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Purpose: To identify the risk indicators of gingivitis among socioeconomic, clinical and gender variables in 5-year-old children attending preschools in Piracicaba, Brazil, in 2005.Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 728 subjects attending 22 public (n = 428) and 18 private (n = 300) preschools. A previously calibrated examiner performed the clinical examination in an outdoor setting, under natural light, using a dental mirror, Community Periodontal Index probe and air-drying. Gingival status was measured using the gingival alteration index for 5-year-olds according to the national survey carried out in 2002 in Brazil (Health Ministry of Brazil, 2004). Socioeconomic variables (monthly family income, number of people living in the household, parents' educational level, home ownership and car ownership) were collected by means of a parental semi-structured questionnaire.Results: The prevalence of gingivitis was 16.6%. Monthly family income (p < 0.0001), father's education (p < 0.0007), mother's education (p = 0.0004), type of school (p < 0.0001), car ownership (p = 0.0854), gender (p = 0.0087), initial lesion (p < 0.0001), dental caries (p = 0.0008), crowding (p = 0.0054) and spacing (p = 0.0019) were associated with gingival bleeding at p < 0.15 and were selected for the regression analysis. By means of multiple logistic regression analyses, monthly family income of up to 4 Brazilian minimum wages, presence of initial lesion, presence of crowding and male gender were found to be risk indicators of gingivitis.Conclusion: The prevalence of gingivitis in 5-year-old preschool children in Piracicaba was 16.6%. Also, family income of up to 4 minimum wages, male gender, the presence of initial caries lesion and crowding were risk indicators of gingivitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study attempts to describe the caries experience in 12-year-old schoolchildren in Piracicaba, Brazil, and to verify the relationship between the disease and socioeconomic factors, and behavioural variables related to oral health.Materials and Methods: The random sample consisted of 939 individuals from public and private schools in Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil, in 2005. A calibrated dentist performed the examination in an outdoor setting, under natural light, using CPI probes and mirrors, following WHO recommendations. A questionnaire was sent to the parents to collect information on socioeconomic level and behavioural variables related to dental health. The mean number of decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth and surfaces (DMFT/DMFS), the Care Index and the SiC (Significant Caries Index) were determined. Multiple logistic regression analyses using the stepwise procedure were performed in order to identify the risk indicators for the DMFT and for the polarisation group.Results: The DMFT and the SiC Index were 1.32 (SD = 1.92) and 3.52 (SD = 1.86), respectively, and the Care Index was 75.0%. The regression models showed that females and children with either low family income or low education level of the fathers were prone to have caries or take part in the polarisation group.Conclusion: The 12-year-old individuals from Piracicaba presented a low prevalence of caries. Nevertheless, those high caries-level individuals showed moderate caries experience. The socioeconomic and the behavioural variables related to dental health were risk indicators of caries in permanent dentition not only for the entire sample, but also for the polarisation group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the incidence of dental caries and evaluate the influence of socioeconomic, clinical and demographic variables on the time for disease to appear in the permanent teeth after 3 years of follow-up. Materials and Methods: The random sample of this cohort study consisted of 427 5-year-old preschool children attending 22 public preschools in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. Dental caries was measured using the dmf/DMF indices. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis method was used to study the isolated effect of socioeconomic, clinical and demographic variables on caries incidence after 3 years. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was built to test the influence of the variables collected at baseline on time to develop DMFT increment. Results: Survival analysis showed that children without past caries experience in primary teeth at baseline remained caries free in permanent teeth for a longer period than children with past caries experience at baseline. The variables monthly family income, parents' educational level, number of people living in the household, home ownership and car ownership were not significant. Conclusion: Children who presented past caries experience in primary teeth at baseline are at greater risk of developing DMFT increment than children who have no past caries experience at baseline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the reproducibility of visual exams under natural light (VE1), visual exams under artificial light (VE2), radiographic bitewing exams (BW), fibre optic transillumination exams (FOTI) and DIAGNOdent exams (DD) in epidemiological settings.Materials and Methods: Three examiners and one benchmark examiner examined thirteen 12-year-old schoolchildren under epidemiological conditions for the D3 (carious lesions in dentin) and D1+D3 (carious lesions in enamel or dentin) diagnostic criteria.Results: The reproducibility (intra/interexaminer agreement) under both diagnostic criteria was 'almost perfect' for the exams VE1 (D3: κintra = 0.91/κinter = 0.85; D1+D3: κintra = 0.89/κinter = 0.84), VE2 (D3: κintra = 0.91/κinter = 0.85; D1+D3: κintra = 0.88/κinter = 0.83), BW (D3: κintra = 0.95/κinter = 0.92; D1+D3: κintra = 0.99/κinter = 0.90) and FOTI (D3: κintra = 0.97/κinter = 0.93; D1+D3: κintra = 0.87/κinter = 0.83) exams and 'fair' for the DD exam (D3: κintra = 0.36/κinter = 0.35; D1+D3: κintra = 0.30/κinter = 0.32).Conclusion: It was concluded that the VE1, VE2, BW, and FOTI exams presented good reproducibility under epidemiological conditions, and can be used accurately in epidemiological surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the reproducibility of visual exams under natural light (VE1), visual exams under artificial light (VE2), radiographic bitewing exams (BW), fibre optic transillumination exams (FOTI) and DIAGNOdent exams (DD) in epidemiological settings. Materials and Methods: Three examiners and one benchmark examiner examined thirteen 12-year-old schoolchildren under epidemiological conditions for the D3 (carious lesions in dentin) and D1+D3 (carious lesions in enamel or dentin) diagnostic criteria. Results: The reproducibility (intra/interexaminer agreement) under both diagnostic criteria was 'almost perfect' for the exams VE1 (D3: Kintra = 0.91/Kintra = 0.85; D1+D3: Kintra = 0.89/Kintra = 0.84), VE2 (D3: Kintra = 0.91/Kintra = 0.85; D1+D3: Kintra = 0.88/Kintra = 0.83), BW (D3: Kintra = 0.95/Kintra = 0.92; D1+D3: Kintra = 0.99/Kintra = 0.90) and FOTI (D3: Kintra = 0.97/Kintra = 0.93; D1+D3: Kintra = 0.87/Kintra = 0.83) exams and 'fair' for the DD exam (D3: Kintra = 0.36/Kintra = 0.35; D1+D3: Kintra = 0.30/Kintra = 0.32). Conclusion: It was concluded that the VE1, VE2, BW, and FOTI exams presented good reproducibility under epidemiological conditions, and can be used accurately in epidemiological surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to analyse the association between socioeconomic and behavioural factors and the presence of active non-cavitated caries lesions in 12-year-old adolescents in Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 1001, 12-year-old adolescents who were selected by the cluster sampling method. A modified version of the World Health Organization criteria for identifying lesions including white lesions (WL) in enamel was used. Information on behavioural and socioeconomic factors was obtained using a semi-structured questionnaire. The outcome variables were DMFS, DMFS+WL and WL. The data obtained were analysed using the chi-square test and a logistic regression model.Results: The mean DMFS was 1.87 (SD = 3.05) and DMFS+WL was 2.27 (SD = 3.66). The logistic regression model showed that income was statistically significantly associated with DMFS, DMFS+WL and WL, whereas educational level of the father, number of residents in the house and number of dental visits were associated with DMFS and DMFS+WL. The onset of toothbrushing was associated with WL.Conclusions: The present study showed that economic factors are associated with all stages of caries development. In addition to these factors, family size, number of dental visits, educational level of the father and onset of toothbrushing could be considered markers of dental health risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To evaluate gingival and calculus status among schoolchildren 12 years of age using a geographic information system and multilevel analysis. Methods. A total of 1 002 schoolchildren were selected from 18 municipal districts by means of cluster sampling, from among 25 public and private schools in Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, in 2005. Examinations were carried out by a single calibrated examiner utilizing the criteria of the World Health Organization, as well as the Community Periodontal Index. Social, economic, and behavioral variables were recorded with the use of a questionnaire and were used in the individual analysis (first level). The variables "percentage of heads of families without income" and "percentage of illiterate heads of families" were used in the contextual analysis (second level). Results. A geographic information system was constructed for mapping the distribution of gingival bleeding. The variables were visually distinguished in the maps and demonstrated a tendency toward better gingival health in the central areas of the city, which are recognized as more privileged. On the contextual level, only the "percentage of illiterate heads of families" was significantly associated to gingival bleeding. Conclusions. The study confirms better oral health status among schoolchildren from privileged families, but does not confirm the data regarding "income." The individuals from areas in which the heads of family did not have income were not associated to a higher prevalence of gingival problems. This suggests that these individuals are reasonably protected from the impact of social privation due to the actions of public health care services in the municipality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archives of Dental Science / Arquivos em Odontologia is the property of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Odontologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of Dental Science / Arquivos em Odontologia is the property of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Odontologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Cancer treatment can affect the health of the teeth and support structures, which are essential to the chewing process, which may change the nutritional status of the patient. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of oral physiology changes on quality of life (QoL) of patients submitted to cancer treatment. Design: Initially 84 cancer patients were screened and only those presenting at least 15 natural teeth were selected for oral physiology and quality of life tests. The final sample comprised 30 patients. Twenty subjects were selected as controls paired by age and gender. Dental caries status, salivary flow, masticatory performance (MP), location of tumor, duration of chemo and radiotherapy and World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL- bref) questionnaire were assessed. Linear regression models were used to test the relationship between the WHOQOL-bref domains (physical, psychological, social relationship, environmental and overall QoL) and independent variables under study. Results and Discussion: Number of teeth, MP and salivary flow were lower in cancer patients, as well as for the scores obtained in Social Relationship, Environment and Overall QoL domains (p<0.050). Breast cancer caused a negative impact on Psychological (p<0.001) and Overall QoL scores (p=0.017). A similar negative effect was found for the duration of radiotherapy on Psychological (p=0.012) and Environmental (p=0.039) domains. On the other hand, the maintenance of teeth had a positive impact on Psychological (p=0.012) and Environmental (p=0.024) scores. Conclusion: Oral physiology changes may impact the QoL of oncological patients. The maintenance of teeth was of positive importance, especially for the psychological aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Although temporomandibular disorder (TMD) has been presumed to be a condition affecting adults, studies have reported the presence of signs and symptoms in children. The purpose of this paper was to verify the influence of gender, mother's gestational behavior, malocclusion, and oral habits as risk indicators for TMD in 12-year-old adolescents. Methods: TMD pain was assessed by research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (RDC/TMD; axis I). Five-hundred fifty-eight subjects (330 girls and 228 boys) underwent examinations. Bivariate analyses were performed using the chi-sguare test The logistic regression models were adjusted estimating the odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI), and significance level. Results: Only 2% of boys and 7% of girls presented one of the axis I categories. Gender was significantly related to TMD diagnosis (P<.01). Menarche, however, was not associated. Malocclusion, mother's gestational behavior, and children's oral habits were not associated with incidence of TMD (P>.05). Girls were almost 4 times more affected than boys (OR=3.97; CI=1.51-10.53). Conclusions: The mothers' gestational behavior and presence of menarche, malocclusion, and oral habits by their adolescents were not associated with diagnosis of temporomandibular disorder. Gender was the only factor associated with the incidence of TMD in 12-year-old adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate gingival and calculus status among schoolchildren 12 years of age using a geographic information system and multilevel analysis., Methods: A total of 1 002 schoolchildren were selected from 18 municipal districts by means of cluster sampling, from among 25 public and private schools in Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, in 2005. Examinations were carried out by a single calibrated examiner utilizing the criteria of the World Health Organization, as well as the Community Periodontal Index. Social, economic, and behavioral variables were recorded with the use of a questionnaire and were used in the individual analysis (first level). The variables "percentage of heads of families without income" and "percentage of illiterate heads of families" were used in the contextual analysis (second level)., Results: A geographic information system was constructed for mapping the distribution of gingival bleeding. The variables were visually distinguished in the maps and demonstrated a tendency toward better gingival health in the central areas of the city, which are recognized as more privileged. On the contextual level, only the "percentage of illiterate heads of families" was significantly associated to gingival bleeding., Conclusions: The study confirms better oral health status among schoolchildren from privileged families, but does not confirm the data regarding "income." The individuals from areas in which the heads of family did not have income were not associated to a higher prevalence of gingival problems. This suggests that these individuals are reasonably protected from the impact of social privation due to the actions of public health care services in the municipality.

This study aimed to analyze how the prevalence and the distribution of dental caries influence the sample size in epidemiological surveys, and how much are the costs. Secondary data of oral health surveys in 12-year-old schoolchildren from Bauru in 1976, 1984, 1990, 1994, and 2001, and from Piracicaba in 2001 and 2005 were studied. Sample sizes were estimated taking into account the mean DMFT and standard deviation of each survey, establishing sampling errors of 1%, 2%, 5%, and 10%. Costs were estimated considering permanent material, consumption material and human resources. The sample size in both towns needed to be increased, ranging from 119 in 1976 to 1,118 in 2001 in Bauru, and from 954 in 2001 to 1,252 in 2005 in Piracicaba, when a sampling error of 10% was considered. The cost of dental caries surveys was verified considering different sampling errors. This cost depends on how acceptable is the margin of difference between the true mean and the one found in the survey. In conclusion, the reduction in the prevalence of dental caries has determined the need for increase in sample size and in costs for conducting the surveys.

Purpose: To evaluate the validity of the visual exam and adjunct diagnostic technologies for posterior permanent teeth under epidemiological conditions., Methods: A probabilistic sample of 165 12-year-old schoolchildren from Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, was examined by visual exam (VI1), visual exam + artificial lighting (VI2), bitewing (BW), fiber optic transillumination (FOTI), DIAGNOdent and the associations among them. The D1+D3 and D3 diagnostics criteria, under epidemiological conditions, were adopted. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were calculated to determine the validity of the exams., Results: The most accurate diagnostic method was VI2+BW exam for all dental surfaces under both diagnostic criteria. It was concluded that the BW was the best adjunct diagnostic technology on epidemiological dental caries surveys, increasing the validity of the dental exams.