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An anionic conjugated polyelectrolyte poly[(9,9-bis(4-sulfonatobutyl sodium) fluorene-alt-phenylene)- ran-(4,7-di-2-thienyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-alt-phenylene)] which exhibits good solubility in water was synthesised via Suzuki-cross coupling. This conjugated polyelectrolyte was used as an additive in the hole transporting layer within organic photovoltaic devices. There is an efficiency gain as a result of an improved carrier generation and charge transport across the interface into the hole transport layer when the work function of the hole transport later is well matched to the active layer of the solar cell. The best performances were achieved using 5 mg ml1 of the polyelectrolyte additive added to the hole transport layer solution in which case the average power conversion efficiency increased from 4.63% for reference devices without any additive to 5.26% when the additive is present which is a 13% improvement. The reproducibility of device performance was also significantly improved with the variation in fill factor, short circuit current and open circuit voltage all improving when the additive is present.

High-spin states of the neutron deficient 100 Pd nucleus have been investigated via the 50 Cr( 58 Ni, 4p α ) and 70 Zn( 36 S,6n) heavy-ion induced reactions. For the detection of evaporated particles and γ rays the Nordball array equipped with ancillary detectors and the Eurogam II detector system were utilized. By the use of in-beam spectroscopic methods 89 transitions belonging to 100 Pd have been observed, 49 of which were identified for the first time. The level scheme has been extended up to E x ≈16 MeV excitation energy and I≈25 ℏ . The experimental results were compared with the predictions of cranked shell model calculations. Maximal spin alignments were found in the (πg 9/2 ) −4 12 + (νd 5/2 ,g 7/2 3 h 11/2 ) 13 − and (πg 9/2 −3 p 1/2 ) 11 − (νd 5/2 ,g 7/2 3 h 11/2 ) 13 − configurations. Possible existence of octupole correlations is discussed on the basis of B( E 1)/B( E 2) values deduced for the decays of high-spin levels in the yrast negative-parity band. (Elsevier)

This article synthesizes our published works as far as articles circulation of a documents supplier is concerned. It explains the mathematical model and recall the main results obtained. New ones complete previous ones and show a wider prospect of our model fixing it to former results which refer to bibliometric works about mathematical models of circulation.

The goal of this communication is to propose a model of interaction of the cultures based on the concept of radiation by analogy with the quantum model of the light. Just as the light can be considered in modern physics either a flow of particles or an undulation, in the same way, to the granular dimension of the information emitted by an organization in its data flows, we will add a wave-like dimension in the form of radiation. The socio technical device of radiation is a particular form of Distic