socially active youth activism related to subcultural football fans, comparing this activism with related forms of youth activism across Europe. Since the 1990s, there has been a break in playing commercial players and turning football clubs into corporations. This process has produced new actors and new relationships in contemporary society, changing part of the club's tradition and attachment to the local community and local identity. In response to the process, the commercialization and commodification of footballers, which were a broad and heterogeneous social movement called "against the modern football movement", were accelerated. The establishment of football clubs by fans is one of the well-known forms of action of this movement. To use this research, we will use the scientific research we participated in (FP7 MYPALCE ; H2020 PROMISE), as well as colleagues who have conducted similar research in Croatia.

The general goal of our research is to affirm and explain the social activism of youth at the heritage site related to the heritage of Dražen Petrović and current events at KK Cibona Zagreb basketball club. The data for our research was gathered through the ethnographic method with the implementation of individual, semi-structured interviews and walking interviews. Participatory observation lasted from March to September 2020 ; it took place in several phases, mostly conditioned by the Covid-19 pandemic. The first part of observation was performed through participating in and recording communication within social media as a virtual space ; after the lockdown, one of the authors of the report actively participated in the work of the 'Mi smo Cibona' (En. 'We are Cibona') youth group. The observed group of youth consisted of roughly 20 members between 21 and 27 years of age. In addition to ethnographic research, several observations were made at the heritage site itself, which consists of a museum, a square with a monument, a basketball hall, and the surrounding public spaces. In September, three walking interviews were conducted at the heritage site, in groups consisting of two young members of 'Mi smo Cibona' and two young people unfamiliar with the topic of basketball. Six individual semi-structured interviews were held with selected members of 'Mi smo Cibona' in September. Young Cibona supporters gather at this heritage site in Zagreb and, in addition to attending Cibona matches, they symbolically mark the space, emphasising their devotion to the club and the legacy of Dražen Petrović. Members of 'Mi smo Cibona' emphasise the importance of preserving the heritage of Dražen Petrović and of Cibona as a symbol of Zagreb. The heritage site shapes the formal and informal context of education for the development of the cultural knowledge of youth, encouraging them to undertake intercultural dialogue and fight corruption and clientelism in sport. What connects the activists and significantly differentiates them from 'outsiders' in the walking interviews are the club identity and collective memory of Dražen. Respondents are open towards 'ethnic others' from all over Europe, especially the former Yugoslavia, where Dražen is still very popular. The respondents have internalised the heritage site as an everyday gathering place, where the collective memory of Dražen and the history of the club is constantly (re)constructed and where their social activism is directed towards correcting poor institutional practices. Research on the Dražen Petrović heritage site has shown that this space of the cultural action of youth represents an important space of tolerance, intercultural dialogue, and the affirmation of the democratic potential of youth in Zagreb.

Mapping reports of locally formed cultural heritage and the degree of difference between the particular heritage sites will be delivered for each consortium country by M14. This deliverable will map the heritage ‘offer’ in each country, by exploring the existing discourses and institutional practices that constitute the representation and use of cultural heritage in each geographical location of the CHIEF consortium. The chief purpose of this deliverable is to provide background information for the selection of specific heritage spaces/sites (two in each country) for case-studies in the second phase of this WP.

Socijalna kohezija determinira kvalitetu života u lokalnoj zajednici i društvu u cijelosti, te ujedno ukazuje na karakter odnosa ključnih društvenih aktera i njihovu opredijeljenost za opće dobro. Skupine mladih, posebice supkulturalne, koje se percipira kao društveno neprihvatljive izložene su marginaliziranosti i latentnom konfliktu s lokalnom zajednicom ili društvom u cijelosti. U sklopu Horizon 2020 projekta PROMISE ('Promoting youth involvement and social engagement') proveli smo istraživanje o oblicima društvenog aktivizma mladih vezanih uz djelovanje NK Varteks i ultras skupine White Stones u Varaždinu. U razdoblju od listopada 2016 do siječnja 2018 proveli smo etnografsko istraživanje, pri čemu smo imali 53 dnevnička zapisa (uključujući 21 domaću i gostujuću utakmicu NK Varteksa) i 25 dubinska intervjua pripadnika White Stones. Projekt 'PROMISE' istražuje mlade u Europi koji su u konfliktnom odnosu sa društvom u kojem žive, često stigmatizirani, sa posebnim fokusom na proces u kojem dio mladih kroz konflikt stvara određenu društvenu inovaciju. Na temelju podataka prikupljenih navedenim istraživanjem, autori će govoriti o sličnostima i razlikama aktivizma mladih vezanih uz djelovanje NK Varteks, uspoređujući ga sa srodnim oblicima aktivizma mladih širom Europe, također ispitanih etnografskim istraživanjem mladih u razdoblju od 2016 do 2018 u: Slovačkoj ( migranti-povratnici), Italiji (kulturni centar u najsiromašnijem predgrađu Napulja), Finskoj (alternativni kulturni centar u Helsinkiju), Španjolskoj (alternativni oblici stanovanja) i Estoniji (mladi iz Seto regije). Za razliku od raznovrsnih elemenata posredovanja aktivizma mladih u pet drugih zemalja, u Hrvatskoj je presudnu ulogu u oblikovanju novog društvenog aktera odigrao nogomet, zapravo osnivanje tzv. 'AMF' nogometnog kluba od strane samih navijača, što kod nas predstavlja prvi takav primjer. Cilj ovog izlaganja jest usporedba ključnih nalaza iz etnografskog istraživanja 'AMF' nogometnog kluba i ultras supkulture, koji se odnose na društveni konflikt i društvenu koheziju, s oblicima aktivizma mladih na odabranim lokacijama u Europi.

This lecture presents findings from six individual case studies completed by Horizon 2020 project PROMISE in six countries: Spain, Italy, Croatia, Slovakia, Finland, and Estonia. These case studies make up the ‘"Economy, Leisure, Space’" cluster and the data collected for them are analysed here using a meta-ethnographic synthesis method to analyse the collected data. The groups of young people were selected based on their stigmatisation in their societies and local communities resulting in continuous conflict with social norms and institutions. The cluster analysis responded to three research questions: 1. How do young people respond to the conflicts they experience and with what outcomes? 2. What enables and what inhibits the social involvement of young people? 3. What is the role of space in the different forms of social activism of young people? Responses to conflict were analysed through three main concepts: individual and group aspect of conflict, active and passive responses to conflict, from conflict to social innovation – and back. Regarding enablers and inhibitors of social involvement, five main concepts were derived: institutional space/centre as the great enabler, significant elders – the great enablers: the importance of intergenerational interaction, barriers/inhibitors as enablers of activism, structural barriers: (absent) state and neo-liberal values, passivity. The third research question, regarding the role of space, was analysed through four main concepts: market pressures and struggle for space, given space and appropriation, public space and (temporarily) appropriation, space and identity.

This report presents findings from six individual case studies completed by (H2020 PROJECT)PROMISE Consortium partners in six countries: Spain, Italy, Croatia, Slovakia, Finland, and Estonia. These case studies make up the ‘"Economy, Leisure, Space’" cluster and the data collected for them are analysed here using a meta-ethnographic synthesis method to analyse the collected data. The groups of young people were selected based on their stigmatisation in their societies and local communities resulting in continuous conflict with social norms and institutions. The cluster analysis responded to three research questions: 1. How do young people respond to the conflicts they experience and with what outcomes? 2. What enables and what inhibits the social involvement of young people? 3. What is the role of space in the different forms of social activism of young people? Responses to conflict were analysed through three main concepts: individual and group aspect of conflict, active and passive responses to conflict, from conflict to social innovation – and back. Regarding enablers and inhibitors of social involvement, five main concepts were derived: institutional space/centre as the great enabler, significant elders – the great enablers: the importance of intergenerational interaction, barriers/inhibitors as enablers of activism, structural barriers: (absent) state and neo-liberal values, passivity. The third research question, regarding the role of space, was analysed through four main concepts: market pressures and struggle for space, given space and appropriation, public space and (temporarily) appropriation, space and identity.

Research on youth in Europe points to their weak interest in politics and their low level of political participation. Additionally, research in Croatia shows that citizens’ mistrust of state and political institutions has grown strongly since the early 2000s. In addition to young people’s high levels of mistrust in political institutions, research in Croatia also points to the highly negative opinion of a significant portion of this population towards the political elite. Amongst some young people, this opinion is related to a preference for a non-democratic system with a strong leader, authoritarianism, and some other radical right- wing opinions. In recent years, parallel with these trends, populist figures have established themselves in Croatian society. Populism is a political phenomenon that has been present in Western democracies for decades. Since the beginning of this century, these figures have moved from the margins into the political mainstream, and are earning greater and greater support from the voting population in the majority of European countries. The inconsistency of populism and its numerous forms in various social contexts have influenced various theoretical and empirical approaches. In recent years, two research approaches have been dominant in the literature: populism as an ideology and populism as a political style. Authors who interpret populism as an ideology consider it the foundation for the creation of a political movement that promotes the idea of a unified people opposed to a corrupt establishment, political parties, and a privileged political and economic elite. Due to its ‘thin ideology’, populism most often does not appear in a pure form, but rather interconnected with other ideologies. The idea of the people as a nation (ethnicity) is tied to right-leaning populist figures, while the idea of the people as a (separate) class is tied to left-leaning populist figures. We are primarily interested in the presence of populism among youth, especially in specific parts of youth such as the ultras subculture. The ultras subculture in Croatia has strong mobilisation potential, which sometimes breaches the boundaries of youth subculture and brings together wider swathes of society, such as mass protests against the corrupt leadership of the Croatian Football Federation. The goal of this presentation is to compare key findings from two ethnographic studies of the ultras subculture in Croatia with significant theoretical determinations of populism as an ideology. In doing so, we shall analyse key political dimensions of the opinions of respondents gathered through in-depth interviews and an analysis of their behaviour in specific situations, both at football matches and in everyday life. Between June 2012 and September 2016, we carried out ethnographic research on Torcida, the largest Croatian ultras group, which resulted in 252 field diary entries (including 120 home and away matches) and 23 in- depth interviews with Torcida members. Between October 2016 and January 2018, we carried out ethnographic research on the White Stones ultras group from Varaždin, which resulted in 53 field diary entries (including 21 home and away matches) and 25 interviews with core members of White Stones.

Ovo predavanje ima oblik prethodnog priopćenja jer je riječ o preliminarnim rezultatima istraživanja koje je u tijeku, u sklopu Horizon 2020 projekta 'Promise' (Promoting youth involvement and engagement). Postojeća istraživanja mladih ukazuju na nisku razinu njihove političke participacije i visoku razinu nepovjerenja u političke institucije, posebno u političke stranke. Na temelju podataka prikupljenih navedenim istraživanjem, autori će govoriti o oblicima društvenog aktivizma vezanih uz djelovanje NK Varteks, uspoređujući taj aktivizam sa srodnim oblicima aktivizma mladih širom Europe. Od devedesetih godina traje razdoblje snažne komercijalizacije nogometa i pretvaranja nogometnih klubova u korporacije. Taj proces proizveo je nove aktere i nove odnose u suvremenom društvu, mijenjajući dio tradicije i vezanosti klubova uz lokalnu zajednicu i lokalne identitete. Kao odgovor na proces ubrzane komercijalizacije i komodifikacije nogometa razvio se široki i heterogeni društveni pokret najčešće nazvan 'against modern football movement'. Osnivanje nogometnih klubova od strane navijača jedan je od poznatijih oblika djelovanja tog pokreta koji je na mapi europskih gradova dodatno obilježio značenja Manchestera, Salzburga ili Varaždina. Upravo je Varaždin mjesto našeg istraživanja i propitivanja oblika društvenog aktivizma mladih, povezanog sa postojanjem NK Varteks.

In last two decades new wave of rigid commercialisation and commodification of football provoked various reactions from the side of traditional and passionate football supporters. Against Modern Football is a common denominator of a worldwide, heterogeneous social movement that comprises various actors and methods of fight. In contemporary networked society, this movement exist globally but it is primarily embodied in local community and bonded with youth subculture. Among many types of action (from simple slogans on banners or city walls, to boycotts, petitions, protests and riots), the practice of founding new football clubs by the fans themselves has special significance within the movement. Our focus is on Varteks Varaždin FC, Croatian example of this process, which already produced well known cases (clubs) like FC United of Manchester, FC Falke Hamburg and many others. The goal of this paper is to present key findings from our ethnographic study of the ultras group White Stones and FC Varteks Varaždin, as a part of big international (H2020) scientific project PROMISE (PROMoting youth Involvement and Social Engagement). Between October 2016 and January 2018, we carried out ethnographic research on the White Stones ultras group from Varaždin, which resulted in 53 field diary entries (including 21 home and away matches) and 25 interviews with core members of the White Stones. We shall analyse key dimensions of social activism and political opinions of respondents, gathered through semi-structured interviews and also their behaviour in observed situations, at football matches as well as in their everyday life.

This is the first Croatian sociological research on special social actor – Varteks FC. It is football club founded and owned by its supporters. Old Varteks FC played important role in Croatian football untill its management and local political/football elites changed its name to Varaždin and brought the club to bankruptcy, participating in numerous affairs, legal cases and convictions because match fixing. The White Stones, passionate supporters of old Varteks, together with other supporters, founded new football club with the old name – Varteks, in 2011, so today people call that club 'Supporters' Varteks'. This paper is based on 16 months of ethnographic research. We decided to conduct research with this group because they are in conflict with local political establishment and local/national football establishment from the beginning of their activities. In Croatian context, ‘AMF’ movement is not only against rigid commercialization and police repression, it is also movement against corruption in football and politics. Because of those characteristics, they were good example of what Promise project is about.

Water polo and football are the oldest Olympic team sports, both having been present since the Paris Olympics in 1900. As opposed to football, which has been a part of the global economy for decades, water polo is a ‘small sport’ that enjoys popularity and significance in European Mediterranean countries and in particular countries in Central and Eastern Europe. Sport is an exceptionally important secondary agent of socialisation. Socialisation is a complex and long-lasting process in which children (and adults) learn about the culture of the society in which they live by interacting with their surroundings, adopting and forming various behavioural patterns, norms, and values. In observing the actions of individual and group figures in the local community, it must be noted that the functioning of the community is reflected in social relations to satisfy the communal needs of the people who live in the community. This holds especially for local communities that are distant from large urban centres. This presentation is founded on an analysis of the actions of Zale Waterpolo Club in Igrane, a town with 400 residents in the Makarska littoral in Croatia. VK Zale was founded in 1968, and it is the only sports club in Igrane that is dedicated to work with young generations of waterpolo players. The general goal of this research is to determine how members of the local community, players, and members of the club management perceive the influence of the work of VK Zale on the everyday life of young people and on the local community in Igrane. In doing so, the research uses a qualitative approach consisting of semi- structured interviews.

Memory is not something given or fixed, it is specific process which includes various definitions and re-definitions, interpretations and re-interpretations (Hobsbawm, 1991 ; Olick 2006). Cultural memory could change through time and space ; production of cultural memory depends also on various social actors. Starting from such position we wish to present main discourses and types of changes in interpretations of 102 years long history of Croatian football club Hajduk from the city of Split. Rogić (2000) divided contemporary Croatian history in three most important phases – 'primitive capitalist modernization' (from 1868. to 1945.), 'totalitarian socijalist modernization' (from 1945. to 1990.) and 'transition' (from 1990. till today). In similar manner, we should divide history of Hajduk in three key phases: from 1911. when the club was founded to the end of the WW2. Second phase is marked by the Yugoslav period, from 1945. to 1990. The third phase starts with the independent Croatian state and the foundation of Croatian football league (1992). The presidents of the club and whole management, in all three periods, belonged to the local and national political/economical elite. Political elites were most influential social actors, shaping and changing interpretations of the past, in this case it means shaping relation to symbols and history of the club itself. The direction of those changes is linked to dominant discourses of particular social periods. While emphasis on Croatian identity of the club was silenced in the Yugoslav period, in the recent period of Croatian state, the anti-fascist component of the identity of the club is mostly forgotten or denied. Our thesis is based on the qualitative analyses of official books and monographs on the history of the club, with our focus on permitted and forbidden stories.

Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar was partner in FP7 EU project MYPLACE (2011-2015). MYPLACE employs a combination of survey (N=17, 000), interviews/focus groups and ethnographic research instruments to provide new, pan-European data that not only measure levels of participation but capture the meanings young people attach to it. Conceptually, it goes beyond the comparison of discrete national 'political cultures' or reified classifications of political heritage ('postcommunist'/'liberal democratic') ; it is premised rather on the pan- European nature of a range of radical and populist political and philosophical traditions and the cyclical rather than novel nature of the popularity they currently enjoy. Key aims of MYPLACE project were: to map the range of youth activism across Europe and the ways in which young activists are networked inter-regionally and trans-nationally ; to understand the appeal of radical, extreme or populist movements to young people and its relationship to regional, national and European political heritage ; to inform and assist policy and practitioner agencies to chart and evaluate the political responses to populism in the youth related policies of political parties and within young people's own activism. In this paper, we will present key findings of the project regarding Croatian context. Croatian respondents expressed strong dissatifaction with political elite and low trust in political institutions. There is a whole spectrum of active/passive, democratic/autocratic and other lines of differentiation in type of responses to present state of democracy.

Sekcija 'Javna sociologija' Kluba studenata sociologije Diskrepancija Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu održala je tijekom siječnja 2017 niz pozvanih predavanja pod tematom 'jer 90-e su bile godine'. Autori su 18.01.2017. održali pozvano predavanje o ulozi i položaju sporta u Hrvatskoj tijekom navedenog razdoblja. Dramatičnu sadašnjost hrvatskog sporta, posebice nogometa, opterećenu brojnim korupcijskim i kriminalnim aferama, autori započinju analizom zbivanja u okviru socijalističkog sportskog sustava 1980-ih, odnosno u osvit nadolazećih globalnih društvenih promjena. Analiza se nastavlja propitivanjem uloge sporta u izgradnji novog nacionalnog identiteta tijekom ratnih 1990-ih, a posebice pripadnošću sportskih dužnosnika političkom i ekonomskom etsablishmentu u Hrvatskoj. Autori zaključuju da je, usprkos sveobuhvatnim društvenim promjenama 1990-ih, sport i dalje bio pod kontrolom centara političke moći kao i 1980- ih, a prisutnost obilježja kontinuiteta dominantno izraženija od obilježja diskontinuiteta u hrvatskom sportu.

In last two decades new wave of rigid commercialisation and commodification of football provoked various reactions from the side of traditional and passionate football supporters. Against Modern Football is a common denominator of a worldwide, heterogeneous social movement that comprises various actors and methods of fight. In contemporary networked society this movement exist globally but it is primarily embodied in local community. Among many types of action, (from simple slogans on banners or city walls, to boycotts, petitions, protests and riots) the practice of founding new football clubs by the fans themselves has special significance within the movement. Our focus is on Varteks Varaždin FC, Croatian example of the similar process which already produced well known cases (clubs) like FCUM, AFC Wimbledon, FC Falke Hamburg, Austria Salzburg, contributing to specific social transformation in global and local context.

Populizam ima izražen antidemokratski karakter. Usmjerenost protiv političke elite, različitih manjinskih društvenih skupina i institucija čine njegova ključna obilježja. Mudde (2004) upozorava da je populizam postao dio mainstream politike i da se zbog toga može govoriti o 'populističkom duhu vremena'. Istraživački pristupi populizmu su raznoliki, ali među njima valja izdvojiti dva ključna pristupa: populizam kao oblik političkog stila populizam kao ideologija. Znanstvena istraživanja populizma u Hrvatskoj učestala su tek u posljednjih godina. Tada se ujedno javljaju posve novi populistički akteri u Hrvatskoj. Istraživanja ukazuju na postojanje populističke retorike kod pojedinih 'mainstream' političara, ali i posve novih 'ideološki utemeljenih' populističkih aktera. Pritom je razvidno da dio političara koji se koristi populističkom retorikom djeluje na nacionalnoj razini, a dio u fokusu ima lokalnu razinu. Među potonje spada i splitski poduzetnik Željko Kerum (Grbeša i Šalaj, 2014), pobjednik izbora za Gradonačelnik Splita 2009. u drugom krugu (57%) i osvojenom relativnom većinom u gradskom vijeću. Na lokalnim izborima 2013. Kerum je u Splitu doživio teški poraz, na parlamentarnim izborima 2015. njegova stranka bila je daleko ispod izbornog praga, a na izvanrednim parlamentarnim izborima 2016. nije ni izašla s kandidacijskim listama. Usprkos naglom političkom usponu i još bržem padu, na lokalnim izborima 2017. događa se dramatičan preokret i povratak Željka Keruma na političku scenu. Iako je svega par mjeseci prije izbora za splitskog gradonačelnika bio potpuni autsajder, u prvom krugu je imao najbolji rezultat (30%) i drugi rezultat liste za gradsko vijeće (19%). Usprkos tijesnom porazu u drugom krugu izbora za gradonačelnika, 2017. je definitivno bila neočekivano bila godina njegovog munjevitog povratka na političku scenu u Hrvatskoj. Njegov uspjeh u znatnoj mjeri počiva na političkoj komunikaciji na društvenim mrežama. U ovom radu iznosimo tehnološke i sadržajne osobine postova Željka Keruma na službenom Facebook profilu u kampanji za izbore za Gradonačelnika Splita 2017.

Klub studenata Fakulteta političkih znanosti Sveučilišta u Zagrebu organizirao je javno predavanje na kojem smo 6.11.2017. održali predavanje pod naslovom 'Navijači kao društveni akter: nogomet u srcu politike'

Svrha je ovog rada omogućiti nove spoznaje o odnosu mladih prema hrvatskoj prošlosti i konstruiranju kolektivnog sjećanja. Rad se temelji na rezultatima istraživanja provedenih u sklopu međunarodnog projekta MYPLACE. Podaci su prikupljeni anketnim istraživanjem na reprezentativnim probabilističkim uzorcima mladih (16-25 godina) dviju zagrebačkih četvrti (Podsljeme i Peščenica) te polu-strukturiranim intervjuima na uzorku dragovoljaca koji su sudjelovali u anketi. Većina mladih smatra da je komemoriranje hrvatske prošlosti prilično važno ili vrlo važno, ali u njemu sudjeluje ograničeno do umjereno.

Predavanje o stanju u europskom nogometu i međunarodnom navijačkom pokretu 'agains modern football' na Manchester Metropolitian University, u okviru suradnje s Centre for the Study of Football and its Communities, na Odsjeku za politologiju (studentima dr. Michaela Tyldesleyja) održano je u Manchesteru (Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo) 30. studenog 2016.