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1. Cladophora brasiliana Martens (1870: 297). Map 1; Figs. 1A–B Thalli delicate, dark green, specimens with (0.5 –) 1.9 (– 2.5) cm height, attached by branched basal rhizoids, having an irregular organization. Main axis without ramifications in the distal regions. Apical cells long, cylindrical with rounded or slightly tapered tips, measuring (28 –) 36 (– 41) µm wide and (158 –) 247 (– 352) µm long with L/W ratio (5 –) 8 (– 12); terminal branch cells measuring (34 –) 43 (– 55) µm wide and (192 –) 273 (– 363) µm long, with L/W ratio (5.0 –) 7 (– 9); main axis cells measuring (77 –) 93 (– 117) µm wide and (497 –) 638 (– 800) µm long with L/W ratio (5 –) 7 (– 10). Representative specimens examined: BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Macaé, Lagoa do Açu, 20/X/2000, Taouil (PEUFR 42629); Rio de Janeiro, Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas, 19/IX/2001, Nassar (PEUFR 42630); 26/ VIII/2002, Nassar (PEUFR 42631). Comments: the specimens were observed growing as epiphytes on Ulva spp. or Poaceae, and corresponded to the descriptions of Taylor (1960) and Hoek (1982). However, our specimens showed higher cellular diameters compared with those authors. C. brasiliana is a shallow water species and, according to Taylor (1960), perhaps from brackish waters. Although the type locality is the Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon (Rio de Janeiro State — Oliveira-Filho 1977), C. brasiliana was also found typically in marine environments, such as Atol das Rocas (Oliveira-Filho & Ugadim 1976), but in this study it was restricted to Rio de Janeiro State., Published as part of Gestinari, Lísia Mônica De Souza, Pereira, Sonia Maria Barreto & Yoneshigue-Valentin, Yocie, 2010, Distribution of Cladophora Species (Cladophorales, Chlorophyta) along the Brazilian Coast, pp. 22-42 in Phytotaxa 14 on page 24, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4778724, {"references":["Martens, G. (1870) Conspectus algarum brasiliae hactenas detectarum. Videnskabelige Meddelelser Dansk Naturhistoriske Forening i Kobenhavn 3 (2): 297 - 314.","Taylor, W. R. (1960) Marine algae of the eastern tropical and subtropical coasts of Americas. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 870 pp.","Hoek, C. van den (1982) A taxonomic revision of the American species of Cladophora (Chlorophyceae) in the North Atlantic Ocean and their geographic distribution. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 236 pp.","Oliveira-Filho, E. C. (1977) Algas marinhas bentonicas do Brasil. Thesis (Livre Docencia). Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 407 pp."]}

2. Cladophora catenata (L.) Kütz. emend. Hoek (1963) . Map 1; Figs. 1C–E Conferva catenata Linnaeus (1753:1166). Thalli dark green to black, forming stiff cushions, (2 –) 2.5 (– 3) cm high, attached to the substrate by basal and/or hapteroid rhizoids that sprouted on the tips of apical cells. Unilateral ramification, with laterally inserted branches cut off by a transverse wall. Apical cells long and rounded or tapered gradually to the tip. Apical cells (195 –) 229 (– 274) µm wide and (1236 –) 2492 (– 3892) µm long, with L/W ratio of (6 –) 11 (– 17). Lateral branch cells (188 –) 218.5 (– 256) µm wide and (762 –) 988 (– 1221) µm long, with L/W ratio of (3 –) 4.5 – (6). Main axis cells usually curved and almost prostrate, measuring (199 –) 241.5 (– 292) µm wide and (758 –) 1073 (– 1496) µm long, with L/W ratio of (3 –) 4.5 (– 6). The fungus Blodgettia bornetii E.P. Wright (1881:25) was always present along cell walls of thalli. Representative specimens examined: BRAZIL. Pernambuco: Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Praia de Itapuama, 20 Jun. 2001, Gestinari (PEUFR 42573); Praia de Pedra do Xaréu, 08 Oct. 1998, Cavalcanti (PEUFR 42577); 09 May 2001, Gestinari (PEUFR 42574); 22 Jun. 2001, Gestinari (PEUFR 42575); Praia Enseada dos Corais, 16 Oct. 2001, Gestinari (PEUFR 42572); Bahia: Porto Seguro, Praia de Mucugê, 12 Mar. 2001, Nunes (ALCB 53339, 53335); Entre Rios, Praia de Subaúma, 05 May 2000, Nunes (ALCB 49408, 49407); Salvador, Praia de Stella Maris, 17 Apr. 2000, Nunes (ALCB 49401). Additional representative specimens examined: USA. Florida: Cape Florida, Miami Beach, 1923, Brooks & Brooks (UC 690740); NETHERLANDS ANTILLES. Curaçao: St. Joris-binnenbaai, 11 Mar. 1958, Vroman (L 0441625); San Pedro, 07 Jun. 1968, Hoek (L 0441597); PORTO RICO. Yabucoa: Jul. 1973, Rehm (L 0441633); Ponce: Caja de Muertos, 14 Jul.1975, Almodovar et al. (L 0441628). Comments: Specimens were collected growing in the midlittoral zone on plateaus of the sandstone reef from Pernambuco and Bahia. These specimens were accompanied by Anadyomene stellata (Wulfen) Agardh (1823: 400), Dictyosphaeria cavernosa (Forsskål) BΦrgesen (1932: 2), Phyllodictyon anastomosans (Harvey) Kraft & Wynne (1996: 139), Hydroclathrus clathratus (Agardh) Howe (1920: 590), Dictyopteris delicatula Lamouroux (1809: 332), Dictyota mertensii (Martius) Kützing (1859: 15), D. pulchella Hörnig & Schnetter (1988: 287), Padina gymnospora (Kützing) Sonder (1871: 47), Sphacelaria tribuloides Meneghini (1840: 2), Jania adhaerens Lamouroux (1816: 270), Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) Lamouroux (1813: 43), Bryothamnion seaforthii (Turner) Kützing (1843a: 433), Digenea simplex (Wulfen) Agardh (1822: 389), Palisada perforata (Bory de Saint-Vincent) Nam (2007: 54) and Osmundaria obtusiloba (Agardh) Norris (1991: 14). The specimens also grew as epiphytes on Laurencia dendroidea Agardh (1852: 753) and Palisada perforata. In addition, we observed C. catenata as a host to A. stellata, Pneophyllum fragile Kützing (1843b: 385), Ceramium vagans P.C.Silva in Silva et al. (1987: 56), diatoms and cyanobacteria. The representatives of C. catenata from Pernambuco showed a slightly higher cell width than those from Bahia. There are records of this species along the Brazilian coast in the following areas: Ceará (Oliveira-Filho 1977), Rio Grande do Norte (as C. fuliginosa Kützing (1849: 415) by Pereira et al. 1980), Pernambuco (Pereira et al. 2002) and Rio de Janeiro (Gestinari et al. 1998). However, the collected representatives from Reserva Biológica Estadual da Praia do Sul na Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro (Gestinari et al. 1998) are actually the species C. corallicola. No herbarium specimens of C. catenata were from the Pernambuco littoral zone, although Pereira et al. (2002) had recorded its occurrence. The studied specimens matched descriptions of species from the North Atlantic (Taylor 1960; Hoek 1982), the Mediterranean (Hoek 1963), Japan and eastern Russia (Hoek & Chihara 2000). We observed the characteristic presence of fungi in the cell walls (Hoek 1963, 1982; Hoek & Chihara 2000). The species C. catenata was thought to be restricted to the tropical shores of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, its northernmost boundary being the shores of Japan in the Pacific Ocean (Hoek 1969, Hoek & Chihara 2000), but recently Leliaert & Coppejans (2003) collected this species from the South-Western Indian Ocean (South Africa). Our study provides the first record from Bahia., Published as part of Gestinari, Lísia Mônica De Souza, Pereira, Sonia Maria Barreto & Yoneshigue-Valentin, Yocie, 2010, Distribution of Cladophora Species (Cladophorales, Chlorophyta) along the Brazilian Coast, pp. 22-42 in Phytotaxa 14 on pages 25-27, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4778724, {"references":["Hoek, C. van den (1963) Revision of the European species of Cladophora. Brill, Leiden, 248 pp.","Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum II. Impensis Laurentii Salvii., Stockholm, 560 pp.","Wright, E. P. (1881) On Blodgettia confervoides of Harvey, forming a new genus and species of fungi. Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy 28: 21 - 26.","Agardh, C. A. (1823) Species algarum. Ex Officina Berlingiana, Lund, pp. vii - viii, 399 - 531.","Kraft, G. T. & Wynne, M. J. (1996) Delineation of the genera Struvea Sonder and Phyllodictyon J. E. Gray (Cladophorales, Chlorophyta). Phycological Research 44: 129 - 143.","Howe, M. A. (1920) Algae. In: Britton, N. L. & Millspaugh, C. F. (Eds). The Bahama flora. Authors, New York. pp. 553 - 618.","Lamouroux, J. V. F. (1809) Exposition des characteres du genre Dictyota, et tableu des especes qu'il referme. Journal de Botanique (Desvaux) 2: 38 - 44.","Kutzing, F. T. (1859) Tabulae phycologicae; oder, Abbildungen der Tange. Vol. 9 pp. i - vii, 1 - 42, 100 pls.","Hornig, I. & Schnetter, R. (1988) Notes on Dictyota dichotoma, D. menstrualis, D. indica and D. pulchella spec. nova (Phaeophyta). Phyton (Horn) 28: 277 - 291.","Sonder, O. G. (1871) Die Algen des tropischen Australiens. Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von dem Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg 5 (2): 33 - 74.","Meneghini, G. (1840) Lettera del Prof. Giuseppe Meneghini al Dott. Iacob Corinaldi a Pisa. Tipografia Prosperi, Pisa, pp. 4.","Lamouroux, J. V. F. (1813) Essai sur les genres de la famille des thalassiophytes non articulees. Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 20: 21 - 47, 115 - 139, 267 - 293, Plates 7 - 13. Lamouroux, J. V. F. (1816) Histoire des polypiers coralligenes flexibles, vulgairement nommes zoophytes. De l'imprimerie de F. Poisson, Caen. pp. [i] - lxxxiv, chart, [1] - 560, [560, err], pls I - XIX.","Kutzing, F. T. (1843 a) Phycologia Generalis. F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig. 458 pp","Agardh, C. A. (1822) Species algarum. Ex Officina Berlingiana, Lund, pp. v - vi, 169 - 398.","Nam, K. W. (2007) Validation of the generic name Palisada (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta). Algae (The Korean Journal of Phycology) 22: 53 - 55.","Agardh, J. G. (1852) Species genera et ordines algarum. C. W. K. Gleerup, Lund Part 3, fasc. 1. pp. 701 - 786.","Kutzing, F. T. (1843 b) Uber die systematische Eintheilung der Algen. Linnea 17: 75 - 107.","Silva, P. C., Menez, E. G. & Moe, R. L. (1987) Catalog of the benthic marine algae of the Philippines. Smithsonian Contributions to Marine Sciences 27: 1 - 179.","Oliveira-Filho, E. C. (1977) Algas marinhas bentonicas do Brasil. Thesis (Livre Docencia). Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 407 pp.","Kutzing, F. T. (1849) Species algarum. F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig, 922 p.","Pereira, S. M. B., Oliveira-Filho, E. C., Araujo, M. S. V. B., Paes e Melo, L. B., Fernandes de Carvalho, F. A. & Camara Neto, C. (1980) Prospeccao dos bancos de algas marinhas do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte - 2 a parte: profundidade de 10 a 45 metros. Estudos de Pesca 9: 25 - 84.","Pereira, S. M. B., Oliveira-Carvalho, M. F., Angeiras, J. A. P., Bandeira-Pedrosa, M. E., Oliveira, N. M. B., Torres, J., Gestinari, L. M. S., Cocentino, A. L. M., Santos, M. D., Nascimento, P. R. F. & Cavalcanti, D. R. (2002) Algas marinhas bentonicas do Estado de Pernambuco. In: M. Tabarelli & J. M. C. Silva (Eds), Diagnostico da biodiversidade de Pernambuco. Secretaria de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Meio Ambiente de Pernambuco, Editora Massangana, Recife, pp. 97 - 124.","Gestinari, L. M. S., Nassar, C. A. G. & Arantes, P. V. S. (1998) Algas marinhas bentonicas da Reserva Biologica Estadual da Praia do Sul, Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica 12: 67 - 76.","Taylor, W. R. (1960) Marine algae of the eastern tropical and subtropical coasts of Americas. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 870 pp.","Hoek, C. van den (1982) A taxonomic revision of the American species of Cladophora (Chlorophyceae) in the North Atlantic Ocean and their geographic distribution. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 236 pp.","Hoek, C. van den & Chihara, M. (2000) A taxonomic revision of the marine species of Cladophora (Chlorophyta) along the coasts of Japan and Russian Far-East. National Science Museum, Tokyo, 242 pp.","Hoek, C. van den (1969) Notes on Cladophora (Chlorophyceae) II. Cladophora catenata. Journal of Phycology 5: 134 - 136.","Leliaert, F. T. & Coppejans, E. (2003) The marine species of Cladophora (Chlorophyta) from the South Africa East Coast. Nova Hedwigia 76: 45 - 82."]}

7. Cladophora prolifera (Roth) Kützing (1843a: 271). Map 1; Figs. 3A–C Conferva prolifera Roth (1797: 182). Thalli dark green to dark brown forming stiff dense tufts up to (4.0 –) 6.0 (– 9.0) cm high (sometimes reaching 60 cm in height), attached to the substrate by rhizoids with annular constrictions that sprouted from old cells in basal regions of the main axes. Terminal branches with dense ramification inserted on the distal or subapical portion of the cell. Apical cells cylindrical or slightly tapered with rounded tips. Apical cells measuring (123 –) 146 (– 170) µm wide and (588 –) 802 (– 1116) µm long, with L/W ratio of (4 –) 5 (– 7). Ultimate branch cells(139 –) 165 (– 199) µm wide and (544 –) 689 (– 907) µm long, with L/W ratio of (3 –) 4 (– 6). Main axis cells (215 –) 268 (– 328) µm wide and (1824 –) 2685 (– 3770) µm long, with L/W ratio of (7 –) 10 (– 15). Fertile specimens were collected from Pititinga Beach (RN) and Enseada dos Corais Beach (PE). Representative specimens examined: BRAZIL: Piauí: Luís Corrêa, 14 May 1999, Batista (PEUFR 30638); Praia de Maramar, 14 May 1999, Batista (PEUFR 30630); Cajueiro da Praia, Praia da Barra Grande, 16 May 1999, Batista (PEUFR 30626); Ceará: Caucaia, Praia do Pacheco, 29 Jan. 2002, Xavier et al. (PEUFR 42589); Rio Grande do Norte: Pititinga, Praia de Pititinga, Jan. 2002, Soriano (PEUFR 42590); Búzios, Praia de Búzios, 20 Jan. 1981, Araújo (PEUFR 4911); Paraíba: João Pessoa, Ponta do Cabo Branco, 07 Oct. 2002, Gestinari & Kanagawa (PEUFR 42591); 08 Oct. 2002, Gestinari & Kanagawa (PEUFR 42592); Pernambuco: Recife, Praia de Boa Viagem, 30 Sept. 2000, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42593); 23 Jun 2001, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42595); Ipojuca, Praia de Serrambi, 12 Dec. 2001, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42607); Alagoas: Maceió, Praia das Sereias, 04 Oct. 2002, Gestinari & Guedes (PEUFR); Bahia: Uruçuca, Praia de Serra Grande, 05 Oct. 1995, Nunes et al. (ALCB 53336); Ilhéus, Praia do Olivenço, 23 Nov. 1995, Nunes et al. (ALCB 49398); Praia do Gravatá, 25 Aug. 2000, Nunes et al. (ALCB 53340); Conde, Praia do Sítio do Conde, 04 Jul. 1997, Nunes et al. (ALCB 53338); Espírito Santo: Serra, Manguinhos, Praia da Baleia, 20 Aug. 1986, Guimarães et al. (PEUFR 42610); Nova Aldeia, Praia da Capuba, 30 Jun. 1992, Guimarães et al. (PEUFR 42611); Aracruz, Praia de Portocel, 19 Aug. 1986, Guimarães et al. (PEUFR 42612); 29/VI/2000, Nassar et al. (PEUFR 42614); 30 Jun. 2000, Nassar et al. (PEUFR 42615); Guarapari, Praia de Setiba, 19 May 2000, Nassar (PEUFR 42622); Rio de Janeiro: Búzios, Praia Rasa, 09 Jan. 2001, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42623); Cabo Frio, Praia das Conchas, 10 Jan. 2001, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42624, 42625); São Paulo: Ubatuba, Praia Vermelha do Norte, 19 Aug. 1962, Joly (SP 96391); São Vicente, Ilha Porchat, 01 May 1950, Joly (SPF 295); Paraná: Paranaguá, Ilha do Mel, Ponta do Morro do Meio, 14 May 1988, Shirata & Kawata (HUCP 986); Gestinari & Shirata (PEUFR 42627); Caiobá, Ilha do Farol, 06 Jun. 2001, Gestinari & Shirata (PEUFR 42626); Santa Catarina: Ilha Anhatomirin, 27 Jan. 1982, Cordeiro-Marino et al. (FLOR 14192; 14193; 14194; 14195; 14196); Bombinhas, Praia da Lagoinha, 10 Nov. 1996, Shirata (HUCP 9601); Rio Grande do Sul: Torres, Pedras do Morro do Farol, 28 May 2001, Gestinari & Baptista (PEUFR 42628). Comments: Epilithic tufts were collected along rocky shores from crevices of the rock and from loose large stones (PI, ES, RJ, PR, SC), from intertidal pools (CE, RS) and from the midlittoral zone on the frontal area of sandstone reefs (RN, PB, PE, AL, BA). They were usually found as epiphytes on Sargassum sp., Cryptonemia seminervis, Bryothamnion seaforthii, Gelidium pusillum and Jania adhaerens. Cladophora prolifera was the host to many epiphytes, such as Ulva compressa Linnaeus (1753: 1163), U. flexuosa, U. linza Linnaeus (1753: 1163), U. lactuca Linnaeus (1753: 1163), Chaetomorpha aerea, Cladophora montagneana, Bryopsis sp., Pneophyllum fragille, Hypnea musciformis, Acrothamnion butlerae, Centroceras sp., Ceramium brasiliense, Gayliella flaccida, Griffithsia schousboei Montagne in P.B. Webb (1839: 11), Tiffaniella gorgonea (Montagne) Doty & Meñez (1960: 1380, Heterosiphonia crispella (C.Agardh) Wynne (1985: 87) and many diatoms and cyanobacteria. Cladophora prolifera was distributed along the entire coast, from Piauí to Rio Grande do Sul. The presence of rhizoids with annular constriction is characteristic of C. prolifera, which is a very common species along the Brazilian coast. Changes in environmental conditions do not cause variation in the thallus architecture of this species, making it easily recognized in the field. The examined specimens did not show broad variations in apical cell width, although there was variation in apical cell length along the Brazilian coast. On the other hand, we observed large variation in thallus height. This variation was greatest along the Piauí coast (shallow sites), suggesting that local environmental conditions may enhance the growth of these thalli, since in exposed sites, such the beaches in Petitinga (RN), Gaibu (PE) and Rasa (RJ), the specimens were shorter, thinner and with more resistant rhizoids. Norton et al. (1981) and Lobban & Harrison (1997) had previously noted this morphological modification. In contrast, the thalli from the Parnaiba delta were taller, reaching 60 cm in height (M.G. Batista, pers. comm.). The specimens mostly matched literature descriptions (Taylor 1960; Joly 1965; Hoek 1963 & 1982; Lawson & John 1982; Hoek & Womersley 1984; Burrows 1991; Hoek & Chihara 2000). However, the 60 cm high specimens from Piauí greatly exceed the highest value previously recorded in the literature (25 cm). Molecular phylogentic studies reveal that C. prolifera is placed in the Siphonocladales-clade, along with a number of other Cladophora species, including C. aokii, C. coelothrix, C. socialis, C. liebetruthii, C. catenata and C. sibogae (Bakker et al. 1994, Leliaert et al. 2003, Brodie et al. 2007) and according to Leliaert et al. (2003) is closely related to the Japanese C. aokii. Cladophora prolifera is widely distributed in tropical and warm-temperate seas, both in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, as well as in the Indian Ocean (Taylor 1960; Hoek 1963 & 1982; Hoek & Womersley 1984; Silva et al. 1996). However, this species seems to be rare on the coast of Japan (Hoek & Chihara 2000). This is the first record from Piauí and Alagoas., Published as part of Gestinari, Lísia Mônica De Souza, Pereira, Sonia Maria Barreto & Yoneshigue-Valentin, Yocie, 2010, Distribution of Cladophora Species (Cladophorales, Chlorophyta) along the Brazilian Coast, pp. 22-42 in Phytotaxa 14 on pages 32-35, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4778724, {"references":["Kutzing, F. T. (1843 a) Phycologia Generalis. F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig. 458 pp","Roth, A. G. (1797) Catalecta botanica I. Bibliopolo I. G. Mulleriano, Leipzig, 1 - 244.","Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum II. Impensis Laurentii Salvii., Stockholm, 560 pp.","Webb, P. B. (1839) Otia hispanica seu delectus plantarum rariorum aut nondum rite notarum per Hispanias sponte nascientum. Brockhaus & Avenarius; H. Coxhead, Paris, London, pp. 15, X plates ..","Doty, M. S. & Menez, E. G. (1960) Tiffaniella, a new genus in the Ceramiales. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 79: 135 - 144.","Wynne, M. J. (1985) Concerning the names Scagelia corallina and Heterosiphonia wurdmannii (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta). Cryptogamie, Algologie 6: 81 - 90.","Norton, T. A., Mathieson, A. C. & Neushul, M. (1981) Morphology and environment. In: C. S. Lobban & M. J. Wynne (Eds.) The biology of seaweeds. Botanical Monographs 17. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 421 - 451.","Lobban, C. S. & Harrison, P. J. (1997) Seaweeds ecology and physiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 384 pp.","Taylor, W. R. (1960) Marine algae of the eastern tropical and subtropical coasts of Americas. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 870 pp.","Joly, A. B. (1965) Flora marinha do litoral norte do Estado de Sao Paulo e regioes circunvizinhas. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras 21: 1 - 196.","Hoek, C. van den (1963) Revision of the European species of Cladophora. Brill, Leiden, 248 pp.","Hoek, C. van den (1982) A taxonomic revision of the American species of Cladophora (Chlorophyceae) in the North Atlantic Ocean and their geographic distribution. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 236 pp.","Lawson, G. W. & John, D. M. (1982) The marine algae and coastal environment of tropical West Africa. Nova Hedwigia 70: 1 - 455.","Hoek C. van den & Womersley, H. B. S. (1984) The marine benthic flora of Southern Australia. Part I. Chlorophyta. D. J. Woolman, Australia, 329 pp.","Burrows, E. M. (1991) Seaweeds of the British Isles. Vol. 2. Chlorophyta. Natural History Museum, London, 238 pp.","Hoek, C. van den & Chihara, M. (2000) A taxonomic revision of the marine species of Cladophora (Chlorophyta) along the coasts of Japan and Russian Far-East. National Science Museum, Tokyo, 242 pp.","Bakker, F. T., Olsen, J. L., Stam, W. T. & Hoek, C. van den (1994) The Cladophora complex (Chlorophyta): new views based on 18 S rRNA gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2: 365 - 382.","Brodie, J., Maggs, C. A. & John, D. M. (2007) Green seaweeds of Britain and Ireland. British Phycological Society, London. 242 pp.","Silva, P. C., Basson, P. W. & Moe, R. L. (1996) Catalogue of the marine algae of the Indian Ocean. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1259 pp."]}

6. Cladophora ordinata (Bfrgesen) Hoek (1979). Map 1; Fig. 4A Willeella ordinata BΦrgesen (1930:155). Tufts erect, slightly stiff, grass-green in color. Specimens measuring (4–) 5 (–6) cm high (sometimes 8 cm high), attached to the substrate by branched rhizoids that sprouted from the proximal end of basal cells. Ramification abundant in one plane with opposite branches more or less equally developed. Conical apical cells with tapered tips measuring (46 –) 55 (– 65) µm wide and (115 –) 162 (– 233) µm long., with L/W ratio of (2 –) 3 (– 4). Ultimate branch cells measuring (86 –) 97 (– 110) µm wide and (178 –) 282 (– 394) µm long, with L/W ratio of (2 –) 3 (– 4). Main axes cells measuring (115 –) 140 (– 164) µm wide and (592 –) 771 (– 1006) µm long, with L/W ratio of (5 –) 6 (– 9). Representative specimens examined: BRAZIL: Ceará: Caucaia, Praia do Pacheco, 17 Sept. 2001, Xavier (PEUFR 42759); 18 Sept. 2001, Xavier (PEUFR 42760); Icapuí, Praia de Redonda, 15 Apr. 1995, Fontenele (HPB 4523); Bahia: Ilhéus, Praia do Gravatá, 25 Aug. 2000, Nunes et al. (ALCB 53340); Espírito Santo: Aracruz, Praia dos Padres, 18 Aug. 1986, Guimarães et al. (PEUFR 42762); Praia de Aracruz, 22 Jan. 2001, Nassar (PEUFR 42763); Praia de Portocel, 20 Jun. 2001, Nassar (PEUFR 42764); Serra, Praia de Carapebus, 03 Jun. 2003, Nassar (PEUFR 42765). Comments: Epilithic thalli were found attached to the substrate and were collected from tide pools exposed to wave action or on sand, partially submersed or from the frontal area of sandstone reefs (CE, BA, ES). The species grows close to C. montagneana, C. prolifera, C. vagabunda, Centroceras sp., Jania adhaerens and Chondracanthus acicularis. The thalli of C. ordinata have the following epiphytes: Pneophyllum fragile Kützing (1843b: 385), Ceramium vagans Silva et al (1987: 56), benthic diatoms and cyanobacteria. Along the Brazilian coast, C. ordinata occurs from Ceará to the south of Espírito Santo, confirming the tropical distribution of this species. Cell dimensions were very similar in specimens from Ceará, Bahia and Espírito Santo. Cladophora ordinata is the most characteristic species of the genus due to its ramification pattern. Therefore, there are no difficulties in identifying this species. Previously, Willeella was considered a separate genus from Cladophora, but Hoek (1982) argued that the characteristics that distinguished it from its closely related species (C. jongiorum, C. sericea and C. albida) were insufficient to consider it a separate genus. The specimens studied match descriptions of C. ordinata from the American North Atlantic (Hoek 1982) and Japan (Hoek & Chirara 2000). According to Hoek & Chihara (2000), C. ordinata is a sub-tidal species from the open sea and is only collected from deep water. However, in Venezuela C. ordinata was found growing attached to stones in areas of moderate wave action and approximately 1 – 2 m in depth (Hoek 1982). In Japan, C. ordinata occurs on sandy bottoms, pebbles, stones and on crustose coralline algae in water that is 25 – 30 m deep. Off the west coast of Africa, specimens (as W. ordinata) were collected from water 8 – 14 m deep (Lawson & John 1982). Recently, Yoneshigue-Valentin et al. (2006) recorded the occurrence of C. ordinata (as W. ordinata) in deep water (58 m) off the south coast of Bahia (16°47’14’’S and 038°41’33’’W). Cladophora ordinata belongs to the tropical amphiatlantic group and has been collected in the Caribbean, the tropical Indian Ocean (Silva et al. 1996), and Japan, its northern limit (Hoek & Chihara 2000). In Brazil, the boundary of its distribution is the south of Espírito Santo. This study presents the first record of this species from Ceará., Published as part of Gestinari, Lísia Mônica De Souza, Pereira, Sonia Maria Barreto & Yoneshigue-Valentin, Yocie, 2010, Distribution of Cladophora Species (Cladophorales, Chlorophyta) along the Brazilian Coast, pp. 22-42 in Phytotaxa 14 on pages 31-32, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4778724, {"references":["Hoek, C. van den (1979) The phytogeography of Cladophora (Chlorophyceae) in the Northern Atlantic Ocean, in comparison to that of other benthic algal species. Helgolander Meeresunters 32: 374 - 393.","Kutzing, F. T. (1843 b) Uber die systematische Eintheilung der Algen. Linnea 17: 75 - 107.","Silva, P. C., Menez, E. G. & Moe, R. L. (1987) Catalog of the benthic marine algae of the Philippines. Smithsonian Contributions to Marine Sciences 27: 1 - 179.","Hoek, C. van den (1982) A taxonomic revision of the American species of Cladophora (Chlorophyceae) in the North Atlantic Ocean and their geographic distribution. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 236 pp.","Hoek, C. van den & Chihara, M. (2000) A taxonomic revision of the marine species of Cladophora (Chlorophyta) along the coasts of Japan and Russian Far-East. National Science Museum, Tokyo, 242 pp.","Lawson, G. W. & John, D. M. (1982) The marine algae and coastal environment of tropical West Africa. Nova Hedwigia 70: 1 - 455.","Yoneshigue-Valentin, Y., Gestinari, L. M. S. & Fernandes, D. R. P. (2006) Macroalgas. In: Lavrado, H. P. & Ignacio, B. L. (Eds), Biodiversidade bentonica da regiao central da Zona Economica Exclusiva brasileira. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro,. pp. 67 - 105.","Silva, P. C., Basson, P. W. & Moe, R. L. (1996) Catalogue of the marine algae of the Indian Ocean. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1259 pp."]}

Artificial key to species of Cladophora from the Brazilian coast 1 Thallus attached by rhizoids with annular constriction ............................................................................... C. prolifera - Thallus attached by rhizoids without annular constriction........................................................................................... 2 2 Attachment by rhizoids sprouting from basal cells and sprouting along the thallus.................................................... 3 - Attachment by rhizoids sprouting only from basal cells.............................................................................................. 4 3 Unicellular rhizoids originating from basal cells and sprouting from the proximal extremity of the cells when present along the main axis .................................................................................................................................... C. coelothrix - Basal or hapteroidal rhizoids formed on the extremities of apical cells; unilateral ramification, with branches laterally inserted and separated by a cross wall; apical cells measuring (195–) 229.3 (–274) µm width, L/W (6–) 11 (–17) ...................................................................................................................................................................... C. catenata 4 Thallus with abundant ramification, in only one plane, with opposite branches more or less equally developed; conical apical cells with tapered tip ..................................................................................................................... C. ordinata - Ramification in more than one plane............................................................................................................................ 5 5 Thallus stiff, sparsely branched, irregularly organized: apical cells with rounded tip ................................ C. rupestris - Thallus flaccid to slightly stiff, with acropetally organized branch systems, grass green to dark, abundant ramification.............................................................................................................................................................................. 6 6 Thallus up to 4.5 cm high, diameter of apical cells less than 50 µm........................................................................... 7 - Thallus up to 13 cm high; diameter of apical cells more than 50 µm ....................................................... C. vagabunda 7 Long apical cells, with slightly rounded tips, with (28–) 36 (–42) µm wide, L/W (5–) 8 (–12) ............... C. brasiliana - Apical cells shorter....................................................................................................................................................... 8 8 Thallus grass green, falcate to refract-falcate branch system; apical cells (30 –) 38 (– 47) µm wide, L/W (3 –) 5 (– 7).. ................................................................................................................................................................... C. dalmatica - Thallus dark green, straight branches; apical cells with (24–) 30 (–35) µm wide, L/W (2–) 3 (–4).... C. montagneana, Published as part of Gestinari, Lísia Mônica De Souza, Pereira, Sonia Maria Barreto & Yoneshigue-Valentin, Yocie, 2010, Distribution of Cladophora Species (Cladophorales, Chlorophyta) along the Brazilian Coast, pp. 22-42 in Phytotaxa 14 on page 24, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4778724

4. Cladophora dalmatica Kützing (1843a: 268–269). Map 1; Figs. 2A–C Thalli delicate, grass-green to pale, measuring (1.5 –) 3.0 (– 4.5) cm high, in some cases reaching 12 cm in height, attached by rhizoids from basal cells, composed of pseudodichotomously and trichotomously to unilateral branching main axes; branches falcate to refract-falcate, apically inserted. Apical cells cylindrical with slightly rounded tips, (30 –) 38 (– 47) µm wide and (129 –) 191 (– 263.5) µm long, with L/W ratio (3 –) 5 (– 7); terminal branch cells measuring (38 –) 47 (– 58) µm wide and (182.5 –) 246 (– 324) µm long, with L/W ratio (4 –) 5 (– 7); main axis cells measuring (81 –) 102 (– 124.5) µm wide and (501 –) 639 (– 834) µm long, with L/W ratio (4.5 –) 6 (– 9). Fertile specimens were collected from Cambaião Island, Três Ilhas Archipelago (Espírito Santo State). Representative specimens examined: BRAZIL. Piauí: Luís Corrêa, Praia do Coqueiro, 14 May 1999, Batista (PEUFR 30782); Ilha Grande, Praia da Pedra do Sal, 13 Jun 1999, Batista (PEUFR 30784); Ceará: Caucaia, Praia do Pacheco, 17/X/2001, Xavier et al. (PEUFR 42633, 42634); Paraíba: João Pessoa, Ponta do Cabo Branco, 07 Oct. 2002, Gestinari & Kanagawa (PEUFR 42635); Pernambuco: Goiana, Praia de Carne de Vaca, 22 May 2001, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42636); Ipojuca, Praia de Porto de Galinhas, 19 Jul. 2001, Gestinari (PEUFR 42646); Praia de Serrambi, 26 Apr. 2001, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42647); 12 Nov. 2001, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42648); Bahia: Cairú, Praia do Morro de São Paulo, 26 Aug. 2000, Nunes et al. (ALCB 49400); Espírito Santo: Arquipélago de Três Ilhas, Ilha de Cambaião, 25 Jan. 2000, Nassar (PEUFR); Rio de Janeiro: Búzios, Praia Rasa, 09 Jan. /2001, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42649); Cabo Frio, Praia das Conchas, 10 Jan. 2001, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42650, 42651); Rio de Janeiro, Praia do Arpoador, 17 Dec. 2002, Nassar (PEUFR 42652). Comments: Specimens were collected epilithic on rocky shores (ES, RJ), boulders (PI), sandstone reef plateaus (PE, PB, BA), tide pools (CE), or epiphytic on Avrainvillea longicaulis (Kützing) Murray & Boodle (1889: 70), Sphacelaria tribuloides, Jania adhaerens, Gelidium pusillum (Stackhouse) Le Jolis (1863: 139), Bryothamnion seaforthii and Palisada perforata. Among the accompanying species, we most commonly found Ulva sp., Cladophora coelothrix, C. montagneana, C. vagabunda, Chondracanthus acicularis (Roth) Fredericq in Hommersand et al. (1993: 117), Jania capillacea, Hypnea musciformis, Gelidiopsis variabilis (Grev. ex J. Agardh) Schmitz (1895: 148) and Centroceras sp. Additionally, Cladophora dalmatica was the host to Ulva flexuosa Wulfen (1803: xxii, 1), U. lactuca, Chaetomorpha aerea (Dillwyn) Kützing (1849: 379), Ceramium brasiliense Joly (1957: 148), C. brevizonatum var. caraibicum H.E.Petersen & BΦrgesen in BΦrgesen (1924: 29), Polysiphonia subtilissima Montagne (1840: 199), diatoms and cyanobacteria. Cladophora dalmatica is morphologically related to C. vagabunda: C. dalmatica has thinner apical cells while C. vagabunda has broader apical cells (Hoek 1982). Although this criterion seems weak, they were considered as distinct species since both can be found under the same environmental conditions where they were collected (CE, PB, PE, BA, ES, RJ). Along the Brazilian coast, C. dalmatica occurs from Piauí littoral to the north of Rio de Janeiro State, being the first record for Ceará, Bahia, Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro States. With the exception of the specimens collected from Ceará littoral, in which the apical cells were slightly wider, the apical cells of the representatives studied showed little variation. The studied specimens matched descriptions of species in the Mediterranean and the North Atlantic (Hoek 1963 & 1982) and the coasts of Japan and the Russian Far East (Hoek & Chihara 2000), but were smaller and thinner than those from Africa (Lawson & John 1982). They also matched descriptions of Brazilian specimens (Kanagawa 1984). According to Hoek & Chihara (2000), C. dalmatica is probably a cosmopolitan species which is widely distributed in tropical and warm-temperate waters of both hemispheres, in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans., Published as part of Gestinari, Lísia Mônica De Souza, Pereira, Sonia Maria Barreto & Yoneshigue-Valentin, Yocie, 2010, Distribution of Cladophora Species (Cladophorales, Chlorophyta) along the Brazilian Coast, pp. 22-42 in Phytotaxa 14 on pages 28-30, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4778724, {"references":["Kutzing, F. T. (1843 a) Phycologia Generalis. F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig. 458 pp","Murray, G. & Boodle, L. A. (1889) A systematic and structural account of the genus Avrainvillea Decne. Journal of Botany 27: 67 - 72, 97 - 101.","Le Jolis, A. (1863) Liste des algues marines de Cherbourg. Memoires de la Societe Imperiale des Sciences Naturelles de Cherbourg 10: 5 - 168.","Hommersand, M. H., Guiry, M. D., Fredericq, S. & Leister, G. L. (1993) New perspectives in the taxonomy of the Gigartinaceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium 14: 105 - 120.","Schmitz, F. (1895) Marine Florideen von Deutsch-Ostafrica. Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 21: 137 - 177.","Kutzing, F. T. (1849) Species algarum. F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig, 922 p.","Joly, A. B. (1957) Contribuicao ao conhecimento da flora ficologica marinha da baia de Santos e arredores. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras 14: 1 - 199.","Montagne, C. (1840) Seconde centurie de plantes cellulaires exotiques nouvelles. Decades I et II. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique Ser. 2, 13: 193 - 207.","Hoek, C. van den (1982) A taxonomic revision of the American species of Cladophora (Chlorophyceae) in the North Atlantic Ocean and their geographic distribution. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 236 pp.","Hoek, C. van den (1963) Revision of the European species of Cladophora. Brill, Leiden, 248 pp.","Hoek, C. van den & Chihara, M. (2000) A taxonomic revision of the marine species of Cladophora (Chlorophyta) along the coasts of Japan and Russian Far-East. National Science Museum, Tokyo, 242 pp.","Lawson, G. W. & John, D. M. (1982) The marine algae and coastal environment of tropical West Africa. Nova Hedwigia 70: 1 - 455.","Kanagawa, A. I. (1984) Cloroficeas marinhas bentonicas do Estado da Paraiba - Brasil. Tese de Doutorado. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 247 pp."]}

3. Cladophora coelothrix Kützing (1843a: 272.). Map 1; Figs. 1F–G Thalli dark green to olive-colored, forming tufts or dense stiff cushions. Specimens (1 –) 3 (– 4) cm high (in some cases, reaching 9 cm in height). Species attachment by unicellular rhizoids sprouting from basal cells, formed at the basal poles of the main axis cells. Ramification pseudo-dichotomous or unilateral. Apical cells with rounded tips, measuring (81 –) 98 (– 118) µm wide and (520 –) 786 (– 1054) µm long with L/W ratio of (6 –) 8 (– 11). Cells of ultimate branches (83 –) 99 (– 116) µm wide and (496 –) 627 (– 792) µm long with L/W ratio (5 –) 7 (– 9). Cells of the main axes (92 –) 109 (– 123) µm wide and (618 –) 818 (– 1067) µm long with L/W ratio (6 –) 8 (– 11). Representative specimens examined: BRAZIL: Piauí: Luís Corrêa, Praia do Coqueiro, 14/V/1999, Batista (PEUFR 42547); Paraíba: João Pessoa, Ponta do Cabo Branco, 07 Oct. 2002, Gestinari & Kanagawa (PEUFR 42548); Jacumã, Praia do Conde, 31 Jan. 1982, Kanagawa (JPB 10677; SPF 25045); Pernambuco: Goiana, Praia de Carne de Vaca, 20 Jul. 2001, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42549); Recife, Praia de Boa Viagem, 30 Sept. 2000, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42564); 11 Mar.2001, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42565); Ipojuca, Praia de Cupe, 21 Jun.2001, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42553); Praia de Porto de Galinhas, 29 Sept. 2000, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42557); Praia de Serrambi, 13 Nov.2000, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42560); Alagoas: Maceió, Praia das Sereias, 04 Oct. 2002, Gestinari & Guedes (PEUFR 42569); Bahia: Uruçuca, Praia de Serra Grande, 08 Oct. 1995, Nunes et al. (ALCB 49394, 34788); Mata de São João, Praia do Forte, 05 May 2000, Nunes et al. (ALCB 49402); Ilha de Itaparica, Barra do Gil, 28 Nov. 1981, Ugadim (SPF 29737)); Espírito Santo: Aracruz, Praia de Portocel, 30 Jun. 2003, Nassar (PEUFR 42570); Rio de Janeiro: Búzios, Praia Rasa, 09 Jan. 2001, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42571); Santa Catarina: Laguna, Ponta do Iró, 05 Nov. 1952, Joly (SP 115280). Additional representative specimens examined: TRINIDAD: Chakachacane: Perruquier Bay, 09 Mar. 1958, Richardson (L 0441639). PUERTO RICO: Guajataca: North Coast, 01 Jan. 1962, Bernatowicz (L 0441732). Comments: The specimens formed tufts or dense cushions on rocky shores (PI, ES, RJ, SC) and formed dense cushions on reef plateaus (PB, PE, AL). Some specimens grew epiphytic on Phyllodictyon anastomosans, Valonia macrophysa Kützing (1843a: 307), Jania adhaerens, Bryocladia thyrsigera (J.Agardh) F.Schmitz in Falkenberg (1901: 169) and Laurencia sp. Among the accompanying species, we most commonly found Ulva spp., Cladophora dalmatica, C. montagneana, C. prolifera, Cladophoropsis membranacea (Hofman Bang ex C.Agardh) Børgesen (1905: 289), Valonia macrophysa, Dictyota pulchella, Padina gymnospora, Hypnea musciformis, Acanthophora spicifera (M.Vahl) Børgesen (1910: 201) and Palisada perforata. In addition, we observed that C. coelothrix was a host to Ulva sp., Erythrotrichia carnea (Dillwyn) Agardh (1883: 15), Pneophyllum fragile, Gayliella flaccida (Harvey ex Kützing) T.O.Cho & L.J.McIvor in Cho et al. (2008: 723), C. vagans, diatoms and cyanobacteria. Molecular phylogentic studies reveal that C. coelothrix is placed in the Siphonocladales-clade, along with a number of other Cladophora species, including C. aokii Yamada (1925: 85), C. prolifera, C. socialis Kützing (1849: 416), C. liebetruthii Grunow in Piccone (1884: 53), C. catenata and C. sibogae Reinbold (1905: 146) (Bakker et al. 1994, Leliaert et al. 2003 & 2007, Brodie et al. 2007), and according to recent phylogenetic studies based on LSU rDNA C. coelothrix is not a monophyletic taxon (Leliaert et al. 2007). Cladophora coelothrix is distributed from Piauí to the coast of Santa Catarina, being a very common species in intertidal zones. We found little variation in cell width and in L/W ratio. Samples from Espírito Santo had the highest values. The specimens that we analyzed fit descriptions of species in the Mediterranean (Hoek 1963), the North Atlantic (Hoek 1982), the west coast of tropical Africa (Lawson & John 1982), South Australia (Hoek & Womersley 1984) and the coast of Japan (Hoek & Chihara 2000). According to Hoek & Chihara (2000), C. coelothrix has a worldwide distribution in tropical seas and it penetrates into subtropical and warm-temperate margins of the southern and northern hemispheres. In Europe, a cold water-adapted ecotype reaches the shores of the British Channel., Published as part of Gestinari, Lísia Mônica De Souza, Pereira, Sonia Maria Barreto & Yoneshigue-Valentin, Yocie, 2010, Distribution of Cladophora Species (Cladophorales, Chlorophyta) along the Brazilian Coast, pp. 22-42 in Phytotaxa 14 on pages 27-28, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4778724, {"references":["Kutzing, F. T. (1843 a) Phycologia Generalis. F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig. 458 pp","Falkenberg, P. (1901) Die Rhodomelaceen des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel, Monographie, Berlin, 26. pp. i - xvi, 1 - 754.","Agardh, J. G. (1883) Till algernes systematik. Nya bidrag. (Tredje afdelningen.). Lunds Universitets Ars-Skrift, Afdelningen for Mathematik och Naturvetenskap 19: 1 - 177.","Cho, T. O., Boo, S. M., Hommersand, M. H., Maggs, C. A., McIvor, L. J. & Fredericq, S. (2008) Gayliella gen. nov. in the tribe Ceramieae (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta) based on molecular and morphological evidence. Journal of Phycology 44: 721 - 738.","Yamada, Y. (1925) Studien uber die meeresalgen von der Insel Formosa. 1. Chlorophyceae. Botanical Magazine 39: 77 - 95.","Kutzing, F. T. (1849) Species algarum. F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig, 922 p.","Piccone, A. (1884) Crociera del Corsaro alle Isole Madera e Canarie del Capitano Enrico d'Albertis. Alghe. Tipografia del Istituto Sordo-Muti, Genova, pp. 3 - 60.","Reinbold, T. (1905) Einige neue Chlorophyceen aus dem Ind. Ocean (Niederl. Indien), gesammelt von A. Weber-van Bosse. Nuova Notarisia 16: 145 - 149.","Bakker, F. T., Olsen, J. L., Stam, W. T. & Hoek, C. van den (1994) The Cladophora complex (Chlorophyta): new views based on 18 S rRNA gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2: 365 - 382.","Brodie, J., Maggs, C. A. & John, D. M. (2007) Green seaweeds of Britain and Ireland. British Phycological Society, London. 242 pp.","Leliaert, F., De Clerck, O., Verbruggen, H., Boedeker, C. & Coppejans, E. (2007) Molecular phylogeny of the Siphonocladales (Chlorophyta: Cladophorophyceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44: 1237 - 1256.","Hoek, C. van den (1963) Revision of the European species of Cladophora. Brill, Leiden, 248 pp.","Hoek, C. van den (1982) A taxonomic revision of the American species of Cladophora (Chlorophyceae) in the North Atlantic Ocean and their geographic distribution. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 236 pp.","Lawson, G. W. & John, D. M. (1982) The marine algae and coastal environment of tropical West Africa. Nova Hedwigia 70: 1 - 455.","Hoek C. van den & Womersley, H. B. S. (1984) The marine benthic flora of Southern Australia. Part I. Chlorophyta. D. J. Woolman, Australia, 329 pp.","Hoek, C. van den & Chihara, M. (2000) A taxonomic revision of the marine species of Cladophora (Chlorophyta) along the coasts of Japan and Russian Far-East. National Science Museum, Tokyo, 242 pp."]}

9. Cladophora vagabunda (Linnaeus) Hoek. (1963: 144). Map 1; Figs. 4B–F Conferva vagabunda Linnaeus (1753: 1167) Thalli feeble to slightly stiff, forming pompom-like tufts, grass green or pale green, (4 –) 7 (– 13) cm high (sometimes reaching up to 25 cm high), attached to the substrate by a basal disc formed by branching rhizoids sprouting from basal and sub-basal cells. Branching dichotomous in basal part of thallus to unilateral at distal parts, with acropetally organized branch system, straight, fasciculate or falcate. Apical cells cylindrical with tapering tips, sometimes conical, measuring (52 –) 68 (– 90) µm wide and (151 –) 212 (– 288) µm long with L/ W ratio of (2.5 –) 3.5 (– 4.5); terminal branch cells (66 –) 83 (– 103,5) µm wide and (221 –) 286,5 (– 367) µm long with L/W ratio of (3 –) 4 (– 5); main axis cells (157 –) 189 (– 223) µm wide and (895 –) 1292 (– 1691) µm long with L/W ratio of (5 –) 7 (– 9). Fertile specimens were collected from Boa Viagem Beach (PE), Baleia, Capuba and Setiba Beachs (ES), Adão e Eva and Prainha Beachs (RJ), Farol Island and Morro do Meio Point (PR) and Ponta das Canas Beach (SC). Representative Specimens Examined: BRAZIL: Ceará: Caucaia, Praia do Pacheco, 18 Sep. 2001, Xavier (PEUFR 42682); 29 Jan. 2002, Xavier (PEUFR 42685); Paraíba: João Pessoa, Ponta do Cabo Branco, 07 Oct. 2002, Gestinari & Kanagawa (PEUFR 42686); Pernambuco: Recife, Praia de Boa Viagem, 09 Aug. 2002, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42697); Alagoas: Maceió, Praia da Ponta Verde, 04 Oct. 2002, Gestinari & Guedes (PEUFR 42709; 42710); Sergipe: Aracaju, Praia da Coroa do Meio, 24 Feb. 2001, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42714); Bahia: Conde, Praia Sítio do Conde, 06 Oct. 1991, Nunes et al. (ALCB 49404); Ilhéus, Praia do Gravatá, 09 Feb. 2001, Nunes et al. (ALCB 53337); Espírito Santo: Serra, Manguinhos, Praia da Baleia, 20 Aug. 1986, Guimarães et al. (PEUFR 42718); Guarapari, Praia de Setiba, 19 May 2000, Nassar (PEUFR 42729); Rio de Janeiro: Búzios, Praia Rasa, 09 Jan. 2001, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42730); Cabo Frio, Praia das Conchas, 10 Jan. 2001, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42731; 42732; 42733; 42734); Arraial do Cabo, Prainha, 11 Jan. 2001, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42735); Niterói, Ilha de Boa Viagem, 16/ VI/2003, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42738); São Paulo: São Sebastião, Praia do Araçá, 14 May 1983, Paula et al. (SPF 54438); Paraná: Caiobá, Ilha do Farol, 06 Jun. 2001, Gestinari & Shirata (PEUFR 42741); Paranaguá, Ilha do Mel, Saco do Limoeiro, 18 Nov. 1991, Shirata (UPCB 20770); Santa Catarina: Bombinhas, Praia da Lagoinha, 23 Mar.1997, Shirata (HUCP 10067); Ilha de Santa Catarina, Praia de Ponta das Canas, 24 May 2001, Gestinari & Ouriques (PEUFR 42744); Rio Grande do Sul: Torres, Prainha, 28 May 2001, Gestinari & Baptista (PEUFR 42745); Tramandaí, Barra de Tramandaí, 29 May 2001, Gestinari & Baptista (PEUFR 42748). Additional representative specimens examined: NETHERLANDS ANTILLES. Curaçao: Sta. Martha-binnenbaai, 15 Jun. 1958, Vroman (L 0441852); PORTO RICO. San Antonio: Playa El Jobo, 22 Jun. 1963, Díaz-Piferrer (L 0441898); USA. Florida: Dry Tortugas - Middle Key, 10 Jun. 1926, Taylor (UC 315120) Comments: This is a very common species along the Brazilian coast, epilithic or epizoic, being found growing in boulders and rocky shores (SE, ES, RJ, PR, SC, RS), in close contact with the sand (RJ, PR), or partially covered by sand CE); specimens were also collected attached to sandstone reef plateaus (PB, PE, AL, BA), or growing in intertidal pools (CE, PE, AL). It grows with other algae, as an epiphyte on Cladophora prolifera, Halimeda opuntia (Linnaeus) Lamouroux (1816: 308), Padina gymnospora, Gelidium pusillum, Chondracanthus acicularis, Cryptonemia seminervis, Grateloupia filicina (J.V.Lamouroux) Agardh (1822: 223), Bryothamnion seaforthii, B triquetrum, Laurencia sp. Among the accompanying species, we most commonly found Ulva spp., Chaetomorpha aerea, Cladophora corallicola, C. dalmatica, C. rupestris, Padina gymnospora, Grateloupia filicina, Hypnea musciformis, Centroceras sp., Spyridia filamentosa (Wulfen) Harvey in Hooker (1833: 337), Bryocladia thyrsigera and Polysiphonia subtilissima. Cladophora vagabunda bears Ulvella sp., Erythrotrichia carnea, Sahlingia subintegra, Pneophyllum fragille, H. musciformis, Ceramium spp., as well many diatoms and cyanobacteria as epiphytes. C. vagabunda is widespread along the Brazilian coast, being found from Maranhão to Rio Grande do Sul States (as C. fascicularis: (Mertens ex C.Agardh) Kützing (1843b: 268) Joly 1965, Baptista 1973, Santos 1983, as C. vagabunda: Oliveira-Filho 1977; Kanagawa 1984; Yoneshigue 1985; Martins et al. 1991; Pereira et al. 2002). A remarkable morphological plasticity was observed in the specimens studied, influenced by age and the environment (Hoek 1982): plants from exposed sites showed very dense fasciculate branching (PB, PE, SE, BA, AL, RJ, SP, PR, SC, RS), while feeble thalli with less fasciculate branching were found in pools and sheltered sites (CE, PE), but the cell widths overall were quite consistent. C. vagabunda is a common cosmopolitan species which is widely distributed in the tropics and temperate zones of both hemispheres, and in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans (Hoek 1963, 1982; Lawson & John 1982; Hoek & Womersley 1984; Silva et al. 1996; Hoek & Chihara 2000, Brodie et al. 2007). According to Hoek & Chihara (2000), C. vagabunda would seem to occupy one large and continuous geographic area. However, molecular analyses based on DNA-DNA hybridization experiments (Bot et al. 1990) and nuclear rDNA ITS sequences (Bakker et al. 1995) have demonstrated that the morphologically plastic C. vagabunda represents at least four divergent lineages (Hanyuda et al. 2002, Leliaert et al. 2003, 2007, Brodie et al. 2007, Leliaert et al. 2009). According to Gestinari et al. (2009), the inclusion of sequences from Brazilian individuals of Cladophora reinforces the need of taxonomical revision for the genus and for the complex C. vagabunda. To have a better understanding of the monophyly and of the divergence among species and isolates of the Cladophora vagabunda complex it will be necessary to obtain sequences for other molecular markers and from a broader geographic sampling. This is the first record of this species from Alagoas and Sergipe States., Published as part of Gestinari, Lísia Mônica De Souza, Pereira, Sonia Maria Barreto & Yoneshigue-Valentin, Yocie, 2010, Distribution of Cladophora Species (Cladophorales, Chlorophyta) along the Brazilian Coast, pp. 22-42 in Phytotaxa 14 on pages 36-38, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4778724, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum II. Impensis Laurentii Salvii., Stockholm, 560 pp.","Agardh, C. A. (1822) Species algarum. Ex Officina Berlingiana, Lund, pp. v - vi, 169 - 398.","Hooker, W. J. (1833) Div. I. Inarticulatae. In: Hooker, W. J. (Ed), The English Flora of Sir James Edward Smith. Class XXIV. Cryptogamia. Vol. V. (or Vol. II of Dr. Hooker's British flora). Part I. Comprising the Mosses, Hepaticae, Lichens, Characeae and Algae., Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans Paternoster-Row, London. pp. 254 - 263; 268 - 326.","Kutzing, F. T. (1843 b) Uber die systematische Eintheilung der Algen. Linnea 17: 75 - 107.","Joly, A. B. (1965) Flora marinha do litoral norte do Estado de Sao Paulo e regioes circunvizinhas. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras 21: 1 - 196.","Baptista, L. R. M. (1973) Lista dos generos de algas marinhas macroscopicas encontradas em Torres (RS). Iheringia, Botanica 18: 15 - 26.","Santos, D. P. (1983) Cloroficeas bentonicas marinhas no Estado de Santa Catarina. Dissertacao de Mestrado. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 172 pp.","Oliveira-Filho, E. C. (1977) Algas marinhas bentonicas do Brasil. Thesis (Livre Docencia). Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 407 pp.","Kanagawa, A. I. (1984) Cloroficeas marinhas bentonicas do Estado da Paraiba - Brasil. Tese de Doutorado. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 247 pp.","Yoneshigue, Y. (1985) Taxonomie et ecologie des algues marines dans la region de Cabo Frio (Rio de Janeiro, Bresil). These presentee a l'Universite d'Aix-Marseille II Faculte des Sciences de Luminy pour obtenir le grade de Docteur d'Etat-Sciences. Docteur d'Etat-Sciences.: Universite d'Aix-Marseille II, Faculte des Sciences de Luminy, Luminy, 466 pp.","Martins, D. V., Cordeiro-Marino, M., Boccanera, N. B. & Nunes, J. M. C. (1991) Cloroficeas marinhas bentonicas do Municipio de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Hoehnea 18 (2): 115 - 133.","Pereira, S. M. B., Oliveira-Carvalho, M. F., Angeiras, J. A. P., Bandeira-Pedrosa, M. E., Oliveira, N. M. B., Torres, J., Gestinari, L. M. S., Cocentino, A. L. M., Santos, M. D., Nascimento, P. R. F. & Cavalcanti, D. R. (2002) Algas marinhas bentonicas do Estado de Pernambuco. In: M. Tabarelli & J. M. C. Silva (Eds), Diagnostico da biodiversidade de Pernambuco. Secretaria de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Meio Ambiente de Pernambuco, Editora Massangana, Recife, pp. 97 - 124.","Hoek, C. van den (1982) A taxonomic revision of the American species of Cladophora (Chlorophyceae) in the North Atlantic Ocean and their geographic distribution. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 236 pp.","Hoek, C. van den (1963) Revision of the European species of Cladophora. Brill, Leiden, 248 pp.","Lawson, G. W. & John, D. M. (1982) The marine algae and coastal environment of tropical West Africa. Nova Hedwigia 70: 1 - 455.","Hoek C. van den & Womersley, H. B. S. (1984) The marine benthic flora of Southern Australia. Part I. Chlorophyta. D. J. Woolman, Australia, 329 pp.","Silva, P. C., Basson, P. W. & Moe, R. L. (1996) Catalogue of the marine algae of the Indian Ocean. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1259 pp.","Hoek, C. van den & Chihara, M. (2000) A taxonomic revision of the marine species of Cladophora (Chlorophyta) along the coasts of Japan and Russian Far-East. National Science Museum, Tokyo, 242 pp.","Brodie, J., Maggs, C. A. & John, D. M. (2007) Green seaweeds of Britain and Ireland. British Phycological Society, London. 242 pp.","Bot, P. V. M., Stam, W. T. & Hoek, C. van den (1990) Genotypic relations between geographic isolates of Cladophora laetevirens and C. vagabunda. Botanica Marina 33: 441 - 446.","Bakker, F. T., Olsen, J. L. & Stam, W. T. (1995) Global phytogeography in the cosmopolitan species Cladophora vagabunda (Chlorophyta) based on nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequences. European Journal of Phycology 30: 197 - 208.","Hanyuda, T., Wakana, I., Arai, S., Miyaji, K., Watano, Y. & Ueda, K. (2002) Phylogenetic relationships within Cladophorales (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta) inferred from 18 S rRNA gene sequences, with special reference to Aegagropila linnaei. Journal of Phycology 38: 564 - 571.","Leliaert, F. T., Boedeker, C. Pena, V., Bunker, F., Verbruggen, H. & De Clerck, O. (2009) Cladophora rodolithicola sp. nov. (Cladophorales, Chlorophyta), a diminutive species from European maerl beds. European Journal of Phycology 44: 1455 - 1469.","Gestinari, L. M. S., Oliveira, M. C., Milstein, D., Yoneshigue-Valentin, Y. & Pereira, S. M. B. (2009) Phylogenetic analyses of Cladophora vagabunda (Cladophorales, Chlorophyta) from Brazil based on SSU rDNA sequences. Revista Brasileira de Botanica 32: 539 - 544."]}

8. Cladophora rupestris (Linnaeus) Kützing (1843a: 270). Map 1; Figs. 3D–F Conferva rupestris Linnaeus (1753: 1167). Tufts stiff, dark green to brown. Specimens measuring (6 –) 7 (– 8) cm high, attached to the substrate by branched rhizoids that sprouted from basal cells. Specimens sparsely branched, eventually forming pseudodichotomy, with different sized ramuli. Apical cells with rounded tips measuring (72 –) 89 (– 111) µm wide and (218 –) 322 (– 486.5) µm long, with L/W ratio of (3 –) 4.5 (– 7). Ultimate branch cells measuring (80 –) 95 (– 115) µm wide and (239 –) 321 (– 397) µm long, with L/W ratio of (2.5 –) 3.5 (– 4.5). Main axis cells measuring (104 –) 130.5 (– 157) µm wide and (407 –) 544 (– 695.5) µm long, with L/W ratio of (2.7 –) 4.1 (– 5.6). Representative Specimens Examined: BRAZIL: Pernambuco: Recife, Praia de Boa Viagem, 30 Sept. 2000, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42749); 28 Oct. 2000, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42750); 26 May 2001, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42751); 23 Jun. 2001, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42752); 11 Mar. 2001, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42753); 4 Aug. 2001, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42754); 16 Oct. 2001, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42755); 9 Aug. 2002, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42756); Espírito Santo: Aracruz, Praia de Santa Cruz, 24 Apr.1990, Nassar (LIFIC 6285); Ilha de Vitória, Praia de Camburi, 09 Sept. 1991, Nassar (LIFIC 6991); Rio de Janeiro: Niterói, Ilha de Boa Viagem, 24 Jan. 2001, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42757); 16 Jun. 2003, Gestinari & Torres (PEUFR 42758); São Paulo: Itanhaém, Praia de Peruíbe, 19 May 1966, Ugadim (SPF 740); Paraná: Caiobá, Ilha do Farol, 14 Mar. 1986, Shirata et al. (UPCB 14838); Santa Catarina: Laguna, Ponta do Iró, 10 Nov. 1966, Cordeiro-Marino & Marino (SP 104471). Comments: Epilithic thalli were collected from large loose stones in moderately exposed sites (Boa Viagem Island, Niterói—RJ), from the plateau of a sandstone reef (Praia de Boa Viagem, Recife—PE), or as epiphytes on Gelidium pusillum. Cladophora rupestris grows with other algae such as Ulva flexuosa, Cladophora montagneana, C. vagabunda and Centroceras sp.. Its thallus bears Erythrotrichia carnea, Pneophyllum fragille, Hypnea musciformis, Polysiphonia sp., diatoms and cyanobacteria as epiphytes. Cladophora rupestris was recorded mainly on the coast of Brazilian southeastern and southern regions (ES, RJ, SP, SC), but also in some states in the northeastern region (CE, RN, PB). However, in the present study few samples were found on Boa Viagem beach (PE). According to our data, this species has a gap in its distribution between Pernambuco and Espírito Santo, probably due the lack of studies performed in this area. The specimens collected from Boa Viagem Island (Niterói—RJ) showed cell dimensions higher than those from Boa Viagem Beach (Recife—PE). Although the collected specimens from both states had cell dimensions higher than those from the American and European North Atlantic (Hoek 1963, 1982; Burrows 1991), the littoral zone of Japan and eastern Russia (Hoek & Chihara 2000) and the Brazilian coast (Joly 1957; Yoneshigue-Braga 1970), the general aspect of the thallus and its color match literature descriptions. The dimensions of the specimens studied were similar to those recorded as C. rupestris f. nuda (Harvey) Holmes & Batters ex Batters (1902: 17) from São Paulo by Ugadim (1973). According to Hoek (1963, 1982), C. rupestris belongs to the temperate amphiatlantic group and has the broadest geographical distribution of all species of the genus, surviving in temperatures ranging from –8°C to 30°C. This is the first record of this species in Pernambuco and Espirito Santo States., Published as part of Gestinari, Lísia Mônica De Souza, Pereira, Sonia Maria Barreto & Yoneshigue-Valentin, Yocie, 2010, Distribution of Cladophora Species (Cladophorales, Chlorophyta) along the Brazilian Coast, pp. 22-42 in Phytotaxa 14 on page 35, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.14.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4778724, {"references":["Kutzing, F. T. (1843 a) Phycologia Generalis. F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig. 458 pp","Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum II. Impensis Laurentii Salvii., Stockholm, 560 pp.","Hoek, C. van den (1963) Revision of the European species of Cladophora. Brill, Leiden, 248 pp.","Hoek, C. van den (1982) A taxonomic revision of the American species of Cladophora (Chlorophyceae) in the North Atlantic Ocean and their geographic distribution. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 236 pp.","Burrows, E. M. (1991) Seaweeds of the British Isles. Vol. 2. Chlorophyta. Natural History Museum, London, 238 pp.","Hoek, C. van den & Chihara, M. (2000) A taxonomic revision of the marine species of Cladophora (Chlorophyta) along the coasts of Japan and Russian Far-East. National Science Museum, Tokyo, 242 pp.","Joly, A. B. (1957) Contribuicao ao conhecimento da flora ficologica marinha da baia de Santos e arredores. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras 14: 1 - 199.","Yoneshigue-Braga, Y. (1970) Flora marinha bentonica da baia de Guanabara e cercanias. I. Chlorophyta. Ministerio da Marinha / Instituto de Pesquisa da Marinha / Publicacao 42: 1 - 55.","Batters, E. A. L. (1902) A catalogue of the British marine algae. Journal of Botany, British and Foreign 40 (Supplement): 1 - 107.","Ugadim, Y. (1973) Algas marinhas bentonicas do litoral sul do Estado de Sao Paulo e do litoral do Estado do Parana. I. Divisao Chlorophyta. Boletim de Botanica 1: 11 - 77."]}

Este trabalho apresenta o levantamento florístico e alguns aspectos ecológicos das algas vermelhas do Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo (00º56'N; 29º22'W - 00º 55'N; 29º 20'W). O material foi coletado durante as marés baixas em seis estações, nas zonas entre-marés e infralitoral no mês de outubro de 2003 (estação seca) e abril de 2005 (estação chuvosa). Foram registradas 24 espécies, distribuídas entre as ordens Bonnemaisoniales (uma espécie), Ceramiales (12 espécies), Corallinales (seis espécies), Erythropeltidales (uma espécie), Gelidiales (uma espécie), Rhodymeniales (duas espécies) e Stylonematales (uma espécie). Foram feitos 15 novos registros de rodofíceas à flora do Arquipélago e quatro novas adições para as ilhas oceânicas brasileiras: Ceramium brevizonatum var. caraibicum H. E. Petersen & Börgesen, Ceramium tenerrimum (G. Martens) Okamura, Jania prolifera A. B. Joly e Stylonema alsidii (Zanardini) K. M. Drew. Foram registradas algas vermelhas em apenas três estações. A maior riqueza de táxons (16 taxa) ocorreu na Estação 01 (Enseada) e no período chuvoso (23 taxa). A similaridade florística, com base no índice de Sørensen, em relação à profundidade, variou de 0 a 0.66%. This paper presents a floristic survey of the red algae and some ecological aspects of the São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago (00º56'N; 29º22'W - 00º55'N; 29º 20'W). Collections were carried out during low tide in six stations located in the intertidal and infralittoral zones, in October 2003 (dry season) and April 2005 (rainy season). It was registered 24 infrageneric taxa distributed among the orders Bonnemaisoniales (1 specie), Ceramiales (12 species), Corallinales (6 species), Erythropeltidales (1 specie), Gelidiales (1 specie), Rhodymeniales (2 species) and Stylonematales (1 specie). Fifteen taxa are new records to the Archipelago flora. It was also registered four new records to the Brazilian oceanic islands: Ceramium brevizonatum var. caraibicum H. E. Petersen & Börgesen, Ceramium tenerrimum (G. Martens) Okamura, Jania prolifera A. B. Joly and Stylonema alsidii (Zanardini) K. M. Drew. The red algae were registered only in three stations. The highest specific diversity (16) occurred to Station 01 (Enseada) and to the rainy season (23 species). The Søresen floristic similarity in relation to depth varied from 0 to 0.66%.

The complete SSU rDNA was sequenced for 10 individuals of Cladophora vagabunda collected along the coast of Brazil. For C. rupestris (L.) Kütz. a partial SSU rDNA sequence (1634 bp) was obtained. Phylogenetic trees indicate that Cladophora is paraphyletic, but the section Glomeratae sensu lato including C. vagabunda from Brazil, Japan and France, C. albida (Nees) Kütz., C. sericea (Hudson) Kütz., and C. glomerata (L.) Kütz. is monophyletic. Within this group C. vagabunda is paraphyletic. The sequence identity for the SSU rDNA varied from 98.9% to 100% for the Brazilian C. vagabunda, and from 98.3% to 99.7% comparing the Brazilian individuals to the ones from France and Japan. Sequence identity of the Brazilian C. vagabunda to C. albida and C. sericea vary from 98.0% to 98.6%. The SSU rDNA phylogeny support partially the morphological characteristics presented by Brazilian populations of C. vagabunda. On the other hand, C. rupestris from Brazil does not group with C. rupestris from France, both sequences presenting only 96.9% of identity. The inclusion of sequences of individuals from Brazil reinforces the need of taxonomical revision for the genus Cladophora and for the complex C. vagabunda. A seqüência completa do SSU rDNA foi obtida para 10 indivíduos de Cladophora vagabunda coletadas ao longo da costa do Brasil. Uma seqüência parcial do SSU rDNA (1634 bp) foi obtida para C. rupestris (L.) Kütz. As árvores filogenéticas indicam que Cladophora é parafilético, mas a seção Glomeratae sensu lato compreendendo C. vagabunda do Brasil, Japão e França, C. albida (Nees) Kütz., C. sericea (Hudson) Kütz. e C. glomerata (L.) Kütz., é monofilética. Dentro deste grupo, C. vagabunda é parafilética. A identidade da seqüência para o SSU rDNA variou de 98,9% à 100% para C. vagabunda brasileira e de 98,3% a 99,7% quando comparados os indivíduos brasileiros aos da França e do Japão. A identidade da seqüência entre C. vagabunda brasileira e as duas outras espécies (C. albida e C. sericea) variou entre 98,0% e 98,6%. A filogenia do SSU rDNA suporta parcialmente as caracteristícas morfológicas apresentadas pelas populações brasileiras de C. vagabunda. Por outro lado, C. rupestris do Brasil não se agrupou a C. rupestris da França, as duas seqüências apresentaram somente 96,9% de identidade. A inclusão de seqüências de indivíduos do Brasil reforçam a necessidade de uma revisão taxonômica para o gênero Cladophora e para o complexo C. vagabunda.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2023-01-04T13:56:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jhullyrson Osman Ferreira de Brito.pdf: 13723213 bytes, checksum: 34959a2456943715d06eef626f17a5b2 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2023-01-04T13:56:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jhullyrson Osman Ferreira de Brito.pdf: 13723213 bytes, checksum: 34959a2456943715d06eef626f17a5b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021-05-26 Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq The green algae class, Ulvophyceae, stands out from other green algae by its diversity of macroscopic algae in marine environments, which are distributed worldwide and are richest in tropics. With a great range of morphological variability - they vary from filamentous thalli, foliose, siphonocladous to siphonaceus - the species delimitation is often being problematic due to lack of diacritic characters and high phenotypic plasticity. In the Brazilian coast, 223 species are referred, but only 39 are referred to the ~220 km coast of the Alagoas coast over five scientistic papers. Nevertheless, the Alagoas state houses 80% of the biggest federal marine Protected Area (APA Costa dos Corais) in its coast, being characterized by the abundance of reefs ecosystems. The aim of this work was to investigate the diversity of green marine macroalgae from Alagoas based on morphological and molecular data. The samples were collected in an unique collection in intertidal reefs of six localities (beaches) and 2 estuaries, from north to south of the coast, between April to August of 2019. The specimens were preserved and identified based on morphological and anatomical features in optical microscopy, following by deposition on PEUFR Herbarium (216 new accesses). Part of the material were preserved in silica gel for molecular studies, by the steps of DNA extraction, amplification, purification and sequencing. For molecular studies were generated 12 tufA and five rbcL sequences for Ulvales and Bryopsidales, 3 ITS sequences for Gayralia, 16 LSU and 12 SSU rDNA sequences for Cladophorales. Based on morphological studies, 21 genera and 54 species are referred for the Alagoas coast, with 17 being herein first referred for the region. Moreover, Boodlea struveoides and Udotea dotyi morphotypes are referred for the Brazilian coast for the first time. Based on molecular data, we confirm the identity from 17 taxa in the Alagoas coast, with U.dotyi, Ulva chaugulii and Ul. tepida being referred for the Brazilian coast for first time. The distribution of Pseudorhizoclonium mangroviorum were expanded to Brazilian Northeast coast. Chaetomopha gracilis and Ul. ohnoi are referred for the first time for Alagoas coast base on molecular data. Cladophora prolifera and C. coelothrix were reconstructed in a distinct clade from other Cladophora, and in the Brazilian coast both represents cryptic taxa. In this sense, based on SSU and LSU rDNA sequences we propose Anadyomenaceae ‘gen. et sp. nov.’ to accommodate C. coelothrix clade II (according to our analyses) representants. Our results expand the diversity known for Alagoas coast from 39 to 56 species, reinforcing the relevance of floristic surveys. Additionally, the presence of cryptic species highlights the need of the use of molecular data on marine green macroalgae identification. A classe de algas verdes Ulvophyceae destaca-se das demais pela diversidade de representantes macroscópicos em ambientes marinhos, distribuídos pelo globo e mais diversos nos trópicos. Com grande variabilidade morfológica - seus representantes variam de talos filamentosos, foliáceos, sifonocladados a sifonáceos - a separação das espécies é por vezes problemática devido à ausência de caracteres diacríticos e pela alta plasticidade fenotípica. Na costa brasileira são referidas 223 espécies de ulvofíceas, mas para a costa de Alagoas, tem-se apenas 39 espécies registradas em cerca de cinco trabalhos para os ~220 km de costa do Estado. Além disso, o estado abriga 80% da maior Unidade de conservação (UC) marinha do Brasil (APA Costa dos Corais), caracterizada por abundantes ecossistemas recifais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a diversidade de macroalgas verdes marinhas do litoral de Alagoas a partir de técnicas moleculares e morfológicas. Foram realizadas coletas únicas em recifes de mesolitoral de 6 localidades, além de 2 estuários, de norte a sul da costa, entre abril e agosto de 2019. O material coletado foi fixado e identificado a partir de caracteres morfológicos e anatômicos em microscopia óptica, sendo herborizados e depositados no Herbário PEUFR (216 novos acessos). Parte do material foi fixado em sílica gel para estudo molecular, a partir das etapas de extração de DNA, amplificação, purificação e sequenciamento dos fragmentos. Para estudo molecular foram geradas 12 sequências de tufA e 5 rbcL para Ulvales e Bryopsidales, 3 de ITS para Gayralia, além de 12 de SSU e 16 de LSU rDNA para Cladophorales. A partir do estudo morfológico, foi possível referir para a costa alagoana 21 gêneros e 54 espécies, dos quais 17 táxons tiveram sua distribuição ampliada para a localidade. Além disso são referidos pela primeira vez para a costa brasileira os morfotipos Boodlea struveoides e Udotea dotyi. A partir do estudo molecular foi possível confirmar a identidade de 17 táxons para a costa, dos quais U. dotyi, Ulva chaugulii e Ul. tepida constituem novos registros para a costa brasileira. A distribuição de Pseudorhizoclonium mangroviorum foi ampliada para a costa nordeste do Brasil. Chaetomorpha gracilis e Ul. ohnoi foram referidas pela primeira vez na costa alagoana com base em dados moleculares. Também foi possível observar que Cladophora prolifera e C. coelothrix formam clado distinto das demais Cladophora e na costa brasileira constituem espécies crípticas. Assim, com base em sequências de SSU e LSU propomos Anadyomenaceae ‘gen. nov. et sp. nov.’ para acomodar os representantes de C. coelothrix clado II (de acordo com nossas análises). Os resultados obtidos ampliam a diversidade conhecida para a costa de Alagoas de 39 para 56 espécies, ressaltando a importância de levantamentos florísticos. Adicionalmente, a presença de espécies crípticas ressalta necessidade da incorporação de dados moleculares na identificação de macroalgas verdes marinhas.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2023-01-04T16:25:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcella Guennes Tavares de Oliveira.pdf: 3682370 bytes, checksum: b3da2aca0ea7263b62ca46be9fafd5c0 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2023-01-04T16:25:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcella Guennes Tavares de Oliveira.pdf: 3682370 bytes, checksum: b3da2aca0ea7263b62ca46be9fafd5c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-02-21 Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq Bryopsis genus has simple morphology and high phenotypic plasticity, making difficult to identify its species based on morphological characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate the diversity of Bryopsis in northeastern Brazil (state of Pernambuco), based on morphological data and, for the first time, using the molecular markers tufA and rbcL. The molecular analyzes were incongruent with the morphology, demonstrating that there are cryptic and polymorphic species for the genus. Of the four taxa cited for the area based only on morphological data (Bryopsis corymbosa, B. pennata, B. plumosa, Bryopsis sp.), only B. pennata was recorded. Our results showed that typical specimens of B. pennata and B. plumosa were grouped with low genetic divergence, 0-0.21% for tufA and no divergence for rbcL, indicating that B. pennata is an extremely plastic species that includes specimens with morphotype "B. plumosa”. Bryopsis pennata var. secunda is cited for the first time for northeastern Brazil, diverging from the typical variety by 0.96-1.57% for tufA and by 0.4% for rbcL. This study showed that a larger sampling of Bryopsis is necessary, in order to confirm the taxonomic status of the species referenced for Brazil, whose phenotypic plasticity may overestimate its diversity or reveal cryptic species. O gênero Bryopsis possui morfologia simples e elevada plasticidade fenotípica dificultando a identificação morfológica de suas espécies. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a diversidade de Bryopsis no estado de Pernambuco, nordeste do Brasil, com base em dados morfológicos e, pela primeira vez, utilizando os marcadores moleculares tufA e rbcL. As análises moleculares foram incongruentes com a morfologia, demostrando que há espécies crípticas e polimórficas para o gênero. Dos quatro táxons citados para a área baseados em dados morfológicos (Bryopsis corymbosa, B. pennata, B. plumosa, Bryopsis sp.), apenas B. pennata foi registrada. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que espécimes típicos de B. pennata e B. plumosa se agruparam com baixa divergência genética, 0-0.21% para o tufA e nenhuma divergência para o rbcL, indicando que B. pennata é uma espécie extremamente plástica que inclui espécimes com morfotipo “B. plumosa”. Bryopsis pennata var. secunda é citada pela primeira vez para o nordeste do Brasil, divergindo da variedade típica de 0,96-1,57% para o tufA e em 0,4% para o rbcL. Este estudo mostrou que uma amostragem mais ampla do gênero Bryopsis é necessária, visando confirmar o status taxonômico das espécies referenciadas para o Brasil, cuja plasticidade fenotípica pode superestimar sua diversidade ou revelar espécies crípticas.

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2016-08-19T13:11:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Leidson Allan Ferreira de Lucena.pdf: 2690352 bytes, checksum: af138cc1f96427cfccb006ba3e949852 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T13:11:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Leidson Allan Ferreira de Lucena.pdf: 2690352 bytes, checksum: af138cc1f96427cfccb006ba3e949852 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-17 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES Marine and coastal environments in the world have been facing in the last years a notable environmental degradation process. Macroalgae are the main constituent phytobenthics communities, and they are essentials to the establishment of balance and resilience these ecosystems. The mangroves swamps are coastal environments and may be ecotones, because they are an interposition of continental and marine environments overlap, in scalar patterns. The organisms found have become resistants with the strong transition that occur, such as Bostrychietum macroalgae, where they have formed the most homogeneous communities of mangroves swamps wide world. However, the mangrove swamps typically fall within one of two broad categories of classification: mainland or oceanic island. The mainland mangroves are home biological communities resistants with the strong phisico-chemical variations, and of oceanic island mangroves form on shallow banks or in lagoonal areas well separated from the mainland. In Brazil, mangroves swamps are solely of type mainland, which form the major area these forests in the coastal South America. This ecosystemic pattern is normally associate with fluvial systems – the estuaries, and is combined with many biological disorders, such as salinity and flooding tolerance. The estuarines environments which gives different environments in biological diversity, where can check trait plasticity between population. The estuaries can be classified in three categories: Positives, Low -Inflow and Negatives. Brazilian mangroves there are solely Positives Estuaries where the addition of freshwater river, discharge and thaw exceed the loss by evaporation or freezing, where longitudinal density gradients that drive a net volume output to the ocean. But in semi-arid region, Northeast of Brazil, there are some ecosystemics patterns. The estuarine-mangals show negative characters that are hypersaline and/or reverse, because the flow of freshwater systems are barely making them with a longitudinal density gradient with the opposite sign in relation the positive estuaries and salt concentrations rarely exceed 50. Two rivers (Casqueira and Shark rivers), located in setentrional coast of Rio Grande do Norte state, Macau city, have shown how negatives estuaries (hypersaline and reverse), and are composition species of macroalgae many specific and have a very dynamic environment. A pilot study conducted in April 2010 have been showing one ficoflora visually diverse, that have colonized muddy substrates in great abundance unusually and then resembles those typically found in marine environments typical. To contribute to the scientific knowledge of macroalgae found, this study has as main objective: to do a investigation about composition and structure macroalgae of two hypersaline mangroves, so to observe the effects of hipersalinity and physic-chemical patterns in the dynamics of algal communities. Therefore, this work establishes a comparative relationship between communities and population of seaweeds this environments. Os ambientes costeiros e marinhos no mundo vem sofrendo um considerável processo de degradação nos últimos anos. As macroalgas, principais constituintes das comunidades fitobentônicas, são fundamentais para o estabelecimento do equilíbrio e resiliência dos ecossistemas nestes ambientes. Em padrões escalares, os manguezais são ambientes costeiros e podem ser considerados ecótonos, por haver uma interposição de ambientes continental e marinho sobrepostos. Os organismos existentes nestes ambientes tornam-se resistentes a forte transição que ocorre, a exemplo as macroalgas do grupo “Bostrychietum”, que formam comunidades homogêneas na maioria dos manguezais do mundo. Os manguezais podem estar distribuídos em duas categorias: os continentais, que abrigam comunidades biológicas resistentes às fortes variações físico - químicas, e as de ilhas oceânicas que formam bancos de águas rasas ou áreas lagunares bem separadas do continente. No Brasil, os manguezais são exclusivamente do tipo continentais, exceção os de Fernando de Noronha, com a maior área costeira na América do Sul. Este padrão ecossistêmico normalmente está associado a sistemas fluviais que são os estuários e é associado a diversos distúrbios biológicos, a exemplo das variações da salinidade; o que confere ambientes distintos em diversidade biológica, conferindo plasticidade fenotípica entre as populações. Os estuários podem ser classificados de três tipos: Positivos, “Low-Inflow” e Negativos. Manguezais brasileiros estão comumente associados a estuários Positivos que são aqueles em que a adição de água doce do rio, chuva, descarga e derretimento do gelo excedem a perda por evaporação ou congelamento, estabelecendo um gradiente de densidade longitudinal em que dirige um volume líquido de saída para o oceano. Porém, na região semi -árida do Nordeste brasileiro, ocorrem algumas particularidades ecossistêmicas. Os ambientes mangue-estuarinos demonstram características hipersalinas, sendo também considerados negativos e/ou inversos, pois, por situarem em regiões áridas e semi- áridas, a vazão de água doce nesses sistemas é praticamente nula o que os tornam com um gradiente de densidade longitudinal com o sinal oposto em relação aos estuários positivos e as concentrações de sal raramente inferiores a 42. Dois manguezais (Rio Casqueira e Tubarão), localizados no litoral setentrional do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, município de Macau, revelaram-se de caráter negativo e hipersalinos, além de serem bastante peculiares em termos de composição de espécies macroalgais e da própria dinâmica do ambiente. Um estudo-piloto realizado no mês de Abril de 2010 revelou uma ficoflora visualmente diversa, que atipicamente coloniza substratos lamacentos em grande abundância e que se assemelha àquelas tipicamente encontradas em ambientes marinhos típicos. Visando contribuir com o conhecimento científico acerca das macroalgas encontradas, o presente estudo tem como principal objetivo: realizar uma investigação da composição e estrutura da comunidade de macroalgas de dois manguezais hipersalinos no intuito de observar os efeitos da hipersalinidade sob padrões físico-químicos na dinâmica das comunidades algais, estabelecendo uma relação comparativa entre as populações e comunidades de algas marinhas dos ambientes estudados.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-06-16T13:11:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Vetromilla Fuentes.pdf: 2331604 bytes, checksum: af655705e72ee5734b852e5c6da14e46 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-16T13:11:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Vetromilla Fuentes.pdf: 2331604 bytes, checksum: af655705e72ee5734b852e5c6da14e46 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-16 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES Given the multiplicity of uses to which reservoirs are generally subjected, it is expected to find different conditions of composition, density and biomass of phytoplankton, due to possible spatial and seasonal variations of limnological conditions and land uses in the basin. Aiming to know the structure of phytoplankton and its variation in function of spatial heterogeneity in Moxotó Reservoir, located in the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil, samples were analyzed in two periods, rainy (June 2009) and dry (December 2009). Samples were collected at a station in body (dam upstream) and at five in arms representing several human activities (aquaculture, agriculture, urban settlement, landfill and without punctual activity). Limnological variables, richness, density and biomass of phytoplankton were analyzed. Abundance/biomass comparison curves (ABC) were used to analyze phytoplankton structure. Algae diversity between periods and samples was estimated by cluster analysis, using species presence/absence data. Samples were ordinate (NMDS) by abundance and biomass of phytoplankton descriptor species. The relation between phytoplankton and limnological data was accessed by Pearson’s univariate correlation and BIOENV multivariate analysis. The reservoir presented regulated flow, short theoretical retention time (

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-06-28T16:31:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Manoel Messias da Silva Costa.pdf: 985826 bytes, checksum: 6352d38d9d787ac4df432b7949059fd1 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-28T16:31:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Manoel Messias da Silva Costa.pdf: 985826 bytes, checksum: 6352d38d9d787ac4df432b7949059fd1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-19 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES Marine macroalgae are of fundamental importance in coastal ecosystems once they are primary producers and responsible for energy transference to several trophic levels. Besides, their stems support several organisms, both animals and plants which contribute to productivity increase in the coastal zones of the whole oceans. The Rhodophyta specimens, Galaxaura rugosa (J. Ellis & Solander) J.V. Lamouroux, were collected in June, 2006 and June, 2007 at three localities from Fernando de Noronha Archipelago (Atalaia, Porto and Cagarras) aiming to identify and quantify the epiphyte diatoms flora inhabiting the algae’ thallus. A total of 52 taxa were identified being distributed in the classes Coscinodiscophyceae (19%), Fragilariophyceae (21%) and Bacillariophyceae (60%), with 81% dominance of individuals with pennate symmetry. The following species characterized the floristic diatoms structure being considered very frequent once they are present in more than 70% samples analyzed: Diploneis bombus Ehrenberg, Nitzschia sp., Amphora sp., Biddulphia biddulphiana (J.E. Smith) Boyer, Grammatophora marina (Lyngbye) Kützing, Mastogloia binotata (Grunow) Cleve, Tryblionella coarctata (Grunow) Mann, Naviculalonga Grunow, Trachyneis aspera (Ehrenberg) Cleve, Psammodiscus nitidus (Gregory) Round in Mann, Rhabdonema adriaticum Kützing and Cocconeis scutellum Ehrenberg. Total diatoms density presented no significant variations among the several parts of the algae as well as among the three sampling sites presenting the minimum value of 5.000 cell.g-1.algae fresh weight in the apical part of specimens sampled in the Atalaia beach, and the maximum of 60.000 cell.g-1.algae fresh weight in the basal part of specimens from Porto beach. Results confirm that the Rhodophyta Galaxaura rugosa is a good hostess for epiphyte diatoms fixation having been observed the occurrence of these organisms in the whole stem of specimens collected with the higher densities in the basal parts, confirming the importance of these microalgae as primary producers at the diverse beaches of Fernando de Noronha. As macroalgas marinhas são de primordial importância nos ecossistemas costeiros, pois são consideradas como produtores primários e responsáveis pela transferência de energia para diversos níveis tróficos. Além disso, seus talos suportam vários organismos, tanto animais como vegetais, os quais contribuem para o aumento da produtividade de zonas costeiras de todos os oceanos. Exemplares da rodofíta Galaxaura rugosa (J. Ellis & Solander) J.V. Lamouroux, foram coletados nos meses de junho de 2006 e junho de 2007, em três localidades do Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha (Praias de Atalaia, Porto e Cagarras), com o objetivo de identificar e quantificar a flora das diatomáceas epífita que habita o talo da alga. Foram identificados 52 táxons distribuídos nas classes Coscinodiscophyceae (19%), Fragilariophyceae (21%) e Bacillariophyceae (60%), com dominância de indivíduos de simetria penada, correspondente a 81%. As seguintes espécies caracterizaram a estrutura florística das diatomáceas, por estarem presentes em mais de 70% das amostras analisadas e, assim, consideradas muitofreqüentes: Diploneis bombus Ehrenberg, Nitzschia sp., Amphora sp., Biddulphia biddulphiana (J.E. Smith) Boyer, Grammatophora marina (Lyngbye)Kutzing, Mastogloia binotata (Grunow) Cleve, Tryblionella coarctata (Grunow) Mann, Navicula longa Grunow, Trachyneis aspera (Ehrenberg) Cleve, Psammodiscus nitidus (Gregory) Round in Mann, Rhabdonema adriaticum Kützing e Cocconeis scutellum Ehrenberg. A densidade total das diatomáceas não apresentou variações significativas entre as diversas partes da alga como também entre os três locais de coleta, com o valor mínimo de 5.000 cel.g-1.peso fresco da alga, encontrado na parte apical de exemplares coletados na praia de Atalaia, e o máximo de 60.000 cel.g-1.peso fresco da alga, na parte basal de exemplares da Praia de Porto. Os resultados confirmaram que a rodofíta Galaxaura rugosa, mostrou-se um bom hospedeiro para fixação das diatomáceas epífitas, tendo sido observado a ocorrência desses organismos em todo o talo dos exemplares coletados, com maiores densidades nas partes basais, confirmando a importância dessas microalgas como produtores primários nas diversas praias de Fernando de Noronha.