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Analysis of the periodical press allows historians to further their understanding of the turn against the Soviet Union in the West after the Second World War, and delineate how anti-Bolshevism was constructed to repudiate wartime partnership between 1941 and 1945. Right-wing periodicals such as Truth were active proponents of opposition towards Communism in early Cold War Britain, articulating concerns about the perversion of democratic values and the threat to liberal societies. The nature of Truth 's anti-Bolshevism was reactionary but also reflective, highlighting unease on the Right around the postwar consensus, Labour's domestic programme of state intervention in the planning and management of economic activity, and the general eclipse in Britain's international standing. Truth 's attempts to conflate the Communist threat with Labour's democratic socialism also frame the paper as an embryonic staging point in a wider chronology of neo-liberal challenges to the postwar political order. Anti-Bolshevism was therefore multifaceted and could speak to many different constituencies and agendas beyond a commentary on the actual basis of Soviet rule, Communist subversion, and the polarization of postwar Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to analyze the reception of George Sand in the Río de la Plata region between 1838 and 1880 through the examining of three translation scenes of her as a writer published in the press of the time: first, the publication of a biographical review in 1838 in El Nacional de Montevideo; second, the censorship of her novel André after its third edition in the Folletín section of El Nacional de Buenos Aires in 1861; and finally, an allusion to a literary controversy between Sand and Feuillet, in the paratexts of a novel published by the latter in the Biblioteca Popular de Buenos Aires. Each of these instances sheds light on the contentious reception of Sand, a controversy held in absentia since she, her scandals, and ideological principles were never unmentioned while her works were not to be read. By examining her portrayal, we will uncover the differing standpoints of liberal and Catholic romanticism regarding female reading, writing, and marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Álabe is the property of Alabe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article investigates the coverage of issues related to Ukrainian history and culture in newspapers during the 1941-1943 period of the Nazi occupation. It is noted that the occupation administration granted the newly created local press the right to publish articles on relevant themes. At the same time, the author does not minimize the invasive character of the Nazi occupation and all the atrocities committed during this period on Ukrainian territory, noting that the indoctrination of the local population was among the primary goals of these articles. At the first stage, there was a separation of Ukrainians, especially the younger generation, in their mentality as a distinct nation independent of Bolshevik Russia. The emphasis is placed on the periodicals of the Zaporizhzhia and Dnipropetrovsk regions as they were more Russified in the first decades of Soviet domination, so these publications allowed local people to read about Ukrainian issues. The focus was on the recent tragic history of the Ukrainian people who experienced it under the Soviet regime in the region. Efforts were made to evoke memories of recent events, such as the Holodomor, the Great Terror, and the collectivization and dispossession of peasants. There were also efforts to remind the older generation of the atrocities of the Bolshevik regime, influencing young Ukrainians. At the same time, there were appeals to heroic Ukrainian history, and information about prominent figures in Ukrainian history and culture was shared. Efforts were made to revive ancient Ukrainian traditions in the lives of ordinary Ukrainians. In conclusion, the author emphasizes the similarity in the use of mass media policies between the Germanfascist occupation period and the modern occupation of parts of the studied regions by Russian troops. However, during 1941-1943, there was an emphasis on presenting reliable facts, whereas the modern occupation period is characterized by the widespread dissemination of misinformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Edad de Oro is the property of Departamento de Filologia Espanola de la Universidad Autonoma de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is dedicated to the state of housing and communal services in Kyiv as covered in the periodicals «Ukrainske Slovo», «Nove Ukrainske Slovo» and «Ostanni Visti» during the period of German occupation. Analysis of the newspapers' materials made it possible to outline the state of the housing stock and communal infrastructure from the entry of the occupying forces into the city until the end of the German administration's activities. The newspapers' pages contain information on statistical calculations of the destruction in Kyiv, as well as activities related to the localization and elimination of these consequences. The materials reveal propaganda cliches, distortion, and exaggeration of information regarding the state of affairs in housing and communal services. For the mentioned aspect, it is possible to reflect the common and distinct features of German propaganda in the periodicals used in all the territories where it was active. This includes the use of “soft power” by the occupying press to instill new political beliefs, friendliness towards Germans in the population of Kyiv. In particular, appealing to the destruction of housing and critical infrastructure of the city by the Soviets. Attention to the materials of the occupation press and their objective evaluation not only allows for determining the degree of distortion of the information provided in the context of the historical time reviewed but also in comparison with the activity of such presses in the modern world. Russian occupation administrations currently use the full spectrum of mass media, including the press, to distort reality and conduct political propaganda on temporarily occupied territories in Ukraine. In many respects, the occupiers adhere to similar or identical forms of the fascist regime of reflecting non-existent reality, including issues related to housing and communal services destroyed or damaged by themselves in the territories they occupy.

The article is devoted to the policy of censorship in Lithuania after the Manifesto issued by Emperor Nicholas II on 17 October 1905 in order to find out those ideas, thoughts, and opinions that the authorities of the Russian Empire sought to exclude from the communication process. The main object of the research is the Polish periodical press (newspapers, magazines, continuous, and one-off publications) published in Vilnius in 1905-1914. With the help of a comparative perspective, we will try to answer the question of whether the censorship of the Polish periodicals was subject to the same policy as other publications, whether there were peculiarities, or whether these periodicals were addressed more strictly. The main source of the research is the materials of the minutes of the meetings of the Temporary Committee on Press Affairs in Vilnius that have not been used in previous research.

Background. The relevance of the work is determined by the urgent need to fur-ther expand the source base applicable to the analysis of the life of Russian society in the second half of the 19th century. The purpose of the research is to study the possibilities of using the materials of correspondence of contemporaries, periodicals, memoirs as a source for analyzing the life of the population of the Russian Empire in the 1880s–1890s. Materi-als and methods. The research was conducted on the basis of the principles of science, historicism and objectivity. The formal-logical method and comparative-historical methods of scientific research are used. The possibilities of the social method, especially when studying memoirs and official notes of officials, allowed us to proceed from the isolation of the levels of the metropolitan and provincial population on the basis of the estate approach. The principle of conformity was applied in identifying general trends in the daily life of the population of the Russian Empire in the last quarter of the 19th century. When considering a number of sources, critical and concrete historical methods were used. When working with periodicals, the method of modeling, description in combination with analysis was used. Results. In the course of writing the article , the main task was solved – on the basis of a set of sources to explore the possibilities of using materials of personal origin and periodicals as a source for analyzing the life of the population of the Russian Empire in the 1880s–1890s. Conclusions. The study of the life of Russian society in the last quarter of the 19th century is based on the involvement of a wide range of sources. In addition to the materials of the periodical press, which reflect the most important events of the political, ecclesiastical, cultural life of the capital and provincial society, memoirs and correspondence of contemporaries are of interest. Expand the palette of opinions of representatives of various estates about certain events that worried Russian society during the postreform period, it is possible by involving official notes of government officials. The materials of the official part of the government press, as well as the document flow of tsarist Russia, allow us to analyze the position of the authorities on the events of political and public life of the period under review. In addition, in relation to the period of the reign of Alexander III, it is advisable to involve the materials of the church press in the context of following the official government course of that time.

The article is devoted to the policy of censorship in Lithuania after the Manifesto issued by Emperor Nicholas II on 17 October 1905 in order to find out those ideas, thoughts, and opinions that the authorities of the Russian Empire sought to exclude from the communication process. The main object of the research is the Polish periodical press (newspapers, magazines, continuous, and one-off publications) published in Vilnius in 1905-1914. With the help of a comparative perspective, we will try to answer the question of whether the censorship of the Polish periodicals was subject to the same policy as other publications, whether there were peculiarities, or whether these periodicals were addressed more strictly. The main source of the research is the materials of the minutes of the meetings of the Temporary Committee on Press Affairs in Vilnius that have not been used in previous research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent years, the topics of insecurity, juvenile delinquency and criminal responsibility of minors appeared in numerous times at the written press in Argentina through diverse genres such as the newspaper article, the report, the opinion article or the editorial. In this paper, which takes part in a wider research carried out under the direction of Mg. Claudia Gaiotti in the framework of the Diplomatura en Ciencias del Lenguaje (I.S.P. "Dr. Joaquín V. González"), we propose a discursive approach of an opinion article about the Juvenile Justice Reform Project in Argentina, recently published in a national print media, from the francophone Discourse Analysis perspective. To accomplish this, we focus on the discursive analysis of the concessive argumentative connectives. We propose as a hypothesis that the concession introduced by argumentative connectives constitutes a discursive marker through which it is possible to recognize the locutor identities and the alterity voices. In other words, in the analysed article, the argumentative connectives related to the concession could be interpreted as a polyphonic-dialogical marker. As a continuation of this discursive analysis, we elaborate a pedagogical material oriented towards the teaching of the argumentation as a way of discourse organization at the secondary school subject Language and Literature. In this way, this article presents a dual objective: to characterize the discursive functioning of the concessive argumentative connectives and to elaborate a pedagogical projection of such issue dedicated to the secondary level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to identify the existence of a laughter community in Portugal in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Based on research into the beginnings of humour in periodicals published in Portugal, a corpus consisting of newspapers published between 1797 and 1835 was analysed, from the first in which humour was used systematically as a resource (Almocreve de Petas) until the establishment of the Constitutional Monarchy. With the concept of laughter community in mind, evidence was sought that it was present in the period that covers the political, social and economic transition from the Ancien Régime to modern society, having as main players writers, editors, printers, readers and listeners, in a process of production, reception, circulation and appropriation of ideas and meanings. This process, which developed in the public sphere, also played a part in forming incipient public opinion. To detect evidence of this community, clichés, jocular expressions and comic stories conveyed by the periodicals were identified. Very often they were found to have kept the same meaning they had at the time, while some expressions have survived with slight changes, and others simply no longer make people laugh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considered by the writers of the periodicals under study as a universal genius, an essential reference and a timeless model, the poet and playwright William Shakespeare (1564–1616) was the most translated and the most frequently-mentioned British author in the Portuguese periodical press between 1865 and 1890. Broadly speaking, it is possible to divide the reception of Shakespeare in the Portuguese press into six seminal categories, which are analysed in this paper under the following headings: bio-bibliographical studies or sketches; translations of excerpts from his plays; reviews of translations, some of which were published in the periodicals under study; considerations regarding the presentation of Shakespeare’s plays on the Portuguese stage; reviews of operas staged at the S. Carlos Opera House, the librettos of which were based on Shakespeare’s plays; and lastly, the analysis of Shakespearean characters or themes, which were not infrequently based on translations or theatrical or operatic productions.

In this article analyzes the issue of greening around the roads in the 1950s-80s of the 20th century in the Bukhara region, which is considered to be the driest and waterless region of Uzbekistan, close to desert climate, along with the planting of various plants in order to prevent the erosion of sand, landslides, dug ditches and canals. Also, in the article, issues related to the care of these seedlings are comparatively studied and analyzed based on periodical press and archival materials.

The article describes the school education in the town of Taiga, West Siberia, during the accelerated construction of socialism in the 1930s. The research relied on a local newspaper called The Stalinist Way. The author used the historical and anthropological approach based on the principles of total history. The key task was to reconstruct the everyday life of the local community in the context of the Soviet cultural revolution. The analysis made it possible to summarize the unique testimonies of ordinary people about various aspects of school life, teachers, their role in the community, and relations with the local authorities. The findings expand the understanding of the regional history of Western Siberia in the XX century and the all-Russian processes at the local level. This article contributes to the domestic theory and methodology of everyday life studies. It also adds a new, heuristic value to the Soviet periodical press as a historical source, as well as reveals new prospects for anthropological criticism.

This article aims to identify the existence of a laughter community in Portugal in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Based on research into the beginnings of humour in periodicals published in Portugal, a corpus consisting of newspapers published between 1797 and 1835 was analysed, from the first in which humour was used systematically as a resource (Almocreve de Petas) until the establishment of the Constitutional Monarchy. With the concept of laughter community in mind, evidence was sought that it was present in the period that covers the political, social and economic transition from the Ancien Régime to modern society, having as main players writers, editors, printers, readers and listeners, in a process of production, reception, circulation and appropriation of ideas and meanings. This process, which developed in the public sphere, also played a part in forming incipient public opinion. To detect evidence of this community, clichés, jocular expressions and comic stories conveyed by the periodicals were identified. Very often they were found to have kept the same meaning they had at the time, while some expressions have survived with slight changes, and others simply no longer make people laugh.

Copyright of Year-Book of Lithuanian History / Lietuvos Istorijos Metraštis is the property of Lithuanian Institute of History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Oikos: Lithuanian Migration & Diaspora Studies is the property of Lithuanian Emigration Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the views on the inoculation of smallpox as they were presented in the Swedish periodical press during the second half of the eighteenth century. The analysis is based on digitized newspapers available in the online press databases of the Swedish and Finnish national libraries. The historical Swedish realm is an interesting case with regard to inoculation. First, extensive and systematic population records and statistics exist for both parts of the realm - Sweden and Finland - since the eighteenth century, an era when also the elementary foundations of a medical infrastructure and administration were cast. Second, as a part of the political and scientific interest in demography, inoculation was strongly promoted by the central administration and became a central element of public health policies that involved both medical professionals and local officials, including ministers and sacristans of the Lutheran church. Third, during the latter half of the 1760s, Sweden experienced an unprecedented moment of freedom of the press, which resulted in a strong development of the periodical and daily printed press. The newspapers analysed here very clearly reflect the proximity of politics, academia, and the press, in a large country with a relatively small but rapidly growing population and an even smaller educated elite. From the very first mentions in the 1750s onwards, inoculation was presented exclusively positively in the Swedish press, which reported the progress of the procedure in England and on the European continent. It was described as a victory of science and as an enlightened invention that could reduce excess mortality particularly among children. During the decade following the first inoculation in Sweden in 1754, no critical or sceptical views on inoculation appeared in the press, and the only concerns expressed were on how to counter religious arguments against the procedure and how to convince the peasants to inoculate themselves and their children. Aft er the initial enthusiasm and optimism, the press expressed an increasingly acute awareness of the huge challenges associated with the necessity to inoculate the rural populations. In the 1790s and early 1800s, the press thus reported in detail on the situation of specific dioceses and parishes and on the number of inoculations and deaths respectively, which strengthens the impression that inoculation and demography were not only politically relevant but also something that would engage the enlightened reader. The interest of the Swedish case is precisely here: inoculation was presented extremely positively, as a matter of utmost importance for national progress, welfare and public health. The same enthusiasm and faith in the redemptive potential of science can be observed in the press immediately aft er the introduction of vaccination in the first years of the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In June 1720, a plague epidemic broke out in Marseille, killed half its population and, spread to Provence and Languedoc, thus arousing fears of contagion in England, where the memory of the Great Plague of London in 1664/5 was still vivid. While the English newspapers published short news on the mortality and measures taken by the French authorities, a leisure periodical, «The Free-Th inker», a bi-weekly essay paper published in London and circulated throughout the country between March 1718 and July 1721, chose to devote a series of twenty-five papers to the contagion between December 1720 and June 1721. The present study analyses the rational and liberal discourse of this periodical. It will show that at a time when the plague was the subject of many providentialist sermons, «The Free-Thinker» off ered its readers an exclusively rational discourse based on the popularisation of medical, statistical and historical knowledge about the plague. «The Free-Thinker»'s arguments also echoed both the essentially preventive approach of the English government and medical polemics concerning two contagionist conceptions of the disease. Finally, although the periodical justified its series by using the argument of public good and put forward public health policies, its aim was primarily to counter a radical contagionist discourse which was considered harmful to the economic and political freedoms of its readers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the problems of education, school system and upbringing discussed in the Warsaw magazine „Izraelita", an organ which supported the processes of assimilation of Jews, in the last 10 years of its existence, falling for the years 1905-1915. It was a time of dynamic political, social and cultural changes, which to a large extent also affected the scope and form of the Editorial Staff's approach to pedagogic issues. Apart from the general directions of the pedagogic interests of „Izraelita", the article draws attention to several key issues for the analysed period, such as: growing manifestations of anti-Semitism in schools and the forms of responding to this phenomenon, discussion about the language of teaching, the beginnings of diverse discussions about the upbringing and education of women, and the necessity of taking into account the problems of upbringing and education of children with special needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Propaganda in the World & Local Conflicts is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract. Introduction. The paper analyses the Russian public sphere during World War I. Special attention is paid to the peculiarities of the functioning of the periodical press under the conditions of military censorship. The paper demonstrates how censorship restrictions regulated the discussion of issues that were of special political importance and transformed the publicity regime in the country. Methods and materials. The presented work is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. The methodological framework for writing the article is the public sphere model proposed by J. Habermas, as well as special methodological approaches developed in the works of N. Luhmann. With a view to understanding and analysing the processes taking place in the public sphere, the research method of case studies is used. The source base of the study, in addition to publications in periodicals, consists of official documents regulating the activities of military censorship institutions in Russia. Analysis. The study reveals and demonstrates the possibilities of the periodical press to create a special sphere of publicity in the country through the information impact on the population. The article states that the press at the early stage of World War I did not differ in the variety of opinions, made no attempt to develop an objective overview of what was going on. First of all, the issues of the “fair war” and “inevitable victory” were brought up, which fueled the atmosphere of patriotic euphoria. At the same time, the military censorship suppressed any attempts to discuss the possibility of making peace between belligerent countries, even if they came from the supporters of military conflict, as it was the case with the article by P.A. Sorokin. The same trend was observed both in 1915 and 1916. Mentioning peace on the pages of the periodical press was equated with violations that the enemies could use to their advantage. Results. Thus, the press acted as only one, albeit very important, element of the public sphere within which the formation of public opinion took place during World War I. The mechanisms of the public sphere fulfilled one of the key tasks: due to its influence the population was mobilized in all areas of its practical activity. At the very beginning of the war, the press stood in solidarity with the authorities regarding the inevitability of the future victory of Russia and the need to protect the Fatherland from enemy attacks. The question of the duration of hostilities and the advent of peace was more complicated. However, as the war continued and the internal political crisis grew, the attitude towards the early conclusion of peace was changing, gradually transforming into hatred of all the actors of the war in the public sphere, with its own authorities taking the place of the enemy governments. Throughout the war, the pressure on the media by the censorship striving to maintain a pro-government publicity regime increased. However, at some point the transformation of the public sphere became irreversible and in many ways predetermined the events of 1917. The authors’ contribution. E.А. Antyukhova has defined the methodological approaches to the interpretation of the documents of the periodical press of World War I in terms of the public sphere, demonstrated its possibilities in the formation of public opinion. V.F. Blokhin has analyzed the existing points of view in the domestic and foreign historiography on the features of the functioning of the periodical press under the conditions of World War I, demonstrated the work of military censorship at different stages during the military conflict.

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Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyzes the coverage of the femicides of Aurelia Briant (1984) and Alicia Muñiz (1988) in the Argentine newspapers La Nación and Diario Popular. It is a research with a qualitative approach that articulates categories of socio-semiotic, critical discourse analysis and enunciation theory. The results indicate that in one of the crimes the predominant interpretive key was that of a crime of passion, while the other constituted a condition of possibility to make visible what is currently called gender violence. And both are linked differently with the recent past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines how The Vegetarian Review, the monthly periodical founded in Kishinev and published in Kiev from 1910–1915, and the emerging vegetarian activism, enabled, re-affirmed and empowered each other. The focus of the article is on the periodical's emergence, logistical aspects of its production, ideological settings, form, content, rationale, (re)presentational strategies, as well as the imaginaries constructed and articulated on its pages. By bridging the fields of periodical studies with the history of social activism in Eastern Europe, the role of the advocacy journal in promoting reform agenda and its potential for forging a community of values and a shared identity formation are discovered. Vegetarianism, as the study showcases, had been defined, debated, advocated, invented and negotiated on the pages of The Vegetarian Review through interaction between scribes, editors, readers, practitioners and activists; and its genre fostered, staged and empowered these exposures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Information Library Magazine 'INFOLIB' is the property of National Library of Uzbekistan named after Alisher Navoi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)