Search

Postoji mnogo faktora koji utječu na kvalitetu života stanovnika domova za starije osobe - od uređenja prostora, dostupnih aktivnosti do ljudskog faktora. Unutar HRZZ projekta “Zdravstvene, kulturne i biološke odrednice dugovječnosti: antropološka studija preživljenja u dubokoj starosti” (HECUBA) istraživani su čimbenici (psihološki, društveni i izgrađeno okruženje) koji utječu na dugovječnost i zadovoljstvo životom kod starijih osoba (85 i više godina) koje su (2007. – 2009.) boravile u zagrebačkim domovima za starije osobe.

U ovome ćemo izlaganju obuhvatiti iskustva migracija žena na otok Lastovo tijekom posljednjih dvadesetak godina te njihove percepcije otočnog vremena i temporalnosti. Posebno ćemo se usmjeriti na stvaranje budućnosti (osobne i otočne) kao jedan od aspekata donošenja odluke o migriranju na najudaljeniji naseljeni hrvatski otok, o nadanjima, očekivanjima i strahovima prije doseljavanja, ali i ostvarenjima, mogućnostima i potencijalima koje su proizašle iz dolaska u otočne zajednice. S namjerom propitivanja rodnoga aspekta gradnje budućnosti, dio ćemo izlaganja posvetiti i pregledu dosadašnjih reprezentacija ženskih otočnih iskustava. Prikazi i percepcije iskustava vremena u životima otočana od početaka su istraživanja otoka rodno su obilježene, oblikujući svojevrsne rodne temporalne geografije. Brojnost naziva, stereotipa i uzrečica o bodulkama i vlahinjama pokazuju da su otočanke i doseljenice na otoke često dvostruko stereotipizirane, s obzirom na društveni status i na rodnu pripadnost. Ove su stereotipne predodžbe dugotrajne i dugovječne, smještajući žene u zatvorene i statične vremenske okvire. Iz povijesnih, pravnih, lingvističkih i etnografskih izvora vidljivo je da su otočanke najčešće opisivane ulogom, položajem i baštinom žena u određenom otočnom prostoru/ima: u privatnoj sferi kućanstva i obitelji, kroz ženske (uglavnom kućanske i poljoprivredne) poslove te ulogu čuvarica otočnih tradicija i vrijednosti. U istraživanjima otočnih zajednica u većini slučajeva su predstavljane svojom ulogom u reprodukciji, othranjivanju i odgoju, u kružnom, cikličnom, „ženskom” vremenu (Kristeva 1986), većinom podređenom rutini, repetitivnosti, postojanosti, trajanju i potrebama drugih te brizi za druge. Uočljiva je bezvremenost ili temporalni modalitet zadržavanja vremena u čekanju, odgađanju, strpljenju i izdržavanju (Baraister 2009). U drugoj polovici 20. i 21. stoljeću događa se pomak od proučavanja uloga i položaja žena u tradicijskoj otočnoj kulturi prema istraživanju rada žena u otočnim tvornicama i turizmu. Bilježi se aktivno žensko sudjelovanje u otočnom ekonomskom privređivanju i gospodarenju te promjene u svakidašnjici, mobilnosti i rodnim odnosima unutar obitelji. Narative o statičnosti i podređenosti zamjenjuju oni o prihvaćanju promjena i spremnosti na heterogene temporalnosti.

Recent research of ageing deals with identification of psychosocial adaptation determinants in ageing, that were found related to longer survival in older persons. It interested us if such adaptive capacity can be found in the oldest-old persons, who are already long-lived. Research aim was to investigate the contribution of psychosocial factors in the survival prediction in very old institutionalised persons. Participants were 301 residents of 13 retirement homes in Zagreb, Croatia, 227 (75%) women, 80 years and older (average 88) at baseline, in 2008. In 2018, only information on the participants’ life status was obtained. Variables were: sociodemographic, cognitive function, subjective functioning, post- retirement activity and quality of life, measured individually at baseline, and life status variable, checked at 10-years follow-up. At follow- up, all participants were deceased (average age of death 93 years). Significant correlations resulted between longevity and more activity and better quality of life (r = .13, p < .05, both), and those between other variables (r = .13 - .21 ; p < .05 - .01) confirmed the adaptive capacity in very old persons. Observed psychosocial variables predicted 6% (p < .05) of the survival variance with more activity (β = .13 ; p < .05) and better cognitive functioning (β = .12 ; p < .05) as individual predictors of longer survival. Implications are in the planning of support for older persons’ adaptive potential, to improve the quality of their life in very advanced age, and to set a support model for prospective long-living cohorts. (Croatian Science Foundation grant: IP-01- 2018-2497)

Very old persons may be an important source of information on adaptive capacity in ageing, and its determinants. The aim of the presented research was to explore the associations and contribution of sociodemographic factors and psychological factors: family relationship, quality of life and subjective functioning, to the oldest-old persons’ survival in ten-years follow- up period (project HECUBA, HRZZ IP-01-2018-2497). Participants were 191 persons aged 80 to 97 years (on average 88 years), 73% women, residents of 13 retirement homes in Zagreb, Croatia. Questionnaire for the Oldest-Old was administered individually, as a structured interview, in 2008. The participants’ age of death was checked in 2018. Their average survival age was 92 years. The only significant gender difference was longer education in male participants. Longer survival correlated with greater number of children and better quality of life. The set of observed variables predicted 10% of the oldest-old survival variance, with greater number of children as a single significant predictor of all participants’ longer survival. In the subsample of women, 16.4% of the survival variance was predicted, with longer education and greater number of children significantly contributing to their longer survival. The findings suggest the need for further longitudinal research on the sociodemographic and psychological determinants of longevity, in order to improve the quality of life and the services for the growing number of very old persons.

Island size, geographical boundedness, remoteness, isolation, small population and manageable access points protect islands and island communities from epidemics. An island’s unique characteristics affect the transmission of mainland epidemics and their frequency. But if an infection breaks out, the results are more severe, and the history of epidemics on islands shows us that islands are often more affected than the mainland and highly vulnerable. In the time of the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic, islands have demonstrated resilience with no or few cases and low mortality rates. The current pandemic is a unique moment for research on perceptions, practices and narratives of islands’ communities during crises, such as local responses to the pandemic, travel bans and problems with connectivity, the health care system challenges (especially for older adults and chronic patients) and the influence of epidemiological measures on the life and death of islanders. The global COVID-19 pandemic confronts us with mass dying, as well as individual and societal challenges when dealing with death and grief. Infected and dead are reduced to depersonalized data points in everyday reports. The epidemiological measures and restrictions include physical distance, the ban on larger gatherings and avoidance of any contact with the dead body. Funerals, funerary rites, commemorations and mortuary practices have been banned, abbreviated, postponed or transformed. Also, the process of mourning is being altered and the bereaved mourn without the usual support and care. Using qualitative approaches and methodology (semi-structured in-depth interviews, in-person or online), this paper presents the experiences and feelings of people during the COVID-19 pandemic on the Croatian islands, with a focus on death, funerals, mourning and loss of family members. Island communities accepted the new rules and adapted to the new circumstances, but indicated that island-specific and more flexible crisis management should be applied during this health crisis. Some epidemiological measures, such as social distancing, internal island travel restrictions and reduced gatherings, were highlighted by islanders as being challenging and sometimes unnecessarily strict for some islands and their specific situations. The pandemic has affected island communities, especially the deaths of loved ones, and how funerals and related rites and customs are performed. For family members of those who died from COVID-19 there have been additional factors and challenges that complicated loss. Funerals and funerary rites differ in urban and rural island communities. In rural funerals mourners were more often not adhering to COVID-19 prevention guidelines. When we compared results from islands and the mainland, there were differences in many aspects of burial and mourning practices. The bereaved on the islands adapted to the rules by creating new strategies and new forms of funeral gatherings and burial ceremonies. Digital and social media were used for connecting people and helped in coping with the challenges of mourning in solitude and isolation. In this global pandemic, island communities responded to impacts of pandemic crises and adapted to new circumstances of the “new normal”.

Na otocima i u otočnim zajednicama, posebno onim manjim i izoliranijim, epidemije su često bile jačeg intenziteta te ostavljale značajne posljedice. Udaljenost i izolacija otoka i otočnih zajednica utjecala je na prijenos kopnenih epidemija i na njihovu učestalost. Ako bi došlo do prodora zaraze, posljedica je bila teži oblik bolesti zbog niže stope prethodne izloženosti uzročnicima te smanjenje izgleda za preživljenje. Upravo zbog toga otoci su bili zanimljivi za istraživanje širenja i proučavanja epidemija. Trenutačna pandemija bolesti COVID-19 prilika je za istraživanje kako su zaraza i protuepidemijske mjere utjecale na život i smrt otočnih zajednica. Pandemija je uvela masovnu smrtnost u našu svakodnevicu te promijenila načine kako ljudi tuguju, obilježavaju smrt i sjećanje na svoje mrtve. Protuepidemijske mjere, uvedene u ožujku 2020. godine, od početka pandemije do danas obuhvaćaju distancu i izoliranje zaraženih te zabrane većih okupljanja i putovanja. Slične mjere odnose se i na preminule - izbjegavanje bilo kakvog kontakta s mrtvim tijelom, ograničenja pri provođenju pogrebnih obreda, običaja i praksi. Zbog nemogućnosti provođenja uobičajenih praksi vezanih za pogreb, otežani su procesi tugovanja i nošenje s gubitkom bliskih osoba. S druge strane, nametnuta ograničenja pridonijela su stvaranju novih pogrebnih praksi i načina nadilaženja distance za vrijeme tugovanja. Korištenjem kvalitativne metodologije, polustrukturiranim dubinskim intervjuima (uživo ili online kada nije postojala druga mogućnost) proveli smo istraživanja iskustva umiranja, pogreba i tugovanja u vrijeme pandemije bolesti COVID-19. Na temelju analize narativa otočnih sugovornika o iskustvu smrti, pogrebima, tugovanju i gubitku članova obitelji prikazat ćemo kako je pandemija utjecala na otočne zajednice, kako se postupalo pri smrti bliskih osoba, te kako su se provodili pogrebi i s njima povezani obredi i običaji. Usporedbom otoka i kopna, prikazat ćemo kako su se ožalošćeni pridržavali, ali i osporavali ili izbjegavali protuepidemijske mjere i pravila pri provođenju pogrebnih praksi te razlike i sličnosti u načinima prilagodbe novim okolnostima. On islands and in island communities, especially on smaller and more isolated ones, epidemics were often of greater intensity and left significant consequences. The remoteness and isolation of islands and island communities have affected the transmission of mainland epidemics and their frequency. If the infection breaks out, the result would be a more severe form of the ilness due to a lower rate of prior exposure to the pathogens and a lower chance of survival. Those are some reasons why the islands have been included in the research on the spread of epidemics. The ongoing global COVID-19 disease pandemic is an opportunity to investigate how the infection and epidemiological measures affected the life and death of island communities. The pandemic has brought mass death into our daily lives, and altered the way that people grieve, commemorate and remember their dead. The epidemiological measures, introduced in March 2020, from the beginning of the pandemic to the present day, included the physical distance and isolation of the patients, the ban on larger gatherings and restricting travel. Similar measures were applied to the handling of bodies of the deceased - avoidance of any contact with the dead body, restrictions on the conduct of funeral rites, customs and practices. Due to the impossibility of carrying out the usual practices related to the funeral, the processes of mourning and dealing with the loss of loved ones were difficult. On the other hand, the imposed restrictions have contributed to the creation of new funeral practices and ways of overcoming distance during mourning. Using a qualitative methodology, semi-structured in-depth interviews (in-person or online when there was no other option), we researched dying experience, burial, and mourning practices at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the analysis of the narratives about the experience of death, funerals, mourning and loss of family members, we will show how the pandemic affected island communities, the deaths of loved ones, and how funerals and related rites and customs were performed. By comparing the results from the islands and the mainland, we will show how the mourners responded to, but also challenged or avoided epidemilogical rules and measures in death and mourning practices, we will present the differences and similarities in ways of adapting to these new circumstances.

Suvremena istraživanja starenja usmjerena su proučavanju čimbenika psihološke prilagodbe, koja se pokazala povezanom s dugovječnošću. Dugovječne osobe, starije od 80 godina, pružaju podatke o heterogenosti funkcioniranja te o mogućnosti očuvanja sposobnosti i prilagodbe na životne teškoće i promjene. Stoga raste zanimanje za ispitivanje vrlo starih osoba, broj kojih je u stalnom porastu u populaciji razvijenih zemalja pa tako i u Hrvatskoj. Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati doprinos psihosocijalnih čimbenika u predviđanju duljine života vrlo starih osoba. Istraživačke varijable bile su: sociodemografska obilježja, odnos s obitelji, kognitivno funkcioniranje, subjektivno zdravlje, subjektivna neovisnosti te kvaliteta života. Uzorak je činilo 343 sudionika u dobi od 80 do 101 godina (prosječno 88 godina), 256 (75%) žena, korisnika 13 domova za starije osobe u Zagrebu. Sudionici su ispitani 2008. godine, individualno, Upitnikom za osobe duboke starosti, u obliku strukturiranog intervjua (projekt HECUBA, HRZZ, IP-01-2018-2497). Dob njihove smrti utvrđena je 2018. godine. U razdoblju od deset godina, 311 (90%) sudionika je preminulo, u prosječnoj dobi od 93 godine. Promatrani skup varijabli doprinio je tumačenju 6% (p < .05) varijance duljine života sudionika. Model Coxove regresije potvrdio je značajno veću vjerojatnosti dužeg života (Chi-square = 14.6 ; p < .01) vrlo starih osoba s boljom kvalitetom života (Exp(B) = .90, p < .05) i boljim kognitivnim funkcioniranjem (Exp(B) = .96, p < .05). Nalazi ukazuju na mogućnost poticanja prilagodbenih sposobnosti dugovječnih osoba, u cilju poboljšanja kvalitete njihovog života, očuvanja kognitivnog funkcioniranja kao i prilagodbe usluga skrbi o sve većem broju osoba u dubokoj starosti, do kraja njihovog života.

Cemeteries are both sacred and emotional spaces, through which we can view the hopes and fears of people who created them and were buried there. Interactions with death, dead bodies and burial produce a mixture of emotions, fear being the most common among them. In our study we investigate perceptions and emotions associated with the abandoned historical cemeteries in Zagreb. On the territory of modern Zagreb, there are several cemeteries from the medieval and early modern period. All of them were closed in the 19th century and converted to public spaces (parks, squares, hospitals). St George’s Cemetery is the only one with visual reminders of its original purpose: a few tombstones and graves remaining in today’s park. It is, therefore, a place with multiple identities in the urban neighbourhood. Some of them are based on mysteries and legends connected to death and the occult. Local narratives (stories, legends, memories, emotional attachment and different identifications) about historical cemeteries will be collected and analysed. The research also includes interviews focusing on residents from the community of Zagreb’s Upper Town, near the abandoned St George’s Cemetery. Residents’ answers provide insights into their observations, perceptions and emotions relating to the hidden cemetery in their immediate surroundings.

Short abstract: Epidemics and pandemics as global crises transform social life and challenge people to confront difficult choices. Preventive and protective measures used in pandemics and epidemics to reduce the spread of the disease significantly influence everyday life. COVID-19 emerged in December 2019 and one of the most distressing aspects of the pandemic is enforceable physical distancing from dying people, whether at home or in institutions. This includes guidelines regarding handling bodies, organizing funerals, and burials affected dying, death, and mourning. Geography, social inequity, ethnicity, and religion shape the way people reconcile their obligations to the dead with the constraints placed on them. Therefore, there were numerous and significant challenges in the process of death, dealing with death and bereavement during epidemics and pandemics. Long abstract: Epidemics and pandemics as global crises, transform social life and challenge people to confront difficult choices. COVID-19 emerged in December 2019. Due to its rapid spread to many countries around the world, the World Health Organization declared a global pandemic on March 11 2020. One year later, in 2021, the pandemic is still here, and despite the discovery of the vaccine, is not abating. Since COVID-19 is highly contagious, countries have implemented public health measures to limit contact with infectious individuals and to reduce the spread of the disease. One of the most distressing aspects of the pandemic is enforceable physical distancing from dying people, whether at home or in institutions. Guidelines regarding handling bodies, organizing funerals, and burials affected dying, death, and mourning. Regardless of country or culture, the ritual of holding a funeral for the deceased has been changed and in some countries, the option to hold a funeral has been revoked. Lockdowns and restrictions, that prohibited larger gatherings and proposed social distancing, altered the way that people grieve, commemorate, and remember their dead. Geography, social inequity, ethnicity, and religion shape the way people reconcile their obligations to the dead with the constraints placed on them. Mourners responded differently, some adapted to the new rules by modifying the grieving process and inventing new practices (creating new rituals, innovative solutions, and alternative forms of memorialization), while others tried to resist or found forms of opposition to changed funeral practices and subversion of given regulations. The lack of known rituals, traditions, and grieving practices caused feelings of insecurity and even guilt among the bereaved. The panel we propose seeks to create a platform for sharing results of interdisciplinary research on the impact of 21st- century epidemics on dying and death practices in different regions of the world. The panel welcomes research that highlights the practices and innovative coping strategies developed during epidemics and pandemics.

Otočni turizam dominantni je izvor zaposlenja i prihoda u hrvatskom otočnom gospodarstvu te predstavlja vodeću gospodarsku aktivnost koja je zamijenila tradicionalne otočne djelatnosti ili ih upotpunjava. Snažan i jedinstven imidž osnova je destinacijskog pozicioniranja na turističkom tržištu, ali i vrijedan segment konkurentske prednosti nad ostalim otočnim destinacijama. Komparativna vrijednost otoka kao turističkih odredišta počiva na jedinstvenoj prirodnoj i kulturnoj baštini, ali i posebnostima otočnoga načina života koje otoke i otočne zajednice razlikuje od ostalih turističkih destinacija, dok konkurentska vrijednost leži u načinima ekonomske valorizacije svih raspoloživih resursa same turističke destinacije. Cilj izlaganja jest prikazati važnost prepoznavanja posebnosti resursa otočne destinacije kako bi se oblikovao jedinstven i uspješan destinacijski imidž i brand utemeljen na reprezentaciji otočnog identiteta prihvatljivog lokalnoj zajednici. Provest će se komparativna analiza imidža i identiteta dviju otočnih destinacija: otoka Hvara i Malog Lošinja. Analizirat će se i prikazati obilježja korištena u procesu stvaranja imidža cijelog otoka te istražiti odražavaju li odabrani imidži otočne identitete te lokalne otočne posebnosti. Osim toga, prikazat će se izazovi u stvaranju dosljednog i jedinstvenog destinacijskog imidža i njegove posljedice na predstavljanje specifičnih kulturnih identiteta otočnih gradova i manjih općina.

Short abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic influences dying, death practices, and mourning. People are often reduced to data points. Using a qualitative approach, we study the experiences and emotions of persons who had to undergo the death and funeral of close family members during the strict lockdown in Croatia. Long abstract: There were numerous and significant challenges in the process of death, dealing with death and bereavement during the pandemic. We explored the experiences and emotions of persons who had to undergo the death and funeral of close family members during the strict lockdown (from March 20th to May 6th) and the most restrictive measures introduced in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Croatia. Guidelines regarding handling bodies, carrying funerals, and burials affected dying, death, and mourning, resulting in changes in funeral practices and rituals. Recommendations included silent funeral within the closest family circle, and mourning in isolation. Semi-structured in-depth, face-to-face interviews with family members who lost loved one during the strict lockdown identified dying and grieving alone in isolation as the most important issues. Bereaved have different experiences if death was caused by COVID-19. Furthermore, there were differences in silent funerals and mourning traditions between rural and urban areas. Mourners accepted the new rules and adapted to them by modifying the grieving process and inventing new practices. Also, they found forms of opposition to changed funeral practices and subversion of given regulations. The lack of known rituals, traditions, and grieving practices caused feelings of insecurity and even guilt among the bereaved.

Dom za starije osobe ima dvostruku prostornu prirodu, kao institucija i kao dom, stvarajući mješavinu institucionalne i domaće atmosfere. Osjećaj doma osoba koje žive u domovima za starije je višedimenzionalan koncept koji tvore različiti čimbenici. Analizom podataka dobivenih na HRZZ projektu “Zdravstvene, kulturne i biološke odrednice dugovječnosti: antropološka studija preživljenja u dubokoj starosti” (HECUBA) prikazani su čimbenici (psihološki, društveni i izgrađeno okruženje) koji pridonose „osjećaju doma“ kod starijih osoba (85 i više godina) koje su (2007. – 2009.) boravile u zagrebačkim domovima za starije osobe.

Beach is at once liminal and multiple border space, hybrid space in between land and sea, nature and culture. It can be a contact zone, but it is also a space of demarcation. This littoral landscape is a place of hedonism, refuge, and escape from everyday life and a living space intersected with rules, norms, and rituals. The dynamics of the local economy, the environment, politics, and social relations can be traced through it. Bačvice Beach in the city of Split is a public space of daily and leisure activities of Split citizens and a well-known tourist attraction. The aim of the research is to analyse tourists' and locals' experiences, emotions, and identifications related to this city beach. The results indicate specific locations on the land of the beach and the sea area that are important to the local community, given the age, gender, activities, and practices in which they participate. The boundaries of these areas are significant, known, and visible only to the local beachgoers. There is a noticeable absence of local community areas and various locally specific activities in the presence of the tourists on the beach in the summer months and high season. Tourists are left with a central part area of the beach closer to the sea. When they cross borders and enter spaces important to locals, individuals of the local community show tolerance without any warnings to tourists. However, locals use different strategies to return the tourist space to a loved and familiar local place.

Since the emergence of the new disease in November 2019, the life of people around the world has changed. The COVID-19 pandemic had an impact, not only on activities of daily living but also on traditions, customs and practices that had to be changed and adapted to the new circumstances. Although it seemed that COVID-19 would soon be brought under control, we have entered the second year of the pandemic. Due to the high mortality rates, daily death reports made death more ubiquitous and noticeable in our everyday life. The deceased were presented with numbers ; they were depersonalized, without names, faces, and identities. In the context of the pandemic, death and dying have become predominantly medical and biological processes, while at the same time other very important aspects were almost completely excluded – psychological, sociological and cultural aspects. People were unable to be with a loved one when they die, or unable to mourn someone’s death in person with friends and family, what is a part of our culture and one of the most important determinants to maintain good mental health after a loss. Such circumstances had led to dysfunctional grief and changes in the bereavement practice. In Croatia pandemic started in February 2020, when the first positive case was detected. Since then we have witnessed three pandemic waves. Each wave was unique with its characteristics and pandemic guidelines. Implemented epidemiological measures included several restrictions on funerals and services. The new rules were very strict in the first wave and prohibited certain death rites, rituals and practices. Even though the measures were less strict in the second and third wave, they led to disregard for the dignity and rights of the dead and their families. In our research, we compared the epidemic measures from each wave and how they affected the known death-related rites and rituals. We investigated how the COVID- 19 pandemic has affected the bereaved family members through their narratives of the death of their loved ones, through their personal experiences of loss, grief and mourning. Bereaved adapted to the rules by creating new strategies and new forms of funeral gatherings and burial ceremonies. The absence of basic and constitutive processes of grieving created a space for considering the need to find new models of individual and more private rituals.

Recent research on aging focus mainly on the experiences of spaces and places in late life. The retirement home has a dual spatial nature as an institution and as a home, producing a mixture of institutional and homelike atmosphere. Private life there is concentrated in limited space, so there are numerous environmental, social and personal characteristics that affect the perceptions of space and home life of elderly residents. The presentation is part of the interdisciplinary project ˝Health, cultural, and biological determinants of longevity: anthropological perspective on survival in very old age - HECUBA˝ (HRZZ IP-2018-01-2497). We show the results of an extensive anthropological survey conducted in 2007/09 in 13 retirement homes in Zagreb, encompassing 310 persons (25.5% males) without dementia (according to Folstein test scores), aged 85 - 101 years. The Quality of Life Questionnaire included structured questions and scales, along with open-ended questions. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of psychosocial factors to the life satisfaction in old persons, predominantly based on analyses of the responses to the open-ended questions. We identified and interpreted the following effects of the living environment on old persons' life satisfaction: perceptions of home space (private and semi-private residents' rooms, shared spaces, semi-public areas), advantages and disadvantages of home space and levels of privacy, the daily use of the space through participation in a variety of activities. In addition, we focused on the respondents' attitudes and emotions towards their "own home" and activities from their previous home-life (memories, regrets, nostalgia).

Cemeteries are sacred and emotional zones as well as places of history, memory and identity. A diachronic approach in the research of burial sites can provide interesting historical and anthropological distinctions in their functions and characteristics. Throughout its history, Zagreb had many cemeteries which are nowadays forgotten, but in different periods were markers of economic, social, political and religious life. For our case study we have chosen the St George’s cemetery on Jurjevska Street. There are two main periods in the cemetery’s past, which are connected to local and national historical memory. The cemetery was first mentioned in 1622. At first it was used by poorer citizens, but soon it became a graveyard for the wealthy. In the 19th century, it was the last resting place of many intellectuals connected to the Illyrian Movement, as well as the first victims who died for the national cause (“July Victims”). In 1876 the cemetery was converted into a public park. St George’s cemetery is a good example of how the urban development and change in the function of public space can affect the social memory and identity of a place, as well as lead to a change in its role in the social life of communities.

Svaki otok ima svoje starosjedioce, one koji su otok otkrili, prvi ga naselili i na njemu stekli ili stvorili status „prvih“ otočana i domorodaca. Svi koji dolaze poslije njih, bilo u skupinama ili pojedinačno, obično naseljavaju dijelove koji su im dodijeljeni kao prognanicima i izbjeglicama ili pak osnivaju potpuno nova otočna naselja. Svijest o došljacima (novim stanovnicima, otočnim gorštacima, fureštima) i onima koji su u prostor otoka došli „drugi“ te naglašavanje i isticanje njihove drugosti dio su otočne povijesti, baštine, kulture i otočnih identiteta. Gotovo se nikada ne zaboravlja otkuda su (s kojeg dijela kopna ili kojim morskim putem) i kada su došli te zašto ne mogu biti, ni postati otočni starosjedioci, a ponekad ni „pravi“ otočani. „Drugi“ otočanin ili „druga“ otočna zajednica konstruirana je raznolikim, često minucioznim spektrom distinktivnih obilježja, stvarnih i umišljenih različitosti, granica i okvira kojima se određuju, odvajaju ili izoliraju. U izlaganju će se iznijeti pregled takvih drugih i drugačijih otočana na otocima hrvatskoga arhipelaga kroz povijesne izvore o otočnoj povijesti, putopise i književna djela, ali i usmene povijesne predaje o naseljavanju i postanku pojedinih otoka i otočnih naselja te rodovskim predajama o drevnosti ili nestanku pojedinih otočnih rodova i obitelji. /Each island has its indigenous inhabitants, ones who discovered the island, first settled on and acquired or created the status of "the first islanders" and natives. Everyone who came after them, either in groups or individually, usually inhabited parts of the island selected for immigrants or established completely new island settlements. Awareness of the newcomers ("new inhabitants", "island highlanders", foreigners), those who came the "second" and constant emphasizing and highlighting their otherness is part of the island's history, heritage, culture and the island's identities. The islanders never forget from where the newcomers came (from which part of the mainland they arrived or by which sea route they reached the island), when did they come on island and why they cannot be regarded as "real" islanders. "Other" islander or "other" island community is constructed with a diverse, often detailed/wide spectrum of distinctive features, real and imaginary differences, boundaries and frameworks that are used to define, separate or isolate them. This presentation is an overview of such "other" and "different" islanders on the islands of the Croatian archipelago through the analysis of historical sources of island history, travel books and literary works, as well as historical oral legends about the colonization and formation of islands and their settlements and family legends about the ancient origins of some families or disappearance of some others./

The aim of this study was to compare the data on height of Hvar islanders collected from two transversal studies (1978/1979 and during the 1994). The first field research covered a total of 935 inhabitants of the island (484 males and 451 females) aged between 20 and 72 years, from five villages of the western part (Dol, Vrbanj, Svirče, Vrisnik, Pitve) and four villages of the eastern part of the island of Hvar (Poljica, Zastražišće, Gdinj, Bogomolje). The second field research was carried out in 1994 that enrolled total of 189 participants (82 males and 107 females) from the villages Dol, Vrbanj, Svirče, Zastražišće, Gdinj and Bogomolje. Comparison of data on Hvar adults since these two periods demonstrated a secular increase in average height for females and males in all investigated villages except in the village of Gdinj. Negative secular trend in village of Gdinj was observed for both female and male inhabitants. Possible explanation for this trend could be the specific migratory patterns and traditional practice of endogamy.

Cemeteries are sacred and emotional zones as well as places of history, memory and identity. A diachronic approach in the research of burial sites can provide interesting historical and anthropological distinctions in their functions and characteristics. Throughout its history, Zagreb had many cemeteries which are nowadays forgotten, but in different periods were markers of economic, social, political and religious life. For our case study we have chosen the St. George's cemetery on Jurjevska Street. There are two main periods in the cemetery's past, which are connected to local and national historical memory. The cemetery was first mentioned in 1622. At first it was used by poorer citizens, but soon it became a graveyard for the wealthy. In the 19th century, it was the last resting place of many intellectuals connected to the Illyrian Movement, as well as the first victims who died for the national cause (“July Victims”). In 1876 the cemetery was converted into a public park. St. George's cemetery is a good example of how the urban development and change in the function of public space can affect the social memory and identity of a place, as well as lead to a change in its role in the social life of communities.

The paper sheds light on the relations between the main tourism hotspots and the peripheral areas on the island of Hvar by analysing the process of destination image formation through the past and present promotional activities. It critically analyses identities of island towns and villages in order to provide the basis for the first stage of the four-stage destination branding process. The study reviews the literature on tourism destination branding, branding of islands and adopts diachronic approach, historical method and descriptive analysis. The findings show that the image of the island is focused primarily on the town of Hvar. The island of Hvar has a fragmented destination image that is not based on actual and local island particularities. The authors propose branding as a tool for creating a coherent destination image built upon the island’s uniqueness and consequently reinforce local island identities in order to provide diverse tourism offer. /Radom se pojašnjavaju odnosi između glavnih otočnih turističkih središta i periferije otoka Hvara analizirajući proces kreiranja destinacijskog imidža putem prošlih i sadašnjih promotivnih aktivnosti. Kritički se analiziraju identiteti otočnih gradova i sela kako bi se pružila osnova za prvu od četiri faze procesa destinacijskog brendiranja. U radu se daje pregled literature u području brendiranja turističkih destinacija, brendiranja otoka te se koristi povijesni pristup kao i metoda te deskriptivna analiza u svrhu proučavanja promotivnih aktivnosti cijelog otoka i njegovih pet naselja. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da se imidž otoka temelji na imidžu grada Hvara. Otok Hvar posjeduje fragmentirani destinacijski imidž koji se ne temelji na stvarnim i lokalnim posebnostima. Autori predlažu brendiranje kao alat za stvaranje dosljednog destinacijskog imidža temeljenog na otočnoj jedinstvenosti i posljedično jačanju lokalnih otočnih identiteta u svrhu stvaranja raznovrsne turističke ponude./

U srednjodalmatinskom arhipelagu susjedni otoci su odvojeni, a kroz povijest je svaki od njih imao vlastitu lokalnu upravu i vlast. Međuotočne komunikacije su slabe, s izuzetkom veza koje postoje između otoka Hvara i Visa, jer Vis je povijesno bio vlasništvo hvarskih zemljoposjednika, dio hvarske komune i Hvarsko-bračko-viške biskupije. U istraživanjima otoka najviše se pažnje posvećivalo njihovim vanjskim granicama i obalnim crtama. Ovaj je rad usmjeren na granice unutar samoga otoka koje obilježavaju otočne (mikro)regije i naselja te utječu na identifikacije otočana i različite reprezentacije otočnosti. Otok Hvar mjesto je susreta dinarskoga i mediteranskoga područja, spoj kopnene i obalne Dalmacije, otočana i gorštaka. Simbioza dvaju područja i dviju populacijskih skupina koje se razlikuju po podrijetlu, dijalektu, načinu života i nekim sociokulturnim obilježjima na mikrokozmičkoj razini otočnoga prostora od 300 četvornih kilometara. Stoga je otok postao „model“ za brojna interdisciplinarna antropološka istraživanja. Na Hvaru postoji stoljetna dvojna unutarotočna podjela prostora, naselja i stanovnika koja je uzrokovala razlike i učinila da otok funkcionira kao podijeljen i dihotoman. Među ostalim otocima hrvatskoga arhipelaga Pag, Vis i Korčula otkrivaju slične dvojnosti. Naselja na istočnome dijelu otoka Hvara, osobito Sućuraj, imaju jake veze s kopnom, a posebno s Makarskom kao obližnjim urbanim središtem. Zapadni dio otoka slabo je povezan s istočnim dijelom, ali je razvio veze s otokom Visom i gradom Splitom. Na taj način otok Hvar, koji se određuje kao otočna cjelina, funkcionira kao dva različita otočna svijeta više od 400 godina.

U turističkoj promociji i brendiranju destinacije, hrvatske plaže su predstavljene kroz stereotipne slike krajolika izvan prostora i vremena, kao mjesta bez identiteta koja samo čekaju turiste željne zabave, mora i sunca. Ova predodžba "globalne plaže" sa standardiziranim opisom mjesta, krajolika, objekata i aktivnosti za provođenje odmora i dokolice u suprotnosti je s predodžbom plaže kao "kulturne arene" (Löfgren, 2002) i "kaleidoskopa kulture" (Lenček i Bosker, 1998 ). "Lokalna, mjesna plaža" je važan geografski simbol i fizički (stvarni) krajolik koji obalne i otočne zajednice prepoznaju kao područje dnevnih i sezonskih aktivnosti, lokalnih kultura, životnih stilova, povijesti i specifičnih tradicija. Kako spojiti ove dvije predodžbe, fizičke stvarnosti i reprezentacije plaža u koncept "glokalne plaže"? Kako možemo okupiti turističke slike, fantazije, želje i očekivanja te vizije i potrebe obalnih i otočnih zajednica tijekom ljetne sezone? Uključivanjem otočne povijesti, tradicijskih zanimanja (npr. ribarstvo, brodogradnja) i praksi, kultura, kupališne baštine poveznih s otočnim plažama u turističku promociju, one će dobiti specifičan i prepoznatljiv imidž unutar standardizirane turističku ponude ljetnih, morskih destinacija.

Plaža Zrće, jedna od najljepših na otoku Pagu, transformirala se (kao i Novalja općenito) iz plažice odn. naselja za obiteljski turizam, u plažu koju svako ljeto „okupiraju“ mladi partijaneri i koja svojim sadržajem nudi sve pogodnosti za daljnji razvoj tzv. clubbing turizma.U špici sezone na plažu može stati i do nekoliko tisuća kupača.Ono što je vidljivo jest da je unazad deset godina broj stranih turista u Novalji porastao za čak 100.000 te da je infrastruktura kapacitetno nedostatna i neodgovarajuća za tu vrstu turizma. Kao alternativa, ili paralelno s postojećim oblicima turizma, mogao bi se razvijati i kulturni turizam, s obzirom da se kraj plaže Zrće nalazi plaža Caska na dnu koje je staro rimsko naselje Cissa i s arheološkim ostacima. Trenutačno je potencijal ovog naselja zanemaren i slabo prezentiran iako bi arheološki ostaci mogli biti zanimljivi turistima. Takav tip turizma bi možda više odgovaralo i lokalnom stanovništvu. Ujedno, postoje i drugi tipovi turizma kojima bi se Novalja mogla okrenuti kao npr.lječilišni i obiteljski (naspram zabavnog) što bi možda dugoročnije bilo bolje za lokalnu zajednicu. Trenutačnu situaciju u Novalji i plaži Zrće, autorice će analizirati kroz intervjue sturistima u Novalji, starosjediocima Novaljete ljudima koji posjeduju vikend kuće te već dugi niz godina ljetuju u Novalji.

Knjiga na kompleksan način pristupa istraživanju identifikacijskih procesa na otoku Hvaru i to na mikroregionalnoj razini (binarna geokulturna podjela na zapad i istok otoka) te na razini složenoga sustava međumjesnih identifikacija (kampanilizma). Kroz interdisciplinarni pristup uključena su znanja književne antropologije, folkloristike, etnologije i kulturne antropologije, ali i znanja inter- i postdisciplinarnih područja koja se zanimaju za otočnost te s njom povezane relacije i odnose, kulturnu geografiju, koncepte identiteta i zajednice, stereotipe te njihove uzroke, procese i učinke. Korištenjem povijesne i antropološke literature te etnografskih izvora određuje se sastav stanovništva na otoku i potvrđuje stoljetna dihotomija otočnoga i neotočnoga stanovništva, kao i unutarotočna dihotomija zasnovana na razlikovanju zapadnoga, mediteranskoga, starosjedilačkoga stanovništva koje naseljava zapadni dio otoka, te istočnoga, nakon turskih ratova od 16. do 18. stoljeća, naseljenoga dijela otoka. Ta se dualnost potvrđuje kroz književnoantropološku analizu ranonovovjekovne književnosti te analizu toposa mora i vode na odabranom korpusu usmenih pjesama zabilježenih na otoku Hvaru u 19. i 20. stoljeću, pri čemu se potvrđuje i različitost usmenih tradicija. Na to se nadovezuju rezultati obimna trogodišnjega istraživanja na otoku Hvaru koji pružaju uvid u složene mreže načina konstruiranja stvarnih i imaginarnih mikrogranica, u brojne inačice podrugljivih nadimaka suotočana i u usmenoknjiževne žanrove (predaje, uzrečice, vicevi i pjesme-rugalice) koje definiraju i okoštavaju predodžbe i stereotipe. Terensko istraživanje je bilo preduvjet za sustavnu analizu lokalnih otočnih identifikacija, podjednako međumjesnih identifikacijskih strategija i otočnog kampanilizma. Suvremeno korištenje stereotipnih prikaza i različitih otočnih identiteta analizira se i kroz razvoj hvarskoga turizma te suvremene reprezentacije otočnih mjesta u turističkoj promidžbi otoka. Istraživanja i rezultati objavljeni u knjizi doprinose razumijevanju identifikacijskih procesa, različitih razina i dimenzija identiteta kao posljedicu adaptacije, komunikacije i interakcije među pojedincima i istraživanim lokalnim zajednicama kao dijelu otočne svakodnevice.

Homocysteine is an amino acid involved in several key metabolic processes. In the general population hyperhomocysteinaemia is an indicator of vascular disease, while in normal pregnancy homocysteine blood levels falls. The objective of this study was to examine associations of homocisteine in pregnant women with possible predisposing factors (older age, smoking status, physical inactivity, hypertension), pregnancy outcomes (preterm birth, small/normal/large for gestational age) and newborns` anthropometry (measures z- standardized according to WHO). Fasting homocisteine concentration, taken between 22nd and 26th week of gestation, were determined in 116 women, participants in the CRoatian Islands` Birth Cohort Study (CRIBS). Homocisteine below than referent range (3.4- 20.4 µmol/L) was determined in 19 women (16.4%) while its concentration in others was within the referent range. None of the investigated predisposing factors was significantly associated with predicting homocisteine level, nor were pregnancy outcomes. Newborns of mothers with homocisteine

The intrauterine environment affects fetal growth and development. Healthy women with no history of chronic diseases, who concieved naturally and had singleton pregnancies have been participating in the CRoatian Islands` Birth Cohort Study (CRIBS), an ongoing project in the Eastern Adriatic, Croatia, aiming to assess the prevalence of risk factors for the Metabolic Syndrom. Fasting blood lipids (tot- Chol, Trig, HDL-Chol and LDL-Chol), glucose and homocysteine levels were determined in 94 pregnant women (taken between 22th and 26th week of gestation). We investigated their association with possible predisposing factors (age, gestational age, level of education, obesity and smoking status), newborns` anthropometric measures (weight, lenght and head circumference) and with adverse pregnancy outcomes (pre-eclampsia, preterm birth, small/large for gestational age). Among the blood lipids, the largest divergence was found in triglyceride levels (mean 4.2±1.1, range 0.9-11), with elevated values (>1.7 mmol/L) present in >75% of the examinees. Smokers, in comparison to non-smokers, had significantly lower HDL-Chol levels and women older than 30 years had significantly higher tot-Chol than younger ones. Women with higher mean glucose levels (but within the normal range) gave birth to children with significantly higher weight- at-birth z-standardized according to WHO, and women with low homocysteine levels (

Concentration of lipoprotein (a), Lp(a), an important part of the clinical biomarker profile for atherosclerosis, in blood plasma varies both between and among populations. The elevated Lp(a) level in pregnancy were recognized as a risk factor for thrombosis and/or pre-eclampsia, but the referent values for uneventful pregnancies are yet undefined. The objective of this study was to test the association of fasting Lp(a) levels, taken between 22nd and 26th week of gestation, with possible predisposing factors (older age, smoking status, physical inactivity, hypertension, gestational diabetes), pregnancy outcomes (preterm birth, small/normal/large for gestational age) and newborns` anthropometric measures in 113 women (age range 19.8-41.7 yrs, mean 30.6±4.6 yrs) from the CRoatian Islands` Birth Cohort Study (CRIBS). In these women, with no history of chronic disease prior to pregnancy, Lp(a) leves varied largely, from 1.0 mg/dl to 127.3 mg/dl (median 13.1 mg/dl), but most of the women (88.5%) had Lp(a) 35 yrs), smoking statuts (both current and ex-smokers) and hypertension in predicting Lp(a)≥50 mg/dL (p=0.017, Cox & Snell R2=0.162, Nagelkerke R2=0.333). Nor logistic, neither linear regression models used for the estimation of adjusted associations between Lp(a) and birth weight, length and head circumference, all z- standardized according to WHO, showed significant associations. In the CRIBS sample, elevated Lp(a) levels were not found to be a predictive biomarker for the pregnancy outcome and neonatal size.

The ongoing CRoatian Islands Birth Cohort Study (CRIBS) is a national project and the first birth cohort study in the South-Eastern Europe designed to follow a representative sample of about 500 pregnant women and their children up to two years of age. The aim of the project is to assess the prevalence of risk factors (biological, environmental and behavioral) for the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) in populations from Croatian Dalmatian islands (Hvar and Brač) and mainland population (city of Split with surroundings), the Mediterranean area with very high prevalence of the MetS. So far, over 300 pregnant women and 150 of their newborns have been involved in the study. Here we present the preliminary results of testing the association of maternal diet in pregnancy with newborns` anthropometric parameters (birth weight, length and head circumference) using the data from questionnaires and obstetric records. Initially we included 131 mother – newborn pairs from the population of Split (N=71) and islands of Brač and Hvar (N=60) in this report but, since nine newborns were preterm, further analyses were performed for the remaining 122 children whose mothers filled out two questionnaires. An excessive food frequency questionnaire was filled out during the second trimester (around 32nd week of gestation) and the data on the socioeconomic status (SES) (educational level, marital status and income), lifestyle characteristics (smoking and self-estimated physical activity) and reproductive health background were collected in a different questionnaire during the first trimester of pregnancy. Information on birth weight, length, head circumference and infant sex were taken from obstetric records. Statistical analysis included the factor analysis of 20 food items with a factor loading coefficient >0.20 from validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), and the associations between the food items and the estimated factor scores were measured using Pearson`s correlations. We also conducted a multivariate linear regression analysis for each factor including mothers` characteristics (age, SES status – income and level of education, lifestyle characteristics - years of smoking) to assess independent associations. The estimated factor scores, age, level of physical activity, smoking and socioeconomic status were further used as independent variables in the logistic regression with the weight-at-birth, height-at-birth and head circumference-at- birth, for the lowest and the highest 15% of newborns as dependent variables. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 11.0. P values ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant for all the analyses. Pregnant women were between the ages of 19.6 and 41.7 (mean age 30.54±4.37 years) and they gave birth to 69 girls and 53 boys. In comparison to newborn girls, newborn boys from the CRIBS study had significantly higher length-at-birth (51.28±1.75 cm vs. 50.48±1.77 cm, p

The prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) on Eastern Adriatic islands is higher than in neighboring mainland area. The CRoatian Islands` Birth Cohort Study (CRIBS) is an ongoing 3-year-project with an aim to assess the prevalence of known risk factors for MetS. The CRIBS sample consists of pregnant women from Dalmatian islands Brač and Hvar and nearby coastal town Split and its surroundings, who had no history of chronic diseases (particularly MetS), who conceived naturally and had singleton pregnancies, and their newborns. We tested the association of possible predisposing factors for MetS (age, smoking, prepregnancy BMI, fasting blood biochemical parameters) and newborns` anthropometric measures. In this preliminary sample (n=131, age range 19.8-41.7 yrs, mean 30.6±4.6 yrs), 28.3% of women reported smoking in pregnancy and 22.2% reported being exposed to passive smoking. 17.9% of all the women were overweight and 4.7% were obese. In comparison to underweight women (

The aim of this preliminary study is to analyze genetic specificity of Kosovo Albanians comparing with neighboring populations using new genetic tool - MEDISCOPE gene chip, to investigate the feasibility of this approach. We collected 37 DNA samples (9 Croats, 17 Albanians from Croatia and 11 Albanians from Kosovo) from unrelated males born in Croatia and Kosovo. Additionally, samples were expanded with female individuals and mtDNA analysis included a total of 61 samples (15 Croats, 23 Albanians from Croatia and 23 Albanians from Kosovo). This pilot study suggests that the usage of the MEDISCOPE chip could be recognized as an efficient tool within recognition of the population genetic specificity even within extremely small sample size.

Tourism destination is consisted of various tangible and intangible attributes, it can be perceived as a brand or a means for destination differentiation in a competitive environment. Island place brands need to be developed on specific insular cultural and geographical elements and identities. Tourism destination branding is one of the most complex, dynamic and challenging processes in marketing theory and practice because of the multi-attributed nature of destinations and the heterogeneity of existing and potential generating markets. As a result of an increasing number of tourism destinations with similar attributes, tourism destinations have come under extreme pressure to reinvent their selves in order to differentiate against their competitors. Reinvention usually occurs through cultural representation, interpretation, stereotyping which finally results in cultural realignment. A destination cannot be branded as if it were a single product. Main purpose of branding is to build a positive and appealing destination image and to correctly transmit it to the potential visitors. In the interdisciplinary field of Island Studies, islands are considered to be the objects of consistent and global branding exercise. Local politicians have recognized the need for a unique recognisable brand “Island of Hvar” which would serve as a common denominator for all of the island’s tourism supply. This research is focused on the possible issues which could arise from the process of branding the island of Hvar, such as homogenization and stereotypisation of cultural identities by creating generic images, a choice of islandness features in adding value to the selected local products and the problem concerning the promotion of the entire island by Hvar’s tourist boards. There are currently five tourist boards which are organised at the local self-governmental level and there is no institutionalised form of tourism supply integration or promotion covering the entire island.

The beach Zrće (island of Pag), often promoted as a Croatian Ibiza, is an example of the ambiguity in tourist representations. In the official brochures it is just "one of the many beaches" but from the owners' of the clubs point of view the beach is not a part of the island of Pag and Croatia. The beach Zrće at the entrance of the town of Novalja on the northern part of the island of Pag has been profiled over the years into the most popular centre of entertainment on Croatian coast, young tourist destination and centre of clubbing tourism. During the high season the beach hosts parties, concerts and festivals and is the most frequently visited beach in the Adriatic. Unlike Ibiza, the clubs and the bars are right on the beach – but the pebbles, the sea and the seashore for the visitors serve only as scenery. The representation of the beach as party mecca is autonomous from the town of Novalja, when represented on the web sites of beachclubs. In this paper we will analyze duality of representations of the beach Zrće as an internationally recognizable brand, and merely one of the local island beaches in the representations and promotions of local tourist boards. We are going to focus on the transformation of the town of Novalja, primarily location for family tourism, into the most touristic town of the island of Pag. In diachronic overview we will reconstruct the transformation of destination image and promotion of beach and nearby town from the 1980's until today. Our primary interest is an image shaping of town and mentioned beach and shift of attractiveness that has occurred in the recent years.

The CRoatian Islands` Birth Cohort Study (CRIBS) is an ongoing project in Split-Dalmatia County (towns of Split and Solin, islands of Brač and Hvar), with an aim to assess the prevalence of variety of risk factors (biological, medical, epidemiological, environmental and psychosocial) for the Metabolic Syndrom (MetS) in the sample of up to 700 healthy pregnant women and their newborns. The project started in November 2015, and since February 2016 pregnant women have been enrolling in the study at several specialist gynecological practices. Here we present the preliminary results of the reproductive health characteristics (age at menarche, use of contraceptives before the pregnancy, age at primiparity) and the sociodemographic characteristics (place of residence, educational attainment, employment and financial status) of the first 50 pregnant women who decided to participate in the CRIBS study. The mean age at menarche of the CRIBS pregnant women was 12.92±1.19 yrs, and age at primiparity ranged from 19.15 yrs to 34.51 yrs (mean 25.51±4.07 yrs, p=ns between mainland and islands). Many enrolled women (82%) reported using no contraceptives before the pregnancy. In women who already had 2 or more children (n=7), the mean age difference between the offspring was 5.25±3.93 yrs (range 2.23-13.36 yrs). 94% of women reported being married or having a partner, who was in 87% of cases older than his wife/partner. 52% of pregnant women attained high level education, 70% were employed, 60% owned house/flat, and 90% perceived their financial status as average or better than average. This preliminary data show that pregnant women from the CRIBS study are on average younger at primiparity than the national mean is, use contraceptives very rarely, and, in spite of the significant percentage of unemployment, perceive that their financial status was good enough to raise a family.

Numerous mythological and folkloristic research studies are dedicated to the pattern of the mythical and cultural hero, the hero’s journey, and the concept of heroism. Stories of folktales heroes are placed into a “recent past” and domestic or familiar environment. Because of their supernatural abilities, the heroes even acquired a demigod status. The narrative hero Petar Klepac is known by the inhabitants of the Čabranka-Kupa valley (in Slovenian the Upper Kolpa and Čabranka valley), the Croatian-Slovenian border area. Local oral tradition on Petar Klepac with many variants of its narrative is strongly preserved. There circulate a number of quite similar legends, in which a frail child becomes a strong man, whose supernatural powers help the needy and drive the enemies from these regions. Legends of Petar Klepac include characteristics of heroic tales, as well as fairytales. They combine realistic elements (names of places and persons, the hero’s personality traits, descriptions of historical reality, customs) and fairytale elements (magical assistants, the hero’s miraculous powers, and the fight between good and evil). There is interconnectedness of the divine, supernatural and the physical, everyday human world. The inhabitants of the valley mostly believe that once there really lived a very mighty man (Primc 1995:6). The purpose of our paper is to show the changing role and diversity of interpretations of myth in time and space. Using sites that appear in the legends and toponyms in the valley connected to life and heroic deeds of Petar Klepac (Mali Lug/Little Grove, Sveta Gora/Holy Mount, Turke – Turks, Klepčeva skala/Klepac Stairs, Klepčev kamen/Klepac Rock), we will attempt to determine spatial structure of heroic myth and recover a mythical, cyclical pattern of the hero’s quest.

V dolini gornje Kolpe in Čabranke se že stoletja prepletajo slovenska in hrvaška zgodovina, kultura, dediščina in tradicija. Tam se je ohranila možna lokalna pripovedna tradicija o Petru Klepcu, junaku z nadnaravno močjo, zaščitniku šibkih in borcu proti Turkom. V Sloveniji se je lik Petra Klepca iz lokalnega junaka v pripovednem izročilu hitro prelevil v književnega junaka v literarnih delih in dobil še status nacionalnega junaka, na hrvaški strani pa se je do nedavnega večinoma ohranil zgolj v lokalnem izročilu, zdaj pa se pojavlja tudi kot književni lik v delih lokalnih piscev. Nanj se vežejo tudi zgodbe drugih bajnih bitij, ki ustvarjajo svojevrstno lokalno izročilo, skupno obema državama. Zaradi žive pripovedne tradicije se lik Petra Klepca in zgodbe o njem uporabljajo v sodobnih regionalnih in lokalnih identifikacijah ter reprezentacijah kulture in dediščine slovenskih in hrvaških krajev v obmejnem območju. Ravno v sodobnih primerih koriščenja simbolike in imaginarija o tem lokalnem ljudskem junaku se kažeta po eni strani delitev območja na dve državi, po drugi pa skupne značilnosti doline zgornje Kolpe in Čabranke. Občina Osilnica se promovira kot "dežela Petra Klepca", mesto Čabar pa kot "zavičaj Petra Klepca". Na turističnih spletnih straneh so objavljene pripovedi o tem junaku, njegovo ime pa se izkorišča v komercialne namene na obeh straneh meje (športni klubi, centri za rekreacijo in adrenalinski parki). Prispevek tako ob orisu pripovednega izročila izbranega območja prinaša razmislek o potencialih Petra Klepca in nesnovne dediščine na splošno za razvoj podeželja, predvsem za razvoj turizma, ki se kaže kot ena redkih razvojnih priložnosti tega večplastno "obrobnega" območja.

The beach is a place of hedonism, refuge and escape from everyday life and a "cultural arena" (Löfgren 2002), where the changes of epochs can be traced. As one of the main topoi in the global tourism market, the beach has become a "global beach" with stereotypical images of landscape that may suit any location by the sea anywhere in the world. The town of Dubrovnik is the most important historic tourist centre of Croatia and their town’s beaches are an important segment of the tourist offer during the summer, but also a part of the culture of living, places of belonging and traditional sport contests that are of significance to the local urban community. An ever growing desire of present-day tourists to be actively involved in a local culture when at a particular tourist destination, in quest of experiencing a place in a unique way, faces the local community with a constant renegotiating of boundaries when representing the local identities and traditions. In this paper, ways of determining the boundaries between extending of tourist offer and preservation of local tradition are being examined on examples of oldest Dubrovnik's public beaches, their cultures, heritage and the local, traditional, sport contest in amateur water-polo, named Divlja liga (The Wild League).

The aim of this presentation is to examine the role of ethnologist and cultural anthropologist in the planning and creation of cultural routes in the region of Gorski kotar.

U predavanju prikazuju se iskustva kulturnih antropologa prilikom provedbe prvog terenskog istraživanja u raznim naseljima Gorskoga kotara, a na temu istraživanja povijesnih cetsa i mitoloških bića. Također, daje se pregled metodologije istraživanje, ukazuje se na probleme na samom terenu te se daje prijedlog rješenja problema kao i poziv lokalnoj zajednici na daljnju suradnju.

U radu se analiziraju vicevi o Zagorcima koji se temelje na regionalnim stereotipnim predodžbama i imaginarijima. Izdvajaju se najčešće stereotipne predodžbe o stanovnicima sjeverozapadne Hrvatske (u prvom redu Krapinsko-zagorske županije): Zagorci i vino, Zagorci i inteligencija, Zagorci i pravda, Zagorci i inat. Istraživanje se temelji na usmenoj naraciji (usmenoknjiževnim rukopisnim zbirkama, terenskim zapisima istraživača i medijskim potvrdama) te književnom korpusu (Tituš Brezovački, Ante Kovačić, Ksaver Šandor Gjalski, Antun Gustav Matoš, Miroslav Krleža, Ivana Simić Bodrožić) koji je pridonio konstruiranju karakterologije i tipologije zagorskih likova prepoznatljivih i u današnjim humornim oblicima te popularnoj kulturi. Aspekti smiješnoga promatraju se kroz lingvističku analizu sintaktičkih i leksičkih značajki te narječnih osobitosti mehanizama stvaranja viceva oko stereotipne jezgre. Pozornost će se usmjeriti i na elemente jezične igre u strukturi vica te na druge ludističke sastavnice upotrebljavane u njegovoj izgradnji. Iznose se iskazi i narativi stanovnika Hrvatskoga zagorja o stereotipizaciji Zagoraca, neprihvaćanje ili pounutrenje određenih stereotipnih kategorija te različiti aspekti njihova korištenja u lokalnoj reprezentaciji i regionalnoj turističkoj promociji.