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Despite the proliferation of coproduction concepts in various B2C contexts, knowledge on how coproduction shapes customer relationships is still surprisingly limited, as prior studies find mixed results and are bound to a short-term perspective. The present study addresses these limitations by providing first insights into the underlying psychological processes that explain differences in the short- and long-term relationship consequences of positive and negative coproduction perceptions. Drawing from the multiple inference model, this research shows how customers' ambivalent attributions of a firm's coproduction motives (i.e., firm-serving and customer-serving) affect customer satisfaction, willingness to pay, and spending behavior over time. The results of a latent growth analysis based on a longitudinal field study (n.sub.1 = 12,662; six waves) show that coproduction can harm customer relationships in the long-run, as the detrimental effects of firm-serving motive attributions are temporally more persistent than the favorable but ephemeral effects of customer-serving motive attributions. An additional experiment (n.sub.2 = 931) and field study (n.sub.3 = 360) confirm the generalizability of the key findings and provide new managerial insights into how firm-specific characteristics of a coproduction concept (i.e., coproduction intensity, design freedom, monetary savings) influence customer attributions different coproduction motives and thereby shape customer relationships over time., Author(s): Pascal Güntürkün [sup.1] , Till Haumann [sup.2] , Laura Marie Edinger-Schons [sup.3] , Jan Wieseke [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.15788.33, 0000 0001 1177 4763, Department of Marketing, Vienna University [...]

Test anxiety theory is believed to increase distraction from task-irrelevant stimuli. However, it is unclear whether the test-anxious individuals will show distraction to the peripheral distractor. Load theory suggested that perceptual and cognitive loads could manipulate attentional demands during distractor processing. Besides, how increasing the perceptual and cognitive load will affect the distraction in test anxiety remains explored. The present research aimed to test these issues by combining the eye-tracking technique and letter discrimination task with varying types of the peripheral distractor in high-test anxious (HTA) vs. low-test anxious (LTA) individuals. Experiment 1 manipulated the perceptual load by adjusting the difficulty of the task, and Experiment 2 increased cognitive load by adding a backward counting task based on the procedure of Experiment 1. Consequently, HTA individuals had longer response times (RTs) in the test-related distractor condition than in the non-distractor condition of fast-response trials in both experiments, suggesting that the HTA group showed distraction to the test-related distractor within fast-response trials. Besides, the HTA group had fewer fixations than low test-anxious (LTA) individuals in Experiment 1, suggesting that the HTA group may keep hypervigilance by maintaining a broad distribution of attention. These results support that distraction in test anxiety is associated with unspecific hypervigilance and specific inhibition deficits., Author(s): Cenlou Hu [sup.1] , Tian Po Oei [sup.2] , Yan Hong [sup.3] , Renlai Zhou [sup.1] [sup.3] [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.263826.b, 0000 0004 1761 0489, Key Laboratory of [...]

Negative symptoms are core features of schizophrenia. Their importance is significant because of their harmful effects, starting insidiously before positive symptoms. Good knowledge of these symptoms and their mediating variables in the general population is necessary to be able to develop appropriate interventions. To analyze mediation of perception of belonging and social anticipatory pleasure in the relationship between childhood memories of threat, submission and devaluation experiences and negative symptoms according to the continuum hypothesis. The sample evaluated was made up of 921 participants from the general population, with a mean age of 27.96 (SD = 12.76) and middle social class. Analysis resulted in partial mediation, where memories of early life experiences were significant in their relationship with negative symptoms. Perception of belonging was a mediator with medium effect size (d = -0.638), and a small indirect effect size (d = 0.245); anticipatory pleasure was not significant (d = 0.134). When social anhedonia/social withdrawal was included, mediation was partial. Perception of belonging stands out as a mediator with medium effect size (d = -0.547) and small indirect effect size (d = 0.229); the indirect effect of anticipatory pleasure was negligible (d = 0.146). Depressive symptoms were significant covariates in the analyses. Perception of belonging is highlighted due to its relationship with negative symptoms, and probably, as a risk factor for developing or maintaining them. It is a characteristic to be borne in mind in the prevention and design of interventions for negative symptoms (particularly social anhedonia/social withdrawal)., Author(s): Enrique Morillo-Kraus [sup.1] , Eduardo Fonseca-Pedrero [sup.2] , Cristina Senín-Calderón [sup.3] , Juan Fco. Rodríguez-Testal [sup.1] [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.9224.d, 0000 0001 2168 1229, Personality, Evaluation and Psychological [...]

Individuals with antisocial behavior and psychopathic traits are characterized by deficits in processing facial expressions, which results in poor social adaptation and dysfunctional interpersonal relationships. However, it is not clear how individuals with varying levels of these traits differ in this emotional impairment and if these deficits are due to correctly identifying or reacting appropriately to facial expressions. The aim of the study was to examine how individuals with these traits recognized and responded to affective facial expressions by using FaceReader software (which analyses footage of faces) across different experimental conditions (imitation, suppression, and control). Imitating facial expressions was introduced to examine whether it could direct participants' attention to the facial cues and improve participants' performance on the facial task. A total of 643 individuals from the community were pre-screened and a sample (N = 107; M age = 21.08, SD = 1.55), differentiated on levels of antisocial personality disorder (APD) symptoms and psychopathic (PSY) traits, who were selected based on extreme scores (high/low), were invited to participate in the study. Individuals with higher levels of APD symptoms and PSY traits (APD + PSY) expressed more anger than other groups, while those in the APD-only group expressed more sadness, compared to other groups. Overall, participants were compliant in following the instructions to imitate facial expressions. However, only the group with predominantly APD symptoms and the group with combined symptoms (APD + PSY) showed improvement in their accuracy ratings specifically when instructed to imitate facial expressions, compared to when no instructions were provided. The study offers a promising direction for targeting deficits in facial emotion recognition, suggesting that the deficits found in individuals with behavioral problems (with and without psychopathic traits) can be improved by asking them to imitate facial expressions., Author(s): Melina Nicole Kyranides [sup.1] , Maria Petridou [sup.2] , Heema Ajeet Gokani [sup.1] , Sam Hill [sup.1] , Kostas A. Fanti [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.4305.2, 0000 0004 1936 [...]

We hypothesized that people's relationship motives would be associated with how they think about their romantic partners' personal qualities. Specifically, across two studies using a community and student sample, we examined how individual differences in social approach and social avoidance goal strength shaped perceptions of traits in romantic partners. We utilized two different reaction-time-based methods that had participants quickly describe or categorize their partner. Through a series of partial correlation analyses, we found that approach goals were associated with more easily perceiving and evaluating partners in terms of positive traits that partners possess. In contrast, avoidance goals were associated with greater ease in perceiving partners in terms of the negative traits they lack. Results are discussed in terms of the ways in which these different patterns of framing a partner's traits may have implications for relationship satisfaction and partner evaluation., Author(s): Courtney L. Gosnell [sup.1] , Shelly L. Gable [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.261572.5, 0000 0000 8592 1116, Department of Psychology, Pace University, , 861 Bedford Road, 10570, Pleasantville, NY, [...]

Physical products (e.g., cars, smartphones) increasingly evolve into dynamic service platforms that allow for customization through fee-based activation of restricted add-on features throughout their lifecycle. The authors refer to this emerging phenomenon as 'internal product upgrades'. Drawing on normative expectations literature, this research examines pitfalls of internal product upgrades that marketers need to understand. Six experimental studies in two different contexts (consumer-electronics, automotive) reveal that consumers respond less favorably to internal (vs. external) product upgrades. The analyses show that customer-perceived betrayal, which results from increased feature ownership perceptions, drives the effects. Moreover, this research identifies three boundary conditions: it shows that the negative effects are attenuated when (1) the company (vs. consumer) executes the upgrading, and (2) consumers upgrade an intangible (vs. tangible) feature. Finally, consumers react less negatively when (3) the base product is less relevant to their self-identity., Author(s): Janina Garbas [sup.1] [sup.2] , Sebastian Schubach [sup.2] , Martin Mende [sup.3] , Maura L. Scott [sup.3] , Jan H. Schumann [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.1957.a, 0000 0001 0728 [...]

Interpreting other's actions is a very important ability not only in social life, but also in interactive sports. Previous experiments have demonstrated good estimation performances for the weight of lifted objects through point-light displays. The basis for these performances is commonly assigned to the concept of motor simulation regarding observed actions. In this study, we investigated the weak version of the motor simulation hypothesis which claims that the goal of an observed action strongly influences its understanding (Fogassi, Ferrari, Gesierich, Rozzi, Chersi, & Rizzolatti, 2005 (See CR11)). Therefore, we conducted a weight judgement task with point-light displays and showed participants videos of a model lifting and lowering three different weights. The experimental manipulation consisted of a goal change of these actions by showing the videos normal and in a time-reversed order of sequence. The results show a systematic overestimation of weights for time-reversed lowering actions (thus looking like lifting actions) while weight estimations for time-reversed lifting actions did not differ from the original playback direction. The results are discussed in terms of motor simulation and different kinematic profiles of the presented actions., Author(s): Claudia Braun [sup.1] , Sebastian Fischer [sup.1] , Nils Eckardt [sup.1] [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.5155.4, 0000 0001 1089 1036, Institute of Sports and Sport Science, University of Kassel, [...]

The current study investigated the role of both involuntary motor activations and voluntary stimulus-response (S-R) mappings (i.e., the subjects voluntarily learned altered S-R mappings) in perception-action processing. Involuntary motor activations were triggered by graspable objects, and voluntary S-R mappings were manipulated by adjusting the proportion of compatible trials (PC; 80%, 50%, and 20%) for which the potential motor properties of objects were compatible with the responses. The results showed large positive compatible effects when regular S-R associations were strong (80% PC) but negative compatible effects when reversed S-R associations were established (20% PC). Moreover, the size and developing speed of the compatible effects were larger with 80% PC than with 20% PC. The findings suggest that the direction, magnitude, and developing speed of object affordances are codriven by both involuntary motor activations and voluntary S-R mappings. Specifically, when these two factors are consistent with each other, motor activations will be amplified, and the magnitude and developing speed of affordance effects will thus be increased. However, when they are inconsistent, they will compete with each other, and affordance effects will be decreased or reversed with an increasing proportion of trials within the S-R mappings. The codriven model of perception-action processes reflects the optimization of our cognitive control system for processing a complicated environment., Author(s): Yanyan Gong [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] , Yongchun Wang [sup.4] [sup.5] , Yonghui Wang [sup.1] [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.412498.2, 0000 0004 1759 8395, School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, [...]

In a specific group, each group member has multiple social identities, such as gender, nationality, ethnicity, and religion. Individuals may perceive their group members' identity diversity at different levels. Four studies were conducted to investigate the relationship between the perception of group members' identity diversity and intragroup trust. Studies 1 to 3 revealed that if participants perceived that group members differed in a wide range of social identities (a higher level of perceived identity diversity among group members), they exhibited a lower level of intragroup trust. Study 4 revealed that when participants were motivated to distrust their group members, they were more likely to perceive differences between group members' social identities and perceive the group members' identity diversity at a higher level. The results indicate that the relationship between the perception of group members' identity diversity and intragroup trust is bidirectional., Author(s): Huan Zhang [sup.1] [sup.2] , Sufei Xin [sup.3] , Guofang Liu [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.412498.2, 0000 0004 1759 8395, Ket Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Eudcation, [...]

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of single young adults' mating motives on their mating standards and the mechanisms that underlie this relationship within the context of gender imbalance in China. Accordingly, a sample of 505 single young adults responded to the Questionnaire of Contemporary Chinese People's Mating Preference and Risk Preference Questionnaire. The results revealed that among single young adults who perceived a gender imbalance, mating motives had a significant and negative effect on mating standards. Risk preference partially mediated the relationship between mating motives and standards among single young adults who perceived a gender imbalance. The mediating effect of risk preference on the relationship between mating motives and standards was moderated by age. Specifically as age increased, the mediating effect of risk preference weakened. It was concluded that age moderated the mediating effect of risk preference on the relationship between mating motives and standards among single young adults who perceived a gender imbalance., Author(s): Yanli Zhu [sup.1] , Chenbin Yi [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.207374.5, 0000 0001 2189 3846, Zhengzhou University, , Zhengzhou, Henan, China (2) grid.207374.5, 0000 0001 2189 3846, School of [...]

Biased memory of the past is often a starting point for intergroup conflicts. In three correlational studies, we examined the relationship between need for closure (NFC) and historical ethnocentric bias, a tendency to overestimate the role of one's ethnic group in the multicultural history of the city of residence. In addition, we checked whether this relationship would be mediated by an individual preference for essentialist places. We found that higher NFC was related to increased historical ethnocentric bias. Moreover, this relation was mediated by preference for an essentialist type of a place. Our results may contribute to understanding the role of individual differences and preferred type of place in shaping a biased representation of the past. Furthermore, our research findings point to the importance of raising awareness of the multicultural past among high NFC individuals., Author(s): Anna Wnuk [sup.1] , Tomasz Oleksy [sup.2] , Sabina Torunczyk-Ruiz [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.5374.5, 0000 0001 0943 6490, Department of Psychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, , Torun, [...]

Researchers have sought to identify deficits in affect recognition as a precipitating factor in intimate partner aggression (IPA) perpetration, but results from these studies have produced mixed findings. This may be due to the unlikelihood that deficits in affect recognition abilities would prompt perpetration of IPA without affective predispositions toward aggression, such as trait anger. The current study sought to examine the relation between negative affect recognition ability and men's past perpetration of physical and psychological IPA across levels of trait anger. Heterosexual couples (N = 83) completed self-report measures regarding the frequency of male-to-female IPA perpetration within their relationship. Additionally, males completed measures of trait anger and were administered a facial affect recognition test. Decreased ability in decoding negative facial affect was associated with increased perpetration of physical and psychological IPA, but only for men high in trait anger. There was no relation between negative facial affect recognition ability and IPA perpetration at low levels of trait anger. Results from this study indicated that the highest rates of physical and psychological IPA perpetration within the sample were among those with co-occurring high trait anger and decreased ability to decode negative facial affect. Our findings suggest that perpetration of IPA is associated with an interaction of affective traits and deficits in social cognitive processing. Treatments aimed at reducing aggression and violence among intimate partners would benefit from improving affect recognition when high trait anger is present., Author(s): Donald A. Godfrey [sup.1] , Victoria E. Bennett [sup.1] , Julia C. Babcock [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.266436.3, 0000 0004 1569 9707, Department of Psychology, The University of Houston, [...]

In 2 studies, we sought to investigate participants' awareness of their own cognitive process when perceiving affordances (i.e., action capabilities) and whether their evaluations of this process relate to affordance [...]

The servant leadership model is often touted as the best model for Administrators to use at Christian schools of higher education. Research indicated, however, that a disconnection between how leaders of an organization perceived the strengths and weaknesses of their leadership skills and how followers perceived those skills can be detrimental to an organization. Limited research has been carried out in Christian higher education which explores this important issue. This study sought to identify how the top four leaders at a Midwest Christian university perceived the strengths and weaknesses of their servant leadership skills. These perceptions were then compared to how followers understood the same administrators' leadership strengths and weaknesses. A survey instrument was used to measure leadership perceptions., Servant Leadership and the Christian University Kingsley (1992) noted that leadership issues in the arena of church-related colleges and universities may be harder to deal with than in secular institutions. [...]

Parallel and automatic processing is evidenced in visual search by what is commonly called popout. An object of search (a target) that differs widely from all other display objects on some simple visual dimension is commonly called a singleton; an example is search for a red circle when all other displayed circles are green. A singleton attracts attention to the degree that it is salient, and highly salient singletons produce search that is almost independent of display size. The present research examines the way this attraction of attention can be diverted by the presence of singletons on 1 or 2 nontarget perceptual dimensions (e.g., search for a red circle among green ones, when one of the green circles is larger than the others, and another might be green but square). The results establish that distraction occurs rarely but strongly, that 2 distractors produce more distraction than 1, and that the degree of distraction depends not only on salience but also on dimension similarity. These findings occurred in 2 different tasks: The observer either reported the orientation of a Gabor embedded in the target or reported the presence and absence of the target., In life there are constant demands for attention from numerous sources, many occurring at roughly the same time. Therefore, it is important to understand how the attention system adjudicates multiple [...]

Perceptual processing in autism is associated with both 'strengths' and 'weaknesses' but within a literature that varies widely in terms of the assessments used. We report data from 12 children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and 12 age and IQ matched neurotypical controls tested on a set of tasks using the same stimuli throughout but systematically changing in difficulty. These tasks ranged through simple detection of stimulus onset to pairwise size discrimination across two approaching targets. Children with ASD were slower than controls even in simple detection tasks, but this did not explain further group differences found in the size discrimination of approaching targets. The results are discussed in terms of impairments in speed of responding in ASD under certain conditions of visuomotor coupling, stimulus presentation and increased information processing demands. Keywords ASD * Attention switching * Perception * Target discrimination, Introduction The perceptual abilities of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are variously noted for their strengths (Frith 2003; Gonzalezet al. 2013; Happe and Frith 2010), similarities with neurotypical populations [...]

Dear Editor, The excessive rates of high-risk drinking in college students and the associated problems are well documented (ACHA, 2011; Wechsler & Nelson, 2008). Estimates suggest that approximately 40% of [...]

Abstract: Research suggests that ones perceptions of an ideal leader do not always match one's perceptions of an ideal woman. The roles are incongruous. This study used a causal-comparative methodology [...]

In fall 2005, the Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences at the University of Arkansas authorized the optional use of a plus/minus grading system. Since 2005, approximately [...]

Introduction Local, state, and national initiatives have been developed to improve children's health and mitigate complications associated with the escalating childhood obesity rates. Grant-funded programs are most often implemented in [...]

The main purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of Taiwanese parents' perceptions of child's play. Data were collected via parent questionnaires. To ensure greater variability in parents' backgrounds, kindergartens with families from different social backgrounds were recruited. A total sample of 142 parents with kindergarteners aged 4-7 years participated in this study. Findings revealed that Taiwanese parents in general valued play's effect on children's development and supported play for their children. Parents' perceptions of child's play also differed by parent's gender, highest education level, and total monthly household income, but there was no difference by parents' age and occupation. Recommendations for future research and practical relevance are provided., Introduction Developing and learning through play has become a well-known concept in early childhood education (Singer, Golinkoff, & Hirsh-Pasek, 2006). Play enhances and facilitates children's cognitive, socio-emotional, and motor development [...]

Research suggests that a sensation of floating prior to sleep may be indicative of several sleep-related phenomena such as sleep paralysis, hypnagogic imagery, and out-of-body experiences (OBEs). Previous research into OBEs in particular has been limited in considering the broad range of tactile, auditory, and visual phenomena reported by individuals prior to sleep which relate to a floating sensation that tends to precede an OBE. In the present study, 178 participants were surveyed regarding their experience of a floating sensation prior to sleep as part of a larger OBE questionnaire. A thematic analysis was conducted in order to determine commonalities in floating sensations prior to sleep reported among participants. Themes in reports of tactile and emotional content during a floating sensation were noted. Tactile sensations of feeling light or weightless, body detachment or loss of physical sensation, sensations of flying and sensations of falling were most common. Emotions relevant to a sense of floating were reported as being negative, positive, or associated with a feeling of freedom. A number of the floating sensations reported prior to sleep overlapped with common descriptions of OBEs found in literature, while others did not. Implications are discussed. Keywords: floating sensation, sleep paralysis, out-of-body experience, OBE, hypnagogic, sleep conditions Spanish La investigacion sugiere que una sensacion de flotar antes de dormir puede ser indicativa de varios fenomenos relacionados con el sueno, tales como la paralisis de sueno, las imagenes hipnagogicas, y las experiencias extracorporales (OBE). Las investigaciones previas sobre las OBE, no han considerado suficientemente la amplia gama de experiencias tactiles, auditivas, y fenomenos visuales reportados por los individuos antes de dormir y relacionados con una sensacion flotante que suele preceder a las OBE. En este estudio, hicimos una encuesta con 178 participantes sobre sus experiencias de una sensacion de flotar antes de dormir, como parte de un cuestionario sobre OBE mas grande. Un analisis tematico se llevo a cabo con el fin de determinar aspectos comunes en las sensaciones flotantes antes de dormir reportadas por los participantes. Observamos temas en los informes sobre contenido tactil y emocional durante sensaciones de flotacion. Los mas comunes fueron las sensaciones tactiles de sentirse ligero o sin peso, desprendimiento del cuerpo o perdida de la sensacion fisica, sensaciones de vuelo, y sensaciones de caida. Las emociones relacionadas con la sensacion de flotacion fueron negativas, positivas, o asociada con una sensacion de libertad. Algunas de las sensaciones de flotacion antes de dormir se solapan con las descripciones comunes de OBE que se encuentran en la literatura, en tanto que otras no. Discutimos las implicaciones. French Des recherches suggerent que la sensation de flotter avant le sommeil pourrait indiquer divers phenomenes relatifs au sommeil tels que la paralysie du sommeil, l'imagerie hypnagogique et les experiences de hors corps (EHC). Les precedentes recherches, en particulier sur les EHC, se sont limitees a reperer une vaste gamme de phenomenes tactiles, auditifs et visuels relates par les individus avant de s'endormir qui pourraient etre relies a l'experience d'une sensation de flotter qui tendrait a preceder une EHC. Dans la presente etude, 178 participants furent interroges sur leurs experiences d'une sensation de flotter avant de s'endormir au sein d'un questionnaire plus large sur les EHC. Une analyse thematique a ete conduite afin de determiner les elements communs dans les sensations de flotter avant le sommeil relates par les participants. On a repere quelques themes recurrents au niveau tactile et emotionnel durant les sensations de flotter. Les plus communes etaient les sensations tactiles de se sentir leger ou sans poids, de sentir un detachement du corps ou une perte de sensations physiques, des sensations de voler et des sensations de chuter. Les emotions associees a la sensation de flotter etaient negatives, positives, ou apparentees avec un sentiment de liberte. De nombreux aspects de la sensation de flottement avant le sommeil recouvrent les descriptions habituelles des EHC que l'on trouve dans la litterature, bien que certaines ne le fassent pas. Les implications de cette etude sont discutees. German Die einschlagige Forschung weist darauf hin, dass ein Schwebegefuhl vor Schlafbeginn zusammen mit verschiedenen, zum Schlaf gehorenden Phanomenen wie Schlafparalyse, hypnagogischen Bildern und ausserkorperlichen Erfahrungen (AKE) auftreten kann. Die bisherige Forschung insbesondere zu AKE hatte sich darauf beschrankt, das breite Spektrum taktiler, auditiver und visueller Phanomene, die von Einzelnen vor Schlafbeginn berichtet wurden, zu berucksichtigen, die sich auf ein Schwebegefuhl bezogen, die einer AKE vorherzugehen schienen. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden 178 Teilnehmer hinsichtlich ihrer Erfahrungen eines Schwebegefuhls vor Schlafbeginn als Teil eines umfassenderen AKE-Fragebogens befragt. Eine thematisch orientierte Analyse wurde durchgefuhrt, um Gemeinsamkeiten der Schwebegefuhle vor Schlafbeginn unter den Teilnehmern zu erfassen. Die Themen, die sich in den Berichten auf taktile und emotionale Inhalte bezogen, wurden festgehalten. Taktile Gefuhle des sich leicht oder schwerelos Empfindens, korperliche Leichtigkeit oder Verlust der Korperwahrnehmung, Gefuhle des Fliegens oder des Fallens waren am verbreitetesten. Wahrnehmungen, die mit einer Schwebeempfindung einhergingen, wurden als negativ oder positiv gewertet oder mit einem Freiheitsgefuhl assoziiert. Eine Anzahl von Schwebegefuhlen vor Schlafbeginn deckten sich teilweise mit den bekannten Beschreibungen in der AKE-Literatur, andere hingegen nicht. Die Implikationen werden diskutiert., It is common for tactile hallucinations to arise prior to sleep as part of the hypnagogic pre-sleep state (Ohayon, Priest, Caulet, & Guilleminault, 1996). These may include a sense of [...]

Given that cultural background might be an important factor that influences emotion processing, this study investigated age differences in emotion recognition between 30 younger and 30 older Chinese adults in a facial go/no-go task. In this task, participants were required to recognize faces of different emotional expressions (happy, neutral, and sad) and selectively respond to the faces with a certain emotional expression. Results showed that older adults were significantly slower than younger adults in sad-face recognition, but there were no age differences in happy-face recognition. The results echo earlier findings collected with Western adults, suggesting a universal age-related decline in recognition of negative information. In addition, there was a negative correlation between the facial emotion recognition bias (R[T.sub.sad]-R[T.sub.happy]) and the negative emotional experience in older adults, suggesting that the age-related reduction in negative emotional experiences might be related to the reduced negative face recognition in older adults. Key words: emotion recognition, age, Chinese, negative emotional experience, Emotion recognition, especially facial emotion recognition, is a central component of nonverbal communication. The ability to recognize emotion may become even more important with age. On one hand, previous studies [...]

The Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) and explicit measures were used with 21 college students to determine if body weight of target stimuli (photographic images of slim and overweight individuals) influenced perceptions of intelligence. The explicit measure was a computerized adaptation of the Anti-Fat Attitudes Questionnaire designed to reduce participant error. A Covert Perception Task was developed as an additional explicit measure in which participants rated the likelihood of success of slim and overweight job applicants. Correlational analyses were used to determine if disparity between current and idealized body mass index (BMI) influenced responding. Statistical analyses were applied to data to determine influence exerted by the gender of participants and/or by the gender of the portrayed target stimuli. Findings are discussed in relation to pro-slim versus anti-fat bias and gender differences in body-weight bias related to participants and targets. Key words: IRAP, Relational Frame Theory, implicit responding, intelligence, body-weight bias, The World Health Organization has described obesity as a worldwide epidemic (WHO, 2000). It is estimated that approximately 315 million people worldwide fall into the category of obesity (Caterson & [...]

The present study compared the strength of the horizontal-vertical illusion in blindfolded sighted people with raised-line curves and three-dimensional (3-D) objects. Although the horizontal-vertical curvature illusion has been reported with raised-line stimuli in both vision and touch, it was not known whether similar haptic distortion would be found with 3-D objects. Similar overestimation of verticals was found with both types of stimuli in Experiment 1. Experiment 2 used bimanual unrestricted exploration at the body midline and stimuli horizontal on the table surface or in the frontal plane. In Experiment 2, illusion strength was substantially stronger when the stimuli were frontal and diminished overall for the horizontal group. The horizontal-vertical illusion was strong with optimal methods of presentation (free bimanual exploration) in Experiment 2, even where radial-tangential scanning could not be a causal factor in the frontal group. The results suggest that illusory distortion in haptics is not the result of the use of raised lines, and these patterns can be effective surrogates for 3-D objects., The horizontal-vertical illusion occurs in vision and touch (Heller, Brackett, Salik, Scroggs, & Green, 2003; Heller et al., 2010). The horizontal-vertical illusion is found with blind and sighted people (Heller, [...]

Rivalry plays an integral role in the allure and excitement of following sport and favorite teams. Disposition of mirth theory (Zillmann & Cantor, 1976) states that people will experience joy if someone they admire is successful and someone they loathe is unsuccessful Additionally, sport disposition theory (Zillmann, Bryant, & Sapolsky, 1989) asserts that fans will cheer when their team is successful and their team's opponent is unsuccessful in direct competition. However, little research exists measuring what rivalry means to sport fans, how fans perceive teams identified as a rival, or how fans feel about the success and failure of a rival team in indirect competition. Previous research has used rivalry as a variable to explain fan behavior, but has not investigated the phenomenon by itself. For this reason, the purpose of the current study was to develop and validate the Sport Rivalry Fan Perception Scale (SRFPS). The scale was psychometrically tested on two samples of 457 and 374 intercollegiate football and basketball fans and demonstrated good reliability and validity as a measure of fan perceptions toward a favorite team's rival The resulting SRFPS consists of four factors and 12 items, and can be used by both academies and practitioners. Implications for application are discussed along with directions for future study., In college sport, fans dedicate large amounts of resources to show their affiliation with their favorite teams and schools (Gibson, Willming, & Holdnak, 2002). One way to display that affiliation [...]

Active dendrites provide neurons with powerful processing capabilities. However, little is known about the role of neuronal dendrites in behaviourally related circuit computations. Here we report that a novel global [...]

A stimulus-response compatibility (SRC) effect is obtained when performance is better with compatible mappings than with incompatible mappings. When mappings are mixed within a task, the SRC effect is often eliminated or reversed. The present study examines how 1,600 trials with different practice tasks can affect the response selection process in these mixed mapping environments. Participants were assigned to one of three practice groups: mixed mapping, pure compatible mapping, and pure incompatible mapping. Subsequently, all participants performed an experimental session in which compatible and incompatible trials were mixed. The SRC effect was eliminated in the experimental mixed mapping session, regardless of practice condition. The results suggest that practice does not change the need to suppress the direct response selection route in a mixed mapping task. However, reaction time distributions and sequential analyses were modulated by practice condition, which indicates that the new associations acquired during practice may activate new routes that interact with preexisting ones., Displays can be used to convey information, such as the time of day on a clock and the schedule of flights arriving and departing on a screen. Displays can also [...]

Recent research has established that individuals' perception of global warming is malleable such that individuals report that it is a more serious problem when they experience higher outdoor or indoor temperatures (Li et al. Psychological Science, 22(4), 454-459, 2011; Risen and Critcher Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(5), 777-793, 2011). We extend these findings on the experience of actual temperature by testing whether the embodied experience of temperature, manipulated by participants chewing cinnamon or mint gum, can activate the concept of temperature and influence perception of global warming. As predicted, compared to those who did not chew gum, those experiencing embodied temperature through chewing gum reported greater concern for global warming, but not other social problems, and were more likely to volunteer for a global warming group on campus. This suggests that the physical experience of tasting cinnamon or mint gum activated the larger conceptual system of temperature changes that subsequently influenced beliefs about global warming. Keywords Embodied cognition * Global warming * Perception * Behavior, The issue of global warming in the United States is both scientific and political. Yet the extent to which an individual believes in global climate change is also psychological in [...]

Selected writings of B. F. Skinner are compared to 5 current topics in main-stream psychology, including the role of the unconscious, human language, the role of dispositions in psychology, human perceptions of conformity and bias, and mindfulness. The striking similarities between Skinner's work and these 5 current topics support Richelle's (1993) prediction that psychologists may eventually discover that Skinner was a forerunner in the theory and practice of psychology. Key words: B. F. Skinner, the unconscious, the illusion of conscious will, language, dispositions, conformity and bias, mindfulness, By discovering or rediscovering Skinner and Skinner's views as they really are, psychologists could also put their own current reflections in proper perspective ... in many areas of theory and [...]

Science requires the acquisition and analysis of empirical (sense-derived) data. Given the same physical objects or phenomena, the sense organs of all people do not respond equally to these stimuli, nor do their minds interpret sensory signals identically. Therefore, teachers should develop lectures on human sensory systems that include some common examples of sensory limitations, variations, deficiencies, malfunctions, and diseases (as discussed herein) because they have important implications for conducting scientific investigations, science education, and introspection that are seldom included in biology textbooks. Students need to be made aware of the human tendency to self deception in order to avoid the cognitive error of confirmation bias. Key Words: Confirmation bias; controlled experiments; double-blind experiments; empirical data; observations; optical illusions; pheromones; repeatability; synaesthesia., Teaching human biology usually begins with two basic subjects--anatomy (structure) and physiology (function). The function of sensation requires two processes: transduction or stimulation (at the level of sensory receptors) and [...]

The creation and intentional pursuit of entrepreneurial ideas lies at the core of the domain of entrepreneurship. Recent empirical work in a number of diverse fields such as cognitive psychology, [...]

Two experiments studied perceptual comparisons with cues that vary in one of four ways (picture, sound, spoken word, or printed word) and with targets that are either pictures or environmental sounds. The basic question probed whether modality or differences in format were factors that would influence picture and sound perception. Also of interest were cue effect differences when targets are presented on either the right or left side. Students responded to a same-different reaction time task that entailed matching cue-target pairs to determine whether the successive stimulus events represented features drawn from the same basic item. Cue type influenced reaction times to pictures and environmental sounds, but the effects were qualified by response type and with picture targets by presentation side. These results provide some additional evidence of processing asymmetry when pictures are directed to either the right or left hemisphere, as well as for some asymmetries in cross-modality cuing. Implications of these findings for theories of multisensory processing and models of object recognition are discussed., There is a rich research literature on the effects of presentation format that compares pictures to words (Amit, Algom, & Trope, 2009; Paivio, 1971, 2007; Smith & Magee, 1980) and [...]

This study sought to develop a likert type scale which is valid and reliable in order to investigate the perceptions of the teachers related to the professional problems. The research was carried out with 262 teachers, working in Kiitahya (160), Bursa (38), Burdur (31), Ankara (25), Eski ehir (5) ve Bahkesir (3), Turkey, in 2009. The data were collected by using a questionnaire consisting of two sections, developed by the researcher to determine the teachers' professional problems. The questionnaire consists of two sections. The first part is the form related to demographic and personal information, consisting of items about the gender, age, marital status, status, whether they are in managerial positions, the type of institution they work in, if they work in the province of teachers, their years of teaching experience, branch, income level, if they are satisfied with being a teacher, if they find their income level sufficient, if they look at the future with confidence, if they find themselves compatible with the profession in terms of personal characteristics, perceptions about being unionized. The second part includes 66 expressions related to professional problems of teachers on a 5-point Likert-type scale consisting of 5 choices, from 1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree. Data which were collected through that the Perception of Teaching Profession Problems Scale were analyzed with exploratory factor analysis and multi-factor confirmatory factor analysis by using the statistical package SPSS and LISREL. The findings of the study revealed that the scale was valid and reliable. Keywords: Teaching profession problems, teacher problems, perception of the problem, and perception of teaching profession problems., Introduction Today, the process that has emerged out of information technology influences educational institutions and relatedly teachers who form the professional group that is mostly exposed to new conditions caused [...]

The aim of this study was to examine physiological, perceptual, and affective responses during self-paced walking for three age groups. 66 adult women were assigned into three groups by age: 20-25 yr. (n = 22), 30-35 yr. (n = 22), and 40-45 yr. (n = 22). Each participant completed a maximal exercise test and a 20-min. bout of walking at a self-selected pace. The preferred walking speed was similar for all age groups, whereas physiological responses relative to maximal and ventilatory threshold values were greater in the 40-45 yr. group than the other two groups. Nevertheless, perceptual and affective responses were similar for all age groups. These findings suggest that physiological responses, but not perceptual and affective responses, of sedentary women are associated with age during walking at a self-selected pace. DOI 10.2466/06.10.13.PMS.111.6.963-978

Relations between duration judgments and verbal or visual working memory, between duration judgments and effect of learning to plan the processing of information about such judgments were investigated. A computer monitor was used to present images of two cars traveling in the same direction for various durations and distances. Participants (N = 30) were asked to identify the car that had traveled for the longer duration. Then, participants learned how to solve Piagetian tasks logically. After the learning, they tried to solve the duration judgments task again. Finally, their verbal and visual working memory capacities were assessed. Results indicated the following: (a) numbers of correct answers on the Piagetian tasks were correlated with verbal and visual working memory capacity; (b) the correlations did not significantly decrease after the participants learned how to solve the Piagetian tasks. DOI 10.2466/04.10.22.PMS.111.6.863-871

Strategies for finding one's way through an unfamiliar environment may be helped by 2D maps, 3D virtual environments, or other navigation aids. The relative effectiveness of aids was investigated. Experiments were conducted in a large, park-like environment. 24 participants (12 men, 12 women; age range = 2250 years; M = 32, SD = 7.4) were divided into three groups of four individuals, who explored a 2D map of a given route prior to navigation, received a silent guided tour by means of an interactive virtual representation, or acquired direct experience of the real route through a silent guided tour. Participants then had to find the same route again on their own. 12 observers were given a 'simple' route with only one critical turn, and the other 12 a 'complex' route with six critical turns. Compared to three people familiar with the routes, among the naive participants, those who had a direct experience prior to navigation all found their way again on the simple and complex routes. Those who had explored the interactive virtual environment were unable to find their way on the complex route. The relative scale representation in the virtual environment may have given incorrect impressions of relative distances between objects along the itinerary, rendering important landmark information useless. DOI 10.2466/04.22.23.27.PMS.111.6.829-847

This investigation examined the validity of newly developed Adult OMNI Elliptical Ergometer Ratings of Perceived Exertion Scales. 60 men and women performed a graded exercise test on an elliptical ergometer. Oxygen consumption (V[O.sub.2]), heart rate (HR), and ratings of perceived exertion were recorded at each stage from the Borg 15 Category scale and two different OMNI scales. One scale employed an elliptical ergometer format of the OMNI Picture System of Perceived Exertion. The second scale modified verbal, numerical, and pictorial descriptors at the low end of the response range. Concurrent and construct validity were established by the positive relation between ratings of perceived exertion from each OMNI scale with V[O.sub.2], HR, and Borg scale ratings of perceived exertion (men, r= .94-.97; women, r = .93-.98). Validity was established for both OMNI scales, indicating either metric can be used to estimate ratings of perceived exertion during partial weight-bearing exercise. DOI 10.2466/05.06.PMS.111.6.848-862

98 undergraduates (54 men, 44 women) participated in an experiment to examine whether having an artificially furrowed brow would have an effect on participants' subjective impression of perceived targets. An elastic adhesive bandage was either stretched to create furrows on the brow when it retracted, or not stretched so as to avoid creating wrinkles. While wearing the bandages, the participants rated their impressions of neutral targets preceded by agreeable, disagreeable, or neutral primes in a modified Affect Misattribution Procedure. The results showed that participants with artificially furrowed brows tended to rate the neutral targets preceded by agreeable primes less favorably than did the control participants, while both groups rated similarly the targets preceded by disagreeable primes. DOI 10.2466/02.07.24.PMS.111.6.785-789

Preview benefits (PBs) from two words to the right of the fixated one (i.e., word N + 2) and associated parafoveal-on-foveal effects are critical for proposals of distributed lexical processing during reading. This experiment examined parafoveal processing during reading of Chinese sentences, using a boundary manipulation of N + 2-word preview with low- and high-frequency words N + 1. The main findings were (a) an identity PB for word N + 2 that was (b) primarily observed when word N + 1 was of high frequency (i.e., an interaction between frequency of word N + 1 and PB for word N + 2), and (c) a parafoveal-on-foveal frequency effect of word N + 1 for fixation durations on word N. We discuss implications for theories of serial attention shifts and parallel distributed processing of words during reading. Keywords: eye movements, Chinese reading, preview benefit, parafoveal-on-foveal effects DOI: 10.1037/a0019329

Load theory of attention proposes that distractor processing is reduced in tasks with high perceptual load that exhaust attentional capacity within task-relevant processing. In contrast, tasks of low perceptual load leave spare capacity that spills over, resulting in the perception of task-irrelevant, potentially distracting stimuli. Tsal and Benoni (2010) find that distractor response competition effects can be reduced under conditions with a high search set size but low perceptual load (due to a singleton color target). They claim that the usual effect of search set size on distractor processing is not due to attentional load but instead attribute this to lower level visual interference. Here, we propose an account for their findings within load theory. We argue that in tasks of low perceptual load but high set size, an irrelevant distractor competes with the search nontargets for remaining capacity. Thus, distractor processing is reduced under conditions in which the search nontargets receive the spillover of capacity instead of the irrelevant distractor. We report a new experiment testing this prediction. Our new results demonstrate that, when peripheral distractor processing is reduced, it is the search nontargets nearest to the target that are perceived instead. Our findings provide new evidence for the spare capacity spillover hypothesis made by load theory and rule out accounts in terms of lower level visual interference (or mere 'dilution') for cases of reduced distractor processing under low load in displays of high set size. We also discuss additional evidence that discounts the viability of Tsal and Benoni's dilution account as an alternative to perceptual load. Keywords: attention, perceptual load, dilution, distraction, response competition DOI: 10.1037/a0020733