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In addition to the presence of fruiting bodies on tree stems, computation of a tree’s safety factor (SF) of individual trees plays a vital part in the stability evaluation of trees affected by wood decay fungi. In this survey, we assessed the relationships between the presence of visible fruiting bodies and measurements of both wood damage and tree safety factor (SF), the final aim being the determination of whether a tree showing wood decay signs should be felled or not. In general, trees affected by wood-decaying fungi cannot be considered risky prior to determining the impact of the fungi on their structural integrity. Trees of nine genera from 13 localities of Slovakia were included in this survey. In total, nineteen species of fungi were found causing wood decay on 74 individual host trees. Acoustic tomography was done using a Fakopp 3D tomograph, and SF was calculated by ArborSonic 3D software. The most commonly occurring taxon, Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr., was found on six tree genera. The highest degree of damaged area on trunks was caused by fungi in the genera Fomes, Ganoderma, and Perenniporia (over 70%), while the lowest damage was caused by genera Spongipellis, Cerrena, and Auricularia (up to 30%). The lowest values of SF were measured on trees of the genus Acer infected by Fomes fomentarius; Prunus infected by Phellinus pomaceus (Pers.) Maire; and Fagus infected by Ganoderma pfeifferi Bres. Computation of the SF of individual trees plays a vital part in the stability evaluation of trees affected by wood decay fungi.

Two new species of Perenniporia, P. pseudotephroporasp. nov. and P. subcorticolasp. nov., are introduced respectively from Brazil and China based on morphological characteristics and molecular data. Perenniporia pseudotephropora is characterised by perennial, pileate basidiocarps with distinctly stratified tubes, grey pores, tissues becoming dark in KOH, a dimitic hyphal system with slightly dextrinoid arboriform skeletal hyphae and broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, truncate, weakly dextrinoid, cyanophilous basidiospores, measuring 4.9–5.2 × 4–4.8 μm. Perenniporia subcorticola is characterised by resupinate basidiocarps, yellow pores with thick dissepiments, tissues becoming dark in KOH, flexuous skeletal hyphae, ellipsoid, truncate and slightly dextrinoid basidiospores, measuring 4.2–5 × 3.5–4.2 µm. The morphologically-similar species and phylogenetically closely-related species to the two new species are discussed.

Perenniporia subrhizomorpha Xue W. Wang, L.W. Zhou & X.M. Tian, sp. nov. (Figs. 2 & 3) MycoBank: MB 841348. Etymology:��� subrhizomorpha (Lat.), refers to the similarity to Perenniporia rhizomorpha. Diagnosis:��� Perenniporia subrhizomorpha is similar to P. rhizomorpha by having cream-colored rhizomorphs and similar pores (4���6 per mm), but differs in its wider generative hyphae and truncated basidiospores. Holotype:��� CHINA. Hebei Province: Baoding, Laishui County, Yesanpo Bailixia Scenic Spot, on fallen branch of angiosperm, 23 July 2019, Li-Wei Zhou, LWZ 20190723-10 (HMAS!). Description:��� Basidiomes annual, resupinate, adnate, papery, soft when fresh, becoming corky upon drying. Pore surface white when fresh, cream to buff upon drying; pores angular, 4-6 per mm; dissepiments thin, entire. Sterile margin thinning, white, up to 2 mm wide, usually with white to cream-colored rhizomorphs. Context cream, thin, up to 0.2 mm thick. Tubes concolorous with pore surface, corky, up to 0.6 mm long. Hyphal system dimitic; generative hyphae with clamp connections, slightly cyanophilous; skeletal hyphae cyanophilous; tissue unchanged in KOH. Generative hyphae in context infrequent, difficult to find, hyaline, thin-walled, unbranched, 4���5 ��m diam, usually encrusted with crystals; skeletal hyphae in context dominant, hyaline, thick-walled with a distinct lumen, branched, interwoven, 3���4 ��m diam. Generative hyphae in trama infrequent, difficult to find, hyaline, thin-walled, unbranched, 3.5���4.5 ��m diam; skeletal hyphae in trama dominant, hyaline, thick-walled with a distinct lumen, branched, interwoven, 2���3 ��m wide. Dendrohyphidia present at the dissepiments. Cystidia and cystidioles absent. Basidia clavate, with four sterigmata and a basal clamp connection, 17���20 �� 9���10 ��m; basidioles in shape similar to basidia but slightly smaller. Basidiospores ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, truncate, hyaline, thick-walled, smooth, dextrinoid, cyanophilous, (5.6���)5.7���6.5(���7.6) �� (4.2���)4.3���5.5(���5.8) ��m, L = 6.2 ��m, W = 4.8 ��m, Q = 1.26���1.29 (n = 60/2). Additional specimen (paratype) examined:��� CHINA. Beijing: Fangshan District, Shangfangshan National Forest Park, on fallen trunk of angiosperm, 22 July 2019, Li-Wei Zhou, LWZ 20190722-36 (HMAS!)., Published as part of Tian, Xue-Mei, Liu, Shi-Liang, Zhou, Lin-Jiang, Wang, Xue-Wei & Zhou, Li-Wei, 2021, Perenniporia subrhizomorpha sp. nov. (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) from North China, pp. 125-132 in Phytotaxa 528 (2) on page 129, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.528.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5778723

Polyporaceae is one of the most important families of Basidiomycota. Investigations on the species diversity, taxonomy and phylogeny of Polyporaceae in China are carried out. So far 217 species belonging to 42 genera are reported from China. Two new genera: Amylosporia gen. nov. and Murinicarpus gen. nov., twelve new species: Coriolopsis dendriformis sp. nov., C. hainanensis sp. nov., Funalia cystidiata sp. nov., Haploporus microsporus sp. nov., Perenniporia citrinoalba sp. nov., P. yinggelingensis sp. nov., Picipes hainanensis sp. nov., P. jiajinensis sp. nov., P. pseudovarius sp. nov., Trametes duplexa sp. nov., T. ellipsoidea sp. nov. and T. stiptica sp. nov., and six new combinations, Amylosporia hattorii comb. nov., Hornodermoporus latissimus comb. nov., Murinicarpus subadustus comb. nov., Picipes pumilus comb. nov., Vanderbylia delavayi comb. nov. and Vanderbylia robiniophila comb. nov., are proposed. All the species are described based on the Chinese collections. Keys to genera of Polyporaceae occurring in China and keys to species of each genus are provided. This monograph provides a revised classification of Polyporaceae in China according to the modern taxonomy. The phylogeny of Polyporaceae from China are reconstructed based on DNA sequences of multiple loci including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nSSU), the small subunit mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences (mtSSU), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1), the β-tubulin gene (TBB1), the RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1) and second largest subunit (RPB2) genes. In addition, full morphological descriptions, illustrations, color photographs, taxonomic notes, ecology and all the available sequences of Polyporaceae species found from China are provided.

Three new meroterpenoids (1–3) together with one known compound (4) were isolated from the culture broth of Perenniporia medulla-panis, a wood-rotting fungus in the family Polyporaceae. Their structures were elucidated by NMR and HRESIMS analyses. These compounds exhibited antioxidant activity with IC50 values ranging from 12.8 to 190.3 μM in the 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical-scavenging assay.

Poriella subacida gen. & comb. nov., previously known as Perenniporia subacida, which causes white rot, has been documented in temperate and tropical forests. Specimens from Asia, North America, and Europe were examined, including the type specimen of Polylorus subacidus. Sequences of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region, the 28S rDNA, the mitochondrial rDNA small subunit (mtSSU), and the gene encoding the translation elongation factor 1-α (EF1) were generated. In multigene phylogenies (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, Bayesian inferences), “Perenniporia subacida” formed a well-supported lineage, distinct from the core “Perenniporia” clade (type species: “P. medulla-panis”), and sister to the “Yuchengia narymica” lineage. We therefore conclude that “P. subacida” should be placed in the new genus “Poriella”gen. nov. Morphologically, “Poriella” is characterized by a di- to trimitic hyphal system, non-truncate basidiospores, and strongly dextrinoid, cyanophilic skeletal hyphae.

One of the main aims of the University of Pavia mycology laboratory was to collect wood decay fungal (WDF) strains in order to deepen taxonomic studies, species distribution, officinal properties or to investigate potential applications such as biocomposite material production based on fungi. The Italian Alps, Apennines and wood plains were investigated to collect Basidiomycota basidiomata from living or dead trees. The purpose of this study was to investigate the wood decay strains of the Mediterranean area, selecting sampling sites in North and Central Italy, including forests near the Ligurian and Adriatic seas, or near the Lombardy lakes. The isolation of mycelia in pure culture was performed according to the current methodology and the identity of the strains was confirmed by molecular analyses. The strains are maintained in the Research Culture Collection MicUNIPV of Pavia University (Italy). Among the 500 WDF strains in the collection, the most interesting isolates from the Mediterranean area are: Dichomitus squalens (basidioma collected from Pinus pinea), Hericium erinaceus (medicinal mushroom), Inocutis tamaricis (white-rot agent on Tamarix trees), Perenniporia meridionalis (wood degrader through Mn peroxidase) and P. ochroleuca. In addition, strains of species related to the Mediterranean climate (e.g., Fomitiporia mediterranea and Cellulariella warnieri) were obtained from sites with a continental-temperate climate.

Perenniporiopsis gen. nov. is described to accommodate Perenniporiopsis minutissima spec. et comb. nov. Phylogenetic analyses based on two data sets, [ITS+n28S nrRNA] and [ITS, n28S, mtSSU, tef1], and using Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian inferences, showed that specimens of Perenniporia minutissima form a monophyletic well-supported clade within the core polyporoid clade, The new genus grouped with the Abundisporus, Perenniporiella and Perenniporia s.s. lineages, and is phylogenetically distinct from the Perenniporia s.s. lineage (100% BS, 99% MP, 1.00 BPP). Morphologically, the consistency of the basidiocarps, waxy when fresh, drying rigidly osseous, as well as the large basidiospores characterize this species and distinguish it from Perenniporia s.s. The species seems to be endemic to temperate east Asia, and is known from temperate Japan and China.

Background and aims – This study is a part of an ongoing survey of Perenniporia (Basidiomycota, Polyporales) in the Neotropics and presents a new species from French Guiana and a second record of the little known Perenniporia sinuosa.Methods – Species are described using morphology-based methods.Key results – Perenniporia nouraguensis is proposed as new. A new record of Perenniporia sinuosa, previously only known from the type specimen originating from Amazonas, Brazil, is commented, and its taxonomic position is briefly discussed. A key to the Perenniporia species with resupinate basidiomata is also presented.Conclusion – Perenniporia nouraguensis is added for the Neotropics. This species and P. sinuosa are very likely endemic to the Neotropics.

The original material of Sphinctrina tigillaris, collected in 1864, was relocated, re-examined, found to represent a species of Chaenothecopsis, and is transferred to that genus as C. tigillaris comb. nov. It occurred on a specimen of a polypore, now identified as Perenniporia meridionalis, on a beam in a Northamptonshire church, and does not appear to have been collected since. Perenniporia meridionalis is a predominantly central and southern European species which has not previously been recognized in the British Isles, although other English specimens have now been located in collections at Kew and referred to the related P. medulla-panis. The name Sphinctrina tigillaris had been overlooked since its original description in 1865, and is nomenclaturally distinct from Lichen tigillaris, the basionym of Cyphelium tigillare. Notes on five other calicioid fungi found on polypores, and a key to the six now known, are also included.

A new Perenniporia species, P. cinereofusca, is described based on morphological and molecular characters. It is characterized by an annual growth habit, resupinate basidiocarps with gray to pale brown pore surface, tissues becoming black in 5% potassium hydroxide (KOH), a dimitic hyphal system with weakly dextrinoid skeletal hyphae and hyaline to pale yellowish, distinctly thick-walled and indextrinoid basidiospores (6.5–7.7 × 5.3–6.3 μm), and presence of dendrohyphidia and large rhomboid crystals. Both morphological and molecular evidence confirmed the placement of the new species in Perenniporia sensu stricto and showed its relationships with similar species in the genus.

A new poroid wood-inhabiting fungal genus, Flammeopellis, is proposed based on morphological characters and molecular evidence. The genus is typified by Flammeopellis bambusicola sp. nov., which macroscopically is characterized by an annual growth habit and stipitate basidiocarps with a reddish-brown pileal cuticle. Microscopically, it has a dimitic hyphal system with generative hyphae frequently with simple septa, occasionally with clamp connections, strongly dextrinoid and cyanophilous skeletal hyphae, and ellipsoid to drop-shaped, pale yellowish, thick-walled, smooth, weakly dextrinoid and cyanophilous basidiospores. Phylogenetic analysis based on molecular data of ITS+LSU nrRNA gene regions indicates that Flammeopellis belongs to the core polyporoid clade and is closely related to Perenniporiella. Combined ITS+nLSU+mtSSU+TEF1 sequence data of representative taxa in Perenniporia sensu lato demonstrated that Flammeopellis bambusicola grouped with the Perenniporiella clade, but formed a monophyletic lineage with a strong support (100 % BP, 1.00 BPP). The morphological and molecular evidence confirmed the placement of the new genus in the core polyporoid clade and established its relationships with similar genera.

Item does not contain fulltext Filamentous basidiomycetes (BM) are common environmental fungi that have recently emerged as important human pathogens, inciting a wide array of clinical manifestations that include allergic and invasive diseases. We reviewed 218 reported global cases of BM fungi. The most common etiologic agent was Schizophyllum commune in 52.3% (114/218) of the cases followed by Hormographiella aspergillata (n = 13; 5.9%), Ceriporia lacerata (n = 11; 5%), and, rarely, Volvariella volvacea, Inonotus tropicalis, Irpex lacteus, Phellinus undulates, Perenniporia species, Bjerkandera adusta, Sporotrichum pruinosum, Phanerochaete steroids, and Cyclomyces tabacinus. These fungi are present in the environment as gilled mushrooms, shelf fungi, and bracket fungi. However, in clinical settings, they usually present as nonsporulating white moulds that are difficult to identify. Moreover, the GenBank database of these fungi is limited. Regarding the country-wise distribution of cases, Japan topped the list with about 43% (n = 94) of globally reported cases, followed by India (57; 26%), the United States (4%), Austria (3.2%), Iran (3.2%), France (2.8%), and the remaining one-third from 16 other countries. The respiratory tract was the most commonly afflicted site (n = 71), with the majority of the cases (42; 59.1%) being allergic in etiology and comprising 34 cases of allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis. Also, B. adusta has been implicated in a recently described clinical entity, that is, fungus associated chronic cough, reported exclusively from Japan. BM fungi-incited diseases are currently underdiagnosed due to lack of awareness and expertise, warranting comprehensive epidemiological and susceptibility studies to determine their prevalence and to predict a more appropriate therapy.

Three new Perenniporia specie s , P. lacerata , P. luteola and P. tianmuensis , are described based on morphological and molecular characters. Perenniporia lacerata is characterized by an annual habit, resupinate and papery basidiocarps with lacerate pores, a dimitic hyphal system with weakly dextrinoid skeletal hyphae, truncate and dextrinoid basidiospores. Perenniporia luteola is distinguished by a perennial habit, resupinate basidiocarps with buff-yellow pore surface, a dimitic hyphal system with dextrinoid skeletal hyphae, non-truncate and dextrinoid basidiospores. Perenniporia tianmuensis differs in its annual habit, pileate basidiocarps, a dimitic hyphal system with strongly dextrinoid skeletal hyphae, non-truncate and dextrinoid basidiospores. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS and LSU-rDNA regions revealed five clades for 29 species of Perenniporia used in this study. Both morphological and molecular evidence confirmed the placement of three new species in Perenniporia and showed its relationships with similar species in the genus.

Yuchengia gen. nov. is proposed to accommodate Perenniporia narymica. It represents a monophyletic lineage within the core polyporoid clade based on sequences of the rDNA ITS and nLSU regions, and it is distinct from Perenniporia s.s. Yuchengia shares some characters with Perenniporia, both having thick-walled and cyanophilous basidiospores, but differs by having acyanophilous and amyloid skeletal hyphae dissolving in KOH, and non-dextrinoid basidiospores.

This study addressed three important aims: (1) undermining the previously obtained raw data about wood-decaying fungi (WDF) distribution and continuously investigating permanent plots to address certain scientific questions in ecology, (2) resolving the higher-level phylogeny of WDF with the help of multiple loci, and (3) testing and estimating the medicinal values of species that are closely related to well-known medicinal species. More than 1200 species and 2469 strains of WDF in China were identified from 28908 specimens collected from a series of field investigations. Using these materials, studies in multiple disciplines, such as ecology, taxonomy and phylogeny, and medicine, have been performed. With respect to ecology, the diversity of wood-decaying polypores significantly differed among a boreal forest zone, a temperate and warm temperate forest zone, and a tropical and subtropical forest zone. For instance, from north to south, the number and proportion of brown-rot species and the proportion of species found on fallen trunks were both decreased. The ecological patterns of wood-decaying polypores on gymnosperm and angiosperm trees were also explored by a case study in Northeast China. Although the total species richness was similar between the two tree groups, several other characteristics were significantly different, such as community structure and richness in certain substrates. The taxonomy and phylogeny of wide samples were referred to and their phylogenetic positions were resolved or at least partially established. In particular, phylogenetic knowledge about four genera, Fomitiporia, Ganoderma, Inonotus and Perenniporia, which include medicinal species, was essential for further research to determine the medicinal values of these types of fungi. Among these medicinal species, we mainly focused on Inonotus obliquus for its medicinal purposes. Polyphenols, polysaccharides and lanostane-type triterpenoids, extracted from the sterile conk of this species, could dramatically decrease levels of free radicals, DPPH and hydroxyl radicals, respectively. The metabolic profiles (both production and composition) of cultured I. obliquus mycelia could be altered by co-culture with other medicinal species or by induction of S-nitrosylation and denitrosylation, which may enhance the antioxidant capacity of I. obliquus.

A new polypore, Perenniporia tibetica, collected in Xizang (Tibet), southwestern China, is described and illustrated on the basis of morphological and molecular characters. Perenniporia tibetica is characterized by an annual growth habit, resupinate basidiocarps with a cream-buff to pinkish-buff pore surface and white to cream-colored rhizomorphs, a dimitic hyphal system with slightly dextrinoid and distinctly cyanophilous skeletal hyphae, and basidiospores that are ellipsoid, truncate or not, strongly dextrinoid, and cyanophilous, 6.7–8.7 × 5.3–6.8 μm. Its preliminary phylogenetic relationships are inferred based on sequence data from the ribosomal ITS and LSU regions, both suggesting that P. tibetica forms a distinct lineage in the genus Perenniporia.

Background and aims - This study is a part of an ongoing survey of the genus Perenniporia (Basidiomycota, Polyporales) in sub-Saharan Africa, and reports on several species collected in Central and Southwestern Ethiopia. Methods - Species are described using morphology-based methods. Key Results -Perenniporia abyssinica is proposed as new species. Perenniporia globispora is reported for the first time in Ethiopia. Conclusion - Perenniporia abyssinica and P. globispora are reported from Central and Southwestern Ethiopia. The report of P. globispora constitutes the second report of the species and the first record for Ethiopia. © 2012 National Botanic Garden of Belgium and Royal Botanical Society of Belgium.

Three new resupinate, poroid, wood-inhabiting fungi, Perenniporia aridula, P. bannaensis and P. substraminea, are introduced on the basis of morphological and molecular characters. Molecular study based on sequence data from the ribosomal ITS and LSU regions supported the three new species’ positions in Perenniporia s.s., and all of them formed monophyletic lineages with strong support (100 % BP, 1.00 BPP). Phylogenetic analysis revealed seven clades for the 31 species of Perenniporia s.l. used in this study. Among them, Perenniporiella clustered with Perenniporia ochroleuca group, and then subsequently grouped with Abundisporus. In addition, the P. ochroleuca group, the P. vicina group, the P. martia group and P. subacida formed well supported monophyletic entities, which could be recognized as distinct genera, and they are not related to P. medulla-panis which belongs to Perenniporia s.s. clade. An identification key to 38 species of Perenniporia occurring in China is provided.

Perenniporia cremeopora, P. roseoisabellina and P. ellipsospora are reported as new to Brazil, while P. parvispora and P. tephropora for the Brazilian Amazonia. Description and figures of the new occurrences in Brazil and a key to the species of Perenniporia registered for the Brazilian Amazonia are provided.

In the frame of an ongoing survey of the genus Perenniporia sensu Ryvarden & Johansen (1980) (Basidiomycota) in sub-Saharan Africa, the status of some collections from high elevation, cloud forest of Obo National Park, Sao Tome, and their relation to Perenniporia sensu stricto and Truncospora have been analyzed. The genus Truncospora is redefined and a new species, Truncospora oboensis is proposed. The new combination Truncospora detrita is also proposed. In sub-Saharan Africa, Truncospora is now represented by two species: Truncospora ochroleuca sensu Ryvarden & Johansen (1980) occurring mainly in open woodlands and Truncospora oboensis, known from high altitude cloud forest of Sao Tome.

A new genus Melanoderma (Polyporales, Basidiomycota), collected from Hainan and Hunan Provinces in southern China, is proposed and typified by M. microcarpum. The new species is characterized by a perennial habit, pileate to effused-reflexed basidiocarps with a black crust at the pileal surface, small round pores, a dimitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, dextrinoid and cyanophilous skeletal hyphae, cylindrical, thin-walled, non-amyloid, non-dextrinoid and acyanophilous basidiospores, the presence of apically encrusted cystidia, and lack of both hyphal pegs and dendrohyphidia. The new genus is compared with related genera of Australoporus, Datronia, Dichomitus, Megasporoporia, and Perenniporia. rDNA sequence analysis supports Melanoderma as a monophyletic clade that is closely related to Vanderbylia.

A new poroid wood-inhabiting basidiomycete, Perenniporia nanlingensis, collected in Guangdong Province, southern China, is described and illustrated on the basis of three collections. Both the morphology and phylogenetic analysis of rDNA ITS sequences support this new species. Macroscopically, the new species is characterized by an annual growth habit, resupinate basidiocarps with pinkish buff to cinnamon-buff pore surface when dry. Microscopically, it has a trimitic hyphal system, slightly dextrinoid and cyanophilous skeletal and binding hyphae, and its basidiospores are ellipsoid, truncate, strongly dextrinoid and cyanophilous, 9.0–9.8 × 5.0–5.9 μm.

Extensive surveys on wood-rotting fungi were recently carried out in Hainan Province, southern China. Around 2500 specimens of poroid wood-inhabiting fungi were collected during ten field trips, and 235 polypores were identified. Four species, Grammothelopsis asiatica Y.C. Dai & B.K. Cui, Inonotus latemarginatus Y.C. Dai, Perenniporia hattorii Y.C. Dai & B.K. Cui and Wrightoporia austrosinensis Y.C. Dai, are described and illustrated as new. Of the 235 species, 99 were found from the province for the first time.

In the continuation of the revision of the Neotropical species of Perenniporia (Basidiomycota) with resupinate basidiomes, the new combination Perenniporia albo-incarnata and the new species Perenniporia guyanensis are proposed; both species are described and illustrated.

Summary Perenniporia species, members of basidiomycetes, are known as decay fungi from wood of hardwood tree species. The clinical significance of these non-sporulating fungi from respiratory tract specimens is unknown. They have frequently been discarded as contaminants. There was only one case report of pulmonary fungal ball with positive culture for a Perenniporia species. We report herein a case of invasive pulmonary infection caused by the novel species of Perenniporia in a 44-year-old woman with active systemic lupus erythematosus who was successfully treated with voriconazole.

Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies on Perenniporia were carried out. Phylogeny based on ITS and nrLSU regions revealed that a species clustered within the Perenniporia s.s. clade, further morphological study showed three specimens collected from Hubei Province, central China represent an undescribed species. In the present study, Perenniporia punctata sp. nov. is described. It is characterized by its perennial, resupinate basidiocarps, small circular pores (6–9 per mm) with colour of cream, buff-yellow to pale yellow which turned to clay-buff to cinnamon when bruised, distinctly stratified tubes, a dimitic hyphal system with slightly dextrinoid, cyanophilous skeletal hyphae, and broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, truncate, hyaline, thick-walled, smooth, IKI–, strongly cyanophilous basidiospores (5.5–7 × 4–6 µm).

Fungal endophytes associated with the oil palm, Elaeis guineensis, at an oil palm plantation in Trang Province, Thailand were investigated. Two samplings at the same site yielded 162 and 178 morphotypes. The overall colonization rate was 81 and 87%, respectively, with non-sporulating species being most common. Twenty strains were identified as basidiomycetes using morphological characteristics and confirmed at the molecular level using ribosomal DNA, LSU and ITS sequence data. Species included Fomitopsis cf. meliae, F. cf. ostreiformis, F. cf. pinicola, Perenniporia sp., Pycnoporus sanguineus, Trametes lactinea, and Schizophyllum commune. Leaves supported the greatest number of basidiomycetous taxa (11 strains) with five and four taxa from petioles and rachides, respectively. Twelve taxa produced poroid basidiomes in PDA culture, while the remainder had clamp-connections. Basidiomycetes occurring as saprobes on oil palm were also recorded and compared with those present as endophytes.

A taxonomic review of a new record, Bolitophagiella pannosa (Lewis) in Korea is presented. Description of adult is presented and also we conducted laboratory and field observations of the life history and fungal hosts of the darkling beetle, Bolitophagiella pannosa (Lewis). A fungivorous tenebrionid beetle, Bolitophagiella pannosa (Lewis), was a rare inhabitant of fungi on deciduous trees (Quercus, Robinia pseudoacacia etc.) in Korea. Development from egg to adulthood took 3~10 months in nature and about 54 days in the laboratory at 25.5~26.1℃ and 63.5~64.5% relative humidity. Both larvae and adults overwintered in their host fungi or beneath the bark of the host tree near the host fungi. Sporophores of Perenniporia medulla-panis (Fr.) Donk and Perenniporia frazinea (Fr.) Ryv. were obligate feeding and breeding sites in Korea. Description, habitus photographs of adult and instar, and illustrations of diagnostic characters are provided.

In this paper, we present the responses of the white-rot fungus Perenniporia medulla-panis to iron availability with regard to alterations in growth, expression of cellular proteins, Fe3+-reducing activity, and Fe3+chelators production. Iron supplementation stimulated fungal growth but did not result in a significant increase in biomass production. Catechol and hydroxamate derivatives were produced mainly under iron deficiency, and their productions were repressed under iron supplementation conditions. Perenniporia medulla-panis showed several cellular proteins in the range of 10–90 kDa. Some of them showed negative iron-regulation. Iron-supplemented medium also repressed both cell surface and extracellular Fe3+-reducing activities; however, the highest cell surface activity was detected at the initial growth phase, whereas extracellular activity increased throughout the incubation period. No significant production of chelators and extracellular Fe3+-reducing activity were observed within the initial growth phase, suggesting that the reduction of Fe3+to Fe2+is performed by ferrireductases.

The status and identities of Polyporus unitus, type of Perenniporia Murrill, of Boletus medulla-panis, their supposed synonymy, and the nomenclatural status of Perenniporia, Poria, and Physisporus are discussed. It is demonstrated, based on the study of its type, that Pol. unitus is not a synonym of B. medulla-panis even in the historically wider context than that recognised here. Although not precisely identifiable, the type of Pol. unitus does not belong to Perenniporia in its current sense, which is based on B. medulla-panis. Poria Pers. and Physisporus Chevall. are discussed as possible generic names for B. medulla-panis and related taxa. However, in view of the need for nomenclatural stability, it is proposed to maintain Perenniporia as currently accepted, with B. medulla-panis as conserved type. This name is epitypified and Perenniporia medulla-panis redefined. Based on a study of European specimens, two species are recognized within the historical circumscription of P. medulla-panis, Perenniporia meridionalis being described as new. Both species are compared with other European taxa with resupinate basidiomes and a key to all these taxa is presented.

Wood decaying fungi grown in different culture media were evaluated for production of low molecular weight compounds (catecholate and hydroxamate derived and glycopeptides) with Fe3+-reducing activity. The brown-rot Wolfiporia cocos and the white-rot Perenniporia medulla-panis were selected because they had previously been reported to produce Fe3+-reducing compounds. Cultures were grown in liquid media with different carbon sources: glucose, l -ornithine, and succinic acid, all with and without microcrystalline cellulose supplementation. The fungi displayed different growth in different culture media and visually, the presence of cellulose promoted the highest biomass production. Catecholate compounds were produced mostly when glucose-cellulose was the carbon source for W. cocos and ornithine-cellulose for P. medulla-panis. Production of hydroxamate compounds were stimulated in ornithine-cellulose medium for W. cocos and in ornithine for P. medulla-panis. Moreover, no production of low molecular weight (

The type specimens of Perenniporia ahmadii, Polyporus devians, and Polyporus chocolatus have been revised. Perenniporia ahmadii is accepted as a taxonomic synonym of R chocolatus and the latter is transferred to Pseudopiptoporus. The new combination Pseudopiptoporus chocolatus is proposed. The genus Pseudopiptoporus including P. devians and P chocolatus is redescribed and illustrated.

Sequences of mitochondrial SSU rDNA were obtained from six species of Antrodia and related fungal taxa to reveal their phylogenetic relationships. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the species of Antrodia did not cluster into a single clade. Brown rot fungi were separated into two main groups through which Antrodia was dispersed. Antrodia sinuosa, A. serialis, A. heteromorpha and A. malicola clustered with Perenniporia, Fomitopsis, Piptoporus, Daedalea and Melanoporia within one group of brown rot fungi, while A. carbonica and A. vaillantii clustered with Oligoporus, Gloeophyllum and Auriporia within the other group of brown rot fungi, indicating that Antrodia is a heterogeneous genus and that brown rot fungi have evolved convergently.

Perenniporia subacida (Peck) Donk, previously known as Polyporus subacidus Peck (Peck 1885), causes a serious wood rot disease in tropical and temperate forests (Gilbertson & Ryvarden 1987, Ryvarden & Gilbertson 1994, Núñez & Ryvarden 2001, Dai et al. 2002, Decock & Stalpers 2006, Zhao et al. 2013, Ryvarden & Melo 2014). Peck (1885) described this taxon with four varieties, Polyporus subacidus var. stalactiticus Peck, P. subacidus var. tenuis Peck, P. subacidus var. tuberculosus Peck and P. subacidus var. vesiculosus Peck based on different hosts and this species has been transferred into several genera, Poria Pers., Chaetoporus P. Karst, Oxyporus (Bourdot & Galzin) Donk and Perenniporia Murrill (Saccardo 1888, Bondartsev & Singer 1941, Parmasto 1961, Donk 1967).

The type specimens of Perenniporia contraria and of its presumed taxonomic synonym, Fomes subannosus, have been revisited. In addition, some recent collections identified as Fi contraria have been re-examined, demonstrating tl lat the present concept of the latter taxon is confused. The species is illustrated and its concept redefined. Fomes subannosus, though closely related to P. contraria, is recognized as a distinct taxon on account of basidiocarp shape, pore size and the width of skeletal hyphae. The taxonomic placement of both taxa is discussed. Both species are endemic to neotropical America. All other specimens examined and originating from other continents belong to different taxa.

Identifications of 28 polypore species described by Corner were made by type examinations. The following new comblnations are proposed:Antrodiella aurantiaca; A. heritierae; Grifola kinabaluensis; Perenniporia marmorata; Piptoporus malesianus. The following species are accepted in the original genera:Polyporus aurantibrunneus; P. pervadens; Meripilus applanatus; Flabellophora intertexta; F. velutinosa. The following species are synonyms:Buglossoporus matangensis; B. rufescens; Meripilus villosulus; Flabellophora inconspicua; F. nana; F. squamosa. The following species belong to difficult species complexes, and allied species are cited:Polyporus trametoides; Flabellophora latiporus. The following species are dubious because of their poor or sterile conditions:Buglossoporus flavus; Flabellophora brevipes; F. deceptiva; F. flaviporus; F. obtorta; F. subsimplex. No authentic specimens were traced for the following 4 species:Buglossoporus brunneiflavus; B. magnus; Meripilus maculatus; Daedalea langkawiensis. Descriptions and line drawings are given for some of the accepted species. The taxonomic positions ofPolyporus obovatus and its allied species, and the genusFlabellophora are discussed.

During a revision of some polypores from Cuba (Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales), the type specimen of Navisporus ortizii was re-examined and found to be conspecific with Perenniporia martius. The latter is compared with Navisporus sulcatus and its presence in Cuba is briefly discussed. An annotated review of Perenniporia species reported from Cuba is added. (C) 2000 Adac/Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS.

The taxonomy of several neotropical resupinate Perenniporia is discussed. P. xantha is described as new. It is characterized by a bright yellow resupinate basidiocarp, small pores and small ellipsoid, dextrinoid basidiospores in addition to reduced arboriform skeletal hyphae. Two new combinations are proposed, Perenniporia aurantiaca and P. chromatica. Their relation to other Perenniporia species is briefly discussed.

The type and a second specimen of Perenniporia detrita (Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales) have been studied in order to ascertain the status of this taxon. These studies have shown that two species were included in the original material. Furthermore, the types of the previously proposed taxonomic synonyms of Pe. detrita, viz. Polyporus vicinus, Po. delavayi, Fomes mesoleucus, Po. labis and Trametes atra were reexamined. The three former represent three distinct species. The types of Polyporus labis and T. atra are sterile and their identification is uncertain. Perenniporia sprucei is described as new, and the new combinations Pe. delavayi (synonym Pe. formosana) and Pe. vicina are proposed.

Background and aims – This study is a part of an ongoing survey of Perenniporia (Basidiomycota, Polyporales) in the Neotropics. Methods – Material is examined and described using morphology-based methods. Key results – Perenniporia subovoidea is proposed as new. New records of little known species are presented. A key to the Perenniporia species with resupinate basidiome is also presented. Conclusion – Perenniporia subovoidea is reported from Costa Rica. New records of P. aurantiaca, P. chromatica, P. parvispora, P. roseo-isabellina, and P. xantha are presented. All these species are endemic to the Neotropical areas.