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[EN] This paper explores the issue of human trafficking as one of the most severe violations of human rights nowadays, which continues to be a complex and pervasive issue despite the existence of several instruments that address it. First of all, the document begins by providing an overview of the theoretical aspects of this crime such as the definition, the elements, the different forms and the legal framework. In relation to that last point, it is analyzed whether human trafficking should be considered a crime against humanity, which would entail a higher level of protection by the ICC. After discussing various approaches proposed by different authors, it is demonstrated that the conventional system is not suitable to respond to a crime of this magnitude, due to the fact that the traditional methods are only based on criminal law and prosecution. Instead of that, the paper emphasizes the need to develop better prevention and protection measures. It mentions three countries that have successfully implemented this approach and it also explains a practical case of the ECtHR (Rantsev v. Cyprus and Russia) to illustrate the importance of applying such measures. In conclusion, this paper sheds light on the severity of human trafficking and highlights the need for a more effective victim-centered and human rights based approach to combat this crime.

Project control is a crucial phase within project management aimed at ensuring —in an integrated manner— that the project objectives are met according to plan. Earned Value Management —along with its various refinements— is the most popular and widespread method for top-down project control. For project control under uncertainty, Monte Carlo simulation and statistical/machine learning models extend the earned value framework by allowing the analysis of deviations, expected times and costs during project progress. Recent advances in explainable machine learning, in particular attribution methods based on Shapley values, can be used to link project control to activity properties, facilitating the interpretation of interrelations between activity characteristics and control objectives. This work proposes a new methodology that adds an explainability layer based on SHAP —Shapley Additive exPlanations— to different machine learning models fitted to Monte Carlo simulations of the project network during tracking control points. Specifically, our method allows for both prospective and retrospective analyses, which have different utilities: forward analysis helps to identify key relationships between the different tasks and the desired outcomes, thus being useful to make execution/replanning decisions; and backward analysis serves to identify the causes of project status during project progress. Furthermore, this method is general, model-agnostic and provides quantifiable and easily interpretable information, hence constituting a valuable tool for project control in uncertain environments.

[EUS] Lan honen helburu nagusia sexu-erasoen eta -abusuen delituen preskripzioa aztertzea izango da, biktima adingabea denean. Zigor Preskripzioa historian zehar arautu den figura juridikoa izan da, gaur egun Kode Penalaren 131.artikuluaren eta 135.artikuluaren bitartean arautzen dena. Figura honen oinarriari dagokionez, oraindik eztabaida sortzen du, jatorri prozesalaren, materialaren edo mistoaren aldeko posizionamendu desberdinak daudelarik. Bestetik, sexu-erasoak eta -abusuak jasaten dituzten adingabeen kopurua kezkagarria da. Horren ondorioz, baita delitu hauek dituzten ezaugarri berezituengatik, Indarkeriaren aurrean Haurtzaroa eta Nerabezaroa osotasunean babesteko Lege Organikoaren Aurreproiektu onartu du Gobernuak. Adierazgarri da Lege Organiko honen bitartez, preskripzioa epea luzatzen dela. Hau da, gaur egun Zigor Kodearen 132.1 artikuluaren arabera sexu-delituak preskribatzen hasiko dira adingabeak 18 urte betetzen dituenean. Lege Organikoaren helburua epea 30 urtera luzatzea da, momentu horretan preskripzioa epea zenbatzen hasiko delarik., [SPA] El objetivo principal del presente trabajo será analizar la prescripción de los delitos de agresiones y abusos sexuales, cuando la víctima sea menor de edad. La Prescripción Penal ha sido una figura jurídica históricamente regulada, actualmente se encuentra recogida entre los artículos 131 y 135 del Código Penal. En cuanto al fundamento jurídico de esta figura, aún suscita controversia, existiendo diferentes posicionamientos a favor de su origen procesal, material o mixto. Por otro lado, el número de menores que sufren agresiones y abusos sexuales es preocupante. Como consecuencia de ello, y por las características especiales que poseen dichos delitos, el Gobierno ha aprobado el Anteproyecto de Ley Orgánica de protección integral a la infancia y la adolescencia frente a la violencia. Es significativo que mediante esta Ley Orgánica se amplié el plazo de prescripción. Es decir, actualmente según el artículo 132.1 del Código Penal, los delitos sexuales comenzarán a prescribir cuando el menor cumpla 18 años. La Ley Orgánica tiene por objeto la ampliación a 30 años, comenzando en ese momento el cómputo del plazo de prescripción.

Gorroto delitu kontzeptua, Zigor Kodeak, batez ere 22.4 eta 510. artikuluen bidez arautzen duena, komunikabide eta gizartean gero eta gehiago entzuten da. Gizartea diskriminazio horren atzean dauden aurreiritziak poliki-poliki atzean uzten ari dela dirudien arren, Espainian gorroto delituak burutzen jarraitzen direla frogatzen dute behatoki eta elkarte ezberdinek. Beraz, lan honetan zehar gertakari horiek jasaten dituzten pertsonei, batez ere LGTBI+ kolektiboari, Zigor Zuzenbideak ematen dien babesa aztertuko dut, orientazio eta identitate sexualaren aurkako kasuetan oinarrituz. Horretarako, ez naiz Zigor Kode edo jurisprudentziak gorroto delitu eta diskurtsoarekin amaitzeko duen papera aztertzera mugatuko. Horrez gain, LGTBIfobia gertakariei buruzko datuen inguruan hausnartu, sexu-joera eta -identitate kontzeptuek zerri erreferentzia egiten dieten azaldu eta LGTBI+ kolektiboak egun duen babesa lortzeko elkarteek izandako pisua ere ikertuko dut.

A well-known challenge in archaeological research is the exploration of the social mechanisms that hunter-gatherers may have implemented throughout history to deal with changes in resource availability. The agent-based model (ABM) ‘cooperation under resource pressure’ (CURP) was conceived to explore food stress episodes in societies lacking a food preservation technology. It was particularly aimed at understanding how cooperative behaviours in the form of food sharing practices emerge, increase and may become the prevailing strategy in relation to changes in resource availability and expectancy of reciprocity. CURP’s main outcome is the identification of three regimes of behaviour depending on the stress level. In this work, the model’s robustness to the original selection mechanism (random tournament) is assessed, as different dynamics can lead to different persistent regimes. For that purpose, three other selection mechanisms are implemented and evaluated, to identify the prevailing states of the system. Results show that the three regimes are robust irrespective of the analysed dynamics. We consequently examine in more detail the long-term archaeological implications that these results may have., Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (former Ministry of Science and Innovation): SimulPast Project (CSD2010- 00034 CONSOLIDER-INGENIO 2010), HAR2009-06996 and CULM Project (HAR2016- 77672-P); from the Argentine National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET): Project PIP-0706; from the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research: Project GR7846; from the project H2020 FET OPEN RIA IBSEN/662725 and from the European Social Fund as one of the authors is the recipient of a predoctoral grant from the Department of Education of Junta de Castilla y León (Spain).

This contribution presents a network approach to analyse the current situation of multidisciplinary research in Spain. To this aim, all coordinated projects funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation in the 2013-2018 timeframe have been considered as a proxy for multidisciplinarity. The information on each institution has been complemented with its geographical location (latitude, longitude and autonomous community) as well as with its position according to the Scimago Institutions Rankings. Two networks were built: the network of the interactions between institutions and the network of thematic areas. Topological analyses were conducted on the two. Our results show that the two networks have a clear modular structure, and the role detection analyses conducted on both networks provide relevant insights into the relative importance of the different research institutions and thematic areas respectively., Este artículo analiza la situación actual de la investigación multidisciplinar en España desde una perspectiva de redes. Para ello, todos los proyectos coordinados financiados por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación entre 2013-2018 fueron tomados como indicador de multidisciplinariedad. La información sobre cada institución fue completada con su ubicación geográfica (latitud, longitud y comunidad autónoma) así como con su posición según los Rankings de Instituciones de Scimago. Se construyeron dos redes: la red de interacción entre instituciones y la red de áreas temáticas. Se realizaron análisis de la estructura de ambas redes. Nuestros resultados muestran que las dos redes tienen una clara estructura modular, y los análisis de detección de roles realizados en ambas proporcionan información acerca de la importancia relativa de las diferentes instituciones académicas y de las áreas temáticas respectivamente., Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (excellence networks HAR2017-90883-REDC and RED2018‐102518‐T, as well as FEDER (Spain/EU) grant PGC2018-098186-B-I00 (BASIC)); and from the Junta de Castilla y León - Consejería de Educación through BDNS 425389, the predoctoral grants awarded to Virginia Ahedo and Silvia Díaz-de la Fuente (supported by the European Social Fund) and the financial aid awarded to Silvia Díaz-de la Fuente, destined to employ research assistants by Public Universities of Castilla y León, being aimed at young people registered in the National System of Youth Guarantee and co-supported by the European Social Fund and the Youth Employment Initiative.

Zigor Kodearen 20.4 artikuluan legebidezko defentsa izeneko salbueslea arautzen da. Figura hori aplikagarri izateko hiru baldintza eman behar dira: legezkontrako erasoa, defentsa beharrezkoa eta arrazionala izatea eta, azkenik, defentsa egikaritzen duen pertsonak aurretik probokaziorik sortu ez izana. Genero indarkeriaren kasu gehienetan figura hau ez da aplikagarri izan, doktrinaren eta jurisprudentziaren ustez baldintza guztiak ematen ez direlako. Lan honetan, tratu txarren biktimak tratu txarren emailea konfrontaziorik gabeko egoera batean hiltzen dituen kasuak aztertuko ditut, eta legebidezko defentsa aplikatzeko beharrezkoak diren baldintza guztiak betetzen direla baieztatuko dut.

Networks of social interactions are the substrate upon which civilizations are built. Often, we create new bonds with people that we like or feel that our relationships are damaged through the intervention of third parties. Despite their importance and the huge impact that these processes have in our lives, quantitative scientific understanding of them is still in its infancy, mainly due to the difficulty of collecting large datasets of social networks including individual attributes. In this work, we present a thorough study of real social networks of 13 schools, with more than 3,000 students and 60,000 declared positive and negative relations, including tests for personal traits of all the students. We introduce a metric -- the `triadic influence' -- that measures the influence of nearest-neighbors in the relationships of their contacts. We use neural networks to predict the relationships and to extract the probability that two students are friends or enemies depending on their personal attributes or the triadic influence. We alternatively use a high-dimensional embedding of the network structure to also predict the relationships. Remarkably, the triadic influence (a simple one-dimensional metric) achieves the highest accuracy at predicting the relationship between two students. We postulate that the probabilities extracted from the neural networks -- functions of the triadic influence and the personalities of the students -- control the evolution of real social networks, opening a new avenue for the quantitative study of these systems.

Generoa aintzat hartuta, ordenamendu juridiko penalak prostituzioan aritzen diren adin nagusiak eta ezgaitasunik ez dituzten emakumeen gain kokatzen duen tipo penala aztertuko da; Zigor Kodeko 187.1 artikuluko bigarren paragrafoak biltzen duena, alegia. Horrela, aurrekari historikoak oinarri, hertsapenezkoa ez den prostituzioaren arauketaren lege-hutsuneak eta mugak aztertuko dira, tipoa gorpuzten duten elementu guztien deskribapenaren bitartez. Horretarako, jurisprudentziak eta doktrinak askatasun sexualaren esparruan esplotazioaren eta adostasunaren elementuen irakurketa ezberdinen analisia egingo da, horrek errealitatean sortzen dituen zailtasunak agerian uzteko.

EHU Zurekin agrupa algunos de lo servicios de la EHU a modo de vista previa para que un alumno tenga toda la información que necesita de forma rápida y sencilla. Ver el horario, el calendario, los correos, las noticias de la EHU y las tareas son algunas de las posibilidades que ofrece esta aplicación.

La enfermedad de Alzheimer es un trastorno cognitivo que afecta a una parte significativa de la población mundial. Cada vez son más necesarias las herramientas que permitan diagnosticar esta enfermedad lo antes posible. Este trabajo propone el desarrollo de un chatbot que identifica los primeros síntomas de la enfermedad del Alzheimer. Se propone un chatbot ya que presenta las características de usabilidad idóneas para que pueda ser accesible para cualquier persona. El diagnóstico se realiza a través de un test minimental, una de las técnicas más utilizadas en la medicina tradicional. Además, ha sido implementado en una plataforma de desarrollo de chatbots, Rasa Open Source y Rasa X, y desplegado con Google Cloud Platform. Por otro lado, mediante la automatización del diagnóstico de trastornos cognitivos se podría aliviar en gran medida las consultas de departamentos de neurología y optimizar los recursos del hospital. En definitiva, podría implicar un gran impacto positivo en la sociedad, especialmente en el ámbito de la salud.---ABSTRACT---Alzheimer’s Disease is a cognitive disorder that affects a significant part of the world’s population. The need of a tool to diagnose cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer’s Disease in an autonomous way, is growing exponentially. The aim of this project is to implement a chatbot that identifies symptoms of Mild Cognitive Disorder and Alzheimer’s Disease. The interface provided by chatbots shows great levels of usability, making the product accessible for a very high percentage of the population. The symptoms are identified throughout a minimental test, which is one of the most popular techniques used by traditional medicine, but it is automatised so that it does not require the presence of a physician. Furthermore, it has been implemented in Rasa Open Source, a very popular framework for chatbot development, and deployed with Google Cloud Platform. The development of this project can provide a very high benefit for society, for